ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH?

b[def; a&;onf?

ukd b[def; onf/ Arm edkifiHvHk;qkdif&m?

ausmif;om; rsm; or*~ toif ;}uD;.
OuUX jzpf .? rauG;wGif tbrf;cH&yD;
, ck t cg tif; pdef axmif wGif; Y /
axmifESpfxyf usae.? Tpmtkyfi,f
ukd axmifwGif;rSaeI a&;ay;vkdufonf?

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m/ ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ toif; u toif;&HykHaiGtwGuf xkwfa0 onf?

wtkyf 3 yJ ?

jzef hcsDol
e*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufvDrDwuf?
151 paumhaps; ?
&efukefjrdK h?

ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk?
b[def; a&;onf
a&;onf?

jrefrmedkifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm; toif; u
xkwfa0 onf?
jzef hcsDol
e*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufvDrDwuf?
151 paumhaps; ?
&efukefjrdK@?
wkd hArm rsdK;cspftaygif;wkd hcifAsm;?
tmZmenf ukdatmifausmf oDcsif; "gwfjym; ukd0,f &efowd&}uygap?
emrnfausmftqkdawmfcifcif&DoDqkdonf?
wcsyfrS 3d /4 yJ xJ?
2

jAdwdo# bm;rm;&kyf&SifukrR%Du "mwfjym;oGif;onf?

e*g;eD pmtkyfwkduf vDrDwuf u/
jzef ha0&ef ArmEkdifiH vHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; toif;u wm0efay;yD; jzpfonf? p&dwfE_wfyD;
&or# tjrwfukd tmZmenfukdatmifausmf aus;kyf &HyHkaiGtwGuftoHk;jyKvdrfhrnf?

ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;awmfyHk/
(1)
vGefcJhaom 'DZifbmv 24 &uf ae heHeuf 11 em&D tcsdefwGif/ u|efawmh emrnf ESihf
axmif0ifpm vmonf[kac:ojzifh u|efawmfonf axmifbl;0&Sd axmifrSL; &Hk;cef;okd h vkdkuf oGm;
avonf/ &Hk;cef;0okd ha&muf vsSif/ u|efawmfonf / u|efawmhtm; awG hvkdolrSm rnfolrnf0g
jzpfonfukdodvkdaZm ESifh twGif; okd hvSrf; }unfh &SmazGrd&m uGsefawmf ESifh tenf;qHk; rsufrSef;
wef;rdol wOD;wa,mufrSsrawG h&bJ u|efawmf ESifh b,f awmh u rS rawG h bl;/ rodbl; aom /
touf 40 ausmf cef havmuf [k cef hrSef; &aom om;em;oyf,yfpGm 0wfpm;xm;onfh vl}uD;
wa,mufukdom axmifrSL; pm;yGJ eHab; &Sd ukvm;xkdifwckwGif xkdifaeonfukd awG h& avonf?
vl}uD;onf u|efawmh bufokd@ vSnfhumE_wfqufonfh oabmjzifh jyHK;I}unfh ae
avonf? u|efawmf u vnf; jyefI jyHK;&if; / teD;&Sd cHki,fwckukd qJG,lum vl}uD; ESihf
rsufESmcsif;qkdif xkdifvkdufavonf? u|efawmftom; wusxkdifrdvSsifyif vl}uD;onf/ 'DZifbm 21
&ufae h ausmif;om; rsm;tm; ykvdyf rsm; u &dkufESuf nif;qJ onfudk olukd,fwkdifjrif&yHk ? trsKd;
twGufausmif;om;rsm; tmZmenf yDyD pGef hpm;}uyHkawGukd awmufav#muf}uD; pdwftm;
xufoefpGm ajymqkdav&m / u|efawmh rSm olajymorSsawGukd pdwfygvufyg em;axmifrd&if; u
u|efawmh xHvma&mufonfh ta}umif;ukd ar;&ef yifarh aeygonf?
vl}uD;onf tawmf}um ajymqkdjyD; rS/ Tokd hajym&onf rSm auseyfouJhokd h u|efawmh
tm;ykcHk; ukd ykwfvkduf&if; armifwdk hausmif;om;awG pGef hpm; wm/ OD; jzifh odyf tHh}o csD;rGrf;
aewm tajym eJ homqkd ,Hkavmufp&mawmif r&Sdbl;? usKyfwkd hi,fi,fujzifh 'D vkd aqmif&Guf }u
bkd hrajymeJ h owif;pm ukdawmif bwf&aumif; rSef;rodbl;? ausmif;rSmpmzwfoif;uav; bm
uav; axmifwmawmifausmif; q&m}uD;rsm; ursufapmif; xkd;cH&w,f? uJ OD;vm cJh &
wm u awmh tjyif buf u armifwkd h ausmif;om;awG pGef hpm; wm ukd tao tcsmajymjycsif
vkd@vmcJh&wmbJ
[laompum;rsm;jzifh/ tqkH;owf vkdufavonf? u|efawmf uvnf;
ausmif;om;rsm; Tr# pnf;vHk;nDnGwf}ujcif; / wkdif;jynftwGuf toufay; I aqmif &Guf }u
jcif;rSm &kwfcsOf; c%yef;umv tckduftwef@twGif; Ekd;}um;rSK r[kwf a}umif;wkd h ukd &Sif; vif;
umajymjyvkduf&avonf?
3

Tvl}uD;uJhokd@yif/ rdrdwkd@ausmif;om;b0acwf tajctaeESifh Ed_if;,SOfum,ckausmif;

om;rsm; . vkyfief; ukd tHh}o}urnfh vl}uD;rsm; tajrmuftrsm;yif&Sdayrnf? pifppfaomf um;
ausmif;om;rsm;onf/ vl}uD;rsm; acwftajctae rS ,ckvuf&Sd tajctae okd ha&mufatmif
acwftrsdK;rsdK;ukd ausmfeif; cJh&avonf? ,ckausmif;om;rsm;wGif udef;atmif; aeaompdwf "gwf
rsdK;rSm awmf_yDyg-um; acwfrsm;twGif; ajz;ajz; jyK pkysdK; axmifcJhavonf? ol htcsdef ESihfol ,SOfum
ausmif;om;rsm; pdwf"gwf wdk;wufvmyHkukd pOf;pm; Ed_if;csdef}unfhrdygrlum; Tvl}uD;rsm;rSm tHh}u
rnf r[kwfay?
Tvl}uD;rsm;acwfrSm yxrt}udrf ArmwjynfvHk; &Sd ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufr_}uD;
jzpfay:onfh 1920 ckESpfrwkdifrDS acwfjzpfavonf? xkdtcsdefwGif Armjynfukdodrf;ykdufjyD;pjzpfaom
e,fcsJ htpkd;&onf / qif;&Jom; / awmolawmifom; v,form;/ tvkyform;rsm;ukd nif;yef;aoG;
pkwfonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;puf}uD;
pepfusus vnfEkdif &eftwGuf t*Fvdyf pmwwf/ tckdif;
taprsm;vkdvm;av &m ArmjynftESH@tjym; t*Fvdyf pmoifausmif; rsm;ukd wnfaxmifvm av
onf?
ausmif;uxGufv#if / usdK;&GH@ydjym;aom tapcH ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfvm&eftwGuf
ausmif;om; b0uyif pwifI q&morm; rsm;tm; u|efu ocif ukd &kkdaoouJhodk h &kdaoatmif
wif;rmcufxefaom ausmif;Oya'rsm; xm;jcif;/ }urf;}uKwfaom tjypf'g%f ay;jcif;/ ynm
0efvmvSsif/ ausmif;0wGif bdeyfc|wfum ynm0efukd &Sdckd;&jcif; pHepfwkd hukdtoHk;jyKcJhavonf? tjrif
us,fus,fESifh vl0g;0 aom u|ef rSm ckdif;ap&mwGif emcH avh&Sdojzifh / ausmif;om;rsm;ukd eH&H
av;buf0kdif;aom ausmif;pmoifcef; rS ausmfvGefum urBmukdvSrf;jrifEkdifonfh / tjrif us,fus,f
xkd;xGif; Om%frsdK; ukday;aom pmtkyf pmwrff; owif;pmwkd@ukd bwfcGihfray;acs ? vGyfvyfaom
ausmif;om;or*~toif;rsm; wnfaxmif&efukdum; ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fwkdif uyif tdrfrufr
ruf}uacs?
xdkpOf tcgu tpkd;&rSm t*Fvdyfpmwwfrsm;ukd tvkyfwGifwGif}uD;ay; Ekdifaomtcg
jzpfav&m ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; Tr# jzifh wif;wdrfa&mifh&J um qlqlylkyl vkyf&rSef; rod}u acs?
rddrdwkd@. rdbrsm;jzpf}uaom wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;rSmvnf; pD;yGg;a&; acsmifcsd pOfjzpfI / pDygG ;a&;
}uyfwnf;r_ukd&ifrqkdif&Jacs?xkdacwfrSmt&yfpum;t&ckESpfwef;ESifhjrdK@tkyfjzpfaomacwfjzpfavonf
EkdifiHa&;rsufaph ESifh }unfhv#ifvnf; wjynfvHk; tdyfarmusaecsdef jzpfavonf?

(2)

urBm}uD;rSm twnfwus tjidrfrae/ jyKjyifajymif;vJv#uf&Sdav&m urBm . wpdwfwa'o

jzpfaom / ArmjynfrSm / urBm ESifhvkdufI ajymif;vJ aeavonf? 1914 ckESpf urBmppf jzpfv#if u|ef
ArmjynfrSmvnf; ocift*Fvef tusKd;twGuf/ ppfyJG0if cJh&avonf? 1919ck urBmppfjyD;jidrf;
aomtcgrSmvnf;/ ppf. '%fcsufukd urBmESifha&m IcHcJh&avonf?

1919-20 ckESpfavmufwGif ArmjynfY puf&HkxGuf ypPnf; rsm;rSm ,cifaps;xuf 4q cef@

wufoGm;avonf? Oyrmxkdtcsdefu oHk;aeaom ajrmufwHqdyfrD;jcpfrsm;rSm / ykdufqH wjym; 2vHk;rS
2jym; wvHk;wufoGm;avonf? ? 0gpuf &HkxGufypPnf;rsm;ukd a&mif;0,fumtouf arG; }uaom
ukefonf tv,ftvwf wef;pm;rsm;rSm T tcsdefwGif tepfemqHk;jzpfavonf? 90 &mckdifESKef;r#
aom t*Fvdyfausmif; wGif aeEkdifonfh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm txufyg ukefonf/ tv,ftvwf
wef;pm;rsm;. om;oRD;rsm; jzpfav&m rdbukd xdckdufv#if/ rdbukdrSDckdaom ausmif;om; rsm;rSmvnf;
a&S; uvkdacsmifacsmifvnfvnffr[kwf}uawmh bJ/ }uyfwnf;vm}uavonf? zdESyd fjcif; &Sdv#if
awmfvSefjcif;&Sdav&m ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; rdrd wkd htay: rw&m; zdEdSyfcsufwkd hukd wajz;ajz;
awmfvSefpjyKvm}uaomtcsdefjzpfavonf?
jAdwdo# tm%m&Sifwkd@u/ u|efaumif;aumif;&&ef wckwnf;aom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh/ Arm
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd t*Fvdyfpmoifay; cJhaomfvnf; zdESdyfjcif;ukdawmfvSefvkdaom pdwf"gwf onf/
ausmifom;rsm; tm; t*Fvdyfpm rSefaysmif;jzifh / tjyifbuf urBm. wkd;wuf jcif;ukdvSrf;
ar#mf}unfhapcJhavonf? ArmjynfESifh tqifhtwef; tvGefuGmvSrf;atmif wkd;wuf aeaom
urBmESifh rdwfzJG h &aom ausmif;om;rsm;wGif Armjynfukdwkd;wuf apvkdaom pdwf/ urBmwGif
Armukd xif&Sm; apvkdaom pdwf/ wenf; tm;jzifh rsdK;cspfpdwf wkd hudef;atmif; vmpjyKvmavonf?
EkdifiHa&;ukdvnf; roJruGJ rxifr&Sm; cwf0g;0g; r# jrif&avjyD?
Armjynf.EkdifiHa&;rSmvnf; Ekd;}um;pjyKvmavonf? wkdif;&if;om; "e&Sifaygufprsm;rSmpDygG ;
a&;bufwGif EkdifiHjcm;om;"e&Sifwkd hucsnf;/ vHk;0vuf0g; }uD;tkyfxm;onf ukdra}ureyfjzpfvmcg
qlylvm}uavonf? xkdtcsdefrSm 0HomEkacwf OD;xGef;&Sdef/ OD;bab/ OD;yk/ wkd h acwfjzpfavonf?
wkdif;&if;om; "e&Sifaygufprsm;rSm Armqif;&Jom;awmolawmifom; rsm; xHrS EkdifiHjcm;om; "e&Sif
wkd h t"QRrzdpD; ,liif xm;aom ypPnf;rsm;rSm i,fom; a0pkukdvkdcsifojzifh / qif;&Jom;rsm; ESihf
e,fcsJ h orm;rsm; ukd&efwkduf ay;avonf?
puf&HkxGufypPnf;rsm; aps;wufv#if / v,f,mxGuf ukefpdrf;ukef}urf;rsm;rSmvnf;aps;
wufav&m / v,f,mukdif;usGef; ukdrSDckd&aom v,form; rsm; rSmraxmif; wmvSacs? puf&kHxGuf

ypPnf;aps;wufv#if/ vlaer_pm;&dwfrSm vnf;wuf vmav&m tcpm; puf&kH tvkyf orm; rsm;rSm

rdrdwkd h&jrJjzpfaom tca}u;aiGwdk;jrifh ay;&ef qlylvm}uavonf?
Tokd h wkdif;jynfESifh t0Srf; v_yf&Sm;xuG aepOf/ aoG;qlae aom ausmif; om;rsm; .
pdwfukd xGufayguf ay;vkdufaom t&mum;/ 1921 ESpfwGifay:aygufvmaom/ &efukef wuUodkof
Oya' yifjzpfavonf/ xkd Oya' ukd r}udKuf[kqkdum / xkdESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ArmwjynfvkH;
ausmif;om;vrsm;.oydwf ppfyJG}uD; ay:aygufvmavawmhonf?
xkdtcsdefu ausmif;om; rsm;. pdwfukdrSef;q }unfhv#if / ausmif;om;rsm;rSm / EkdifiHa&;
tjrifa&mufpyif jzpfav onf? vGyfvyfa&; rSm / olwkd hwGif pdwful;aumif; &Hkavmufom jzpfav
onf? olwkd hjrifaomvGyfvyfa&;rSm / ukd;q,f&mckdifE_ef;r#aomqif;&Jom; rsm;csrf;oma&;rdsK;
r[kwfao;acs? xkd@a}umifhyif ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;ESifh ra&S;raESmif; ay:aygufvmaom a&eHajr
tvkyform;oydwf ESifh 1920ckESpfwGift}uD;tus,f wkdif;jynfv_yf&Sm; avmufatmif ay:ayguf
vmaom rD;&xm; tvkyform;oydwfwkd@ukd ausmif;om;rsm; ulnD &rSef;rod}uacs?
?
ododomomaomf4if;/ rodrom aomf4if;/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm wkdif;&if;om; "e&Sifaygufpwk@d
.wkdufyJGukdulnDavonf? 1923 ckwGif /wkdif;&if;om; "e&Sif aygufp wkd htm; a0pkcJGay;onfh
'kdiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd&jcif;rSmvnf; tcsdK ht0uf ausmif;om; tiftm;taxmuftyHha}umifh
yifr[kwf[k rajymEkdifacs?
rnfokd@yifjzpfap / xkdtcsdefrSm / Armausmif;om;rsm; urBmukd &ifaumh/ acgif;armhum &J&J
&ifh&ifh}uD;rsufESmcsif;qkdifaomtcsdefjzpfavonf?olykefpdwftwif;arG;jrLaomtcsdef[kvnf;qkdEdkifa
v onf? ,ckacwfausmif;om; rsm; Tr# pdwf"gwf wuf-uG&jcif; rSmvnf; / xkd acwfu
pdwf"gwf ukdtarGcH &aoma-umifh jzpfavonf?
? tcsKyftm;jzifh qkdaomf xkdacwfr&Sdu =
,ckacwf rsdK; ray:aygufEkdifacs?

(3)
1920=ckESpf oydwfyJG}uD;. toD; tyGifh tjzpf ArmjynftESH htjym; trdsK;om;ausmif;rsm;
ay:ayguf vmjcif;rSm vnf; Armausmif;om; rsm; ta&; ukd wrsdK; wzHk jyK jyifzefwD;vmzkd h jzpf
vm av onf? trsdK;om; ausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmonfh twGuf /wkdif;jynfwGif vufiif; cHpm;
ae&aom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; rSm / pmoifp&dwfavsmhvmojzifh / ,ciftwef; qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom
rdbrsm;. om;orD;rsm; yift*Fvdyfpmukd oif-um;EkdifcGifh&vmjcif; / vGyfvyfa&;vkdaom
ausmif;om;rsm; . arG;ygoaE<pdwf ukd pHepfususjyK jyifay;ojzifh / tjrifus,fus,f ESifh jynfusdK;
aqmif vkdaom ausmif;om;rsm; tajrmuftrsm; ay:xGuf vmjcif; ponfwkd h jzpfavonf?
okd haomf trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; rSm e,fcsJ hynma&; vufatmuf cHyifjzpfao;I / tjcm;ausmif;
6

rsm; enf;wl u|efvkyfpuf tjzpfrsdK; rS wkd;wufcg wkdif;jynf }uD;yGg;a&; . wu,fha& aomuf jrpf
jzpfaom trsdK;om; ynma&; pHepf ukd rxlaxmif Ekdifao; acs?
1920=ckESpfavmufrS 1934= ckESpfavmuftxd Arm jynf. pD;yGg;a&; tajctae ukd -unfh
v#ifvnf; / urBm ppf}uD;xH rS evHxlpjzpfaom ArmjynfrSm 1929 = ckESpf wGif urBm}uD; wckvkH; ukd
wkefv+yfacsmufjcm;ap cJhaom / urBm h pDyGg; a&;ysufr+ }uD; . *,uf&kdufjcif; ukd tjyif;txefcH&
avonf? 1929=ck rwkdifrSDu / urBmESifh wuG ArmjynfwGif pD;yGg;a&; pnfyifr+ twuftus
&SdcJhaomf vnf; 1929=ckESpf ausmfvGefonfh tcsdefu pI / ,ckwkdif pD;yGg;a&; rSm twufr&Sd bJ
awmufavsmuf usvmcJhavonf?

Armwkdif;/ Armwkdif;/ woufESifh wukd,f r}uKHbl;atmif aea&;xdkifa&; }uyfwnf;

vmavonf?pD;yGg;a&; rsufpdESifh/ vl tqifhtwef; ukd}unfhv#if
xdyfqHk;wef;&Sd/ wkdif;&if;om;
"e&Sif aygufprsm; rSm / pD;yGg;a&; ysufjym;r_udk rsufESmcsif;qdkif&aomfvnf; / qifydef u|J /
avmufqkdouJhokd@/raxmif;wmvSacs?tv,ftvwfwef;pm;rsm;jzpfaomv,fykdif&Sif
uav;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmwkd@rSmrdrdwkd@ykdif v,fuGufuav;rsm;udk auG; ESifh ESdrfum / v,f
rvkyfonfh v,fykdif&Sif}uD;rsm; tyfvkduf}uavonf? ? ukefonf / yJGpm; rsm;rSmvnf; / ta&mif;
t0,fysufjym;}u&mah&Sur}uKHbl;aomqif;&J}uyfwnf;r_rsdK;}uKH&avonf? EkdifiHjcm; rSa&mufvmcg
/ awmol awmifom;rsm; ukdaoG; pkyfaeaom tvkyf b&m;om; ponfh ukr`%D}uD;rsm; yifysuf
jym;oGm; }uojzifh ukr`%D}uD;rsm; ukdrSDum / touf arG;aeuaom vkyfom;}uD;i,fwkdf hrSm / xrif;
iwfonfh tjzpfrsdK; ukda&muf}u&avonf?
1929 pD;yGg;a&; ysufjym;r_wGif / awmol awmifom; v,form; rsm; ESifh tvkyform; rsm;
jzpfaom atmufqHk;wef; eif;jym; tqifh twef; pm;rsm;rSm / tepfem tqif;&J tcH-u& qHk;
jzpfavonf? olwkd hrSm EkdifiHjcm;om; "e&Sif}uD; rsm; ESifh wkdif;&if;om; "e&Sifaygufp rsm; uyg /
w}udwfwnf;w^m%fwnf; yl;aygif;um / aoG;pkyfjcif; ukdcH }u&ojzifh / xkd"e&Sifrsm; tay:
usa&mufaom pD;yGg;a&;'%f tcsdK ht0ufukdyg / yl;wJGcH}u&avonf?
tvkyform; ESifh v,form; 2 OD; ukd}unfhv#ifyif v,form; rsm;rSm ykdrkd 'kuQa&muf
usonfudkawG@&avonf? ? v,f,mxGuf ukefpdrf;/ ukef}urf;rsm;rSm / Armjynf&mZ0ifwGif r}uKH
bl; atmif aps;usoGm;avonf? ? Oyrm / 1929 ckrS 1933 ckESpf twGif; pyg;wif; w&mv#if 150d
155drS / 55d xdatmifav#musoGm;avonf? 1930 ck / 'DZifbmvwGif / jzpfyGg;cJhaom om,m0wD
v,form;rsm;. olykefr_}uD;rSm v,form; rsm;iwfrGwf acgif;yg;onfh uyfqkdufonfh wkdifatmif
pD;yGg;a&;}uyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;r_wGif t&if;cHvsuf &Sdavonf?
tpmiwfrGwfI aojcif;
qkd;ao&jcif; ESifh olykefxjcif; vrf;ESpfoG,fwGif 'kwd,vrf; ukdrv$J ra&Smifom I vkdufcJh &aom
Armawmolawmifom;v,form;rsm;rSmcsufaumif; ukdapmifhaeaome,fcsJ h olowform;rsm;. /
rnmrwm &ufpuf}urf;}uKyfpGm / zdESdyfEdSrfeif;jcif; ukdcH}u&avonf? e,fcsJ horm;rsm;onf /
7

v,form;rsm; tm; / iwfrGwf acgif;yg; I ykefuefx uGvmonfhwkdif atmift"<r aoG;pkyf}ujyD;

v#if / rwwfomI/ awG hor# pl;aqmuf ykkqdefwkd hukd ukdifpJGum / olykef x}u&aom tcgrSmvnf; /
rnmrwm okwfoifowfjzwf}uavonf?
olwkd h ukd,fol wkd h,Ofaus; aom tpkd; &[k ac:avh &Sdaomfvnf; / zrf; qD;rdaom olykef
Akdvf rsm; ukd / tpdwfpdwf tykdif;ykdif; jzpfatmif vljrifuGif;wGif owfjzwf ckwfxpf jyD;v#if /
wkdif;jynf ukda}umufvef@wkefv_yfatmif / usdK;pm;}uavonf? ? olykefx vkd h pdwfrl&if; rwnfbJ
pD;yGg;a&; }uyfwnf; iwfjywf rSom wZGwfxkd; rsufaphrSdwf um awmfvSef}u&aom oem;pbG,f
aumif;vSonfh v,form;rsm; ukd tpdk; &u}urf;}uKwfaom vufeufrsm;jzifh / wvr# tawm
twGif; EdSrfeif;Ekdifonf rSm tHh}op&mr[kwfacs?

xrif; 00 rpm;}u&aom tvkyform;rsm; . ykefuefawmfvSef vkdonfh pdwf"gwf udkum; /

y&d,m,frsm;aom e,fcsJ h orm;wkd hu xGufayguf vrf;v$J ay;vkduf ojzifh / tvkyform; rsm; .
&nf&G,f csufyef;wkdif okd h ra&mufonfh tvkyform; ukvm;Arm t"d*&k%f;wGiftqHk; owf&
avonf?
1930 ckESpftwGif; wcsdefwnf; jzpfyGg;aom v,form;olykefxr_}uD; ESifh ukvm;
tvkyform; ESifh Arm tvkyform; wkd h . t"du&k%f; }uD;rsm;jyD;qHk;{jidrf;;oGm;}uonfhaemuf /
1936 ck ausmif;om; oydwf arSmufyJG }uD; rwkdif rSD 34ESpfcef h tawm twGif; / wkdif;jynf rSm /
tawmftwefjidrfouf {csrf;vmovkdxif&avonf?
TuJhokd hjzpf&onfrSm / wkdif;jynf wGifpD;yGg;a&;pnfyif 0ajymvm I r[kwfay? ? 1929
ckESpf pDyGg;a&;ysuf r_a&m*g}uD;rSm ,cktcg / toJtoef jzpfIaumif;wkef; tcsdef jzpfavonf?
? Tokd@ wkdif;jynfjidrfouf{csrf;oGm;&jciff;. ta}umif;&if;rsm;ukd
qef;ppf}unfh aomf
om,m0wDolykefwGif tpkd;&u t}urf;ywrf; EdSyfuGyf r_a}umifh &Sd&if;qGJ qlylvkdfonfh pdwf rsm; rSm
&kwfw&uf"mwfysuf ovkdjzpfoGmjcif; / avrkefwkdif;x_yD;aemuf avajywkdufvmouJhokd@ qlyl x
uG aeaom pdwfrsm;ukd om,m0wDolykef / ukvm;Arm t"du&k%f;wkd hwGif xGufaygufay; vkduf _yD;
aemufc%yef;r# tem;ay;ovkd jidrfoufvmjcif;/ ay;tyfqJjzpfonfh tkyfcsKyfa&; topfwGif
pdwfukd tvkyfay;um pl;pkduftm&HkjyKvmjcif;wkd hwGif awG h&ayrnf?
azmfjyyg umv tykdif; tjcm; twGif; / ausmif;om; . tqifh twef; pdwf "mwf rSmvnf;/
1920=ckESpf acwf xuf tawmf tqifh twef; jriffhwufvmavjyD? rdbrsm; pD;yGg;a&; }uyf wnf;
r_a}umifh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm tv#iftcgrsm;uvkd rif;om;[efbrf;aom *kdufrsdK; tajctae rsdK; ukd
raeEkdif }uawmhay? a&S;tcgrsm;u rlum; vkdor#wifykd hae aomrdbaiG ukd rylryif ta}umifhus
uif;uif;}uD; ausmif;wGifaeI ausmif;u xGufv#ifvnf; vkdor# u|ef tvkyf ukd vG,fvifh wul
&Ekdifaomfvnf; / ,cktcg ausmif;om; tjzpf abmfa}umh raeEkdifawmh onfh tjyif ausmif;u
8

xGufI avmu}uD; twGif;okd@ ajcwvSrf;qif;rdv#ifyif tvkyfvufrJh raumif;qkd;0g; owW0g}uD;

ukd&ifqkdif wkd;}u&avonf?
ausmcsrS "g;jyrSef;odavh&SdonfrSm vl h"rRwm twkdif; ausmif;om;rsm; rSmvnf; rdrdwdk h
ukd,fwkdif ukd,fus ab;awG hvm}uaomtcg rSxkdab;&ef . t&if;Zpfjrpf ukd / av;av;eufeuf
awG;awmp jyK vm}uavonf? ? igwkd hwawG vl havmu rSm vlusyfjynfh tjzpf / pdwfcs vufcs
rae&bJ a&Sa&;twGuf tjrJwap ylyifaomu a&mufae&jcif;rSm u|efb0 tjzpfESifh ae&I
yguvm;[ke,fcsJ h pHepf. rlrrSef yHkoef ukdjrifvm}uavonf? jyif;xefaom trsdK;om;
pdwf"mwf / rsdK;cspfpdwfrsm; udef;atmif;vm}uavonf?

okd h&mwGif xkdtcsdefu ausmif;om; y&domwf tm;vHk; ukd csKH}unfh &v#if / rdrdwdk h wrsdK;
vHk;ukd qif;&JwGif;eufatmifvkyfaeaom e,fcsJ h pHepf okwfoifa&; twGuf vuf ukdrjrif}uao;
acs?
tvkyform; v,form; rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um wkdufzsufrS e,fcsJ hpHepf ysufrnf ukd ESvkH;
ykdufrnfh}u[ef rwlao;ay? aoG;ql aeaom rsdK;cspfpdwf u / ausmif;om;rsm;tm; "e&Sif}uD;rsm;
a}u;pm;vlowform;}uD;rsm; jzpfaom [pfwvmrlqdkvkdeDwkd@tm;txifrSm;tjrifrSm;tm;usum
zufppfpdwfaygufae}uavonf?jyif;xefaomrsdK;cspfpdwfonfzufppf0g'bufo@dk tcgrsm;pGm,drf;,kdif
wwfavonf[laom pum;rSm ArmjynfwGiftawmfrSefavonf?

(4)
xkdtcsdefwGif &efukef wuUokdvf Y / wuUokdvfausmif;om; rsm or*~ toif;rSm cef hjim;
aomtoif;&Hk ESifh wuG / wuUokdvf e,f wGif ay:ayguf vmp tcsdef wGif ay:ayguf vmavjyD?
ay:aygufvmp tcsdefwGif wuUokdvf or*~toif;rSm olykef pdwf"mwf cH r&ifh ao; / ajymhnhHnhH &Sd
vSao;onf?
or*~ toif; udkausmif;om;rsm; tvkdus/ wnfaxmifay;aom wuUokdvftm%mykdif rsm;
. pdwfwGif / or*~toif;ukd v$wfawmf ti,fpm; tajcrsdK; ukd om rSef; xm;}uavonf? or*~
toif;.t"duwm0efrSm/ tmus,fus,fpGmwmwmESifhqlqlylylausmif ;om ;rsdK ;tm ; v$wfawmf
wGif tmabmiftm&if;cwfoefoefESifh/wkdif;jynfukd aumif;aumif; nmwwf atmif / or*~ toif;
utrwfavhusifhc%f;rsm;ukdvufawG@oif}um;ay;Ekdif&rnf[kolwkd,lq}uavonf?
?

or*~toif;onf/ausmif;om;rsm;a&Surm;rm;&yfcg / ausmif;om; rsm; . tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf /

tm;pk&matmifajrrsdK;tjzpftqHk;pGefvkyfrnfudk olwkd@ar#mfac: rd}u[efrwlacs?
yXrtpwGif / wuUokdvfor*~toif;onf/ wuUokdvf tm%mykdifrsm;. qENtmoDo
twkdif;/tjiif;rqefbJaqmif&Gufvmaomfvnf;tcsdeful;ajymif;vmonfESifhtr# / ausmif;om;rsm;
.ukd,fwGif;wGifudef;atmif;aeaomqlylxuGonfhpdwf"mwfrSmawmfvSefwGef;xGufcg/or*~toif;
udk Armjynf vGyfvyfa&; wkdufyJGc&D;vrf;a}umif;okd@ wpwp ykd haqmifvmcJhavonf?
tc%f; (3) wGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif;/ausmif;om;ykdif;wGifrausreyf v_yf&Sm;qlylvmaomf
vnf;&kyfjcif;wuUokdvfoydwfarSmufr_}uD;jzpfay:rvmbJ 1936 ckESpfxdatmif tcsdefqkdif;cJhonfrSm
tb,fa}umifhenf; ? ? tajztwGuf / tcsuf 3 csuf ukd abmfjybkd@vkd avonf?
yXr ? ? wkdif;jynfwGif ,kwfw&uf qlylv_yf&Sm; r_rsm;ay:aygufvmjyD; aemufjidrfouf{csrf;
jcif;rSmaemufrSxyfcsyfruGmvkdufygvm&avonf? om,m0wDolykef/ ukvm;Arm t"du&k%f; wkd h
tjyD;wkdif;jynftajc taeudk pOf;pm;}unfhEkdifonf ?
'kwd,? ? wjrdK@ESifh wjrdK@/ we,f ESifh we,f&Sd ausmif;om; rsm; ul;vl;qufqH r_r&Sd}u
ao;? tap;ruyf}uao; / wausmif; ESifh wausmif; uvJG I / ausmif;wkdif; vkdvkd yif /
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd tvG,fwul pk&Hk;Ekdifaomor*~ ESifh tvm;wl toif;rsm; r&Sd}uao;acs? A[kd
or*~toif;}uD;u }udK;ukdifxm;aom ArmjynftESHtjym;&Sd or*~toif;rsm;onf / rdrdwkd h vkdvm;
csufrsm;twGuf / ae@rqkdif; nrul; oydwfvufeufukd toHk;jyK Ekdifaom ,cktcsdefukd / ajymif;jyef
vkyfI}unfhv#ifodomayrnf?
wwd,? ? Armjynf tESHtjym;&Sdausmif;om;rsm; . a&Sawmf ajy; jzpfaom wuUodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm; or*~toif;wGif ukdEkvufxuf rwkdifrSD / }uH@ckdifawmifhwif;xm;aom a&Saqmif
a&SxGufr&Sad o;ay?
1936 ckESpf / ausmifom;oydwf}uD; wGif ausmif;om;rsm;u / rdrdwkd@epfemcsufrsm;tjzpf
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd qef;ppf}unfhjcif;tm;jzifh / xkdtcsdef u / ausmif;om;rsm; . EkdifiHa&;
t,ltq ESifh wuG / e,fcsJ h pHepfwkdufzsufa&; wGif / ausmif;om;rsm; . tawG; tac:,lq
csufrSm rnfr# c&D;a&mufaeonf ponfwkd hukd tawmftoifh cef hrSef;f}unfh Ekdifavonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;. vufiif;wm0efrSm/ EkdifiHa&;ukd ukd,fxdvufa&mufaqmif&Guf&efr[kwf
ao;? ausmif;om;rsm; wkduf&kdufoufqkdifaom ynma&;pHepf jyKjyifajymif;vJr_omjzpfonf [laom
t,ltq rSm 1936 ck / oydwfarSmufpOf tcsdefwGif ausmif;om; wkdif; vkdvkdrSm yif&Sd}uavonf ?
okd@aomf&efukef&Sd ausmif;om; rsm; oydwfarSmuf XmecsKyfu ta&; w,l awmif;qkdaom
tcsufrsm;rSm / ArmwjynfvHk; &Sdausmif;om;rsm; ESihf oufqkdifaom ynma&; Xme twGuf /
10

awmif;qkdcsufrsm;yif ryg&SdbJ/ ausmif;om; 10 a,mufv#if / 1 /a,muf avmufom aeEkdif aom

wuUokdvf ausmif;ESifh om vHk;0 oufqdkifonfh awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;om jzpfavonf?
Tawmif;qkdcsuf rsm;rSm rnfr# e,f usOf; aeonfudk awG h odEkdifayonf? TusOf;ajrmif;aom
awmif;qkdcsufrsm; wGif / 1920=ck oydwf ausmif;om;rsm; tcsdefutawmf acwfpm; ausmf-um;
vkdufaom wuUokdvf tuf Oya' jyifqifa&; awmif; qkdcsuf }uD; tjzpf jyefvnfay:vGifvm
jyefavonf?

Tta}umif;rsm;a}umifh/oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;ukdtjypfrwifEkdifacs?aemufvkdufi,fom;
rsm;.tqifhtwef;tjrifrsdK;ukdah&SoGm;acgif;aqmifurykefuefomtjrifoefae}uaom ausmif;om;
rsm;pdwfxm;ESifhqef@usifausmfvGefumudkEkwkd@onf ynma&; ESifh vHk;0 rqkdifbJ tvkyform; /
v,form; rsm;ESifhom ywfouf aom epfemcsuf wckck ukdawmif; qkdcsuf tjzpfxm; vkdufu /
ukdEkwdk@ aemufokd@pdwftm;xufoefpGm vkdufyg rnfh ausmif;om;rsm; txl;enf;yg;ayvdrfhrnf?
T,lqcsufrsm;ukd yXrt}udrfajrmuf ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifh}uD;.
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;u oufaocHcsuf&Sdavonf?qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkom;vkH;jcHK}unfhv#if / ausmif;om;
ynma&;pHepf ponfwkd@ESifh ygwfoufaom tqkdrsm;om jzpfjyD; v,form;/ tvkyform; ESihf /
ywfoufaomtqkdrsm;udkrawG@&acs? ? v,form;udkxm;OD; / wkdif;jynfwjynfvHk; ESifh ywfouf
aom tqkdrsm; Oyrm/ xkdtcsdefu vlwkdif; pdwf0ifpm; aeaom ay;tyfqJ tkyfcsKyfa&;topf udk
uef@uGufonfh tqkdrsm;udk rawG h&aay?
tcsKyfudka&;&v#if/'kwd,oydwfacwfausmif;om;rsm;rSm/ yXroydwf acwf ausmif;om;rsm;
xuf/ pdwfwuf uGr_EkdifiHa&;tjrif vkyf&nf ukdif&nf pnf;&Hk; r+ ponf wkd h wGif xl;jcm;
avmufatmif tqifh twef; jrifh wuf vmavonf? ? rdrd wkd hawG h -uHKae&aom 'kuQ
qif;&Jtaygif; wkd hrSm e,fcsJ h pHepfa-umifhjzpfonf ukd jrifvm-uav_yD; v#if/ e,fcsJ hpHepfvdk
wkdufzsuf a&;ukd pdwftm&Hkpl;pkduf vm}uavonf? ? okd h&mwGif wjynfvHk;ta&;ukd csHK
}unfhEkdifavmufatmif *&krxm;}uao;bJ/ rdrdwkd hausmif; om;rsm; jy\em rsm; ukdajz&Sif; &jcif;
jzifh / tcsdefukefae}uavonf?
1936ckESpf/ Armausmif;om;rsm; &mZ0if wGif pmwif&rnfh xl;jcm; aom ESpf jzpfavonf?
? yXr t}udrf ausmif;om;rsm; pk&Hk; rdaom tcsdef / yXrt}udrf ausmif;om;rsm; e,fcsJ h wkdufyJG
vkyfief; vrf;p ukdawG@aom tcsdef jzpfayonff?
1936=ckESpf / arvtwGif; / &efukefjrdK@ *sLbvDa[m&Hk}uD; twGif; usif;ycJh aom yXr
t}udrf ajrmuf / ArmEkdifiH vHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; uGef z&ifh}uD;odk@wufa&muf}uaom
Armjynft&yf&yffrS oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf Armjynf vHk;qkdif &mausmif;om; rsm;
or*~toif; }uD;ukdwGifwnfaxmif vkduf}uavonf?
11

yXr OD;qHk; ausmif;om;rsm; OuUX tjzpf 'kwd, oydwf acgif; aqmif rpPwm &m&Spf udk
wifvkduf-uavonf?

uGefz&ifh}uD;okd@wufa&mufaom Armjynf t&yf&yf rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf jyefoGm; I rdrd

wkd@ae&yfrsm;okd@a&mufv#if/ausmif;om;or*~toif;rsm;ukdwnfaxmif}uavonf?
?
awmckwfIvrf;xGifoGm;&olwkdif; awG@}uKHavh&SdaomtcufcJrsm;uJhokd@ Armjynf t&yf&yf wGif
ausmif;om;or*~toif;rsdK;aphcsay;}uaom&Jabmfausmif;om;rsm;rSmtcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;wkd@udkawG@
}uKH}u&avonf? ? tcsdK hor*~toif; rsm;rSm / wnfaxmifjyD;v#ifjyD;jcif; aysmufuG,f wdrfjrSKyf
oGm;}uI / tcsdK htoif;rSm emrnfr#&SdyD; / tvkyfrvkyfEkdif bJ jzpfae}uavonf? xdk@a}umifhyif
awm&Gmrsm;udkxm;I / ArmjynfwGifjrdK@aygif; 92 jrdK@cef@&Sdav&mausmif;om;or*~ toif;aygif;
tenf;qHk; 92oif; cef h &Sdoifhaomfvnf; / toif;csKyf}uD;. yXrESpf oufwef; ukefqHk;csdefwGif
ausmifom;or*~toif; aygif; 34 oif;r# om wnfaxmifjyD;ao;a}umif;udkawG@&avonf?
ArmjynfvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*~toif;}uD; vufatmufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;rSm/
pepf usus okdufokduf0ef;0ef;pnf;&HkrdjyD;jzpf&mausmif;om;rsm;ta&;onf/ ynma&;Xme uGufuGuf
uav;ukdomr}unfhawmhbJ wkdif;jynf wckvHk; ESifh oufqkdifaom jy\emrsm; ukdyg ta&; w,l
aqG;aEG;vm}uavonf?
rpPwm &m&Spf vufxuf ukefqHk;I rEWav;wGif 'kwd, t}udrfajrmuf/ ArmEkdifiH vHk;qkdif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifh}uD;usif;yaomtcg / or*~toif;cJG 34 oif rS ausmif;om; ukd,fpm;vS,f
rsm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;jy\emrsm;udkaqG;aEG;}u&HkwGifruawmhbJ/ e,fcsJ@pHepf udkwkdufzsufa&; /
qif;&Jom;rsm;udkyg/xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG; vm}uavonf?txufyg uGefz&ifhwGif tdEN,
d uGef*&uf}uD;
.OuUX ypf *s0g[vm ae&l;u tpnf;ta0;zGifhjcif;/ rEWav;jrdK@ay:&Sd/ puf&Hktvkyform;rsm;
qdyfurf;ulvDrsm;pGmwkd@wufa&mufem;axmif}ujcif;wkd@jzifhausmif;om;rsm;ajcvSrf;
ajymif;vm}uonf?
rEWav;wGif uGefz&ifh upI / wESpf ESifh 6 v wkdifwkdif ausmif;om;rsm; tm; acgif;aqmif cJh
olrSm / ukdatmifqef; (,ck ocif) jzpfavonf? ukdatmifqef; vufxufwGif / ausmif;om;rsm;
. ajc vSrf;rSm,cifuxuf ESpfqruv#ifjrefoGufvufvmavonf?
ausmif;om;rsm; or*~toif;csKyf}uD;rSmvnf;/ e,fusOf; ajrmif;vSaom ausmif;om;rsm;
omar#mfukd;tm;xm;onfh toif;b0rSwkdif;oljynfom;tm;vHk;ESifh oufqkdifaomtoif;csKyf}uD;
tjzpfokd@ajymif;vJvmavonf? wkdif;jynfuvnf; toif;}uD;ukd rdrdwkd htm;vHk; ESifh oufqkdifaom
toif; / rdrdwkd h vkdvm;csuf rsm; udk ckcHumuG,f rnfh toif; [k ,lqvm}uum ausmif;om;
12

toif;}uD;ukdta&;ay;jcif;ausmif;om;toif;}uD;.vkyfief;wkd@ukd *&kpdkuf jcif;jyKvm}uavonf?

jynfoljynfom; tm;vHk; ESifh oufqkdifaom ae h}uD;rsm;jzpf}uonfhtkyfcsKyfa&; uef@uGufonfh
{jyDv 1 &uf ae h OD;0dpm&ae htrsdK;om;ae he,fcsJ hpHepfukduef huGufonfhae h ppfukd tvkdr&Sdaom
ae hponfhae h&uf}uD;rsm;udkor*~toif; u }uD;rSL; usif;y jyK vkyfcJhavonf?
e,fcsJ hpHepfwkdufzsufyJGwGif/ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtvkyform; v,form; wkd h yl;aygif; wkduf
}u&rnf[laomoabmrSmor*~toif; . vkyfief;rsm; wm0efcH acgif;aqmif rsm;.a[majyma&;
om;cskufrsm;wGifay:vGifvmavonf?
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf / twd 'kuQ a&muf ae}uaom v,form; tvkyform;
ESifh a&maESmawG h qHk}uumolwkd@epfemcsufrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;}uavonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
tvkyform;v,form;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;rnfh ta}umif;ukd / olwkd@w&m;yGJrsm;wGif twdtvif;
a}ujimcJhavonf?
vGefcJhaom2 ESpfcef@twGif; a&v$rf;rkd;ojzifh tkd;rJhtdrfrJh jzpfcgtwd 'kuQa&muf}uaom &ckdif
yJcl;/[oFmw&Sdv,form;rsm; tm; aiGa}u;aumufcHumwifykd@ulnDcJh}uonf?
a&eHajr ESihf
oHvsifwGift}uD;tus,f oydwfarSmufv#uf/ "e&Sifrsm;ESifh tjyif; txef wkdufckduf }uaom
&Jabmftvkyform;rsm;.wkdufyJGukd0ifa&mufulnDcJh}uonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;oydwf}uD;twGif;
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ ta&;&Sduausmif; rsm;udkoydwfarSmufcg tvkyform;rsm;
udkulnD &efpkdif;jyif; cJh}uao;onf?
ausmif;om;rsm;onf tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;ESihf aygif;_yD; [laom ausmif;om;rsm;
.a}ujimcsufudkxdxda&mufa&muf/wkdif;jynfacsmufjcm;oGm;avmufatmif/jyovkdufjcif;um;vGefcJh
aom}o*kwfvv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif/1920ckoydwfupI/ausmif;om;rsm;vkdvm;csufjzpfvm
cJhaom&efukefwuUokdvf Oya'}urf;ukd/vufrcHjiif;y,fvkdufjcif;yifjzpfaya}umif;?
ausmif;om;rsm;Tokd@jiif;y,f&jcif;twGuf/ t"du&nf&G,fcsuf}uD; wcsufrSm/ v,form;
rsm; touf&SLacsmifcGifh&aprnfh v,foD;pm;Oya'}urf; ESifh v,frvkyf ol v,frykdifEkdif cGifh
Oya'}urf;rsm;ukdtwnfrjyKojzifh/rdrdwkdwuUokdvOf ya'}urf;ukdvnf;tvdkr&Sd[laomtcsufyifjzpf
avonf?wuUokdvfOya'}urf;ukdy,fvkdufjyD[ka}unmvkdufonfESifhwjydKifeufausmif;om;ta&;
wkd@ukd *&krjyKbJ tr_rJh trSwfrJh aecJholrsm; rSm tdyf&mrS &kwfw&uf vef hEkd;ouJhodk h
xl;qef;/tHh}ojcif;jzpf}uavonf?ppfaomfum; / wqifhjyD;;wqifh vGwfvyfa&;yef;wkdifokd hwufvSrf;
aeaomausmif;om;rsm;twGufuOya'}urf;y,fcsa&;rSmavScg;rSwqifhwufvkdufjcif;jzpfa}umif;
em;vnfjyDjzpfavonf?

13