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ñSOf;qJwJh tusihfyJ/
'DtusifhESpfrsKd;vkH;[m trSefw&m;udk
a&mufatmif rydkYaqmifEdkifygbl;/ umr*kPf
cHpm;vGef;wJh tusihfu w&m;xl; tod
ÓPfxl;udk&zdkY wm;qD;w,f/ cE¨mudk,fudk
ñSOf;yef;wJh tusihfuvJ todynmudk tm;
enf; ,kwfavsmhapw,f? 'gaMumihf 'Dt
usihf ESpfrsKd;udkusihfvdkY 'ku©oHo&muae
rvGwfajrmufEdkifbl; qdkwmudk tavmif;
awmfBuD; ausmif;aumif; odcJhygw,f/
tdkemao'ku©rS vGwfatmifuRwfatmif
qdkNyD;awmh O½ka0vmawmrSm ajcmufESpfywf
vkH; 'ku©p&d,mtusihfudk usihfcJhw,f/ 'g
ayrJh todÓPfxl;udk &cJovm;qdk&if r&cJh
ygbl;/ tdkemaou vGwfajrmufwJh todxl;
ukd r&cJhygbl;/
aAm"dÓPf
'gaMumihf tJ'D tpGef;w&m;ESpfckudk pGefYNyD;
r[mouú&mZf 103 ckESpf uqkefvjynhf aeY
r[maAm"danmifyif atmufrSm wifyv†if
acGNyD; b,fvufay:rSm nmvufudk wifNyD;
tmemygeur®|mef;udk tOD;rlNyD; pD;jzef;tm;
xkwfwJh tavmif;awmf[m tJ'DaeYrSmyJ
6
aAm"dÓPfvdkYac:wJh todÓPfxl;udk &&Sd
awmfrlygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef upNyD;awmh
udk,fhudk,fudk Ak'¨vdkY 0efcHawmfrlcJhygw,f/
bk&m;jzpfNyDvdkY 0efcHawmfrlwm jzpfygw,f/
'Dtodxl;[m b,fvdktodxl;vJqdk&if
omrefavmrSm&SdwJh vlawG ewfawG jA[®m
awGxuf xl;uJwJhtod/ omrefvlawG rod
EdkifwJh tod/ omrefewfawG jA[®mawG
rodEdkifwJhtod/ wpfavmuvkH;rSm Ak'¨udk,f
awmfwkdifomvQif odEdkifwJhtodrdkY xl;uJ
jrihfjrwfwJh todvdkY qdk&ygw,f/ jzpfaMumif;
w&m;udkvJ odaew,f/ ysufaMumif; w&m;
udkvJ odaew,f/ jzpfysuf aewJhw&m;udkvJ
odaew,f/ 'Dvdkxl;uJwJh todudk odvdkY
bk&m;tjzpf 0efcHawmfrlwm jzpfygw,f/
xl;uJwJhtodeJY jynhfpkHawmfrlwJh bk&m;
&Sif udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;[m owå0gawGudkvJ
rdrdeJY xyfwlxyfrQ 'DtodÓPfxl;udk &Mu
ygapqdkNyD;awmh av;qJhig;ESpfumvywfvkH;
aeYnrtm;bJ vlewfjA[[®m owå0gawG
udk w&;a&atm; tNrdKufaq;udk wdkuf
auR;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ tck jrwfpGmbk&m; y&d
edAÁmefpHawmfrloGm;wm ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmihf
ig;&mausmfygNyD/
Ak'¨omoem
omoemqdkwm jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU tqkH;tr
ygyJ/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU w&m;awGygyJ/ bm
w&m;awGvJvdkYqdk&if vlom;awG&JU udk,f
EIwfpdwf trlt&mawG ,Ofaus;atmifvdkY
qkH;rawmfrlcJhwJh w&m;awG/ udk,ftrlt
&m,Ofaus;atmif oDvw&m;udk usihfokH;
aqmufwnfMu/ olYtouf rowfeJY? olY
Opöm rcdk;MueJY/ olYtdrf&m rjypfrSm;MueJY/ vdrf
rajymMueJY/ t&ufaopm raomufpm;Mu

eJYvdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u avmuvlom; awGudk
qkH;rawmfrlygw,f/ Ak'¨ñTefMum;awmfrlwJh
twdkif; 'gawGudk a&SmifMuOf vdkufemusihf
okH;NyD; udk,fEIwf pdwfudk ,Ofaus;atmif
qkH;rwm[m Ak'¨omomemyJ/
0pD'kp½dkufqdkwJh EIwftrlt&m Murf;
wrf;wJh pum;udk rajymbJeJY xdef;odrf;
apmihfa&SmihfaezdkY qkH;rwm[mvJ jrwfpGm
bk&m;&JU omoemygyJ/ raem'kp½dkufqdkwJh
raumif;wJhpdwfawG Murf;wrf;wJh pdwfawG
rjzpfEdkifatmif ñTefMum;awmfrlwm[mvJ
omoemygyJ/ omoemqdkwm owå0gwdkif;
ukd,ftrlt&m ,Ofaus;jcif;? EIwftrlt&m
EknHhjcif;? pdwftrlt&m Nidrf;at;jcif; jzpf
atmifvdkY a[mMum;ñTefjyawmfrlwJh w&m;
awmfrsm;udk vdkufem usihfokH; xdef;odrf;
apmihfa&Smihfwm tJ'g bk&m;tqkH;trudk
vdkufemwJh yk*¾Kdvf? omoemtwGif;rSm
a&mufaewJh yk*¾KdvfvdkY qdk&ygw,f/
omoemwGif;rSm bmvkyfr ,f
aumif;NyD? omoemawmftwGif;rSm a&muf
aewJh vlawG[m t"du b,fw&m;udk
usifhBuH tm;xkwf&rSmvJqdk&if owdy|mef
0dyóem w&m;jzpfygw,f/ owdy|mef
0dyóemw&m;qdkwm ax&0g' Ak'¨omo
emawmfrSm txGwftxdyfjzpfwJh w&m;ygyJ/
'Dowdy|mef w&m;udk udk,fwpfa,muf
wnf;yJ tm;xkwfvdkY oHo&mu vGwfae
ovm;qdk r[kwfygbl;/ a,musfm;jzpfap
rdef;rjzpfap wpfurÇmvkH;rSm&SdwJh vlawG [m
wu,fNidrf;csrf;a&; tppfudk vdkcsif
w,fqdk&if owdy|mef w&m;avmuf Nidrf;
csrf;rIudk ay;Ekdifwm r&Sdygbl;/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;
Nidrf;csrf;a&;vdkY b,favmufyJ yg;pyfu
7
ajymaeayrJh wu,fawmh vufawGUeJY t
ajymeJY wpfjcm;pDyg/
avmuwpfckvkH;rSm &SdwJhvlawG 'Dw&m;
"r®awGudk ESvkH;oGif;NyD;awmh owdy|mefw
&m;udk ESvkH;oGif;NyD;awmh tm;xkwfcJhr,fqdk
&if pdwf&JUNidrf;csrf;rIwpfqihf udk,f&JU Nidrf;
csrf;rIudk &ygvdrhfr,f/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; tppf
[m ukd,fwGif;rSmyJ &Sdw,f/ pdwfNidrf;csrf;rS
udk,fNidrf;csrf;NyD;awmh rdrdywf0ef;usifuvl
awG pdwfa&m udk,fyg csrf;omrSm jzpfyg
w,f/ 'gaMumihf b,favmufyJ EIwfu Nidrf;
csrf;a&;vdkY atmfaeayrJh wu,f vufawGU
rusihfokH;&if Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY a0;aetkH;rSmyg
yJ/ uJ &Sdapawmh/
'gaMumihf owdy|mefw&m;udk ypöKyÜef
rSm pdwfa&m udk,fygcsrf;omzdkYtwGuf tm;
xkwfwm jzpfygw,f/ vuf&SdcE¨mudk,f
tdk&jcif; em&jcif; ao&jcif;qdkwJh 'ku©rS
vGwfajrmuf oGm;atmifvdkY owdy|mef
0dyóemw&m;udk ½IrSwftm;xkwfwm jzpf
w,fvdkY yxrydkif; taejzihf w&m;½IrSwfwJh
a,m*Drsm; 'Dtwdkif; odxm;yg/
enf;rSefzdkY vdkw,f
aumif;NyD? tJ'D owdy|mefw&m;udk ½IrSwf
w,fqdk&if enf;rSefvrf;rSef uszdkY ta&;
BuD;ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfjrwfu
bmrdefYawmfrlovJ? w&m;½IrSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvf
wdkif; yk*¾Kdvfwdkif; ],xmblwH = [kwf
wdkif;rSefpGm/ or®yÜnm,? 0dyóem or®m
ynmjzihf/ yówd? ½IrSwfw,f}vdkY a[m
ygw,f/ bmajymvdkovJqdk&if w&m;tm;
xkwf½IrSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfwkdif; yk*¾Kdvfwdkif; ,xm
blwqdkwJh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odNyD;awmh tm;

xkwfwwfzdkY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ vrf;rrSm;zdkY
ta&;BuD;w,faygh/
w&m; vrf;vGJw,f vrf;rSm;oGm;w,f
qdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh tm;xkwfoavmuf t
usKd;rrsm;ygbl;/ tusKd;roufa&mufygbl;/
'gaMumifh w&m;tm;xkwfwJh a,m*Drsm; [m
enf;rSefvrf;rSefudk odzdkY vdkygw,f/ ½IrSwf
wwfzdkY tm;xkwfwwfzdkY tifrwef; ta&;
BuD;w,fvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
cE¨mudk,fudk ½I
aumif;NyD? w&m; ½IrSwfw,fqdkwm b,fae
&mrsKd;udk ½IrSwf&rSmvJ/ b,fvdk w&m;rsKd;udk
½IrSwf&rSmvJqdkwm odxm;&ygr,f/ b,fae
&mrSmvJqdk&if cE¨mudk,frSm ½IrSwf&rSm jzpf
ygw,f/ b,fvdkw&m;rsKd;udk ½IrSwf&rsmvJqdk
&if cE¨mudk,frSm jzpfay:aewJh w&m;awG
ukd ½IrSwf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ w&m;&Sm udk,frSm
awGUqdkwJh twkdif;ayghav/ w&m;½IrSwfw,f
w&m;½IrSwfw,fqdkwm 'DcE¨mudk,fBuD;udk ½I
rSwf&wmygvdkY a,m*Dwdkif; odxm;&ygr,f/
'DcE¨mudk,faumifudkyJ w&m;wifNyD;awmh ½I
rSwf&r,f? w&m;"mwfawG "r®"mwfawG
ay:vmatmif ½IrSwf&r,fvdkY odNyD;awmh
&if b,fvdk cE¨mrsKd;udk ½IrSwf&rSmvJ/ vuf&dS
tck xdkifaewJh cE¨mudk,fudkyJ w&m;½IrSwf
&rSmvm;? jrif&wJh cE¨mudk,fudkyJ ½IrSwf&
rSmvm;? rjrif&wJh cE¨mudk,fo abmukdyJ ½I
rSwf&rSvm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/
'Dae&mrSm bkef;BuD;wdkY w&m;ema,m*D
wdkY odxm;zdkYu 0dyóem½IrSwf&rJh ½kyfemrf
ESpfyg;onf rjrif&wJh ynwfcE¨m ½kyfemrf
rsKd; r[kwfygbl;/ jrifawGU&wJh y&rwfcE¨m
½kyfemrfrsKd;om jzpfygw,f/ 0dyóemonf
ynwfudk ½IrSwfvdkY r&bl;/ y&rwfudk ½IrSwf
8
rS 0dyóem jzpfygw,f/ w&m;xdkifw,f?
w&m;tm;xkwfw,f qdkwdkif;udk t&rf;um
a&m oabmudk rodbJeJY ½IrSwfae&ifawmh
yifyef;½kHyJ&Sdr,f/ qif;&J½kHyJ&Sdr,f/ 'gaMumihf
w&m;em a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfrsm;[m w&m;½IrSwf
wJhtcg bmudk ½IrSwf&rSmvJ qdkwmudk Za0
Z0g a0avaveJY qdkvdkY&Sd&if w&m;tm;xkwf
wJhae&mrSm awmfawmf tcufBuKHygw,f/
wpfcsKdUu w&m;xkdif&if cE¨mudk,fudk ½IrSwf&
r,fqdkvdkY 'D½lyum, cE¨mudk,fBuD;udkyJ
ykHoP²meftaeeJY ½IrSwfNyD;awmh aeygw,f/
'Dvdk r[kwfygbl;/
y&rwfudk ½I
jyefNyD;awmh bkef;BuD; &Sif;vif;ay;ygtkH;r,f/
a[m'D twåabm cE¨mudk,fBuD;[m ynwf
cE¨mudk,f? 'Dynwf cE¨mudk,fxJrSm 'l;&,f
vuf&,f aygif&,f acgif;&,f cE¨mudk,f
&,f 0rf;Akduf&,f aemufausm&,f &Sdw,f/
tvkH;tcJ ykHoP²mefaygh/ 'DoP²meynwf
qdkwJh oP²mef&SdwJh jrif&wJh cE¨mudk,f[m
um,qdkwJh udk,fjzpfygw,f/ 'Dum,qdkwJh
udk,f[m 0dyóem ½IrSwf&rJh w&m;rsKd; r
[kwfygbl;/ bmjyKvdkYvJ/ ynwfcE¨mudk,f
BuD;jzpfaevdkYyg/ 'gjzihf y&rwfqdkwm bmvJ?
razmufrjyef trSefwu,f &Sdaewm y&
rwf/ a[m'D cE¨mudk,fBuD;udk ynwfcE¨m
taetm;jzihf rowfrSwfbJeJY rodbJeJY y&
rwf oabmtaejzihf odNyD;awmh rSwf&yg
r,f/ y&rwfjzpfwJh cE¨mudk,f[m y&rwf
jzpfwJh ½kyfemrf[m rsufvkH;eJY jrif&wmrsKd;
r[kwf em;eJY toHudk Mum;&wmrsKd;r[kwf
vufeJY prf;oyfMunfhvdkY awGUxd&wmrsKd;vJ
r[kwfygbl;/

y&rwfudk ½IrSwfw,fqdkawmh taumif
txnf j'yfoP²mef r½IrSwf&ygbl;/ igrdef;r
iga,musfm;vdkY 'Dvdk r½IrSwf&ygbl;/ igh'l;
ighvuf ighajc ighaygifvdkY 'Dvdk r½IrSwf&yg
bl;/ y&rwf[lonfum; oabmoufouf
rQom jzpfygw,f/ bmoabmvJvdkY qdk&if
½kyfoabmwpfck? emrfoabmwpfck/ cE¨m
udk,frSm ½kyfemrfoabm ESpfckom &Sdygw,f/
'D½kyfoabm emrfoabmudk pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf
odNyD;awmh rSwfaewm[m y&rwf½kyfemrfudk
rSwfaewm jzpfygw,f/ y&rwfw&m;udk od
atmif tm;xkwfaewm jzpfygw,f/ 'g
aMumihf 0dyóemw&m; tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾Kdvf
wdkif; yk*¾Kdvfwdkif;[m y&rwfoabmudk odzdkY
vdkygw,f/ 0dyóem&JU tm½kH[m ynwf
tm½kH r[kwfbl;/ 0dyóemtm½kH[m y&rwf
tm½kH jzpfw,fqdkwmudk em;vnfxm;yg/
0dyóem w&m;½IrSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfwdkif;
yk*¾Kdvfwdkif;[m y&rwfjzpfwJh ½kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;udk ½IrSwf&r,f/ ynwfcE¨mudk,f
aumifudk ½IrSwf&rSmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;/
aumif;NyD? 'Dae&mrSm apm'uwuf ar;
jrefp&m&Sdygw,f/ y&rwfjzpfwJh ½kyfw&m;
emrfw&m; ESpfyg;[m rsufvkH;eJYvJ rjrif&?
em;eJYvJ rMum;&? vufeJY udkifwG,fvdkYvJ
r&bJeJY b,fvdkrSwf&ygrvJvdkY ar;p&m&Sdyg
w,f/ bkef;BuD; &Sif;jycJhNyD;jzpfovdkyJ? t
aumiftxnf j'yfoP²meftm;jzihf rrSwf
bJeJY oabmrQoufouf ½IrSwftm;xkwf
aewm[m 0dyóemjzpfygw,f/
0dyóemtppf
oabmrQ oufoufqdkwm bmvJ/ ½kyf
obm0 oabm? emrfobm0 oabm ESpf
ck&Sdygw,f/ ESpfck&Sdawmh ½kyfobm0onf
9
azmufjyefwwfwJh oabm/ emrfobm0
onf od½kHrQoabm? odNyD;awmhvJ ysufpD;
oGm;wwfwJh oabm/ 'Doabm uav;awG
udk odNyD;awmh rSwfaewmrS 0dyóem jzpfyg
w,f/ 'Dvdkod NyD;awmh ½IrSwfaewm[m
0dyóemtppfygyJ/ 'gaMumihf tukefvkH;
w&m;em y&dowfawG[m 0dyóemtppf
jzpfatmif BudK;pm;Muyg/ 0dyóemtppf jzpf
vdkY&Sd&if y#doaE¨ ae&wJh 'ku©? tdk&wJh'ku©?
em&wJh 'ku©? ao&wJh 'ku©qdkwJh cE¨m'ku©
awG tukefvkH; vGwfNidrf; csrf;omNyD;awmh
tNrJwrf; xm0&csrf;omwJh edAÁmef"mwfudk
rsufarSmufjyKEdkifygvdrhfr,f/
edAÁmefvdkcsifwJh yk*¾Kdvfwdkif; yk*¾Kdvfwdkif;
enf;rSef vrf;rSefeJY pepfus w&m;tm;xkwf
zdkY vdkygw,f/ pepfrus&if b,fvdkrS w&m;
tm;xkwfvdkY r&ygbll;/ pdwful;oufouf
omjzpfaeygvdrhfr,f/ pepfusrS w&m;½IrSwf
vdkY jzpfw,fqdkwmudk odxm;zdkY ayghav/
0dyóem b,fup
aumif;NyD/ pepfwus tm;xkwfr,fqdk &if
0dyóemtp b,fup&rSmvJ? b,fupNyD;
awmh ½IrSwf&rSmvJqdk&if bk&m;u a[mxm;
ygw,f ]yÍöok Oyg'gemu©aE¨ok} Oyg'gem
u©E¨m ig;yg;upygvdkY/ 0dyóem ½IrSwfrJh
yk*¾KdvfrSm Oyg'gef&JU tm½kHjzpfwJh cE¨mig;yg;
wpfyg;yg;udk ½IrSwf&r,fvdkY a[mawmfrlyg
w,f/ Oyg'gef&JU tm½kHjzpfwJh cE¨mig;yg; jzpf
ay:vmwdkif; jzpfay:vmwJh cE¨mudk ½IrSwf&
r,fvdkY bk&m;u'Dtwdkif; a[mygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm w&m;ema,m*Drsm;udk bkef;
BuD; tenf;i,frQ xyfNyD; &Sif;jyygtkH;r,f/
Oyg'gefvdkYqdkwm pGJNidjcif;vdkY t"dyÜm,f&yg
w,f/ bmudk pGJNidovJ/ twåqdkwJh udk,f?

twåed,qdkwJh udk,feJY pyfqdkifwJY t&mawG
qdkwJh 'Dt&mESpfrsKd;udk Oyg'gefpdwfu pGJNidyg
w,f/ b,fvdk pGJNidovJqdk&if rdrdcE¨mudk,f
jzpfwJh 'D½kyfaumifudkvJ igh½kyfaumifBuD;vdkY
pdwfxJrSm pGJvrf;ygw,f/ Oyg'gefqdkwm pGJ
vrf;p&m tm½kHawGudk uyfNid pGJvrf;wmvdkY
rSwfxm;yg/
'Dawmh ukd,fhcE¨mudk,fudk ihgcE¨mudk,fyJ
vdkY pdwfxJu xifrSwfNyD;awmh pGJvrf;ae
wm[m Oyg'gef/ 'g ihgvuf ihgaygif ighajc
vdkY pdwfxJrSm pGJvrf;aewm[m Oyg'gefyJ/
tjyifu jyefNyD;awmh Munfhprf;/ ighom; igh
orD; ihgypönf; ightdrf ighum;vdkY tjyiftm
½kH0w¬KawGudk pdwfu 'gihg[mawGyJvdkY pGJ
vrf;aewm[m Oyg'gefyJ/ Oyg'gefqdkwm
twGif; tm½kHudkvJ pGJvrf;w,f? tjyiftm
½kHudkvJ pGJvrf;w,f/ jyif;jyif;xefxef pGJ
vrf;wwfwJh twGufaMumifh Oyg'gefvdkY
ac:ygw,f/ tckavmufqdk&if Oyg'gef
taMumif;udk em;vnfavmufNyD/
Oyg'gemu©E¨m ig;yg;
w&m;½IrSwfwJh a,m*D[m Oyg'gef&JU tm½kH
jzpfwJh cE¨mig;yg;udk 0dyóem ½IrSwf&r,f
vdkY bk&m;a[mawmfrlxm;rlwJh twGuf
aMumihf Oyg'gef&JU tm½kHjzpfwJh cE¨mu b,f
vdk cE¨mrsKd;vJvdkY ar;cJh&if ynwfcE¨m r[kwf
bl;/ y&rwfcE¨mudk,fBuD; jzpfygw,f/ y&
rwfcE¨mqdkwm b,fvdkvJ/ taumifr&Sd t
xnfudk,fr&Sd? j'yfoP²mef r&Sd? ½kyfoabm
emrfoabmrQom&SdwJh oabmudk y&rwf
cE¨mvdkY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'D y&rwfcE¨mudkom
0dyóem ½IrSwf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gjzifh aumif;NyD/ tJ'D y&rwf cE¨m[m
vlwpfa,muf&JU cE¨mudk,fxJrSm b,ftcsdef
10
jzpfay:vmovJqdk&if tNrJwrf; &Sdaeyg
w,f/ cE¨mukd,fxJrSm tNrJ wrf;jzpfay:ae
w,f/ y&rwfjzpfwJh ½kyfemrfESpfyg;udk w
u,f&Sd wu,fjzpfay:ae wJhw&m;udk bm
aMumihf vlawG[m ydkif;jcm;NyD;awmh a0zefNyD;
awmh xdk;xGif;NyD;awmh rodEdkifwmvJqdk&if
t0dZÆm rodrI wPSm om,mrI 'Dw&m;ESpfck
zkH;tkyfxm;wJh twGufaMumihf y&rwfjzpfwJh
½kyfw&m;emrf w&m;ESpfyg;udk rodbJ ynwf
tm½kHawGeJYyJ ighcE¨mudk,f igh½kyfighemrf igh
Opöm igydkif ihgypönf;vdkY pGJvrf;&if;eJYyJ wpf
aeukef wpfvukef wpfESpfukef wpfoufvkH;
tcsdefawG ukefNyD;awmh 'DtpGJw&m;eJYyJ t
csdefawGukef NyD;awmh oGm;Muygw,f/
wu,fawmh vlYb0rSm wu,fodoihf
odxdkufwJh w&m;uawmh tJ'D½kyfw&m; emrf
w&m;qdkwJh y&rwfw&m; ESpfyg;yJjzpfyg
w,f/ tJ'D y&rwfjzpfwJh ½kyfemrf[m rsuf
vkH;eJY zGifhMunfhvdkY rjrif&bl;/ em;eJY toHudk
rMum;Edkifbl;/ vufeJY udkifwG,fprf;oyfvdkY
r&bl;/ 'gjzihf bmvJqdk&if obm0w&m;rQ
oufoufygyJ/ tJ'D oabmrQoufouf
b,ftcsdef odvm&ovJqdkawmh &Sdwmu
awmh cE¨mudk,fxJrSm y&rwf½kyfemrfawG
tNrJwrf;&Sdaew,f/ &SdaewJh y&rwf½kyfemrf
udk b,ftcsdefodovJvdkY qdk&if owdeJY
w&m;½IrSwfwJh tcsdefrsKd;usrS odw,f/ owd
rxm;bJeJY w&m;udk r½IrSwfwJhtcsdefrSm y&
rwf½kyfemrf b,favmufyJ&Sd&Sd rodEkdifbl;/
owdxm;NyD;awmh w&m;udk ½IrSwfwdkif; ½I
rSwfwdkif;rSm a,m*Dwpfa,mufonf y&
rwf ½kyfemrfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odaew,f/
y&rwf½kyfemrfudk rsufarSmufjyKaew,fvdkY
qdk&ygw,f/

y&rwf½kyfemrfqdkwm bmvJ/ cE¨mudk,f
xJrSm ½kyfw&m;yJ jzpfay:vmvm emrfw&m;
yJ jzpfay:vmvm jzpfay:vmorQ w&m;
awG[m ynwfw&m;awG r[kwfbJ y&rwf
½kyfw&m;awG jzpfygw,f/ xkdifvdkufwJhtcg
vufawGUMunfh&atmif/
y&rwf ½kyfe mrfudk ½IykH
w&m;xkdifw,fvdkY qdkwm[m wu,fawmh
cE¨mudk,fudk Nidrf; at;atmifvdkY vkyfwJh
tvkyfwpfckygyJ/ cE¨mudk,f Nidrfoufatmif
vkyfwJh tvkyfygyJ/ tJ'Dvdk cE¨mudk,fNidrf
oufNyD; Nidrf;at; aewJhtcsdefrSm 'DcE¨m y&
rwf½kyfemrf oabmawG ay:vmygw,f/
y&rwf½kyfemrf oabmawG jzpfay:vmyg
w,f/ b,fvdk jzpfay:vmovJ/ emw,f?
udkufw,f? ylw,f? at;w,f? xkHw,f?
usOfw,faygh/ emw,fqdkwmudk rsufvkH;zGifh
Munfhvdkuf? b,fae&mu emw,fqdkwmudk
awmh odw,f/ 'gayrJhvdkY emw,fqdkwm[m
tvkH; vm;? tcJvm;? t&Snfvm;? twdkvm;
b,fvdkoabmwkef;/ b,fvdk &Sdowkef;qdk
awmh rodEdkifbl;/ udkufw,fqdkwmudkawmh
pdwfxJu odw,f/ b,fvdkvJ qdkwmudk
awmh roEdkifbl;/
'gjzihf emw,f ylw,f udkufw,fqdkwm
bmvJ/ y&rwfjzpfwJh ½kyf w&m;emrfw&m;
awGyJ/ tJ'D y&rwf ½kyfemrfw&m;awGudk
rsufvkH;eJY rjrifEkdifbl;? em;eJY rMum;Edkifbl;
vufeJY prf;oyfMunfhvdkY r&Ekdifbl;/ r&awmh
'Dy&rwf½kyfemrf cE¨mrSm jzpfay:wdkif; jzpf
ay:wdkif; y&rwf½kyf emrfudk odwdkif;odwkdif;
[m a,m*D[m oabm oufoufudkom
od&w,f/ taumiftxnf j'yfoP²mef
11
taeeJY rodbJeYJ y&rwfqdkwm oabmrQyJ
qdkNyD;awmh odxm;&r,f/
oabm oufoufrQudk odNyD;wJhaemuf
a,m*Donf ½IrSwfyg/ cE¨mudk,fxJrSm jzpf
ay:vmwdkif; jzpfay:vmwkdif; anmif;w,f
emw,f udkufw,f ylw,f at;w,fqdkwJh
½kyfw&m;eJY ywfoufvdkY jzpfay:vmwdkif;udk
owduyfNyD;awmh wpfae&mwnf;udk pl;pdkuf
pl;pdkufNyD;awmh ½IrSwfyg/ w&m;½IrSwfwJh
a,m*D[m vkHYvtm;pdkufrIqdkwJh 0D&d,udk
t&if;wnfNyD;awmh odaeatmif vkyf&yg
w,f/ tJ'Dvdk 0D&d,w&m;udk a&SUwef;wif
NyD;awmh w&m;½I rSwfwJhtcgrSm a,m*Donf
y&rwf½kyfemrf&JU oabmudk odvmygw,f/
yk*¾Kdvf owå0g r&Sd
b,fvdk odvmovJ/ anmif;w,fqdkwJh o
abmudk odw,f/ emw,fqdkwJh oabmudk
odw,f/ udkufw,fqdkwJh oabmudk od
w,f/ ylw,f at;w,fqdkwJh oabmudk od
w,f/ anmif;w,f emw,f udkufw,f yl
w,f at;w,fqdkwm oabmrQouf ouf
yJ/ a,m*D pOf;pm;yg/ emw,fqdkwmudk
rSwfpdwfuav;eJY odvdkufprf;/ emwJh o
abmxJrSm yk*¾KdvfvJ rygbl;/ owå0gwpfOD;
wpfa,mufvJ rygbl;/ a,musfm; rdef;r
wpfOD; wpfa,mufvJ rygbl;/ yk*¾Kdvfowå
0g a,musfm; rdef;r rygwJhoabm? emwJh
oabmoufouf? emaewm/ udkufw,fqdk
&if udkufw,f udkufw,fvdkY rSwfMunfh/
udkufwJhoabmrQom awGU&vdrfhr,f/ udkuf
wJhoabmrSm yk*¾Kdvfowå0g a,musfm; rdef;
r rygbl;/ olYoabm olaqmifNyD;awmh jzpf
aewmyJ/ ylw,f at;w,fqdk&if ylwJho
abmuav;udk awGU&vdrfhr,f? at;wJh o

abmuav;udk awGU&vdrfhr,f/ yk*¾Kdvfowå
0g a,musfm; rdef;r rawGU&ygbl;/
'gjzihf&if emwJhoabmrSm yk*¾Kdvfr&Sd?
owå0gr&Sd? igaumifolaumif r&Sd/ olYo
abmudk olaqmifNyD;awmh jzpfaewm obm
0twdkif; jzpfaewmyJvdkY a,m*D[m obm
0vu©Pmudk 'Dvdk odyg/ odNyD;awmh rSwfyg/
emw,f emw,f emw,fvdkY cPcP xyf
cg xyfcg ½IrSwfae&wm[m bmjyKvdkY ½IrSwf
ae&wmvJ/ 'DemwJh oabmtay:rSm ig
rpGJatmifvdkY ½IrSwfae&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'D
vdk r½IrSwfcJh&if jrifwmudkvJ igjrifw,fvdkY
xifvdrfhr,f/ toHMum;wmudkvJ ighMum;
wmyJvdkY xifvdrfhr,f/ teHYwmudkvJ igeH
w,fvdkY xifvdrfhr,f/ pm;wmudkvJ igpm;
w,fvdkY xifvdrfhr,f/ pdwful;wmudkvJ ig
pdwful;aew,fvdkY xifvdrfhr,f/ w&m;udk
r½IrSwf w&m;udk rodwJh yk*¾Kdvf[m Oyg'gef
tm½kHeJY pGJvrf;NyD;awmh igjrifw,f ig Mum;
w,f/ igeHw,f? igpm;w,f? ig awGUxd
w,f? igpdwful;w,fqdkwJh oabmrsKd; xif
w,f/ 'g w&m;r½I w&m;rodwJh yk*¾Kdvf&JU
tod/ w&m;½IrSwfvdkY w&m;udk tm;xkwfNyD;
vdkY odwJhtodu 'Dvdkr[kwfygbl;/ yk*¾Kdvf
r&Sd? owå0g a,musfm; rdef;r r&Sd/ vlr&Sd
ewfr&Sd jA[®mr&Sd? bm&SdovJqdk&if emrf½kyf
w&m; ESpfyg;yJ&Sdw,f/ emrf½kyfw&m; ESpfyg;
rSwpfyg; wpfjcm;r&Sdbl;qdkwmudk w&m;½I
rSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfwdkif; odygw,f/ 'Demrf½kyf
w&m; ESpfyg;udk jzpfay:wkdif; jzpfay:vm
wdkif; ododNyD;awmh aew,f/ ½kyfw&m;
jzpfay:vmawmhvJ ododNyD;awmh aew,f?
emrfw&m; jzpfay:vmaawmhvJ ododNyD;
awmhaewm tJ'g 0dyóemeJY odNyD;awmh
12
aew,f? 0dyóemw&m; tm;xkwfaew,f?
0dyóemw&m; yGm;rsm;aew,fvdkY qdkwmyg/
aumif;NyD/ 0dyóemw&m;qdkwm b,f
rSm ½I&rSmvJ qdkawmh Oyg'gef&JU tm½kHjzpf wJh
cE¨mig;yg;rSm ½IrSwf&ygw,f/ Oyg'gef&JU
tm½kHjzpfwJh cE¨mig;yg;rSm ½IrSwf&rSjzpf
awmh&if 'DOyg'gef pGJvrf;rI&Sdae&if 'DcE¨m
ig;yg;udk igyk*¾Kdvfowå0g a,musfm; rdef;r
pGJvrf;aeorQ Oyg'gef rjyKwfbl;/ Oyg'gef
rjyKwf&if yk*¾Kdvfowå0g a,musfm; rdef;r
igolwpfyg;vdkY xifrSwfNyD;awmh ouúm,
'd|eJY pGJvrf;w,f/ 'DjzpfpOfrQ oabmrQ
jzpfwJh cE¨mudk,fudk taumiftxnfyJ
j'yfyJvdkY rSm;,Gif;pGmodNyD;awmh pGJvrf;vdkY&Sd
&if oHo&mu rvGwfEdkifawmhbl;/ 'g
aMumihf w&m;½IrSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvf[m t"du 'D
Oyg'gefBuD; jyKwfoGm;atmifvdkY w&m;½IrSwf
&wm jzpfw,f/ 'DOyg'gef[m b,ftcsdef
jyKwfovJqdk&if ½IrSwfwJh tcsdefrSm pGJvrf;rI
Oyg'gef jyKwfaeygw,f/ t½IcHw&m;jzpfwJh
tm½kHtay:rSm ½IrSwfwJh pdwfuav;eJY owd
xm;NyD;awmh rSwfwdkif; rSwfwdkif;rSm pGJvrf;rI
Oyg'gef jyKwfaeygw,f/ pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef
uif;aeygw,f/ 'gaMumihf 0dyóemw&m;
tm;xkwf&wm[m 'DOyg'gef jywfoGm;
atmif jyKwfoGm;atmifvdkY w&m;½IrSwftm;
xkwf&wm jzpfw,fqdkwmudk tukefvkH;
w&m;em y&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;
wdkY em;vnf oabmaygufMuapcsifygw,f/
tpGJjyKwfrS csrf;om&
'DpGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef[m vlwpfa,mufudk
awmfawmf 'u©ay;w,f/ vlawG[m pdwf
rcsrf;omjzpfaewm[mvJ 'DpGJvrf;rIaMumifh
yJ/ vlawG pdwfqif;&JaewmvJ 'DpGJvrf;rI
 13

aMumihfyJ/ vlawG aomu rsm;aew,f? Asm ar;cGef;av;awG ajzMunfh&atmif

rsm;aew,fqdkwmvJ 'DpGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef jyif; 1/ Ak'¨0g'DawG ta&;wBuD; bmudk vkyfoihfygvJ/
xefwJh yk*¾Kdvf[m jyif;xefoavmuf 'ku© 2/ tpGef;w&m; ESpfyg;taMumif;udk ajymjyyg/
rsm;wmyJ/ pGJvrf;rI tm;enf;&if enf;o 3/ 0dyóemrSm ynwfeJY y&rwf bmudk ½IrSwf&rvJ/
4/ 0dyóem ½IrSwfwJhtcg bmudk pNyD;½IrSwf&rvJ/
avmuf 'ku©enf;w,f/ jyif;xef&if jyif; 5/ owå0gawG oHo&mu rvGwfEdkifwm bmaMumihfvJ/
xefoavmuf 'ku©ESdyfpuf cH&wmyJ/ pGJvrf; 6/ yk*¾Kdvfowå0g r&SdykHudk t>rufavmuf &Sif;jyygvm;/
rI tm;aumif;wJh yk*¾KdvfrSm 'ku©tm; 7/ y&rwftaeeJY 0dyóem b,fvdk½IrvJ/
8/ Oyg'gef tpGJjyKwf&if bmtusKd;&rvJ/
aumif;w,f/ pGJvrf;rI enf;wJhyk*¾Kdvf 'ku© 9/ rif;om;od'¨w¬[m bmaMumifh Ak'¨vdkY 0efcHcJhygovJ/
tm;enf;oGm;wmyJ/ odkYaomf bmyJjzpfjzpf
ayghav/ 'DpGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefudk y,fowfEdkif e
zdkYtwGuf owdy|mef0dyóemw&m;rS wpf
yg; wpfjcm;enf;vrf;udk bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmf
jrwfBuD;u &SmrawGUcJhygbl;/ rawGUcJhwJh t
wGufaMumihf bk&m;u udk,fawmfwdkif pGJ
vrf;rI jyKwfatmif 0dyóemw&m;udk ½I
rSwftm;xkwfrS pGJvrf;rI jyKwfEdkifw,fqdkwJh
taMumif;udk a[mcJhw,f/ udk,fawmf
jrwfudk,fwdkifuvJ 'Dtusifhudk usihfvdkY pGJ
vrf;rI Oyg'gefjyKwfcJhw,f/ wynhfom0u
awGudkvJ 'DpGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefudk y,fowf
EdkifzdkY jzKwfzdkY&ef twGuf 0dyóemw&m;udk
yGm;rsm; ½IrSwf tm;xkwfMuygvdkY wkdufwGef;
awmfrlcJhygw,f/
'gaMumihf w&m;tm;xkwfw,f w&m;
tm;xkwfw,fqdkwm 'DpGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef
jyKwfoGm;vdkY&Sd&if oHo&mu vGwfajrmuf
atmifvdkY w&m;tm;xkwfwm jzpfw,fqdk
wJhtaMumif; uaeY bkef;BuD;wdkY a,m*D rsm;
'DavmufeJYyJ awmfMuygpdkY/
om"k om"k om"k
_____

0dyóemESihf Oyg'gemu©E¨m
* pGJvrf;aeovJqdkwm wpfcg &Sif;ay;r,f/
umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f? avmhpftdef*s,fvdpfNrdKU
udke0if; rAsLwDtdrfwGif a[mMum;onf
(2006 ckESpf? rwfv)
]taMumif;w&m; ½kyfvdkYqdkwm rsufvkH;tqif;/ rsufvkH;
vJ ½kyf? tqif;vJ ½kyf/ rsufvkH;eJY tqif; aygif;qkHrdvdkY
jrifodpdwf jzpfay:vmwmonf tusKd;yJ/ tusKd;[m emrf?
taMumif;[m ½kyf/ 'g½kyfemrfyJvdkY 'Dvdk ½kyfeJYemrfudk ½kyfeJY
emrfyJvdkY t&Sdtwdkif; trSeftwkdif;odvdkY&Sd&if tJ'g or®m'd|d
todnmPf jzpfw,fvdkY qdk&ygw,f}
***
Oyg'gefqdkwm
0dyóem tvkyfay;w&m;udk a[majym
vm&mrSm 'DuaeY a[mrJhw&m;uawmh Oyg
'gef&JU tm½kHjzpfwJh cE¨mig;yg;udk 0dyóem
½IrSwfykHudk a[mygr,f/ Oyg'gefqdkwm bm
udkac:ovJvdkY ar;&if pGJvrf;rIudk Oyg'gef
14
vdkY ac:w,fvdkY pdwfxJrSm rSwfxm;yg/ bkef;
BuD;ar;wJhtcgvJyJ 'DaeYawmh tukef vdkuf
ajzMuaygh/ rSwfrdavmufayghav/ 'D vdkajz
rSyJ rSwfvJ rSwfrdw,f/ em;vJ vnfw,f/
'gaMumihf Oyg'gefqdkwm bmudk ac:ovJ/
pGJvrf;rIudk Oyg'gefvdkY ac:yg w,f/ bmudk
pGJvrf;ovJqdk&if vlrSm pdwfxJ jzpfay:vm
wJh pGJvrf;rI/ pGJvrf;rIqdkwm vlwdkif;vlwdkif;
rSm tm½kHudk odwwfwJh pdwfqdkwm &Sdw,f/
tJ'D tm½kHudk odwwfwJh pdwfonf pGJvrf;
wJhoabm? pGJvrf;wJh tm½kHtay:rSm pdwfxJ
u pGJvrf;wmudk Oyg'gefvdkY ac:ygw,f/
'Dawmh b,fvdk tm½kHawGudk rdrdpdwfu
rdrd&JUpdwfu tqif;tm½kHtay:rSm pGJ
vrf;aew,f/ rdrdpdwfu toHtm½kHudk pGJ
vrf;w,f/ teHY? t&om? tawGUtxdeJY t
awG;tBuHawGudk pGJvrf;aew,f/ tm½kH
ajcmufyg;rSm pdwfu pGJvrf; pGJ,laewmudk
Oyg'gefvdkY 'Dvdkqdkygw,f/ Oyg'gefqdkwm Oy?
tm'ge/ Oy = uyfí (jyif;jyif;xefxef)/
tm'ge = ,ljcif; (pGJ,ljcif;)vdkY t"dyÜm,f
&ygw,f/ tm½kHwpfckudk pdwfu jyif;jyif;
xefxef uyfNidpGJvrf;aewmudk Oyg'gefvdkY
ac:ygw,f/ Oyg'gefqdkwm[m wpfjcm;
r[kwfygbl;/ tm½kHwpfcktay:rSm rdrdpdwf
u jyif;jyif;xefxef pGJ,laejcif;onf Oyg
'gefyJ/ tqif;udk pGJ,laewm Oyg'gef/ toH
udkpGJ,laewm Oyg'gef/ teHHYudk pGJ,laewm
Oyg'gef/ t&omudk pGJ,laewm Oyg'gef/
tawGUtxdudk pGJ,laewm Oyg'gef/ tawG;
tBuHudk pGJ,laewm Oyg'gef/ 'gaMumihf Oyg
'gefqdkwm tm½kHajcmufyg;udk pGJvrf;wJhpdwf/
tJovdk tm½kHwpfck wpfcktay:rSm rdrd
pdwfu pGJ,lvdkufwmonf Oyg'gefvdkY em;

vnf oabmaygufNyD;aemuf 'DOyg'gefqdk
wJh tpGJ[m b,fujzpfay:vmovJvdkY okH;
oyfpOf;pm;Munhfr,fqdk&if Oyg'gef pGJ,lrIu
pdwf? owå0gwpfa,muf&JU cE¨mudk,fxJrSm
&SdaewJh pdwf[m tm½kHajcmufyg;rSm jzpfay:
wdkif;jzpfay:wkdif; pGJ,lwJhpdwf/ jrifodpwf
jzpf&if tjriftm½kHudk pGJ,l/ eHodpdwfjzpf&if
teHtm½kHudk pGJ,l/ pm;odpdwfjzpf&if tpm
tm½kHudk pGJ,l/ awGUodpdwfjzpf&if xdawGU
tm½kHudk pGJ,l/ BuHodpdwfjzpf&if tBuHtm½kH
udk pGJ,lwm Oyg'gef/
Oyg'gef&JU tm½kH
aumif;NyD/ tJ'D tqif;&,f toH&,f
teHY&,f t&om&,f tawGU&,f tBuH
&,fqdkwJh tm½kHajcmufyg;[m Oyg'gef&JU t
pGJcHw&m; jzpfygw,f/ pGJ,lwmu Oyg'gef
jzpfygw,f/ 'DpGJ,lwJh Oyg'gefonf tm½kH
ajcmufyg;udk pGJ,lwJhtcgrSm &Sif;atmif ajym
r,fqdk&if rdrdpdwfuav;[m tm½kH wpfck
tay:rSm pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ESpfoufNyD;aewm
Oyg'gefyJvdkY a,m*Drsm; 'Dvdk em;vnfxm;
yg/ tJ'D Oyg'gef pGJvrf;wJh ae&mrSm cE¨m
jzpfygw,f/ cE¨m b,fae&mrSm jzpfovJ
qdk&if Oyg'gef pGJvrf;wJh ae&mrSm cE¨mjzpfyg
w,f/ b,fvdkjzpfovJqdkwm &Sif;jyygtkH;
r,f/ rsufpdeJY tqif;/ pu©Kyom'qdkwJh
rsufvkH; tMunf"mwf? [dkzufu ½lyg½kH
tqif;/ 'DESpfrsKd;vkH;u ½kyfw&m;awGcsnf;/
'D½kyfESpfck wdkufqdkifvmvdkY qkHrdwJh tcg
aygif;rdwJhtcg rsufvkH; tMunf"mwfrSm
tqif;xifvmw,f/
rsufvkH;tMunf"mwftay:rSm tqif;
xifvmawmh&if ½kyf½kyfcsif; wdkufqdkifw,f
aygh/ 'Dvdk ½kyf½kyfcsif; wkdufqdkifwmudk od wJh
15
yk*¾Kdvf rodwJhyk*¾KdvfvdkY ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/
rodwJhyk*¾Kdvfu rsufvkH; tMunf"mwf½kyf
ay:rSm tqif;½kyfwkdufqdkifvmwJh tcg
aygif;qkHvmwJhtcg rodwJhyk*¾Kdvfu pGJ,l
vdkufw,f/ rodwJhyk*¾Kdvfu b,fvdk pGJ,l
ovJqdk&if tJ'Dtqif;udk ighjrifw,fvdkY pGJ
,lvkdufw,f/ 'Dtqif;onf igjrifwJht
qif;yJ? ihgjrifaewmyJvdkY pGJ,lw,f/ rodwJh
yk*¾Kdvfqdkwm w&m;udk rodwJhyk*¾Kdvfudk qdk
vdkwmyg/ w&m;udk tm;rxkwfzl;wJh yk*¾Kdvf
wpfa,mufuawmh jrifwdkif;jrifwdkif; t
qif;rSm igjrifw,fvdkY pGJ,lvdkufw,f/
ighrsufvkH;u tqif;udk jrifw,fvdkY w&m;
udk r½IrSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfu 'Dtwdkif;yJ pGJ,lrdyg
w,f/ w&m;udk ½IrSwfNyD; w&m;udk odaewJh
yk*¾Kdvfusawmh 'Dvdk rpGJ,lawmhbl;/ rsufvkH;
&,f tqif;&,f ESpfckpvkH;udk Munhfvkduf
w,f/ tqif;uvJ ½kyfw&m;yJ? rsufvkH;t
Munf"mwfuvJ ½kyfw&m;yJ/ 'g½kyfoabm
csif; aygif;pyfrdvdkY ½kyfoabmcsif; wdkufqdkif
vmvdkY jzpfvmwmyJ/ ½kyfoabmw&m;awG
yJ/ tqif;udk odwJhy*¾Kdvf? rsufvkH;tMunf
udk odwJhyk*¾Kdvfonf ½kyfoabmudk odaewm
yJ/ w&m;½IrSwfwJh a,m*DrSm rsufvkH;uvJ
½kyfyJ? tqif;uvJ ½kyfyJ? 'g½kyfESpfckwdkuf
qdkifvmvdkY jzpfay:vmwJh w&m;yJvdkY w&m;
odwJh yk*¾Kdvfu 'Dtwdkif; odygw,f/
yk*¾Kdvf ESpfrsKd;
w&m;udk r½IrSwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSmawmh rsuf vkH;?
tqif;? ESpfck aygif;vdkufw,f ½kyfvdkY r
odygbl;/ ½kyfw&m;vdkY rodawmh b,fvdk od
ovJqdkvdkY&Sd&if 'gigjrifaew,f? igjrifw,f
vdkY 'Dvdkodygw,f/ Oyg'gef pGJvrf;rIeJYom od
aeygw,f/ w&m;udk odwJhyk*¾Kdvfuawmh O

yg'gef pGJvrf;rIeJY rodygbl;/ rsufvkH;vJ ½kyf
yJ? tqif;vJ ½kyfyJ? ½kyfw&m;csif; aygif;pyfrd
vdkYom jrifw,fqdkwm jzpfvmwmyg/ w
u,fawmh 'g½kyfw&m;yJvdkY w&m;½IrSwfwJh
yk*¾Kdvfu ½kyfudk ½kyfrSefodw,f/ w&m;r½I
rSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfu ½kyfudk ½kyfrSef; rodbl;/ ½kyf
udk ½kyfrSef; rodawmh ckeuajymcJhovdk ig
jrifw,f? ighrsufvkH;u jrifw,fvdkY 'Dvdk igpGJ
olpGJ yk*¾KdvfpGJ? twåaumif toufaumif
vdyfjymaumif xifNyD;awmh pGJvrf;w,f/
Oyg'gefjzpfw,faygh/
'Dawmh&if tukefvkH; w&m;emy&dowf
pOf;pm;zdkY w&m;udk odwJhyk*¾Kdvf&,f w
&m;udk rodwJh yk*¾Kdvf&,fvdkY yk*¾KdvfESpfrsKd;/
w&m;udk ½IrSwfvdkY w&m;odwJh yk*¾Kdvfu
½kyfudk ½kyfrSef;odw,f/ w&m;udk r½IrSwfvdkY
w&m;udk rodwJhyk*¾KdvfawGuawmh ½kyfw
&m;vdkY rodbl;/ bmjzpfvdkY rodwmvJ?
t0dZÆmzkH;xm;vdkY rodbl;ayghav/ w&m;½I
rSwfwJh a,m*Dwpfa,mufrSmawmh t0dZÆm
uif;uGmaewJh twGufaMumihf ½kyfw&m;udk
½kyfw&m;vdkY trSeftwdkif;odwJh or®m'd|d t
odÓPfeJY trSefwu,f odoGm;ygw,f/
'DvkduGmjcm;ygw,f/ 'ga,m*Drsm; ½kyfw
&m;udk trSeftwkdif;ykHygyJ/
½kyfw&m; wpfckwnf;vm;qdk r[kwfbl;/
a0 'em&,f onm&,f ocFg&&,f 0dnmPf
&,f av;rsKd;vdkY emrfw&m; av;rsKd;&Sdw,f/
a0'emqdkwm cHpm;wJhoabm/ onmqdkwm
u rSwfom;wJhoabm/ ocFg&qdkwm pl;pkduf
aphaqmfrIoabm/ odwJhpdwfudk 0dnmPfvdkY
ac:w,f/ 'Dw&m;av;yg;u emrf/ 'Dawmh
&if w&m;udk odwJhyk*¾Kdvf rodwJhyk*¾Kdvf ESpf
rsKd;udk jyefNyD; pdppfMunfh &atmif/ w&m;udk
½IrSwfvdkYodwJh yk*¾Kdvfuawmh rsufvkH;eJY t
16
qif; qkHrdvdkuf vdkY&Sd&if aygif;rdvdkufvdkY&Sd&if
jrifodpdwf jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'Djrifodpdwfonf
yk*¾Kdvfowå0g a,musfm; rdef;r igolwpfyg;
r[kwf rsufvkH;tqif; wnf;[laom
taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jrifodpdwf tusKd;
w&m; jzpfvmwmyJ/ taMumif;rSvJyJ yk*¾Kdvf
owå0g a,musfm; rdef;r igaumif olaumif
rygbl;/ jrifodpdwf tusKd;rSmvJ yk*¾Kdvf
owå0g a,musfm; rdef;r igaumif olaumif
rygbl;/ taMumif;a&m tusKd;w&m; ½kyfeJY
emrf ESpfrsKd;yJ&Sdw,f/ taMumif; w&m;onf
½kyf? tusKd;w&m;onf emrfyJqdkNyD; w&m;½I
rSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfwdkif; 'Dvdk trSeftwdkif; odvm
ygw,f/ taMumif;w&m; ½kyfvdkYqdkwm rsuf
vkH;tqif;/ rsuffvkH;vJ ½kyf? tqif;vJ ½kyf/
rsufvkH;eJY tqif; aygif;qkHrdvdkY jrifodpdwf
ay:vmwmonf tusKd;yJ/ tusKd;[m emrf?
taMumif;[m ½kyf/ 'g½kyfemrfyJvdkY 'Dvdk ½kyfeJY
emrfudk ½kyfeJYemrfyJvdkY trSeftwkdif;odvdkY&Sd&if
tJ'g or®m'd|d todnmPfjzpfw,fvdkY qdk&
ygw,f/
w&m;udk r½IrSwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSmawmh rsuf
vkH;tqif; taMumif;udkvJ rodbl;/ jrifod
pdwf tusKd;udkvJ rodbl;/ 'D½kyfemrftay:
rSm trSeftwdkif; rodvdkY t0dZÆmzkH;xm;wJh
twGufaMumihf pGJpGJvrf;vrf; jzpfNyD;awmh
jriforQ odorQudk ighrsufvkH;u jrifvdkY igod
w,fvdkY pGJvrf;wJh Oyg'gefjzpfygw,f/ w&m;
r½IrSwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSm pGJvrf;wJhOyg'gef jyif;
jyif;xefxef jriforQ tm½kHawGudk igjrif
w,fvdkY pGJvrf;wJh Oyg'gefjzpfygw,f/ w&m;
udk ½IrSwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSmawmh jriforQtm½kH
awG[m emrf½kyfESpfyg;yJ&Sdw,f? taMumif;eJY
tusKd; ESpfckyJ&Sdw,fqdkwm odygw,f/ ½I
rSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvf&JU pdwf? r½IrSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvf&JU

pdwf? 'DpdwfESpfrsKd;udk jyefNyD;awmh okH;oyf
Munhfyg/ r½IrSwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSm jrifwJhtm½kH
awG tay:rSm igjrifw,fvdkY xifaew,f/
jrifodpdwftay:rSmvJyJ ighpdwfyJ yk*¾KdvfyJ
owå0gyJ igyJ olyJ a,musfm;yJ rdef;ryJvdkY pGJ
pGJvrf;vrf; Oyg'gefeJY pGJNyD;awmh ,lvdkuf
w,f/ w&m;½IrSwfvdkY w&m;½IrSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvf
rSm rsufvkH;tqif;u ½kyf? jrifodpdwfuav;
uemrf? rsufvkH;eJY tqif;u taMumif;yJ?
jrifodpdwfuav;u tusKd;yJvdkY taMumif;
tusKd; &kyfemrfyJvdkY trSeftwdkif; odwJht
wGufaMumifh pGJvrf;rIOyg'gef uif;aysmuf
aeygw,f/ csKyfNidrf;aeygw,f/ 'gw&m; od
wJhyk*¾KdvfeJY rodwJhyk*¾KdvfawG&JU avmutjrif
awG uGm;[ykHudk bkef;BuD; ajymjyaewmyg/
a0'em
NyD;awmh a0'em/ cHpm;rIa0'em ayghav/
cHpm;rIa0'em jzpfwkdif;jzpfwdkif;vJyJ w&m;udk
odwJhyk*¾KdvfeJY rodwJh yk*¾Kdvf ESpfrsKd;&JU tjrif
'DvdkyJ uGmjcm;aeygw,f/ w&m;odwJhyk*¾Kdvf
rSm a0'emonf olYoabmtwdkif; olYobm
0twkdif; jzpfay:aewmyJ/ a0'em[m ig
vkyfwmvJ r[kwfbl;/ olwpfyg;vkyfay;wm
vJ r[kwfbl;/ olYtaMumif;w&m;eJY olYt
usKd;w&m; jzpfay:NyD;awmh cHpm;aewmyJvdkY
taMumif;tusKd; tay:rSm cHpm;rIoabmrQ
oufoufyJ? a0'emqdkwm cHpm;rIoabmrQ
oufoufyJvdkY 'Dvdk or®m'd|d todnmPfeJY
odwJhtwGufaMumifh a0'emtay:rSm pGJ,l
rI pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefrjzpfbl;/ Oyg'gef uif;
uGmaeygw,f/
w&m;rodwJh yk*¾Kdvfuawmh a0'emcHpm;
rIawGudk igcHpm;aew,f igcHpm;vdkY aumif;
aew,f? igjrifwmudk cHpm;vdkY aumif;w,f?
17
igtoHMum;wmudk cHpm;vdkY aumif;w,f?
teHYeHwmudk cHpm;vdkY aumif;w,f? igpm;
aewmudk cHpm;vdkY aumif;w,f? igawGUxd
aewJh tawGUtxdudk cHpm;vdkY aumif;w,f?
igpdwful;aewmudk cHpm;vdkY aumif;w,fvdkY
qdkNyD;awmh a0'emtay:rSm w&m;rodwJh
yk*¾Kdvfu waumif;wnf; aumif;aewmyJ?
b,fawmhrS raumif;bl;vdkY rjrifEdkifbl;/
tjypfrjrifEkdifygbl;/ tjypfrjrifwJh twGuf
aMumihf 'Da0'emudk igvdkY pGJ,lygw,f? igvdkY
pGJ,lNyD;awmh a0'emonff yk*¾Kdvf owå0g ig
aumif olaumifyJvdkY xifvmw,f/ tJ'g
a0'em tay:rSm pGJ,lrI Oyg'gefygyJ/
w&m;odwJh yk*¾Kdvfuawmh 'Dvdk rpGJ,l
awmhygbl;/ twåjyKwfaeygw,f/ twå'd|d
qdkwJh ighyJvdkY pGJ,lwJh tjrifrSm; uif;aeyg
w,f/ ]ouúm,'d|ð y[mem, oawm
bdu©K y&dAÁaZ}qdkwJhtwdkif; a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf[m
'DcE¨mudk,fay: xifaewJh 'd|dqdkwJh tjrif
rSm;udk y,fzdkY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
onm
onmay:rSmvJ 'Dtwkdif;yJ/ w&m;rodwJh
yk*¾Kdvf w&m;odwJh yk*¾KdvfESpfrsKd;/ tjrifcsif;
ESvkH;oGif; em;vnfykHcsif; rwlMuygbl;/ w
&m;odwJh yk*¾Kdvfu rSwfom;rIonm jzpf
ay:wdkif; jzpfay:wkdif; 'Donmonf cP
av;rSwfNyD;awmh? onmapwodufonf c
Pav;rSwfNyD;awmh ysufoGm;wmyJ aysmuf
oGm;wmyJvdkY trSeftwdkif; odw,f/
w&m;rodwJh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;usawmh b,fvdk
odvmovJ? igrSwfxm;wmyJ? igrSwfpdwf
tm;aumif;vdkY igrSwfaewmyJ? tckodaewm
igrSwfvdkY odaewmyJvdkY onmay:rSm Oyg
'gefeJY jyif;jyif;xefxef pGJ,lxm;wJh t

wGufaMumihf twå'd|djzpfaew,f/ w&m;od
wJh yk*¾Kdvfu igr[kwf olr[kwf yk*¾Kdvf
owå0g r[kwfbl;?'grSwfom;NyD;awmhaysmuf
oGm; ysufoGm;wJhoabm? tedpöoabmyJvdkY
odwJh twGufaMumifh trSefwu,fodvdkY
or®m'd|d todrSefjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumihf w&m;
odwJh yk*¾KdvfrSm twå'd|djyKwfaeygw,f/
ocFg&
ocFg& apwemtay:rSmvJ 'Dtwdkif;yJ/
w&m;½IrSwfwJh a,m*Dyk*¾KdvfrSm 'Dapwem
w&m;[m jzpfvdkuf ysufvdkuf Oyg'fXDbif
tm;jzihf jzpfwnfysuf cPav;jzpf? cP
av; wnfwHhNyD;awmh csufjcif; ysufoGm;wJh
apwem pdwftpOfawGyg/ 'gbmrS yk*¾Kdvf
owå0g a,musfm; rdef;rr[kwfygbl;/ t
aumiftxnf j'yfoP²mef r&Sdygbl;/ 'Dap
wemonf emrfw&m;oufoufrQyJvdkY w
&m;½IrSwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSm 'Dtwkdif;odw,f/
0dyóemw&m;udk wpfBudrfwpfcg r½I
rSwfzl;wJh yk*¾Kdvfuawmh 'Dvdk rodEkdifbl;/
apwemjzpf ay:vmwdkif; jzpfay:vmwdkif;
ighapwem b,favmuf aumif;ovJ? ol
rsm;apwemxuf ighapwemu rGefjrwf
w,f/ igaumif;wJh apwemawG&Sdaew,f/
olYtay:rSm igaumif;wJh apwemawG xm;
aew,f ponfjzihf apwemudk ighvdkY xif
NyD;awmh jyif;jyif;xefxef Oyg'gefeJY pGJ,l
oGm;ygw,f/ w&m;rodwJh yk*¾Kdvfu Oyg
'gefeJY pGJ,lykH/ w&m; odwJhyk*¾Kdvfu Oyg'gef
uif;jywfykH ESpfckudk ,SOfNyD; jywmjzpfygw,f/
0dnmPf
NyD;awmh 0dnmPf/ odpdwfaygh/ a0'em&,f?
onm&,f? ocFg&&,f? 0dnmPf&,f aygh
18
av/ 0dnmPfqdkwm odwJhpdwf/ raem
0dnmPfpdwf/ tJ'D odpdwfuav;udkvJyJ w
&m;½IrSwfaewJh a,m*Dwpfa,mufeJY w&m;
r½IrSwfwJh omref ykxkZOfvlom; wpf
a,muf EIdif;,SOfNyD; Munhfprf;/ w&m;
½IrSwfaewJh a,m*DrSmawmh odwJhpdwfawG
[m wpfpdwfNyD;wpfpdwf wpfpdwfNyD;wpfpdwf
jzpfay:vmvdkuf ysufoGm;vdkuf jzpfay:vm
vdkuf ysufoGm;vdkuf? 'Dpdwfw&m; awG[m
odwdkif;odwdkif; odwJhpdwf cPav;yJ odNyD;
awmh ysufoGm;wmyJ/ 'Dpdwf w&m;awG[m
rNrJbl;/ yk*¾Kdvfowå0g a,musfm; rdef;r ig
olwpfyg; r[kwfbl;/ wu,fawmh pdwf
w&m;onf emrfw&m;yJvdkY w&m;udk odrSwf
wJh yk*¾KdvfrSm 'Dtwdkif; odygw,f/
w&m;r½IrSwfwJh ykxkZOfyk*¾KdvfawG us
awmh 'Dvdk rodawmhbl;/ 'DodwJh pdwfw
&m;udkyJ ighpdwf? ighpdwfeJYig BuHpnfaewm?
ighpdwfeJYig odaewm? ighpdwfeJYig awG;awm
aewm? igpdwfaumif;w,f igpdwfraumif;
bl;ponfjzifh pdwftay:rSm igvdkYxif? ol
wpfyg;vdkYxif yk*¾Kdvf owå0g a,musfm;
rdef;rvdkY xifNyD;awmh tJ'g twåxifNyD;awmh
pdwfudk jyif;jyif;xefxef pGJ,lw,f/ 'Dawmh
½kyfw&m;tay:rSm twåtaetm;jzihf jyif;
jyif;xefxef pGJ,lwmu Oyg'gef/ twåqdk
wm bmvJ? ig/ igh½kyfyJvdkY pGJ,lvdkufwmu
Oyg'gef/ a0'emudk igcHpm;aew,fvdkY pGJ,l
rSwfxifvdkufwmu Oyg'gef/ onmw&m;
udk igrSwfom;aew,fvdkY pGJ,lvdkufwmu
Oyg'gef/ apwemudk ighapwemvdkY pdwfxJhu
pGJvdkufwmu Oyg'gef/ odrI0dnmPfudk igh
pdwfyJvdkY pGJ,lvdkufwmu Oyg'gef/

½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfqdkwJh
cE¨mig;yg;udk pdwfxJrSm igyJ olyJvdkY pGJ,lae
wm[m Oyg'gefvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/
w&m;xdkif&usKd;
0dyóemw&m; tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾KdvfawG [m
t"du pdppfMunfhr,fqdk&,f bmaMumihf
w&m;udk ½IrSwftm;xkwf&ovJvdkY ar;cJh&if
pdppfMunfr,fqdk&if 'DcE¨m ig;yg; tay:rSm
pGJvrf;aewJh Oyg'gef jyKwfoGm;atmif cE¨m
ig;yg;rSm pGJvrf;aewJh Oyg'gef uif;oGm;
atmifvdkY 0dyóemw&m;udk tm; xkwf&
wm jzpfw,fqdkwJh tajzudk ay;&ygvdrfh
r,f/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif; ckacwfrSm w&m; tm;
xkwfaeMuw,f/ w&m; ESvkH;oGif;ae Mu
w,f/ w&m;udk usihfokH;aeMuwJh yk*¾Kdvf awG
bmaMumifh 'gawGudk vkyfaeMu&ovJ?
bmaMumifh 0dyóem owdy|mefw&m;awG
tm;xkwfae&ovJvdkY ar;cJh&ifawmh tajz
&Sif;aeygw,f/ Oyg'gef jyKwfatmifvdkY
w&m;tm;xkwfwm jzpfygw,f/ pGJvrf;rI O
yg'gef uif;Nidrf;atmifvdkY w&m; ½IrSwf tm;
xkwfMuwmjzpfygw,f/
'gjzihf aumif;NyD/ 'DpGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef
onf ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf
qdkwJh cE¨mig;yg;tay:rSm igh½kyfyJ igha0'
emyJ ihgonmyJ ighapwemyJ igh0dnmPfyJ vdkY
cE¨mig;yg;udk tukefvkH; aygif;NyD;awmh
Munfhvdkuf igvdkY pGJvrf;wm Oyg'gef/ 'DO
yg'gef vlwkdif;vlwdkif;rSm &Sdovm; r&Sdbl;
vm;/ urÇmay:rSm &SdwJh vlawGtm;vkH;rSm
pGJvrf;wJh Oyg'gef&Sdygw,f/ &[ef;awmf
awGrSmvJ &SdaewmyJ/ vlawGrSmvJ &SdaeMu
wmygyJ/ Ak'¨bmomawGrSmvJ &SdwmyJ/ Ak'¨
bmom r[kwfwJhvlawGrSmvJ &SdwmyJ/
19
enf;enf; pGJvrf;wm rsm;rsm; pGJvrf;wmyJ
uGm,if uGmr,f? pGJvrf;rIuawmh vlwdkif;
vlwdkif; &SdaeMuygw,f/
cE¨mrsKd;aphawG
odkYaomf wdkY Ak'¨bmomu tbd"r®m w&m;eJY
ywfoufNyD;awmh eufeufeJeJ cuf cufcJcJ
xdk;xGif;a0zef ydkif;jcm;NyD;awmh bk&m; a[m
awmfrlwJhtwdkif; wynhf om0uawGu
a[majymw,f? oHCmawmfawG a[majym
w,f? vlyk*¾KdvfawGuvJ w&m; vdkufpm;vdkY
odaeMuw,faygh/ pGJvrf;rI[m tifrwef
aMumufp&maumif;w,f? pGJ vrf;rI &Sdae&if
tyg,fav;yg;u rvGwfEdkifbl;? b0Zmwd
jzpfrI cE¨mjzpfrIu rvGwf Edkifbl;qdkwmudk
tukefvkH; w&m;emy&dowf odxm;Muw,f/
oHo&mvnfw,fqdkwm 'DpGJvrf;rI &SdvdkYygyJ/
'DpGJvrf;rI rjywfao;oa½GU oHo&mrSm vnf
ae&OD;rSmyJ/ pGJvrf;rI tm;aumif;avav
cE¨mhrsKd;aph tm;aumif;avygyJ/
oHo&mrSm cE¨mjzpfvmawmh 'DcE¨m t
rsKd;tpm;udk wpfcg jyefMunfh&OD;r,f/ cE¨m
trsKd;tpm; okH;rsKd;&Sdw,f/ 'DokH;rsKd;xJu
yxrqkH; cE¨mtrsKd;tpm;taMumif;udk &Sif;
jyygr,f/ txufoHo&mvdkY ac:wJh ewf
awG jA[®mawG/ ewfjynfajcmufxyfrSm &SdwJh
ewfawG jA[®mbkH ESpfq,frSm &SdwJh jA[®
awG[m txufwef;uswJh oHo&mvnf
wmygyJ/ txufwef;uswJh cE¨meJY txuf
wef;uswJh b0rSm oHo&mvnfaeMuw,f/
pwkr[m&mZf wm0wðom ,mrm wkodwm
edr®me&wd y&edr®dw0o0wådqdkwJh ewfjynf
ajcmufxyfrSm &SdwJhewfawGvJ cE¨mig;yg;&Sd
aewJhtwGufaMumihf olwdkYvJ oHo&mvnf
aeMuwmyJ/ jA[®mhbkH ESpfq,frSm&SdwJh jA[®m

awGvJyJ cE¨m&SdaewJhtwGufaMumifh olwdkYvJ
oHo&mxJrSm vnfNyD;awmh jzpfaeMuwmyJ/
aumif;NyD 'gjzihf/ ewfjynfajcmufxyfu
ewfawG? jA[®mESpfq,frSm&SdwJh jA[®mawG 'D
ewfbkHavmurSm jzpfatmif jA[®mhjynfudk
a&mufoGm;atmif b,folu ydkYvdkufwmvJ
vdkY pdppfMunhfyg/ pGJvrf;wJh Oyg'gefu cE¨meJY
b0udk jzpfapwwfw,f/ ewfcE¨m ewfb0?
jA[®mhcE¨m jA[®mhb0udk pGJvrf;wJh Oyg'gef
tm;BuD;wJh yk*¾Kdvf Oyg'gefeJY tvkyfvkyfwJh
yk*¾KdvfawG 'Db0cE¨mqdkwmudk &&SdvmMuwm
yg/ Oyg'gefeJY pGJvrf;cJhvdkY ewfjynfavmu
rSm ewfom; ewforD;jzpfw,f? Oyg'gefeJY pGJ
vrf;vdkYyJ jA[®mhjynfrSm jA[®mawG oGm;NyD;
awmh jzpf&wmyJ/ tm;vkH; pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef
taMumif;cHcJhMuwmyg/ pJGvrf;rI Oyg'gef
aMumihf oHo&mxJrSm vnf;aew,faygh/ odkY
ayrJh ewfcE¨m jA[®mcE¨meJY jzpfaewJh yk*¾Kdvf
awGukdawmh txufwef;pm;jzpfwJh oHo&m
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20
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23
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25
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2
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OyÜEém Zdeomoae/
('Dy0Ho 5;26)
26
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wpfoufrSm [dkwkef;u r&SdcJhzl;ygbl;/ 'gayrJh
'D r[m,me0g'u qif;oufvmwJh ouf
vGwfpm;w,fqdkwm aemufacwfawGrSm
acwfpm;vmwm awGU&w,f/

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awmfyg&JU/ 'Dawmh oufvGwfqdkwm[m
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bk&m;u rdrd&JU w&m;udk a[mwJh ae&mrSm
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wm opömyg&w,f? opömtusihfudk usihfrS
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aoaMumif;BuHcJhwJh &[ef;,kwf/ omoemh
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a'0'wfwJh? igbk&m;omoemawmfrSm pm;
vdkwJh pdwf&SdwJh yk*¾Kdvfu pm;vdrfhr,f/ rpm;
vdkwJh pdwf&SdwJhyk*¾Kdvfu rpm;bJaevdrfhr,f/
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ygeJYvdkYvJ igbk&m; rwm;qD;bl;wJh/
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aMumif; tusihf r[kwfbl;qdkawmh bmvJ/
wu,fawmh olrsm;toufudk oem;w,f
27
aygh? u½kPmxm;? arwåmyGm;NyD;awmh ouf
vGwfpm;w,fqdk&if rSefoihfoavmufawmh
rSefygvdrfhr,f/ odkYaomf wu,f arwåm
tppf u½kPmtppf jzpf&JUvm;vdkYawmh pOf;
pm;&vdrfhr,f/
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'Dvkd t,lusifhfawGudk pGJvrf;wmudk ac:wm/
ax&0g' Ak'¨omoem tqkH;trudk vdkufem
wJh yk*¾KdvfawG[m 'Dvdk rSm;,Gif;wJh tusihf
awGudk rpGJvrf;&bl;qdkwmudk em;vnf; &yg
r,f/ opömav;yg; r*¾if&Spfyg;eJY owdy|mef
0dyóem vrf;pOfonfom bk&m;a[mwJh
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usihfMuygvdkY wdkufwGef;ygw,f/
twå0g'kyg'gef
aemufqkH; twå0g'kyg'gef/ twå0g'kyg'gefqdk
wm apmapmydkif;wkef;u bkef;BuD;ajymcJhovdk
ygyJ? ½kyfa0'emonmocFg&qdkwJh cE¨mig;yg;
udk igvdkY pGJ,laew,f/ olvdkY pGJ,laew,f/
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rSm igaumif olaumifae twå&Sdw,fvdkY pGJ
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ig;yg;udk/ Oyg'ge = pGJ,ljcif;/
'Dawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u cE¨mig;yg;onf
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w,f/ cE¨mig;yg;udk edpö "k0 oów NrJ
w,f cdkifw,f wnfwHhw,fvdkY ra[mygbl;/
vuf&Sd&xm;wJh cE¨monf ][kwGm tbm0
awm tedpöm = jzpfNyD;awmh ysufoGm;wJh
 28

obm&SdvdkY tedpöyJ 'ku©yJ tewåyJvdkY bk&m;

a[mawmfrlygw,f/ NrJw,f cdkifcHhw,fvdkY
bk&m;ra[mygbl;/
'gaMumihf bk&m;a[m w&m;awmft
wdkif;trSefusihfBuH tm;xkwfaew,fqdk&if
twå0g'kyg'gefqdkwJh cE¨mudk,faumifudk
wnfNrJwJh twåvdkY xifrSwfrSm;rI uif;jywf
ygw,f/ twå0g'kyg'gef jyKwfaeygw,f/
tck 0dyóem owdy|mefw&m; tm;xkwf
aewJh a,m*Dyk*¾KdvfrSm cE¨mig;yg;tay:rSm
igaumif olaumif twåaumifvdkYxifrSwfrI
uif;pifaewJhtwGufaMumihf twå0g'kyg'gef
uif;aeygw,f/ 'g tifrwef oihfavsmfwJh
tusihf jzpfygw,f/
0dyóem ar;cGef;av;awG ajzMunfh&atmif
1/ oufvGwfpm;wkdif; arwåmtppf jzpfEdkifygovm;/
2/ Ak'¨0g'*dkPf;uGJawG b,ftcsdefu pwifuGJjym;cJhygovJ/
3/ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk zefqif;&SifwdkY &Sdckd;&wm bmaMumihfygvJ/
4/ oDvAÁwkyg'gefqdkwm bmygvJ/
5/ vlawG bmaMumihf i&JrSm tjzpfrsm;ygovJ/
6/ cE¨mrsKd;aphawG bmaMumihf jzpf&ovJ/
7/ Oyg'gefav;rsKd;eJY tJ'D t"dyÜm,fudk ajymjyygvm;/
8/ Ak'¨bmomeJY zefqif;&Sif0g' uGm[csufu bmygvJ/
9/ Oyg'gefudk y,fowfzdkY bmaMumihf ta&;BuD;ygovJ/
e

Oyg'gefb,fujzpf
'gaMumihf umrkyg'gef 'd|Kyg'gef oDvAÁwk
yg'gef twå0g'kyg'gefqdkwJh Oyg'gefav;yg;
onf b,fujzpfovJqdk&if pGJvrf;wJhw&m;
u jzpfay:vmwmyg/ pGJvrf;wm b,frSm&Sd
ovJqdk&if pdwfxJrSm&Sdygw,f/ b,folYpdwf
rSm &SdovJ? vlwdkif;vlwkdif;&JU pdwfxJrSm &Sdyg
w,f/ 'DpdwfxJrSm &Sd pGJvrf;rIudk bmeJY y,f
owf&rvJvdkYqdk&if owdy|mef 0dyóemw
&m;udk ½IrSwfrIjzihf y,fowfEdkifygw,f/
½IrSwfqJcPrSm cE¨mtay:rSmpGJvrf;wJh
Oyg'gefawG w'*FcPrSm Nidrf;at;aewJh
twGufaMumihf b,ftcsdef Oyg'gefjyKwfo
vJqdk&if w&m;½IrSwfaewJh tcsdefrSm Oyg'gef
jyKwfygw,f/ b,ftcsdef Oyg'gef Nidrf;at;
aeovJqdk&if w&m;rSwfaewJh tcgrSm Oyg
'gef Nidrf;at;ygw,fqdkwJh taMumif; ajym
&if 'DaeY w&m;yGJudk 'DrSm em;MuOD;pdkY/
om"k om"k om"k
_____

orxeJY0dyóem
* wwfwJh oabm&Sdygw,f/ rsufvkH;tMunf
umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f? avmhpftdef*s,fvdpfNrKdU
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(2006 ckESpf? rwfv)
]wpfcsKdUrSm yifyef; qif;&JcHNyD;awmh tmemygeqdkwJh
0if avxGufavudk ½dk;½dk; ½SLwm½SKdufwm rvkyfbJeJY
jyif;jyif; xefxef ½SL;&SJ½SL;&SJeJY wpfcgwnf; ESmacgif;
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ar;Munfhvdkufprf;? 'g bmvkyfwmvJvdkY? pdwftjyifudk
rxGufoGm;&atmifvdkY xdef;aewm jzpfw,fvdkY t
ajzay;ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dtajzu orx tm;xkwfwJh
yk*¾KdvftwGuf odyfrSefw,f/ 0dyóem tm;xkwfwJh
yk*¾KdvfawGtwGuf rrSefygbl;}
***
½kyfeJYemrfawG
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odwwfwmu pdwf? vlYcE¨mudk,f uawmh
29
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u,fí ½kyfw&m; odwwfw,fqdk&if owd
rxm;ayrJh ajcru a&SmifNyD;awmh oGm;rSm
aygh/ cJvkH;awG cvkwfawGudk a&SmifroGm;Edkif
wm[m rodwwfvdkYygyJ/ ½kyfw&m;[m rod
wwfwJhw&m;qdkwm odyfNyD; xif&Sm;ygw,f/
NyD;awmh cE¨mwpfudk,fvkH;rSm OD;acgif;
qdkwm &Sdw,f/ acgif;ay:rSm qHyifayguf
w,f/ qHyifuvJyJ acgif;ay;rSm igqHyif
aygufaew,fvdkY rod&Smygbl;/ acgif;uvJ
ightay:rSm qHyifawG&Sdaew,fqdkwm rod
ygbl;/ 'gaMumihf rodwwfwJhw&m;[lorQ

udk ½kyfvdkYac:wmyJ/ tckxkdifaewJh cE¨mwpf
udk,fvkH;[m ½kyfaumifBuD;yJ/
½kyfw&m;xif&Sm;ykH
odwwfwJhpdwfudkawmh emrfvdkYac:yg w,f/
'Dvkd ½kyfemrf ESpfck/ w&m;½IrSwfwJh a,m*D
wpfa,mufrSmawmh wu,fxif&Sm; aewm
½kyfw&m;xif&Sm;ygw,f/ baMumihf ½kyfw&m;
xif&Sm;pGm jzpfay:aeovJqdk&if ½kyfw&m;
[m Burf;wrf;w,f/ emrfw&m;vdk odrfarGU
El;nhHrIr&Sdbl;/ ½kyfw&m;awG[m Murf;wrf;wJh
twGuf xdkifvdkufNyD;qdk&if ½kyfw&m;udkyJ
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGU&w,f/ emw,f udkuf
w,f ylw,f at;w,f xkHw,f usOfw,f
qdkwm cE¨mudk,fxJrSm xif&Sm;aewJh ½kyf
w&m;awG jzpfaew,f/ emwJh oabmonf
b,fuay:ovJ cE¨mudk,fu ay:w,f/
udkufoabmonf b,fuay:ovJ/ cE¨m
udk,fxJu ay:w,f/ ylw,f at;w,f
qdkwm cE¨mudk,fu jzpfay:vmygw,f/
cE¨mwGif cE¨mxJujzpfay:vmwJh w vdkY ac:w,f/ 'Dvdk xdw,f odw,fvdkY
&m;[lorQonf tukefvkH; ½kyfw&m;vdkY w
&m;emy&dwofwdkY em;vnf&ygr,f/
tJ'D½kyfw&m; jzpfay:aewmudk odw,f?
emw,fvdkY odw,f? udkufw,fvdkY odw,f?
anmif;w,fvdkY odw,f ylw,fvdkY odw,f
at;w,fvdkY odw,f/ 'Dvdk odwJh pdwfu
av;uemrfvdkY rSwfxm;&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh
w&m;emwJh y&dowfawG w&m;emqJ cP
rSm 'Dvdk ESvkH;oGif;vdkufyg/ cE¨mudk,fxJrSm
½kyfw &m;wpfck emrfw&m;wpfck 'DESpfckyJ&Sd
w,fvdkY ESvkH;oGif;? ESvkH;oGif;w,fqdkwm
pdwfu rSwfxm;wm/ ½kyfw&m;wpfck emrf
w&m; wpfckyJ&Sdygvm;vdkY rSwfxm;aygh/
30
½kyfudk pNyD;awmhrSwf
w&m;½IrSwfwJhtcg ½kyfw&m;xif&Sm; aewJh
twGufaMumifh xif&Sm;wJh ½kyfw&m;udk pNyD;
awmh ½IrSwf&ygw,f/ ½kyfw&m;xif &Sm;ae
wJhtwGuf ½kyfw&m;udk pNyD;awmh ½IrSwfyg/
b,fupNyD;awmh ½IrSwfovJ xdw,f od
w,faygh/ xdw,fqdkw ½kyfw&m;/ xd
w,fqdkwmudk odwmu emrfw&m;yJ/ xdwJh
½kyfw&m;onf xif&Sm;onf xif &Sm;aewJh
twGufaMumihf xif&Sm;aewJh ½kyfw&m;udk
xdw,f odw,f xdw,f odw,fvdkY rSwf
&jcif;jzpfygw,f/
aumif;NyD? rlvur®|mef;qdkwJh tpyx
rw&m; tm;xkwfcgp a,m*Dwpfa,muf
[m b,fae&mup ½IrSwf&rvJqdk&if xd
w,fqdkwJh ½kyfoabm? tJ'Dxw,fqdkwJh ½kyf
oabmudk odw,fqdkwJh todu p NyD;awmh
rSwf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ b,fae&mrSmyJ xdxd
aygh/ xdwJhoabmudk odaewmonf ½kyfo
abmudk odrSwfaewmjzpfvdkY ½I rSwfaew,f
rSwfaomtm;jzihf owdy|mef av;yg;xJrSm
umEkyóem owdy|mef a0'emEkyóem
owdy|mef pdwåmEkyóem owdy|mef "r®m
Ekyóem owdy|mefqdkwJh owdy|mefav;
yg;xJrSm xdw,f odw,f xdw,fodw,fudk
½IrSwfwJh a,m*DrSm um,mEkyóem owd
y|mef ½IrSwf&m a&mufygw,f/ um,qdkwm
udk,fyJ/ tEkqdkwm tpOf? yóemqdkwm
½IrSwfw,f/ cE¨mudk,fxJrSm jzpfay:vmae
wJh w&m;[lorQ owdeJYtukefvkH; ½IrSwfae
wmonf um,mEkyóem owdy|mefyJvdkY
em;vnfyg/
igwdkY ½IrSwfaewJh w&m;[m um,mEk
yóe&m;udk ½IrSwfaewmyJvdkY em;vnfMuzdkY

qdkvdkwmyg/ 'gjzihf xdw,f odw,f xdw,f
odw,fvdkY rSwfae&if;u emrfqdkwJh pdwfw
&m; rSwfp&mtm½kH rSwfpdwfxJrSm wpfcgwpf
cg wnfNyD;awmh raeygbl;/ rSwfp&mtm½kH
jzpfvmayrJh rSwfpdwfuav;u rSwfaeayrJh
wpfcgwpfcg pdwfu vGifhNyD;awmh oGm;w,f/
pdwfu awG;awmNyD;awmh oGm;w,f/ BuH
pnfNyD;awmh oGm;w,f/ BuHpnfawG;awm
pOf;pm;NyD;awmh aew,f/ w&m;½IrSwfvdkY r&
bl;/ w&m;½IrSwfvdkY rjzpfEdkifbl;/ rjzpfEdkif
ao;bl; r&ao;bl;qdkwm bmvJ/ emrf
wnf;[laom pdwfw&m; tjyifudk a&muf
aevdkY w&m;tm½kHtay:rSm ½IrSwfaewJh pdwf
wnfwHhaewJh pdwfr&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumihf w&m;
½IrSwfwmonf ½kyfw&m; wpfckwnf;udkyJ
owfowfrSwfrSwf ½IrSwf&r,fvdkY bk&m;u
ra[mygbl;/ jzpfay:vmwJh emrfw&m;udk
vJyJ odwdkif;odwkdif; ½IrSwf&r,fvdkY a[myg
w,f/ b,fvdka[movJvdkY qdk&if jrwfpGm
bk&m;u r[mowdy|me okwåefxJrSm
],xm ,xm 0gyeó uma,m yPD[d
awm a[mwd? wxm wxm eH yZmemwd3}
wJh/ t"dyÜm,fu bmvJvdkYqdk&if a,m*D
wpfa,mufonf ½kyfw&m;udkvJ ½IrSwf&r,f
emrfw&m;udkvJ ½IrSwf&r,f emrf w&m;udkvJ
½IrSwf&r,f/ ½kyfw&m;jzpf ay:vm&if ½kyf
w&m;udk ½IrSwf&r,f/ emrfw&m;jzpfay:
vm&if emrfw&m;udk ½IrSwf&r,f/ ½kyfw&m;
wpfckudkyJ ½IrSwfaer,f? emrfw&m;udkawmh
vTwfxm;r,fvdkY 'Dvdk½I rSwfvdkY r&ygbl;/
½kyfw&m;jzpfay:vmwJhtcg ½kyfw&m; udk
rSwf? emrfw&m;jzpfay:vmwJhtcg emrfw
&m;udk ½IrSwf&w,f/ odkYaomf tp yxrrSm
3
'D 2? 232/
31
w&m;tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;&JU cE¨mudk,fxJ
rSm emrfw&m;[m ay:vGifxif &Sm;rIr&Sd
ao;ygbl;/ tm;enf;aeygw,f/ ½kyfw&m;
onf ay:vGifxif&Sm;wJh twGufaMumihf
xif&Sm;wJh ½kyfw&m;udkom t"du xm;NyD;
awmh ½IrSwf&wmjzpfygw,f/
emrfudkvJ ½IrSwf
aumif;NyD? tJ'Dvdk½IrSwfaeqJcPrSm emrf
wnf;[laom pdwfw&m;onf wpfcgwpfcg
rSm ½IrSwfvdkY rjzpfatmif pdwfvnfNyD;awmh
aeygw,f/ t½IcHw&m;awG cE¨mrSm &Sdae
vifhupm; pdwfu r½IrSwfbJ xGufoGm;
w,f/ pdwftjyifudk xGufoGm;w,f/ pdwf
vnfoGm;w,f/ wpfcgwpfcgrSm awG;awm
BuHpnfrIawG rsm;aew,f/ wpfcg wpfcgrSm
pdwful;,OfNyD;awmh pdwful;,OfjzpfwJh tm½kH
awGeJY pdwf[m aysmfarGUaew,f/ wpfcgwpf
cgrSm tawG;vGefNyD;awmh pdwf[m wpfzuf
udk a&mufoGm;w,f/ tm½kHvGefoGm;w,f/
tawG;awG vGefNyD;awmh wpfcgwpfcgrSm
jzpfwwfw,f/ 'gbmjzpfvdkY 'Dvdkjzpfvm&
ovJ/ w&m;tm;xkwfwJh a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfwpf
a,muf[m 'Dpdwfudk r½IrSwfvdkY jzpfvm
wmyg/ pdwfoabmudk ½IrSwfwwf&if 'Dt
awG;awG 'Dtm½kHawG tukefvkH; aysmufoGm;
rSmjzpfygw,f/ wpfcsKdUa,m*DawGrSm w&m;½I
rSwfwJhtcg ½kyfw&m;udkyJ t"duxm;NyD;
awmh ½IrSwfaewmwdkY a0'emw&m;udkyJ
t"du xm;NyD;awmh ½IrSwfaewmwdkY &Sdw,f/
pdwf w&m;udk usawmh ½IrSwf&rSm em;rvnf
bl;/ rodbl;/ r½IrSwf&awmhblvm;vdkY 'D
vdkawmif xifrSwfaeygw,f/ wpfcsKdUuvJ
yJ pdwfw&m;qdkwm ½IrSwf&wm r[kwfbl;/
tjyifxGufoGm;wJh pdwfudk twGif;udk

a&mufatmif ac:NyD;awmh xdef;xm;&rSmyJ?
pdwfqdkwm xdef;odrf;&wJh tvkyfyJvdkY t,l
tqawG trsKd;rsKd;vGJrSm;wm awGU&ygw,f/
a,m*DESpfrsKd;
orxw&m;udk tm;xkwfwJh a,m*D 0dyó
w&m;udk tm;xkwfwJh a,m*D&,fvdkY a,m*D
ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/ orxw&m;udk tm;xkwf
wJh a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSmawmh rdrd&JU pdwfudk
tjyifudk ra&mufatmif owdeJY aumif;
aumif;xdef;NyD;awmh xm;&ygw,f/ tjyifudk
ra&mufatmif owdeJY aumif;aumif;xdef;
xm;ayrJh pdwfu ra&mufbJ raebl;/ vSpf
ueJ vSpfueJYqdk tjyifa&mufoGm;w,f/ t
jyifa&mufoGm;awmh a&mufoGm;wJh pdwfudk
jyefNyD;awmh qGJ,lw,f/ owdeJY jyefNyD;awmh
qGJNyD;awmh ,lcJhw,f/ ,lcJhNyD;awmh tmem
yge tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfu 0ifav xGufav
0ifavxGufavtay:rSm ESmoD;zsm;ay:rSm
pdwfudk jyefNyD;awmh wnfxm;w,f/ pdwfudk
jyefNyD;awmh ESmoD;zsm;rSm wnfNyD;awmh rSwf
vdkuf? pdwfu tjyifxGuf oGm;vdkuf jyefNyD;
awmh qGJac:vdkuf? pdwfu tjyifa&muf
oGm;vdkufeJY 'DvdkyJ qGJvdkuf iifvdkuf ½kef;
vdkuf uefvdkufeJYyJ 0dyóemtm½kH ra&muf
cJhbJeJY pdwfudkqGJiifwJh vkyfief;? vGefqGJovdk
olYbufudk,fhbuf BudK;qGJovdk qGJNyD;awmh
tcsdefukefoGm;w,f/ 'gw&m;xdkifwm r
[kwfygbl;/ pdwfudk vGefqGJ aewmyg/ pdwf
udk qGJaqmifaewJh tvkyfudk vkyfaewmjzpf
ygw,f/ w&m;½IrSwfaewm r[kwfbl;/
'gayr,fhvdkY a,m*Dwpfa,muf[m 'g
udkyJ w&m;½IrSwfaew,f? 'Dpdwfudk qGJw,f
xdef;w,fqdkwJh tvkyfudkyJ w&m;½IrSwfw,f
vdkY xifae&if a,m*D[m trSm;ygyJ/ rSm;ae
32
NyD/ orxvkyfief;rSm pdwfudk xdef;odrf;NyD;
rSwf&w,f? orm"d jzpfatmifvdkY/ 0dyó
emtvkyfrSmawmh bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmf jrwf
BuD;u pdwfudk xdef;odrf;&r,fvdkY rajym
ygbl;/ rdrdpdwfudk ½IrSwf&r,fvdkY ajymyg
w,f/ bmpdwfyJay:ay: jzpfay:vmwJh
pdwfudk jzpfay:vmqJcPrSm jzpfay:vm
wJhtwdkif;yJ ½IrSwfyg/ 0dyóemydkif; qdkif&m
rSm 'Dtwdkif; bk&m;&Sifu a[mygw,f/
orxeJY 0dyóem ruGJvdkY
'gayrJh orxeJY 0dyóem uGJuGJjym; jym;
rodwJh vlawGrSm pdwfudkxdef;odrf;& r,fvdkY
txifa&mufaeygw,f/ pdwfudk xdef;odrf;&
r,fvdkY txifa&mufNyD;awmh pdwftjyifudk
rxGuf&atmif vGwfroGm;&atmif qdkNyD;
awmh wtm;udk owdeJY xdef;NyD;awmh xm;
Muw,f/ wpfcsKdUrSm b,favmuf xdef;NyD;
awmh xm;MuovJqdk&if acR;'D;'D;usatmif
cE¨mwpfudk,fvkH;u acR;awG 'D;'D;,dkus
atmif xdef;odrf;xm;w,f/ wpfcsKdUrSm yif
yef; qif;&JcHNyD;awmh tmemygeqdkwJh 0ifav
xGufavudk ½dk;½dk; ½SLwm½SKdufwm rvkyfbJeJY
jyif;jyif;xefxef ½SL;&SJ½SL;&SJeJY wpfcgwnf; ESm
acgif;u ESyf&nfawG ,kdpD;atmif ½IrSwftm;
xkwfMuw,f/ ar;Munfhvdkufprf;? 'gbmvkyf
wmvJvdkY? pdwftjyifudk rxGufoGm;&atmif
vdkY xdef;aewm jzpfw,fvdkY tajzay;yg
vdrfhr,f/ pdwftjyifudk rxGuf&atmifvdkY
xdef;odrf;aewm jzpfw,f? tmemyge0ifav
xGufavtay:rSm pdwfwnfatmifvdkY xdef;
aewmjzpfw,fvdkY tajzay;ygvdrfhr,f/
aumif;NyD? tJ'Dtajzu orxtm;xkwf
wJh yk*¾KdvftwGuf odyfrSefw,f/ 0dyóem
tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾KdvfawGtwGuf rrSefygbl;/

0dyóem tm;xkwfwJh a,m*D wpfa,muf
rSm ],xm ,xm 0gyeó uma,m
yPD[dawm a[mwd? wxm wxm eH
yZmwd}qdkwJh a'oemawmftwdkif; jzpfay:
vmwJh pdwfudk jzpfay:vmwJh twdkif;om
½IrSwf&r,fvdkY a[mygw,f/ xdef;odrf;&r,f
qGJaqmif& r,fvdkY ra[mygbl;/ pdwfqdkwJh
oabmu vJ b,folrS wm;vdkYr&bl;/
b,folrS xdef;vdkYvJ r&ygbl;/
pdwfjzpfpOfESpfrsKd;
pdwåed,mrt& pdwf&JU jzpfpOf[m ESpfrsKd;&Sd
ygw,f/ pmayokH;eJY ajymr,fqdk&if 0Dxdpdwf
qdkwJh pdwfwpfrsKd;&Sdw,f/ b0ifpdwfqdkwJh
pdwfwpfrsKd;&Sdw,f/ 0Dxdpdwfqdkwm pdwftpOf
jzpfaewm/ reufrdk;vif;uwnf;u pdwfawG
[m vlwpfa,muf&JU cE¨mudk,fxJrSm tpOf
rjywf trQifrjywf 'vpyf wpfckNyD; wpfck
od wpfckNyD; wpfckodeJY odpdwfawG[m n
tdyf&m0ifwJhtxd acgif;tkH;eJY acgif;eJYxdNyD;
awmh tdyfaysmfoGm;wJhtxd jzpfay:aewJh
pdwfudk 0DxdpdwfvdkY ac:w,f/ 'g udk,fwpf
OD;wpf a,mufwnf; jzpfaewm r[kwfbl;/
wpf avmuvkH;rSm&SdwJh a,musfm; rdef;rawG
'D twdkif;yJ reufrdk;vif;uwnf;u odpdwf
awG jzpfay:aewm tdyf&mvdkY b0ifpdwf
jzpfrSyJ 'DodpdwfawG &yfoGm;w,f/ tJ'gudk
0DxdpdwfvdkY ac:w,f/
b0ifpdwfvdkYqdkwmuawmh tdyfaysmfae
wJhtcg b0ifusw,f/ tdyfaysmfaewJhtcg
b0ifusvdkY&Sd&if aowmeJYtwlwlyJ/ bmrS
rxl;bl;/ udk,hfudk,fudk aorSmudk aMumuf
wJh pdk;&drfwJh yk*¾KdvfawG tdyfaysmfaewmeJY
EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg/ vlwpfa,muf tdyfaysmf
oGm;NyDqdk&if bmwpfckrS rodawmhbl;/ ao
33
oGm;&if bmrS rodawmhovdkygyJ/ romjzpf
ae wmyJ/ 'Dawmh wpfenf;ajym r,fqdk&if
nao aeY&Sifayghav/ aeYtcgrSmawmh t
ouf &Sifaew,faygh/ ntdyfaysmfoGm;wJh
tcg aovdkufwmyJ/ tJ'D tdyf aysmfoGm;
wJhpdwfudk b0ifpdwfvdkY ac:w,f/ b0if
pdwfeJY pkwdpdwf[m twlwlyJvdkY usrf;*efrSm
qdkygw,f/ tdyfraysmfwJhpdwf wpfaeukefjzpf
aewJhpdwfudk 0Dxdpdwfaygh/ tdyfaysmfoGm;wJh
pdwfudk b0ifpdwfvdkY ac:ygw,f/ b0if
pdwfjzpfwJh twGufaMumihf tdyfaysmfoGm;
w,f/ 'Dvdk pdwfESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/
tJ'Dpdwf ESpfrsKd;[m b,ftcsdefrS NidrfNidrf
oufouf cE¨mudk,fxJrSm ESvkH;om;xJrSm r
aeygbl;/ tNrJwrf;pdwf[m tm½kHqDodkY tm
½kH&Sd&modkY oGm;aew,f/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif; pdwf
awG[m tm½kHr&SdbJeJY toufr&Sifygbl;/
tm½kHr&SdbJeJY pdwfrjzpfygbl;/ pdwfjzpfw,f
qdkwm tm½kH&SdvdkY pdwfjzpfwm/ Oyrm
jyygr,f/ toufBuD;aewJh yk*¾KdvfawG[m
awmifa0S; BudK;wrf;awGudk udkifNyD;awmh
tm;jyKvdkY xovdkygyJ/ 'um'umrwdkY bkef;
BuD;wdkY&JU cE¨mudk,fxJrSm &SdaewJh pdwfw
&m;onf tm½kHudk trSDjyKNyD;awmh jzpfyg
w,f/ tm½kHudk trSDr&Sdbl;qdk&if pdwfrjzpfyg
bl;/ pdwfonf b,folYudk trSDjyKNyD; jzpfo
vJqdk&if tm½kHudk trSDjyKNyD;awmh jzpfyg
w,f/ tm½kH&SdrS pdwfjzpfygw,f/ tm½kHr&Sd&if
pdwf rjzpfygbl;/ tm½kH&SdrS pdwf&Sdygw,f/
tm½kHr&Sd&if pdwfr&Sdygbl;/ pdwfonf t
ouf&Sifaewmu tm½kHudk trDSjyKNyD;awmh
touf&Sifaeygw,f/ pdwf½Tifvef;aewmu
tm½kH&SdvdkY pdwf½Tifvef;aeygw,f/ tm½kHr
jzpf&if pdwfrjzpfygbl;/

tm½kHeJY yom'½kyf
aumif;NyD? tJ'Dpdwfu tm½kHudk trSDjyKNyD;
awmh jzpfaew,fqdkwmudk odNyD/ 'Dpdwf[m
bmtm½kHawGrSm jzpfaeovJvdkYwpfcg pdppf
Munhfr,f/ rsufvkH;u tqif;udk jrifw,f
aygh/ tqif;tay:rSm jrifvdkufwJhtm½kH
tqif;tay:rSm odvdkufwJh pdwf? toHudk
Mum;vdkufawmh toHtay:rSmodaewJh pdwf?
teHYudk eHvdkufawmh teHYudk odaewJh pdwf?
t&omudk pm;vdkufawmh t&omt ay:rSm
odwJhpdwf? awGUxdvdkufawmh awGUxdwmudk
odwJhpdwf? pdwful; BuHpnfvdkufawmh pdwf
ul;BuHpnfwJhtay:rSm odwJhpdwf/ pdwf[l
orQonf tm½kHtay:rSm odNyD;awmh jzpfwm
ygyJ/ tm½kHr&Sd&if pdwfr&Sdbl;/ tm½kHr&Sd&if
vlawG[maooGm;wmyJ/ avmurSm vlawG
aow,fqdkwm wpfjcm;udk ajymaewm
r[kwfbl;/ tm½kHawG &yfpJoGm;vdkY pdwfrjzpf
wmudk aow,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ vlao
aumifawGMunhf/ tm½kHr&SdwJh twGufaMumihf
aooGm;w,fvdkY ac:w,f/ udk,fhudk,fudk
jyefMunhf? bkef;BuD;wdkY 'um'umrawG t
ouf&dSae w,fqdkwm? tm½kHudk trSDjyKNyD;
awmh pdwfjzpfaevdkY touf&Sifaew,fvdkY
qdk&ygw,f/ 'Dtm½kHjywfoGm;NyDqdk&if pdwf
rjzpfawmhwJh twGuf aowmygyJ/
touf&,f? udk,faiGUvdkYac:wJh Oo®m
awaZm"mwf&,f? odpdwf0dnmPf&,f 'DcE¨m
udk,fudk pGefYcGmoGm;NyD 'DcE¨mudk,frSm r&Sd
awmhbl;qdk&if vl[m aowmygyJ4/ vufyH
4
tm,k Oo®m p 0dnmPH?
,'g um,H Z[EÅdrH/
ty0da'¨g w'g aowd?
ed&w¬H0 uvd*F&H/
(tbd"r®m0wm&? 1457 *gxm)
34
om; xif;wkH;vdk bmrStokH;rusbJ okomef
wp oif;csKdif;0rSm `rIyfESHvdkuf&ygw,f/
'gaMumihf tm½kHudk trSDjyKNyD;awmh odae
jzpf aewJhoabmonf pdwfyJvdkY rSwfxm;yg/
tJ'Dpdwf[m b,frSm&SdovJvdkY wpfcg pd
ppf&if wifpm;vdkY ajymwmu [',vdkY
ac:wJh ESvkH;tdrfrSmwnfw,f jzpfaew,f
vdkY qdkw,f/ ESvkH;aoG;rSm pdwfw&m; jzpf
w,fvdkY qdkjim;aomfvnf; tm½kHr&Sd&if 'D
ESvkH;aoG;rSm pdwfwnf;[laom t&dyfedrdwf
xifNyD;awmh rvmygbl;/ tjyifu tm½kH&Sd
vdkY tm½kHudk odwwfwJhpdwfqdkwJh t&dyfed
rdwfawG ay:vmwmyg/ 'gaMumihf pdwf&JU
wnf&m[m ESvkH;om;vdkY qdk&ygw,f/ cE¨m
udk,fxJu ESvkH;tdrfxJrSm jzpfay:aewJh
pdwftpOfvdkY qdk&ygw,f/
pdwfudk xde f; zdkYrvG,f
tJ'Dpdwf[m b,favmuf jrefovJ/ rsuf
pdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuftwGif;rSm uka#wpf
odef;jzpfwJh pdwf/ odyfvsifjrefw,f/ 'D
avmuf vsifjrefwJhpdwfudk xdef;&odrf;&wm
tvGefcufygw,f/ 'Davmuf vsifjrefwJh
pdwfudk xdef;odrf;zdkYqdkwm rvG,fulbl;/
apmihfa&SmihfzdkYqdkwm rvG,fbl;/ bk&m;&Sif
udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;u ]pdwfudk xdef;odrf;
apmihfa&Smihfyg}vdkY a[mygw,f/ bmeJY xdef;
odrf;apmihfa&Smihf&rvJqdk&if owdeJY apmihf
a&Smihf&r,f? owdeJY xdef;odrf;&r,f/ qdk
vdkwJh t"dyÜm,fu pdwfw&m;jzpf wkdif;jzpf
wdkif; owdeJY ½IrSwfypfvdkufyg? owdxm;NyD;
½IrSwfwJh yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufrSm pdwfudk xdef;
odrf;&ma&mufygw,f/ pdwfudk apmihfa&Smihf

&ma&mufygw,fvdkY qdkwmyg/ 'Dawmh w
&m;½IrSwfwJh a,m*Drsm;[m pdwfw&m;udk r½I
rSwfyJeJY tjyifxGufoGm;wJhpdwfudk jyefNyD;
awmh twGif;udka&mufatmif qGJac:w,f
qdkwm 0dyóemtvkyf r[kwfygbl;/ or
x tvkyfom jzpfygw,f/
pdwfw&m;udk tjyifudk rxGuf&atmif
vdkY xdef;odrf;xm;wmonfvJyJ 0dyóem t
vkyfr[kwfbl;/ orx tvkyfomjzpfyg
w,f/ jyefNyD; &Sif;ay;ygr,f/ orxvkyfief;
[m pdwfudk xdef;odrf;wJh tvkyf/ tjyifudk
xGufoGm;wJh pdwfudk jyefNyD;qGJac:,lwm
jyefNyD; cE¨mxJrSm xm;wm orx/ tck
a,m*Drsm;[m orxw&m;udk ½IrSwfaewm
r[kwfygbl;/ 0dyóemw&m;udkom ½IrSwf
tm;xkwfaejcif;jzpfygw,f/ 0dyóemw
&m;udk ½IrSwftm;xkwfwJh a,m*Dwpfa,muf
rSm rdrdpdwfudkvJyJ cE¨mxJrSm xdef;p&m odrf;
p&m rvdkygbl;/ tjyiftm½kHodkY a&mufoGm;
wJhpdwfudkvJyJ qGJ,lp&mrvdkygbl;/ 'gjzihf
b,fvdkvkyf&rSmvJqdk&if bk&m;u a[myg
w,f/ jzpfay:aewJh pdwftpOf bmpdwfyJ
ay:ay: jzpfay:wJhpdwfudkom owdxm;
NyD;awmh 0dyóem ½IrSwfay;yg? jzpfay:ae
wJhpdwfawG aysmufoGm;w,f ukefoGm; w,f?
cef;oGm;w,f r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if Nidrf;
at;w,faygh/ xdef;odrf;wJhoabm apmihf
a&SmihfwJh oabmyg/
jyefNyD;awmh ajymygr,f/ 0dyóemw
&m;tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSm tjyifa&muf
oGm;wJhpdwfudk twGif;udk qGJrac:&bl;/
twGif;rSm&SdaewJh pdwfudkvJ qGJrxm;&bl;/
pdwf&JU obm0w&m;udkom odNyD;awmh ½I
rSwf&ygw,f/ qdkMuygpdkY? w&m;½IrSwfaewJh
a,m*D[m xdw,f odw,f xdw,f od
35
w,fvdkY rSwfw,f/ xdodudk rSwfae&if;u
emvmw,f udkufvmw,fqdk&if xdodudk
ajymif;,lNyD;awmh xdodudk vTwfxm;NyD;
awmh emw,f emw,fvdkY rSwf? udkufw,f
qdk&if udkufw,f udkufw,fvdkY rSwfw,f
qdk&if cE¨may:vmwmudk rSwfw,f/ rSwf
awmh rSwfaeqJcPrSm wpfcsKdUa,m*DawG
rSwfcgprSm pdwfNidrfNidrfoufouf r&Sdbl;?
rSwfvdkYr&bl;/ vSpfueJYqdk rdrdaecJhwJh tm½kH
awG awGcJhtm½kHawG jrifcJhwJhtm½kH Mum;cJh
wJhtm½kH eHcJhtm½kH pm;cJhwJh tm½kH xdcJhwJh
tm½kHawGtay:rSm pdwf[m usufpm;NyD;
aewwfw,f/ wpfcgwpfcg udk,fhpdwfu
av; b,fa&mufoGm;vdkY a&mufoGm;rSef;
awmif rodbl;/ wpfcgwpfcgrSmvJ pdwf
vnfNyD;awmh 0g*Grf;qdkifuav;awG av
wkdufwJhtcg vGifharsmaeovdk vGifhNyD;awmh
aew,f/ wpfcgwpfcgrSm pdwful;NyD;awmh
udk,fjzpfcsifwmawG tukefvkH; pdwful;ae
wmvJ awGU&ygw,f/ wpfcgwpfcgrSm pOf;
pm;wJhpdwf? a0zefwJhpdwf? BuHpnfwJhpdwf awG
jzpfay:aew,f/
pdwfawG vGifharsmae&if
tJ'Dvdk pOf;pmpwJh pdwfjzpfay:wJhtcg a0
zefwJhpdwf jzpfay:wJhtcg awG;awmBuH
pnfrI jzpfay:wJhtcg 'DpdwfawGudk tawG;
udk jyefNyD; rpOf;pm;eJY ra0zefeJY rawG;
awmeJYqdkNyD;awmh twGif;udk qGJac:,l&wm
rsKd; r[kwfygbl;/ jzpfay:vm wJhoabm
twdkif;om ½IrSwf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'g
t"dutcsufygyJ/ 0dyóem w&m;½IrSwfwJh
a,m*D[m pdwfudk qGJac:,l wJh tvkyfudk
vkyfwm r[kwfbl;/ pdwfudk cE¨mxJu b,f
rS rxGufatmif tvGeft uRHjzpfatmif

xdef;xm;wJh vkyfief;vJ r[kwfygbl;/ pdwf&JU
jzpfaewJh oabmudkom ½IrSwf&rSm jzpfyg
w,f/ 'gaMumihf w&m;½IrSwfwJh a,m*D
rsm;rSm pdwfvGifhoGm;w,fqdk&if yxr jAKef;
ueJqdk pdwfxGufoGm;wmudk rodvdkufygbl;/
trSwfwrJh arhoGm; 'grSr[kwf rodvdkufbl;/
pdwfxGufvdkY tawmfMumrS tm½kHudk 'ufueJY
odvdkufrS ighpdwft jyifa&mufaeNyDqdkwmudk
odvdkufw,f/
wpfcgwpfcgrSm pdwfavvGifhNyD; aewm
udk rodbl;/ b,fvdk vGifhaerSef;rodbl;/
w&m;xkdifae&if; rwfwwf pdwfvGifhaewm/
tawmfMumrS [m ihgpdwfvGifhaew,fqdkwm
udk odw,f/ at; wpfcgwpfcgrSm w&m;
xkdifae&if;u pdwfxJrSm pOf;pm;aew,f/
wpfcgwpfcgrSm awG;aew,f/ igemcJhw&m;
awGu b,fvdk? tckemwJhw&m;u b,fvdk?
tcktm;xkwfwJh w&m;u b,fvdktm;xkwf
wm? t&ifwkef;u b,fvdk tm;xkwfcJhwm
vdkY awG;aew,f/ wpfcgwpfrSm tawG;vGef
aew,f/ awG;&if;awG;&if; tawG;e,fuRH
oGm;wJhtcg bmjzpfvmovJ/ raumif;wJh
tm½kHawGeJY awGUvmw,f/ rsufpdvnfvrf;
rSm;NyD; awmeufawmifeufxJ awmtkyfBuD;
xJ a&mufoGm;wJh yk*¾Kdvf[m aMumufp&m
aumif;wJh bDvl;obuf o&JawGeJY awGUo
vdkaygh/ pdwf[mvJ tm½kHvGefatmif awG;
vdkufwJhtcg awG;rSef;rod BuHpnfrSef;rod
tm½kHvGefatmif awG;awm BuHpnfvdkufwJh
tcgusawmh a,m*DrSm bmawGUvmovJ/
aMumufp&m tm½kHawG ay:vmw,f? t
okb aumifvdk t½dk;pkvdk rsufpdxJrSm jrif
vmw,f/ tm½kHxJrSm xifvmw,f/
wpfcsKdUa,m*DawGrSm t½kd;pk a&SUu
rwfwwf&yfaeovdk a&SUrSm tokbaumif
36
BuD; pif;NyD;awmh aeovdk xif&w,f/
w,fjrifae&w,fvdkY xif&w,f/ wpfcsKdU
a,m*DawG tm½kHvGefaewJhtcg bk&m;&
[EÅm<uvmovdk jrif&w,f/ wpfcsKdU pdwf
xJrSm apwDykxdk;awG zl;jrif&ovdk xif&
w,f/ wpfcsKdU a,m*DawGrSm ewfom; ewf
orD;awG vmovdkxif&w,f/ wpfcsKdUus
awmh awmBuD; awmifBuD;awG xifvm
w,f/ wpfcsKdUusawmh bkHeef;jymom'f awG
wu,fha&mufaeovdk xif&w,f/ trsKd;
rsKd;ygyJ/ 'g[m wu,fvm;/ wu,fyJjzpf
aewmvm;qdk r[kwfbl;/ tm½kHvGefwJhpdwf
tawG;vGefwJh pdwfu aqmif,loGm;NyD;
awmh 'Dvdkjzpfwwfwmyg/ 'gaMumihf a&S;
wkef;u w&m;tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾KdvfawG
bkef;BuD;wdkY i,fi,fwkef;u tNrJwrf; vl
awG ajymaeMuw,f/ w&m;tm;xkwf&if
½l;wwfw,fvdkY/ w&m;tm;xkwf&if pdwf
rcdkif&if ½l;wwfw,fqdkwm tvum;ajym
wmr[kwfbl;/ pdwfrcdkifvdkY r[kwfbl;/
w&m;½IrSwfwm enf;vrf; rusvdkY/ cyf
aMumifaMumif cyfaygayg jzpfoGm;w,f/
tckvJ wpfcsKdU a,m*DawG 'Dtwdkif;awGU&
ygw,f/ tm½kHvGefwJh a,m*DawG 'Dtwdkif;
awGU&ygw,f/ w&m;tm;xkwfaew,f? pdwf
wnfNyD;awmh orm"dtm;aumif;aewJhtcsdef
rSmawmh aumif;w,f/
rdrdpdwf orm"drjzpfbJeYJ vGwfxGufoGm;
NyD;awmh tjyifa&mufoGm;NyD? pdwfobm0
tm½kHawGudk awG;? [dk[mawG; 'D[mawG;?
[dktm½kHawG;vdkuf 'Dtm½kHawG;vdkuf? awG;
awG; awG;eJY tawG;vGefoGm;vdkY rsufpdvnf
ovdkjzpfoGm;wmayghav/ aMumufp&mawG
o&Jobuf½kyfawG udk,fhpdwfxJrSm xifwJh
tm½kHawG tukefvkH; rsufpdeJY jrif&ovdkjzpf

vmw,f/ tm½kYHawG xifw,fqdkwm pdwfu
awG;&if awG;wJhtwdkif; xifwmyJ/
aq;pufus&m t½kyfxifovdk
Oyrm bmeJYwlovJqdk&if yef;csDq&mrsm;vdk
aygh/ yef;csDq&mrsm;[m aq;pufus&mrSm
t½kyf xifovdkaygh/ 'DykHpHav; qGJcsifw,f
qdk&if tJ'DykHpH jzpfvmw,f/ [dkykHpHav;
qGJcsif w,fqdk&if tJ'DykHpH jzpfvmovkd?
pdwf[mvJ rdrdpdwful;&mrSm tm½kHxifw,f/
pdwfu o&JobufvdkY awG;vdkuf&if o&Jvdk
vdk obufvdkvdk awGU&w,f/ rdrdu 0dZÆm
aZmf*sD xifcsifqdk&if 0dZÆmaZmf*sD xifvm
w,f/ rdrd pdwfu e*g;*VKefudk ul;vdkuf&if
e*g;*VKefawG xifvmw,f/ pdwful;,OfvdkY
xifwJh tm½kHawG[m ynwfedrdwfawGyg/
'Dynwf edrdwfawGudk rodbJeJY wpfcsKdU
a,m*DawG[m aMumufp&mawGU&if aMumuf
vmw,f/ vefYp&mawGU&if vefYvmw,f/
aMumufvefYNyD; onf;ajccdkufNyD; cyfaMumif
aMumif jzpfoGm;wwfwmygyJ/ wpfcsKdU ½l;
awmif ½l;oGm;Muw,f/ tJ'g bmjzpfvdkYvJ?
pdwfudk r½IrSwfwwfMuvdkY/ pdwfudk 0dyó
em½IrSwfzdkY rwwfwJhtwGufaMumihf 'Dvdkjzpf
&wmyg/ 'Dtjzpfqdk;eJY BuKHawGU&wm jzpfyg
w,f/ 'gaMumihf w&m;tm;xkwfwJh yk*¾Kdvf
awG[m rdrd&JU cE¨mukd,fxJrSm bmpdwf
yJjzpfjzpf jzpfwJhpdwfudkawmh jzpfwJhtwdkif;yJ
½IrSwf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ bkef;BuD;wdkY r[m
owdy|mefygVdawmfrSm pdwftaMumif;eJY ywf
oufNyD; bk&m;a[mxm;wm awGU&ygw,f/
&m*pdwfjzpf&if &m*pdwfudk ½IrSwf&r,f/
a'gopdwf jzpf&if a'gopdwfudk ½IrSwf&r,f/
arm[pdwfjzpf&if arm[pdwfudk ½IrSwf&
37
r,fqdk NyD;awmh pdwftaMumif;udk a[mxm;
wm 11 rsKd;avmuf a[mxm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh w&m;tm;xkwfwJh a,m*Dwpf
a,mufrSm tm½kHvGefwJh pdwudk rjzpfap&
ygbl;/ bmaMumihf tm½kHvGefwJh pdwfawG
jzpfaeovJqdk&if owdr&SfdvdkY jzpfoGm;wm
yg/ owdtm;enf;vdkY jzpfoGm;wmyg/ 'g
aMumifh w&m;½IrSwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSm owdudk
tNrJwrf;xm;&if 'Dvdk tm½kHvGefwJhpdwfawG
b,faomtcgrS rjzpfygbl;/ owdxm;NyD;
awmh cE¨mudk,fxJrSm jzpfay:vmwJhtwdkif;
om pdwfudk ½IrSwf&r,f/ tjyifa&mufoGm;
wJhpdwfudk cE¨mudk,fxJ qGJ,ljcif;rjyK vkyf&
ygbl;/ cE¨mrSmodaewJh pdwfudkvJyJ tjyifudk
rxGufatmif twif;t"r® xdef;odrf;apmihf
a&SmufrI rvkyf&ygbl;/ t&Sdobm0twkdif;
om MunfhNyD;awmh ½IrSwf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
t&Sdobm0qdkwm bmvJ/ a,m*Dwpf
a,mufonf w&m;tm;xkwf aewJhtcsdefrSm
awG;awmwJhpdwfjzpfw,f/ awG;w,fayghAsm/
om;tm½kH orD;tm½kHeJY awG;NyD;awmh ae
w,f/ pD;yGm;a&;tm½kH ig bmvkyf&r,f? bm
udkif&r,f? ighom;igho rD;udk b,fvdk vkyf
ckdif;r,fponftm;jzihf awG;awm BuHpnf
wJhpdwf ay:vmw,f/ awG;awmwJhpdwf
ay:&if awG;w,f awG;w,fvdkY owduav;
uyfNyD;awmh 'DawG; NyD;awmhaewJh pdwf
uav; aysmufoGm; &yfoGm;atmif ½IrSwfzdkY
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ awG;wJh pdwfuav;u t
½IcHw&m;yJ/ awG;w,f awG;w,fvdkY owdeJY
odaewJhpdwfu ½IrSwf wJhpdwfyJ/
t½IcHw&m;udk vTwfrxm;eJY
t½IcHw&m;udk ½IrSwfwJhpdwfeJY ½IrSwfwkdif;
½IrSwfwdkif;rSm awG;awmwJh pdwfuav;

aysmufoGm;w,f/ 'DawG;awmwJhpdwf u
av;udk r½IrSwfbl;qdk&if 'Dtwkdif; vTwf
xm;r,f owdeJY rrSwfbl;qdk&ifayghav
t&SnfBuD; wpfarQmfwpfac:BuD; awG;awm
vdkYudk rqkH;awmhbl;/ awG;vdkY rNyD;awmhbl;/
wpfem&D w&m;xdkif&if wpfem&DawG;NyD;ae
wmyJ/ ESpfem&Dxkdif&if ESpfem&D awG;aewm
yJ/ 'gaMumihf awG;wJhpdwfudk awG;w,f awG;
w,fvdkYodwmeJY wpfNydKifeufwnf; owduyf
NyD; ½IrSwfygvdkY ajymvdkygw,f/
aemufNyD;awmh BuHpnfwJhpdwf? wpfcsKdU
a,m*DawGrSm w&m;xkdifae&if; w&m;xdkif
qJ cPrSmayghav BuHpnfw,f/ bmvkyf&
aumif;rvJ/ b,fvdk rSwf&aumif;rvJ/
a0'emay:vmw,f/ 'Da0'em aysmuf
atmif igb,fvdk rSwf&rvJ/ aygifuem
vmw,f/ 'l;uemvmw,f/ cg;u emvm
w,f/ 'gawGudk aysmufatmif igb,fvdk
rSwfrvJ/ [dkvdkxdkifNyD; rSwf&ifaumif;rvm;/
'DvdkxdkifNyD; rSwf&if aumif;rvm;vdkY wpf
a,mufwnf; wpfpdwfwnf; udk,fhcE¨m
udk,fhtm½kHudk BuHpnfaew,f/ w&m;½IrSwf
wJh a,m*D[m tJ'D BuHpnfwJh pdwfawGudk
vJyJ BuHpnfw,f BuHpnfw,fvdkY odwJh wpf
NydKifwnf;yJ ½IrSwfyg/ odkYaomf BuHpnfwmudk
yxrqkH; yxruawmh rodbl;aygh/ yxr
BuHpnfwJh pdwfawGudkawmh arharhavsmh
avsmh rodbJeJY BuHpnfaew,f? xm;vdkuf/
odwJhtcgrSm owdxm;NyD;awmh BuHpnfwJh
pdwfudk BuHpnfw,f BuHpnfw,fvdkY 'Dvdk
½IrSwf&r,f/ 'gwifyJvm;qdk r[kwfao;
bl;/ pdwful;w,f/ pdwful;,Ofw,f/
udk,fjzpfcsifwmawGudk pdwful;,OfNyD;awmh
aewJh pdwf/ pdwful;,Ofw,f? pdwful;,Of
w,f? pdwful;w,f? pdwful;w,fvdkY 'Dpdwf
38
uav;udkyJ aysmufatmif ½IrSwf&ygr,f/
NyD;awmh awG;awmw,f/ awG;awmwJh
pdwfudkvJh pdwfawG;awmw,f? awG;awm
w,fvdkY tukefvkH;ayghav/ jzpfay:vmwJh
pdwf[lorQudk t&Sdtwdkif;om ½IrSwf/ r½I
rSwfbJ ae&if awG;awmBuHpnfrI oHo&m
vnfoGm;vdrfhr,f/ w&m;xJrSm a&mufae
rSm r[kwfbl;/ 'gaMumihf jzpfay:vmorQ
pdwftpOfudk owdxm;NyD;awmh bmpdwfyJ
ay:ay: jzpfvmwJh ay:vmwJhpdwfudk owd
xm;NyD;awmh rSwf&ygw,f/
xyfcgxyfcg rSwf
rSwfwJhtcg a,m*Donf cPav; rrSwf
ygeJY/ BuHpnfwJh ay:vm&if BuHpnfw,f
BuHpnfw,f BuHpnfw,fvdkY xyfcgxyfcg
rSwfay;vdkufawmh BuHpnfwJhpdwf aysmuf
oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ awG;awmw,fqdk&if awG;
awmw,f awG;awmw,fvdkY awG;awm
wJhpdwfudk odododNyD;awmh rSwfaewm[m
w&m;rSwfaewmyJ/ tJ'DawG; awmwJhpdwf
[m awG;aerSef;odvdkufwmeJY rSwfqJcPrSm
aysmufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ pOf;pm;wJhpdwfuav;
udk pOf;pm;w,f pOf;pm;w,fvdkYrSwf/
ukefukefajymr,fqdk&if tdyfcsifwJh pdwf
uav;udk tdrfcsifw,f tdyfcsifw,fvdkYrSwf/
idkufcsifwJh pdwfuav;udk idkufcsifw,f idkuf
csifw,fvdkYrSwf/ ysif;wJh pdwfuav;udk ysif;
w,f ysif;w,fvdkYrSwf/ w&m;rxdkifcsifbl;
qdk&if rxdkifcsifwJhpdwfudk rxdkifcsifbl; rxdkif
csifbl;vdkYrSwf/ cE¨mudk,fxJrSm jzpfay:vmwJh
pdwfudk jzpfay:vmwJhtwdkif; rSwfay;yg/
rrSwfbJ rae&bl;/ rSwfNyD;awmh ae&r,f/
w&m;udk ½IrSwfvdkYpdwfudk ½IrSwfvdkY &vmwJh
tusKd;w&m;? pdwfw&m;udk r½IrSwfvdkY &vm

wJh tusKd;w&m; ESpfrsKd;&Sdw,f/ 'DESpfrsKd;udk
EIdif;,SOf NyD;awmh jyygr,f/
w&m;tm;xkwfwJh a,m*DawG[m pdwf
w&m;udk ½IrSwfvdkY&Sd&if ½IrSwfqJcPrSm ud
avom Nidrf;at;aewJh tusKd;udk cHpm;&
ygw,f/ pdwfw&m;udk r½IrSwfbJ vTwfay;
vdkufr,fqdk&if udavomawG cE¨mudk,fxJ
rSm AvyGufqlNyD;awmh qif;&JwJh 'ku©w&m;
udk cHpm;&ygvdrhfr,f/
t½IcHw&m; vGwfoGm;vdkY
om"uwpf EdIif;,SOf NyD;awmh jy&&if? om
"u twdkuav;wpfck xkwfjyygr,f/ pdwf
udk r½IrSwfcJh&if bmjzpfovJ/ jzpfay:vmwJh
tm½kHwdkif; tm½kHwdkif;rSm rdrdodwJhpdwfuav;
udk owdy|mefeJY r½IrSwfcJhbJeJY odcsif&mod
jzpfcsif&mjzpf vTwfay;xm;r,fqdk&if &m*
wyfrufpGJvef;wJh pdwfawG? a'go pdwfqdk;
p&m&SdvdkY pdwfqdk;wJhpdwfawG arm[ awGa0
p&m&Sdawmh awGa0wJh pdwfawG udavom
awG 'va[m pD;0ifNyD;awmh cE¨mudk ESdyf
pufygw,f/ 'gaMumihf 'D&m* a'go arm[
udavomtm½kHudk omref w&m;xdkifaewJh
yk*¾KdvfawG rqdkxm;eJY psmevmbDvdkYac:wJh
psmef&wJhyk*¾KdvfawG tbdnmOf&wJh yk*¾Kdvf
awG&JU oEÅmefrSmawmifrS udavom tm
½kHawG 0ifa&muf ESdyfpufNyDqdk&if psmefavQm
oGm;&ygw,f/
oD[dkVfrSm udk&ifi,fwpfyg; apwDudk
yef;wifr,fqdkNyD;awmh aumif;uifc&D; psmef
,mOfpD;NyD; yef;cl;oGm;w,f/ yef;cl;oGm;awmh
naecif; trsKd;orD;tkyfpk wpfpku a&
uefBuD;wpfuefrSm qif;NyD; Mumyef;uav;
awG cl;NyD;awmh aeMuw,f/ Muyef;cl;wm
½kd;½dk;cl;wmr[kwfbl;/ ukvm; oDcsif;uav;
39
qdkNyD;awmh cl;wm/ olwdkY oDcsif; t"dyÜm,f
uawmh 'DMumyef;awG[m reuf apmapmu
aetvif;a&mifudk arQmfNyD;awmhaewJh Mum
zl;awG[m ae&JUtvif;a&mifudk &vdkufwmeJY
wpfNydKifeuf pGifhpGifhum;um; yGifhNyD;awmh
vmygw,fwJh/ aea&mifvJ ñId;oGm;a&m t
ukefvkH; yGifhzwfawG a<uusNyD;awmh&if Mum
yef;awG ysufpD;oGm;&w,fwJh/ 'Dvdk oDcsif
uav; qdkNyD;awmh Mumyef;cl;aeMuw,f/
tJ'DtoHudk udk&ifuav; em;xJrSm 'dwfueJY
Mum;vdkuf&w,f/
psmef&NyD;awmh tbdnmOf pGrf;tifeJY
aumif;uifu psmefeJY<uvmwJh udk&ifu
av; 'DtoHudk em;xJrSm Mum;vkdufwmeJY
wpfNydKifeuf 'DtoHudk om,mNyD;awmh oGm;
w,f/ b,fvdk toHrsKd;ygvdrhf? aumif;
vdkufwJh toH/ trsKd;orD;awG&JU oDcsif;oH
udk pGJvrf;NyD; em;pdkufNyD; toHay:rSm pdwf
a&mufoGm;wmeJY orm"dawGysufNyD; psmef
avQmNyD; ajrBuD;ay:udk usvmw,f/ pmxJ
rSmawmh ]qdEéyau©m umaum 0d, = usD;
uef;iSuf ysH&if;u tawmifusKd;ovkdyJ}wJh/
qdkvdkwJh t"dyÜm,fu owdy|mefw&m;
udk r½IrSwfcJhvdkY udk&ifuav; psmefavQmcJh&
w,f/ owdy|mef;w&m;udkom udk&ifu
av; vufudkifxm;NyD;awmh ½IrSwfcJh&if 'D
toHay:rSm om,mwyfrufwJh pdwfawG
jzpfay:vmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ rjzpfay:&if
psmefavQmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ 'DtoHay:rSm
ESpfoufomNyD; udk&ifuav; 'DtoHtay:
rSm arharsmNyD; em;axmif&if; em;axmif &if;
rdrdtm;xkwfxm;wJh orm"dawG avsmhNyD;
psmeftbdnmOfawG aysmufvdkY ajrBuD;ay:
a&mufoGm;w,f? psmefavQmusoGm;w,f
aygh/ 'Dt"dyÜm,fudk ajymwm/

'gbmqdkovdkvJ Munhf/ w&m;eJY rxdef;
xm;vdkY&Sd&if w&m;eJY rrSwfvdkY&Sd&if psmef&wJh
udk&if psmef&wJh yk*¾KdvfawGawmifrS psmef
avQmusoGm;w,fqdkwm ajymvdkygw,f/
b,favmufyJ ajrvQKd; rdk;ysHEkdifwJh wefcdk;
&Sif jzpfygap 0dyóem owdy|mefw&m;eJY
om pdwfudk Edkifatmif r½IrSwfbl;qdk&ifawmh
oDvvJ usKd;wmyJ/ orm"dvJ ysufwmyJ/
ynmvJ ,kwfwmyJ/ 'gaMumihf owdy|mef
w&m; ½IrSwfrS 'Dpdwfuav; wnfwHhrSm jzpf
ygw,f/ 'gajymvdkwmyg/ 'g pdwfudk 0dyó
em owdy|mefeJY r½IrSwfcJhvdkY udk&ifuav;
psmefavQmusoGm;w,f/ udk&ifuav;om r
uygbl;/ psmeftbdnmOf&wJh yk*¾KdvfawG[m
vJyJ avmuDpsmefawGjzpfvdkY owdy|mef w
&m; r½IrSwf&if psmefavQmNyD;awmh usrSmyJ/
om"uawG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/
0dyóem yGm;rsm;&usKd;
owdy|mefw&m;½IrSwfvdkY aumif;wJh t
usKd;&ykHudk enf;enf; ajymjytkH;r,f/ Am&P
oDjynfrSm ZeD;armifESHESpfa,muf aeYvnf
cif;rSm vrf;avQmufNyD;awmh vmw,f/
aemufu 'umBuD;wpfa,mufuvJ reD;r
a0;u vrf;avQmufNyD;awmh vmw,f/ a&SU
uZeD;armifESH vrf;avQmufvmwm jrif
awmh olYpdwfxJrSm awmfawmf wihfawmihf
wifhw,f zG,fzG,f&m&m jrifw,fxifyg
w,f/ ESpfoufwJh &m*pdwfay:vmw,f/
&m*pdwf ay:vmawmh oluodw,f/ igh
cE¨mudk,fxJrSm olrsm;om;r,m;udk ESpf
ouf jypfrSm;wJh &m*pdwfawG jzpfaeygvm;?
'Dpdwf[m aumif;wJhpdwfr[kwfbl;? raumif;
wJhpdwfyJ/ raumif;wJhpdwf jzpfaeyguvm;
vdkY csufjcif; odw,f/ odwmeJYwpf NydKifeuf
40
rwfwwf&yfNyD; w&m;udk ESvkH;oGif;NyD;awmh
'Dpdwfuav;udk owdxm;NyD;awmh ½IrSwf
vdkufw,f/ owdxm;NyD; ½IrSwfwdkif; ½IrSwf
wdkif; pdwfw&m;&JU ysufpD;oGm;wJhoabm?
jzpfay:vmwJh udavom tm½kHawG aysmuf
oGm;wJhoabm? pdwfw&m;&JU rNrJwJh tedpö?
pdwfw&m;aMumihf qif;&JaewJh 'ku©? 'Dpdwf
w&m;[m udk,fydkifr[kwfwJh tewåoabm
yJ? olYobm0twkdif; jzpfaewmyJvdkY oabm
ayguf odNyD;awmh wpfcgwnf; rwfwwf&yf
½IrSwf½kHrQjzihf rMumciftwGif;rSm jzpfaeqJ
udavomawG Nidrf;NyD;awmh udk,fpdwfudk
xdef;EdkifvdkufvdkY Nidrf;csrf;oGm;ygw,f/ 'g[m
jzpfay:vmqJ udavompdwfudk 0dyóem
wif ½IrSwfvkdY&&SdwJh tusKd;aygh/
r½IrSwfwJh vlwpfa,mufrSmawmh pdwf
tvdkudk vdkufvdkY&Sd&if jrifwdkif; Mum;wdkif;
eHwdkif; pm;wdkif; xdawGUwdkif; BuHpnfawG;
awmwdkif; om,mESpfouf pGJvef;NyD;awmh
y#dpöorkyÜg'f vnfw,faygh/ y#dpöorkyÜg'f
a'oemawmfeJY ajym&r,fqdk&ifvJ rsuf
vkH;&,f tqif;&,f jrifodpdwf&,f awGUxd
rI zó&,f cHpm;rI a0'em&,f/ a0'em
udkr½IrSwfvdkY&Sd&if a0'emypö,m wPSm
aygh/ wPSmudk r½IrSwf&if wPSmypö,m
Oyg'gef jzpfoGm;NyD; y#dpöorkyÜg'f vnfoGm;
ygvdrfhr,f/ oabmubmvJ/ rodvdkY vdk
csifayghw,f/ vdkcsifvdkY pGJvef;w,f/ pGJvef;
vdkY jyKvkyfw,f/ jyKvkyfvdkY 'Db0 aemufb0
qdk;usKd;jzpfwJh 'ku©w&m;awG jzpfvmw,fvdkY
qdkvdkygw,f/ &Sdapawmh/
aumif;qdk;r[l rSwfzdkYt"du
'gaMumihf a,m*Dwpfa,mufonf rdrdcE¨m
udk,fxJrSm jzpfay:vmwJh pdwftpOfudk t

ukef ½IrSwf&r,fqdkwmudk oabmayguf em;
vnfoGm;NyD/ 'Dvdk oabmayguf em;vnf
oGm;awmh&if ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ raumif;wJh
pdwfawGudkyJ ½IrSwf&rSmvm;bk&m;/ aumif;
wJhpdwfawGusawmh xm;? raumif;wJh pdwf
awGusawmh tukefvkH;rSwf? 'Dvdk ½IrSwf&
rSmvm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ r[kwfygbl;/
pdwfqdkvkdY&Sd&if w&m;½IrSwfwJhtcgrSm a,m*D
yk*¾Kdvfon aumif;wJhpdwf jzpfay:vmvdkY
&Sd&ifvJyJ ½IrSwf&r,f/ raumif;wJh pdwfudkvJ
½IrSwf&r,f/
jyefNyD;awmh &Sif;jyygr,f/ aumif;wJh
pdwfqdkwm b,fvdkpdwfvJ/ w&m;rSwfw,f/
bk&m;wpfql<uvmw,fvdkY pdwfxJrSm xif
NyD;awmh tm½kHxJrSm bk&m;<uvmw,fvdkY
xifvmw,f/ 'gaumif;wJhpdwf/ aumif;wJh
pdwfawmh jzpfw,f/ 0dyóem r[kwfbl;/
aumif;wJhpdwfawmh jzpfw,f/ 0dyóem
r[kwf? ynwftm½kHom jzpfw,f/ ynwf
tm½kHomjzpfw,f? 0dyóemtm½kHr[kwfwJh
twGuaMumihf bk&m;udk jrif&ifvJ jrifw,f
jrifw,fvdkYyJ ½IrSwf&r,f/ r½IrSwfbJeJY vuf
cHxm;vdkY&Sd&if 0dyóem vrf;vGJNyD/ ynwf
tm½kHeJY jyefp? awG;awmNyD;awmh trsKd;rsKd;
jzpfoGm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;udkjrifwm
aumif;wJhtm½kH aumif;wJhpdwfawmh jzpfyg
&JU/ 'DpdwfudkvJyJ ynwftm½kHjzpfvdkY ½IrSwf
ypf&r,f/ aumif;wJh tm½kHawG bk&m;wdkY
w&m;toHwdkY em;xJrSm Mum;vmw,f/
Mum;w,f Mum;w,fvdkY Mum;odpdwfudk ½I
rSwfypf&r,f/ aumif;wJh tm½kH aumif;wJh
pdwfjzpf&ifvJ ½IrSwf&ygr,f/
raumif;wJh tm½kH raumif;wJhpdwfjzpf
&ifvJ ½IrSwf&ygr,f/ ygVdvdk ajymawmh
£|m½kH ted|m½kH/ £|m½kHqdkwm ESpfouf
41
p&maumif;wJh tm½kH ay:vm&ifvJh ½IrSwf&
r,f/ ted|m½kH rESpfoufp&m tm½kHay:
vm&ifvJ ½IrSwf&r,f/ aumif;wJh pdwfa&m
qdk;wJh pdwfa&m aumif;raumif;pdwfa&m
bmpdwfay:ay: pdwf[lorQudk vufcH
odrf;ydkufrxm;bJeJY w&m;oabmeJY ½IrSwf
aewm[m pdwåmEkyóemudk yGm;rsm;ae
wmygyJ/ 'Dawmh a,m*D[m ajymvdkwJh
t"dyÜm,fu ½kyfw&m;wpfckudkyJ ½IrSwf&rSm
r[kwfbl;/ emrfw&m;qdkwJh pdwfudkvJyJ ½I
rSwf&r,f/ pdwfjzpfay:&ifvJ pdwfudk ½I
rSwfyg/ ½kyfw&m;jzpfay:vm&ifvJ ½kyfw
&m;udk ½IrSwfyg/ cE¨mudk,fxJrSmawmh 'DESpf
ckyJ&Sdw,f/ 'DESpfckrSm ½kyfray:&if pdwfjzpf
ay:vmvdrfhr,f/ pdwfray:vm&if ½kyfw
&m;xif&Sm;vdrfhr,f/ pdwfxif&Sm;&if ½kyf
w&m; rxif&Sm;bl;/ ½kyfw&m; xif&Sm;&if
pdwfw&m; rxif&Sm;bl;/ ESpfckpvkH; xif
xif&Sm;&Sm; wpfNydKifeuf rjzpfbl;/
rSwfzdkY t"du
wpfcgwpfcgrSm a,m*D[m cE¨mudk,f xJrSm
emwm udkufwm ylwm at;wm xkHwm
usOfwm awGUw,f/ 'g ½kyfw&m; xif&Sm;
aewmjzpfvdkY ½kyfw&m;udk ½IrSwfaygh/ em
w,f emw,fvdkY rSwfvdkufaygh/ udkufw,f
udkufw,f ylw,f at;w,f rSwfvdkufaygh/
½kyfw&m; xif&Sm;vdkY ½kyfw&m;udk ½IrSwf
wmyJ/ wpfcgwpfcgrSm a,m*D&JU pdwfxJrSm
½kyfw&m;awG rxif&Sm;bl;/ bmrS ray:
awmhbl;/ pdwfu vnfNyD;awmh tjyif tm½kH
udk odaew,f? pdwfvGifhaew,f? pdwfvnf
aew,fqdk&if vGifaewJh pdwfudk vGifhw,f
vGifhw,fvdkY odNyD;awmhrSwfyg/ pdwfvnf
aew,fqdk&if vnfw,f vnfw,fvdkY
 42

rSwfay;&w,f/ tdyfcsifw,fqdk&if tdyfcsif 0dyóemqdkwm y&rwfudkodrS 0dyó

w,f tdyfcsifw,fvdkY tdyfcsifwJh pdwfudkvJ em jzpfw,fqdkwmudk ajym&if; uaeY
aysmufwJhtxd rSwfypfvdkuf&w,f/ idkufcsif w&m;yGJudk ed*kHcsKyfvdkufMuygpdkY/
qdk&if idkufcsifw,f idkufcsifw,fvdkY idkuf ______
csifwJhpdwfudkvJ aysmufwJtxd rSwfypfvdkuf
&w,f/ aysmufatmifvdkY aysmufcsifaZmeJY
rSwfwmrsKd;awmh r[kwfbl;/ t½IcHw&m; jzpf
vdkYudk rSwfypf&wm/
w&m;xdkifaewJhtcg wpfcgwpfcg ysif; ar;cGef;av;awG ajzMunhf&atmif
pdwfuav;awG 0ifvmw,f/ ysif;w,faygh? 1/ orxESihf 0dyóem b,fvdkxl;jcm;ygovJ/
rrSwfcsifbl;/ 'Dvdk ysif;wJhtcg ysif;w,f 2/ orxudk b,fvkd½IrSwf&rvJ? em;vnforQ ajymjyyg/
ysif;w,f w&m;rrSwfcsifbl; w&m;rrSwf 3/ 0dyóemqdkwm bmudk odatmif tm;xkwfygvJ/
csifbl;vdkY rSwfay;vdkuf&w,f/ pdwfu odkY 4/ &m* a'go pdwfawGudk 0dyóemeJY b,fvdk xdef;rvJ/
5/ BuHpnfpdwfay:vm&if b,favmufMumMum rSwf&rvJ/
avmodkYavmjzpfvmw,f/ odkYavmodkYavm 6/ t½IcHw&m;udk vTwfxm;&if bmjzpfovJ/
jzpfw,f jzpfw,f? pdwf[m aomifrwif 7/ tm½kHxJrSm bk&m;udk jrif&if r½IrSwfbJ ae&rSmvm;/
a&rus Za0Z0geJY [dkvdkvdk 'Dvdkvdkjzpfw,f? 8/ 0dyóem yGm;rsm;&usKd;udk odorQ ajymjyyg//
9/ ynwfedrdwfqdkwm bmudk ac:ygovJ/
jzpfwJh twdkif;yJrSwf/
b,favmufxd rSwf&rSmvJ/ tJ'Dpdwf e
[m ukefcrf;ysufpD;oGm;atmif rSwfyg/
aysmufoGm;atmif rSwfyg/ ukefoGm;atmif
rSwfyg/ rSwfvdkufawmh tukefvkH; aysmuf
ukefygw,f/ rSwfvdkufawmh 'Dpdwfw&m;awG
tukefvkH; aysmufukefNyD;awmh Nidrf;at;oGm;
ygw,f/ udavomtm½kHawG Nidrf;oGm;w,f/
'gaMumihf w&m;½IrSwfwJh yk*¾KdvfrSm ½kyfwpfck
wnf;udk rSwf&rSm r[kwfbl;/ emrfw&m;jzpf
ay:vmvdkY &Sd&if emrfw&m;udkvJ rSwf&yg
w,f/ ½kyfw&m;udka&m emrfw&m;udkyg rSwf
rS y&rwftm½kHjzpfygw,f/ ½kyfw&m; emrfw
&m;ESpfckpvkH;udk wpfNydKifwnf; ray:ayrJh
½kyfay:&if ½kyfw&m;udk rSwf/ emrfay:&ifw
&m;udk rSwf/ ½kyfemrfESpfyg;udk owdeJY rSwf
aewm[m y&rwftm½kHodkY a&maewmyJ?
½kyfy&rwf emrfy&rwfudk odaew,fvdkY
ac:ygw,f/

t&dyfyrm udk,fhaemufygrJh w&m;
* aumif;xm;zdkY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ pdwf
umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f? &pfcsrefNrdKU? udkaumif;aumif;
rarmfvDtdrfwGif a[mMum;onf
(2006 ckESpf? {NyDv)
]vlwpfa,muf&JU wpfb0wmtwGuf taumif;qkH
tvkyfuawmh bm0emtvkyf jzpfygw,f/ 'ge
vkyfief;xuf jrihfjrwfwJh oDvxuf jrifhjrwfwJh
tvkyfu bm0em tvkyfygyJ/ 'ge oDv tvkyf
awGudk tajcjyKNyD;awmhrS bm0emtvkyfudk vkyf&yg
w,f/ vlYb0wpfoufwmrSm bm0em tvkyfudk
rvkyfzl;wJh ryGm;rsm;zl;wJh yk*¾Kdvf[m vljzpf&usKd;
reyfbl;}
***
pdwfaumif; &SdrS edAÁmef&
vlb0rSm ESvkH;oGif; pdwfaumif;&SdzdkY[m
t"du ta&;tBuD;qkH; jzpfygw,f/ pdwf
aumif;w,fqdkwm bmudkac:ovJ/ ajzmihf
ajzmihf rwfrwf BuHpnfwwfwJhpdwfudk pdwf
43
aumif;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ pdwfaumif;w,fqdk
wm ajzmihfrwfwJhpdwf/ ½dk;om; ajzmihfrwfwJh
pdwf/ 'gwifyJqdk r[kwfao;bl;/ raumif;
wJh tukodkvfjzpfrJhpdwfawGudk ta0;u
a&SmifwJh odwwfwJh tcsdefupNyD; tukodkvf
jzpfrJhpdwfawGudk rvkyfbl;/ rajymqdkbl;/
rBuHpnfbl;/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf £óm rpä&d
,qdkwJh udk,fhxufom remvdkwJh pdwfawG
wGefYwdkwJh pdwfawG[m raumif;wJh pdwfawG
ygyJ/
vlwpfa,muf[m wpfb0wpfcg cE¨m
jzpfvmwJh tcsdefrSm twwfEdkifqkH; pdwf
aumif;xm;wJh vl[m uvsmPrdwåqdkYwJh
rdwfaumif; aqGaumif; &wwfygw,f/ 'Db
0twGufvJyJ rdwfaqGaumif; taygif; t
oif;aumif;awG &wwfygw,f/ wrvGefb
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aumif;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh t"du vlYwpfb
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b,folaumif;aumif; raumif;aumif;
udk,fhpdwfudkawmh aumif;atmif xm;MuzdkY
vdkygw,f/ udk,fhpdwfudk ukd,f jyKjyifxm;Mu
zdkY vdkygw,f/ Moumouefawmhcef;&JU
tqkH;rSm edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk &ygvdk\
vdkY qkawmif;Muw,f/ edAÁmef&zdkY qkawmif;
wmu aemufxm;tkH;/ b0wpfckrSm pdwf
aumif;zdkYu t&ifxm;yg/ pdwfaumif;&SdwJh
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yk*¾Kdvf edAÁmefeJY a0;w,f/ pdwfxm;aumif;wJh
yk*¾KdvawGa&m; raumif;wJh yk*¾KdvfawGyg Mo
umotqkH;rSm edAÁmef&ygvdk\vdkY ax&0g'
Ak'¨bmom t,l&SdMuwJh yk*¾KdvfawG edAÁmefudk
qkawmif;Muw,f/ qkawmif; ½kHeJY vlwdkif;

edAÁmefudk &Edkifyghrvm;qdk r&Edkifygbl;/
edAÁmef&csif&if bmvkyf&rSmvJ qdk&if pdwf
xm;jzLpifwJh vlom;wpfa,uf&JU b0jzpf
atmif ta&;wBuD; BudK;pm;&ygr,f/
pdwfaumif; pdwfjrwfawG &SdaeNyD;qdk&if
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ay:aew,fqkd&if edAÁmefeJY a0;aeao;wmyJ/
udk,fhpdwfudk tuJjzwfNyD;awmh qkH;jzwf,lyg/
wu,fedAÁmefudk vdkcsifwJh yk*¾Kdvf oHo
&muvGwfcsifwJh yk*¾Kdvfwdkif;[m pdwfxm;
jzLpifzdkY odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/ pdwfxm; rjzL
pifbl;&if tajymwjcm; tvkyfwjcm; jzpf
oGm;vdrfhr,f/ vdkcsifwmu edAÁmefyJ? edAÁmef
udk aeYpOfawmif;aewmyJ/ 0rf;xJrSm cE¨mxJ
rSm ,kwfrmwJh tukodkvfpdwfawGu wpfykH
wpfacgif;BuD;qdkd&if b,fvdkrS edAÁmefudk r&
Edkifbl;? tajymwpfrsKd; tvkyfwpfrsKd; jzpf
oGm;vdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumihf rdrdpdwfudk jzLpif
atmifxm;zdkY jyKjyifNyD;awmh aexdkifzdkY odyf
ta&;BuDw,f/ pdwfaumif;&SdrS edAÁmef&w,f
qdkwmudk rSwfxm;&r,f/
rd½dk;zvm Ak'¨bmom
'dkYwpfawG[m Ak'¨bmom0ifawG jzpfMu
w,f/ Ak'¨bmom0ifawG jzpfawmh rdz½dk;&m
twdkif; cH,lcJhwJh Ak'¨0g'D? jrwfAk'¨&JU tqkH;
trudk vdkufemolawG jzpfygw,f/ rd½dk;z
vm tpOftvmt& ,lvmcJhwm/ tJ'D Ak'¨
0g'xJrSm uH uH\tusKd;w&m;udk ,kHMunf
wm[m ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ uHqdkwm aeYpOf
rdrd vkyfaeMuwJh tvkyfawG[m uHyJ/
aumif;wmvJ ygr,f? qdkwmvJ ygr,faygh/
aumif;wJh tvkyfu aumif;wJhuH? raumif;
44
wJh tvkyfu raumif;wJhuH/ udk,fjyKvkyfwJh
tvkyfonf uHyJvdkY em;vnf&r,f/
udk,fvkyfwJh tvkyftwdkif;yJ 'Db0ao
oGm;NyD;wJhtcg aemufb0 wpfckrSm tusKd;
ay;w,f/ udk,fu aumif;wmudk jyKvkyfcJh
&if aumif;wJh tusKd;udkay;vdrfhr,f/ r
aumif;wmudk jyKvkyfcJhvdkY&Sd&if raumif;wJh
tusKd;udk &vdrfhr,f/ tusKd;ay;w,fqdkwm
cHpm;&wmyg/ udk,fjyKvkyfwJhtwkdif; udk,fcH
pm;&wmyJ/ tJ'g tusKd;ay;vdkY ac:ygw,f/
'Dawmh 'Db0rSm vlawG[m bmawG jyKvkyf
aeMuovJ/ udk,hfudkudk,f pdppfMunhf&r,f/
'Db0rSm jyKvkyfwJh vkyfief;awG[m aumif;
wJh tvkyfawGyJvm;/ raumif;wJh tvkyf
awGyJvm;qdkwm pdppfMunhfyg/
wcsKdUvlawGrSm aumif;wJhvkyfief;awG
enf;yg;NyD;awmh raumif;wJh tvkyfawG rsm;
aew,f/ raumif;rIawG vkyfaewmu rsm;
aew,f/ wcsKdU Ak'¨bmom0ifawGuawmh
twwfEdkifqkH; BudK;pm;NyD;awmh aumif;wJh
tvkyfawGudk vkyfjzpfatmif vkyfMuw,f/
aumif;wJh tvkyfqdkwm ckwifu ajymjycJhwJh
uHygyJ/ aumif;wJh uHygyJ/ aumif;wJhuH
aumif;wJh tvkyfudk vkyfaeMuw,f/
aumif;wJh tvkyfqdkwmudk tESpfcsKyf
vdkuf&if bmawGvJ/ 'geqdkwJh vkyfief;? vSL
w,f wef;w,faygh/ 'gaumif;wJh tvkyfyJ/
oDvqdkwJh tvkyfuvJ aumif;wJh tvkyfyg
yJ/ tckeu w&m;remcif oDvaqmuf
wnfw,faygh/ ig;yg;oDv cH,l apmihfxdef;
w,f/ w'*F w&m;emqJcPrSm oDvNrJae
Muw,f/ 'gaumif;wJh tvkyf/ tjypfr&Sd
aumif;wJh tusKd;udk jzpfaprSmrdkY aumif;wJh
tvkyfvdkY qdk&ygw,f/ bm0emqdkwJh tvkyf
vJyJ vlkwpfa,muftwGuf taumif;qkH;

tvkyfygyJ/ vlwpfa,muf&JU wpfb0wm
twGuf taumif;qkH tvkyfuawmh bm0
emtvkyf jzpfygw,f/ 'gevkyfief;xuf jrihf
jrwfwJh oDvxuf jrifhjrwfwJh tvkyfu bm
0em tvkyfygyJ/ 'ge oDv tvkyfawGudk
tajcjyKNyD;awmh bm0emtvkyfudk vkyf&yg
w,f/ vlYb0wpfoufwmrSm bm0emt
vkyfudk rvkyfzl;wJh ryGm;rsm;zl;wJh yk*¾Kdvf[m
vljzpf&usKd; reyfbl;/ b,favmuf csrf;om
wJhvlyJjzpfjzpf? &Sifbk&ifyJjzpfjzpf? vlYcE¨mudk
&NyD;awmh avmuDcsrf;omawGeYJyJ tcsdefukef
NyD;awmh oGm;MuNyD;awmh bm0em tvkyfudk
rvkyfcJhzl;wJh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;[m vljzpf&usKd;reyf
bl;/ vlYb0[m wefzdk;r&Sdbl;/ tdyfr,f pm;
r,f umr*kPfrSD0Jr,f qdkwmavmufeJY wpf
b0cE¨m ukefqkH;oGm;MuwJh yk*¾KdvfawG b,f
vdkrS vljzpfusKd;eyfrSm r[kwfbl;/
t&dyfyrmvdkufrJhw&m;
vlYb0&JU wefzdk;t&SdqkH; w&m;udk xkwfjy&
r,fqdk&if bm0emvkyfief; wpfenf;ajym&
&if pdwfudk jzLpifatmif pdwfxm;aumif;
atmif avhusihfwJh vkyfief; jzpfygw,f/
aowJhaemuf udk,fhaemufudk ygoGm;rJh udk,f
ydkifypönf;vJ jzpfw,f/ udk,fqdkifwJh ypönf;
jzpfwJhtwGufaMumihf rdrdaemufu xufMuyf
ruGm t&dyfyrm aemufu uyfNyD;awmh
vdkufrJh w&m;onf bm0emw&m;ygyJ/
bm0emw&m;qdkwm bmvJ/ xyfcgxyf
cg Budrfzefrsm;pGm tm;xkwf yGm;rsm;&wJh t
vkyf[m bm0emtvkyf/ bm0emtvkyfudk
vufeJY vkyfvdkYr&bl;/ udk,feJY vkyfvdkYr&bl;/
EIwfeJY ajymqdkvdkY r&bl;/ 'gjzihf bm0emt
vkyfudk bmeJY vkyf&ovJqdk&if pdwfeJY vkyf&
wJh tvkyfjzpfygw,f/ pdwfeJY xyfcgxyfcg
45
Budrfzefrsm;pGm vkyf&wJhtvkyfudk bm0emvdkY
ac:ygw,f/ udk,feJY vkyfvdkY r&bl;/ EIwfeJY
ajymqdkvdkYr&bl;/
'geoDvtvkyfusawmh udk,feJYvkyfvdkY &
w,f? EIwfeJY vkyfvdkY &w,f/ ouFef;vSL
w,f? vufeJY vSLvdkY&w,f/ qGrf;vSLygqdk
vufeJY qGrf;uyfvdkY &w,f/ ig;yg;&Spfyg;oD
v cH,laqmufwnf&atmif qdkvdkY&Sd&if EIwf
eJY cH,laqmufwnfvdkY &w,f/ udk,fa&m
EIwfyg ESpfckpvkH; jyKvkyftm;xkwfwJh vkyfief;
onf 'geoDv tvkygjzpfygw,f/ bm0em
tvkyfusawmh udk,feJY EIwfeJY vkyfvdkYr&bl;/
pdwfeJYyJ vkyfvdkY&w,f/ 'DpdwfeJY vkyfwJhvkyf
ief;udk ravhvmcJh&if awmfawmfcufcJw,f
vdkY xif&w,f/ wu,favhvmMunfh&if
awmh pdwfeJY vkyfwJh vkyfief;[m cufcJwJh
tvkyfr[kwfygbl;/ vG,fvG,fululeJY rdrd&JU
pdwfudk odEdkifw,f/ jzpfay:aewJh pdwfw&m;
awGudk vG,fvG,fululeJY ysufoGm;wJhpdwf
awG aumif;wJhpdwfawG raumif;wJhpdwfawG
ukodkvfpdwfawG tukodkvfpdwfawG tukef
vkH; pdwfw&m;awGudk tuJcyfNyD;awmh odjrif
EdkifwJh tvkyfjzpfygw,f/
pdwfeJY yGm;rsm;,lwm tm;xkwf,lwm
[m bm0emjzpfygw,f/ rdrdpdwfxJu xyfcg
xyfcg yGm;rsm;aew,f/ rdrdpdwfxJu tm;
xkwfaewJh w&m;onf bm0em/
bm0emESpfrsKd;
aumif;NyD? tJ'Dbm0emudk b,frSm yGm;rsm;&
ovJ/ pdwfeJY bmudk yGm;rsm;&rvJvdkY qdkvdk
wmyg/ bm0emyGm;rsm;rJhae&m b,fae&mvJ
vdkYqdk&if bm0em yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rJh ae&m
u cE¨mygyJ/ olrsm;cE¨mudk,fudk yGm;rsm;&rSm
r[kwfbl;/ rdrdcE¨mudk,fudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf

wm bm0em/ rdrdcE¨mudk,fxJrSm jzpfay:ae
wJh emrf½kyfw&m;ESpfyg;udk ½IrSwfaewm bm0
emvdkY ac:ygw,f/ rdrdcE¨mudk,fxJrSm jzpf
ay:aewJh emrf½kyfESpfyg;udk tm;xkwfae
w,f/ rSwfaew,f/ odaew,fqdk&if tJ'g
bm0em yGm;aewmyJ/
bm0emu ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/ orxbm0
emeJY 0dyóembm0emvdkY ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/
orxbm0emqdkwmu tm;xkwfvdkY&Sd&if
pdwfawG Nidrf;at;rIudk &w,f/ eD0&Pw
&m;awG acwåcP y,fowfxm;wJhtwGuf
aMumihf pdwfawG Nidrf;csrf;w,f/ pdwfwnf
NidrfNyD;awmh tyltyifr&Sdbl;/ csrf;omw,f/
t&omwpfrsKd;aygh/ orxbm0emqdkwm
pdwfwnfNidrfjcif;udk &,lzdkY aemufqkH; yef;
wdkifuawmh orm"d&JU tjrihfqkH;jzpfwJh psmef
csrf;omudk &&SdrSmjzpfygw,f/ orxbm0em
yGmrsm;wJh yk*¾Kdvf 'DvdktusKd;w&m;awGudk &
ygw,f/ 0dyóembm0emuawmh pdwfxJrSm
jzpfay:aewJh raumif;wJh tnpftaMu;jzpf
wJh udavomawGudk jrifatmif odatmif
vkyfNyD;awmh y,fowfzdkY jzpfygw,f/ cE¨m&JU
tedpö 'ku© tewåqdkwJh vu©Pma&;okH;yg;
udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif odNyD;oGm;w,faygh? 'g0d
yóembm0em&JU tusKd;w&m;/ 'Dvdk ESpfrsKd;
&Sdw,f/ tck w&m;emy&dowfawG cPwm
rQ w&m;½IrSwfw,fqdkwm orxbm0emudk
yGm;rsm;aewm r[kwfygbl;/ 0dyóembm0
emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaeMuwmyg/
0dyóembm0emudk bmaMumihf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfaeovJ/ tkd&jcif; em&jcif; ao&
jcif;qdkwJh 'ku©u vGwfcsifvdkY wpfenf;ajym
&if oHo&mu vGwfcsifvdkY wpfenf;ajym&if
edAÁmefa&mufcsifvdkY 0dyóembm0emudk yGm;
rsm;tm;xkwfaeMuwm jzpfygw,f/ 0dyó
46
em tm;xkwfwJh a,m*D[m ½IrSwf&rJh w&m;
&,f ½IrSwfwJh pdwf&,f 'DESpfckudkyJ odzdkY vdkyg
w,f/ t½Ichw&m; ½IrSwfwJh pdwf/
t½IcHw&m;
t½IcHw&m;u bmvJvdkY qdk&if tck'um
'umrwdkY xdkifaewJh cE¨mudk,f[m t½IcHw
&m;yJvdkY oabmus em;vnfyg/ 'DcE¨mudk,f
BuD;[m t½IcHw&m;yJvdkY em;vnfoabm
ayguf/ t½IcHw&m;rSm bmawG &SdovJqdk
wmudk wpfqihfwufNyD;awmh Munhfr,fqdk&if
t½IcHw&m;rSm anmif;w,f emw,f ylw,f
udkufw,f at;w,fqdkwJh ½kyfw&m;wdkY&JU
azmufjyefrIawG ygygw,f/ ½kyfw&m;awG &Sd
w,faygh/ pdwfw&m;vJ &Sdw,f/ BuHpnf
w,f awG;awmw,f pOf;pm;w,fpwJh pdwf
ydkfif;qdkif&mawG &Sdw,f/ t½IcHw&m; ESpfyg;&Sd
w,f/ t½IcHw&m; ESpfck&Sdw,faygh/ ½kyf
w&m; wpfck? pdwfw&m;wpfck/ 'DESpfck[m
t½IcHw&m;yJvdkY a,m*Dyk*¾KdvfawG 'Dvdk od
xm;yg/ ½IrSwfwJhpdwfuawmh owdOD;pD;wJh
ynm/ w&m;½IrSwfw,f w&m;tm;xkwf
w,fqdkwm[m t½IcHw&m;eJY ½IrSwfwJhpdwfudk
od&if w&m;½IrSwfvdkY tm;xkwfvdkY jzpfyg
w,f/ odyfNyD;awmh cJcJ,Of;,Of; vkyfae&wJh
tvkyfrsKd; r[kwfygbl;/ t½IcHw&m;u cE¨m
yJ/ ½IrSwfwmu owdynmOD;wJh pdwfyJ/
cE¨mrSm jzpfay:aewmudk owdOD;pD;wJh
pdwfeJY rjywfrvyf 'vpyf ½IrSwfqJcPrSm
odaew,fqdk&if 'g[m 0dyóemw&m;udk
½IrSwftm;xkwfaew,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ bm0
emw&m; yGm;rsm;aew,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/
bmaMumihf tJ'Dvdk yGm;ae&ovJqdk&if rdrd
cE¨mudk,fxJrSm jzpfay;aewJh w&m;udk xif
xif&Sm;&Sm;odatmif ½IrSwf&wm jzpfygw,f/

cE¨m½I&if bmtusKd;&
cE¨mudk,fxJrSm jzpfay:aewJh w&m;udk xif
&Sm;atmifod&if bmtusKd;xl; &SdovJ/ 'D
awmh wu,f&dSaewJhw&m;u ESpfckyJ&Sdw,f/
½kyfw&m;wpfck emrfw&m;wpfck/ 'Demrf½yfw
&m; ESpfckudkyJ igvdkY xifaeMuw,f/
a,musfm;vdkY xifaeMuw,f/ rdef;rvdkY xif
aeMuw,f/ yk*¾Kdvf owå0gxifaeMuw,f/
vlvdkY xifaeMuw,f/ wu,fawmh vlvJ
r[kwfygbl;/ a,musfm; rdef;rvJ r[kwfyg
bl;/ yk*¾Kdvfowå0gvJ r[kwfygbl;/ emrf½kyf
w&m; ESpfyg;yJ &Sdaewmyg/
yk*¾Kdvf owå0g ig olwpfyg; a,musfm;
rdef;rqdkwm ynwfawG jzpfygw,f/ y&rwf
oabmtaetm;jzihfawmh ½kyfemrfESpfyg;yJ &Sd
w,fvdkY 'Dvkdbk&m;u a[mygw,f/ bk&m;
a[mawmfrlwJh twdkif; vufawGUusus ½I
rSwftm;xkwfwJh a,m*Dwpfa,muf[m w
u,f rSwfzefrsm;vmwJhtcgusawmh emrf½kyf
w&m; ESpfyg;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; od&SdoGm;yg
w,f/ cE¨mudk,fBuD;rSm jzpfay:vmwJh w&m;
[lorQ ½kyfw&m;yJqdkwm a,m*D odvmNyD/
anmif;w,f emw,f udkufw,f ylw,f
at;w,f xkHw,f usOfw,f ,m;w,fp
onfjzihfaygh/ bmyJ jzpfay:vmvm jzpfay:
vmwJh w&m;[lorQonf ½kyfyJvdkYqdkwmudk
a,m*D&JUpdwfxJrSm rSwfxm;yg/ tJ'D½kyfw&m;
awGudk anmif;udk odw,f emwmudk
odw,f udkufwmudk odw,f ylwmudk od
w,f at;wmudk odw,fqdkwm emrfyJqdk
wmudkvJ aumif;aumif; rSwfxm;yg/
a,m*D[m w&m;½IrSwfwJhtcg 'g ½kyf
emrfESpfyg;yJ&Sdw,f/ ½kyfemrfESpfyg;yJ&Sdygu
vm;? vlr&Sd? a,musfm;r&Sd? rdef;rr&Sd? olr&Sd?
47
igr&Sd? yk*¾Kdvf owå0gr&Sd/ wu,fudk w&m;
udk owdeJY cE¨mudk,frSm jzpfay:qJ ½kyfemrf
w&m;awGudk ½IrSwfvdkY&Sd&if ½kyfemrfESpfyg;yJ
wu,fxifxif&Sm;&Sm; &Sdyguvm;vdkY pdwfxJ
rSm oabmaygufNyD;awmh vmygw,f/ tJ'D
vdk oabmayguf em;vnfvmwm odvm
wmudkyJ w&m;oabmudk odw,fvdkY ac:yg
w,f/ 'Dw&m;oabmudk aygufwJhtwGuf
avmurSm ckdifNrJwJh xm0&wnfNrJwJh t&m
qdkwm rodygvm;vdkY odvmw,f/ ½kyfemrf&JU
oabmudk w&m;tawGUtBuKHeJY odjrifoGm;
w,f/ 'Dvkd &Sif;oGm;wJh todw&m;udk &NyDqdk
&if 'Dtodudk 0dyóemtodvdkY ac:ygw,f/
or®m'd|dtodjzpfygw,f/ 'g cE¨mudk½IvdkY &
wJhtusKd;w&m;ygyJ/
or®m'd|dtod&atmif
yxrqkH; w&m;tm;xkwfwJh a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf
[m 'Dtodudk &atmif renf;tm;xkwf,l&
ygw,f/ 'DtodrsKd;u jAKef;ueJ w&m;xdkifvdkY
&wJh todrsKd;r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dtodudk &,lzdkY
twGuf bmvkyf&ovJ/ oDvaqmufwnf&
w,f/ pdwfudk owdeJYxdef;NyD;awmh cE¨mudk,f
Nidrfoufatmif xm;NyD;awmh w&m;udk rSwf&
ygw,f/ w&m;udk rSwfygrsm;vmwJh tcgus
awmh wu,femrf½kyfw&m; ESpfyg;om &Sdae
yguvm;? ig w&m;rodcifu xifcJhwJh igqdk
wJh tod ig&Sdw,fqdkwJh tod[m rrSefbl;/
rSm;aewJh todyJvdkY udk,fwdkif tm;xkwfvdkY
odvmwJh todjzpfwJhtwGufaMumihf 'Dtod
[m rSefuefwJh todrsKd;jzpfygw,f/ todrSef
jzpfygw,f/
vlwpfa,muf[m b0wpfckrSm tJ'D
rSefuefwJh todnmPfwpfckudk &&SdcJh&if tJ'D
vl&JU b0[m wefzdk;&SdwmyJ/ rSefuefwJh

tod r&bJ vlawG[m b,favmufyJ
touf&Snf&Snf ESpfaygif; wpf&mumvMum
atmif touf&SnfaomfvJyJ 'Dtodw&m;&Sd
wJh vl&JU wpf&ufwm touf&Snfwm
avmuf wefzdk;r&Sdygbl;/ 'DavmurSm vl
awG[m Za0Z0gjzpfNyD;awmh odkYavmodkYavmh
aooGm;MuwmawG b0wpfck ed*kH;csKyfoGm;
wJh vlawG trsm;BuD;yg/ bmyJjzpfjzpf b0
wpfckudk &NyD;qdkrSjzihf tJ'D 0dyóemynmqdk
wJh todrSefudk&atmifawmh BudK;pm;NyD; &Sm
,l yGm;rsm;,l&rSm jzpfygw,f/
todrSef&if BuHpnfwJh tBuHtpnfawG
tawG;tac:awG rSefrSm jzpfygw,f/ tod
rrSef&if BuHpnfawG;awmorQ tvGJcsnf;
jzpfoGm;rSmyJ/ vGJorQvJ tukeftrSm;csnf;
jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumihf b0rSm or®m'd|dqdk
wJh todrSef[m b0wpfck&JU tvif;a&mif
jzpfwJhtwGuf aoa&;&Sifa&;wrQvJ ta&;
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atmif vlwdkif;vlwkdif; wwfEdkiforQ BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfoihfygw,f/ ESvkH;om;xJrSm t
vif;a&mif a&mufwJhtxd tm;xkwfoihfyg
w,f/
rsm;aomtm;jzihf vlawG[m avmuDtm
½kHawGeJY arGUavsmfNyD; t½IyfxJrSmyJ tarSmif
awGzkH;NyD; b0&JU wefzdk;&SdwJh tcsdefawGudk
jzKef;wD;ypfMuygw,f/ rdrdudk,frSm&SdaewJh
ynwf&m;? y&rwfw&m;? "mwfw&m;awGudk
awmh bmrS rod&SmMuygbl;/ 'Dtm½kHw&m;
awGeJY zkH;vTrf;NyD;awmh vlawG[m yrm'qdkwJh
owdvufvGwfeJY aooGm;Muygw,f/ t
arSmifzkH;NyD;awmh aooGm;MuwJh vlawGursm;
ygw,f/ wu,fudk trSefw&m;udk vdkuf&Sm
vdkY b0rSm wefzdk;BuD;wJh todwpfckudk od
48
atmif BudK;pm;MuwJh yk*¾Kdvfu tifrwef&Sm;
ygw,f/
ESvkH;om; tvif;a&mif
tck bkef;BuD;wdkY a&mufaewJhtcsdefrSm 'um
'umrawGudk b0&JU rSefuefwJh todnPf
udk &Muatmif qdkNyD;awmh qDrD;xGef;ay;o
vdk tvif;a&mifudk xGef;ñSday;wmjzpfyg
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 49

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vdkY ac:wmjzpfygw,f/ avmuvlom;awG
odwJh todrsKd;udk ay;pGrf;Edkifwm 'D"r®ygyJ/
rdrdwdkY udk;uG,fwJh bmomw&m;tvdkuf
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bmomw&m;tvdkuf trSefw&m;qdkwmudk
a[mMuygw,f/ udk,fhbmomeJY udkf,f tod
nmPf trSefw&m;qdkwmudk ay;Muygw,f/
vdr®m,Ofaus;atmif todnPf ay;Muyg
w,f/ udk,fh,kHMunfcsufeJY udk,fayghav/
tJ'Dvdk ,kHMunfcsufwJhtwdkif; ,kHMunfwJh
vlawGudk qkH;roGefoif w,faygh/ tJ'gawG
udkawmh w&m;vdkY jrefrmvdk qdkcsifqdkEdkifyg
w,f/ EdkifiHa&;q&mawG a[majym&ifvJ
w&m;vdkY jrefrmvdkY em;vnfMuyJ/
'gayrJh bkef;BuD; tckajymwJh "r®qdkwJh
a0g[m&xJrSmawmh tJ'D tjcm;aombmom
w&m;awG EdkifiHa&;q&mawG 'óeq&m
awGajymwJh t"dyÜm,frsKd; t,ltqrsKd; ,kH
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a0g[m&&JU a0g[m& t"dyÜm,fxJ7rSmvJ ryg
ygbl;/ "r®qdkwm omrefvlwdkY odEdkifcJwJh
cufcJeufeJNyD; xl;jcm;wJh BuHpnf pOf;pm;½kHeJY
rodEdkifwJh w&m;vdkY ajymEdkifygvdrfhr,f/
'Dvdkw&m;rsKd;udk omrefvlawG odEdkifyghr
vm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk cufcJeuf
eJwJh w&m;udk omrefvlwdkY em;vnfoabm
aygufatmif jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;cJhyg
7
"ar®m obma0 y&d,wåd ynm?
Óa,sok opöyÜuwDok ykan/
aÚa,s *kPmpm& orm"dolyd?
edówåwmywåDok um&Pma'g/
(tbd"meyÜ'Dydum? 784 *gxm)
54
w,f/ 'gaMumihf vlomrefawG odaeMu
w,f/ w&m;udk wpfBudrfem½kHrQjzihf 'g uk
okdvfyJ? 'gaumif;rIyJ? 'graumif;rIyJqdkwm
tod&Sif;NyD;awmh pdwfxJrSm ½Tifvef; wuf<u
oGm;ygw,f/ pdwfxJrSm raumif;udk igrvkyf
awmhbl;? aumif;rIawG ighvkyfr,fvdkY pdwf
xJrSm olawmfaumif;pdwfawG wzGm;zGm; jzpf
ay:vmw,f/ 'g"r®&JU tusKd;ygyJ/
tNrJwrf;opfaewJh "r®
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u avmuDeJY ywfoufNyD;
awmh 'Db0 'DavmurSm aeykHxkdifykHudkvJ
a[mMum; ygw,f/ 'Db0 pkwdjywfa<u ao
vGefNyD; aemufb0 aemufb0awG &&SdrJh t
usKd;w&m;awGudkvJ Ak'¨a[mygw,f/ b0
awGrSm &&dScHpm;wJh cE¨mawG[m 'ku©yJqdkwm
udkvJ Ak'¨a[mygw,f/ 'D'ku©rS vGwfajrmuf
wJh edAÁm"mwf tNidrf;"mwfqdkwmvJ &Sdw,f
vdkY Ak'¨a[mygw,f/ edAÁmefudk &atmif
b,fvdk tm;xkwf&r,f b,fvdkusihf&r,f
qdkwmudkvJ Ak'¨a[mMum;ygw,f/
edAÁme"mwfudk rodjrifEdkifatmif vlawG
[m csmvywfvnfNyD;awmh wpfb0NyD; wpf
b0 ul;ajymif;NyD; b0eJY cE¨mjzpfaewm
baMumihfvJqdkwmudkvJ Ak'¨a[mygw,f/ 'g
Ak'¨&JU "r®aygh/ Ak'¨wpfqlwnf;om 'D"r®udk
a[mMum;wm r[kwfygbl;/ yGifhawmfrlMuNyD;
jzpfwJh Ak'¨tqlqlwdkY a[mMum;wJh "r®[m
twlwlygyJ/ 'Dw&m;awG[m avmuvlom;
awGeJY vufawGU wdkufqdkif xdawGUvmwJht
cg rSefw,fqdkwmudk xdk;xGifNyD;odwJh udk,f
wdkifod tawGUtBuKHeJY odvm&ygw,f/
tckomoemawmf oufwrf; wpfenf;
ajym&if Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHoGm;wm[m ESpfaygif;
ESpfaxmihf ig;&mausmfygNyD/ 'gayrJh 'Dw&m;

awG[m a[mif;EGrf;oGm;w,fvdkY r&Sdygbl;/
usihfokH;wJh yk*¾Kdvf&SdaeMuao;orQ w&m;od
wJh vlawG&SdaeMuOD;rSmyJ/ 'Dw&m;xl;udk od
aeMuwJhvlawG&Sdoa½GU w&m;[mvJ opfvGif
aeqJygyJ/ b,fawmhrS ra[mifygbl;/ usihf
okH;olawG&JU ESvkH;om;xJudk a&mufoGm;&if
Ak'¨&JUw&m;[m topfygyJ/ Ak'¨"r®qdkwm
a[mif;EGrf;oGm;w,fvdkY r&Sdygbl;/
ylavmifrI&JU taMumif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;[m owå0gawG ylavmifae
wmudk jrifawmfrlw,f/ bmaMumihf owå0g
awG ylavmifaeMuovJ/ vdkcsif wyfrufwJh
pdwfawG? jzpfcsifwmawG odyfrsm;aewJh avm
b? taMumif;rnDñGwf&if vlawG[m onf;
cH cGifhvGwfrI rvkyfcsifbl;/ pdwfwdk pdwfqdk;
oabmxm; ao;odrfw,f/ tajymrcHEdkif
bl;/ a'gojzpfw,f/ aMumifusKd; qifjcifwkH
w&m;eJY raeMubl;/ &zdkYwpfck 0zdkYwpfck
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tus,f yifyef;cHNyD; ½kef;uef &SmazGaeMu
w,f/ vdkcsifvdkY &SmazGaeMuw,f/ 'DpdwfawG
aMumihf vlawG ylavmifaeMuwm ESvkH;yl
aqG; pdwfrat; jzpfaeMuwmudk jrwfpGm
bk&m; odawmfrl jrifawmfrlw,f/ vdkcsifwm
r&awmh pdwfqif;&Jw,f/ &wmawmhaum
pdwfcsrf;omovm;? rcsrf;omygbl;/ &vm
wJh ypönf;aMumihf pdwfqif;&JMu&wmyJ/ r&Sd
awmihfw &SdaMumihfMuqdkwJh twkdif;ygyJ/ a½T
r&SdwJhyk*¾Kdvf a½Tvdkcsifw,f? tdrfr&SdwJh yk*¾Kdvf
tdrf vdkcsifw,f/ at;? awmihfwJhtwkdif;
&&Sdvm yvm;qdkrSjzihf [m pdk;&drfvdkuf&wm?
'Dtdrfudk b,fvdk ta<u;qyfrvJ? b,fvdk
apmihfa&SmihfrvJ? 'Da½TawG olcdk;ckd;oGm;&if
55
b,fvdk vkyfrvJqdkNyD;awmh aomuylAsm
a0Mu&jyefwmyJ/
vlawG[m b,fawmhrS pdwfcsrf;omrIudk
r&Mubl;/ rsm;rsm; csrf;omav rsm;rsm; vdk
csifav? rsm;rsm;vdkcsifav rsm;rsm; pdwfqif;
&J&avyJ/ 'Dypönf;awGudk pkxm;rdvdkY vlawG
pdwfqif;&JaeMu&wm/ ypönf;r&SdjyefawmhvJ
pdwfcsrf;omrIudk r&jyefbl; avmurSm/ pm;
0wfaea&m; rjynhfpkHvdkY pdwfyifyef;&w,f/
udk,fyifyef;&w,f/ 'gaMumihf vlawG&JUESvkH;
om;[m tNrJwrf; ylavmifaew,fqdkwmudk
Ak'¨jrifawmfjcif; jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dyl avmifaewJh 'Dvlom;owå0gawG
&JUpdwfudk Nidrf;at;csrf;omvmatmif b,f
vdkvkyf&yghrvJ/ igbk&m;odxm;wJh w&m;
aawGudk olwdkYESvkH;om;xJrSm xnfhay;vdkuf
&ifawmh vlawG&JU ESvkH;oGm;awG csrf;om
oGm;rSmyJvdkY r[mu½kPm&Sif Ak'¨&Sifawmf
jrwf odawmfrlw,f/ odwJhtwGufaMumihf
owå0gwpfOD;wpfa,muf todnmPf&r,f
qdk&if a0;uGmwJh c&D;udk yifyef;pGmoGm;NyD;
w&m;awmfrlygw,f/
tJ'D Ak'¨ay;wJh todudk vlawG&oGm;NyD
qdk&if vlawG[m vufawGUpdwfcsrf;omMuyg
w,f/ pdwfcsrf;omvmawmh [m 'Dw&m;
[m wu,ftusKd;&Sdw,f? rSefw,f? oEd́u
vufawGU tusKd;&ygvm;vdkY em;vnfoGm;
Muygw,f/ bk&m;udk,fawmfwkdifuvJ igbk
&m;a[m½kHrQeJYvJ r,kHygeJYtkH;wJh? oifudk,f
wkdif usihfokH;Munhfyg/ usihfokH;vdkY wu,f
vufawGUtusKd;&rS vufcHygvdkY a[myg
w,f/ twif;t"r® vmygrdwfaqG ,kHvdkuf
prf;ygvdkY twif;,kHcdkif;zdkY b,fawmhrS rac:
ygbl;/

Nidrf;csrf;rI &,lykHESp frsKd;
wpfcsKdUu vlYb0xuf &[ef;jyKNyD; w&m;
usihf&if ydkaumif;w,fqdkNyD; &[ef;jyKMu/
awm&yfaqmufwnfMuw,f/ w&m;tm;
xkwfMuw,f/ vlawGvJ 'Dtwkdif;ygyJ tod
nmPf vkduf&SmMuw,f/ vufawGU Nidrf;csrf;
a&;w&m;u bkef;BuD;wdkY Ak'¨bk&m;a[mMum;
w&m;yJ jzpfygw,f/ bmNidrf;at;ovJ? bm
Nidrf;csrf;ovJ? pdwf&JU Nidrf;csrf;rI jzpfygw,f/
aumif;NyD? vufawGUNidrf;csrf;rIu ESpfrsKd;
&Sdygw,f/ eHygwf wyfNyD;ajym&&if eHygwf
wpf? yxrNidrf;csrf;rIw&m;/ eHygwfESpf? 'kwd
,Nidrf;csrf;rIw&m;vdkY ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/ yxr
Nidrf;csrf;rIqdkwm orxjzpfygw,f/ orx
onfvJ vlawGudk vufawGU Nidrf;csrf;ap
wwfwJh w&m;wpfckyg/ eHygwfESpf? vkH;0Nidrf;
at;oGm;wmu 0dyóemwJh/ vlawG&JUpdwf
avmb a'gom arm[ w&m;awG wpfcg
wnf; tukefvkH; csKyfatmif Nidrf;atmif
vkyfwwfwmu 0dyóem/
orxqdkwm bmvJ/ orxqdkwm vl
awG&JU pdwfESvkH;udk ukodkvfw&m;awG rjzpf
atmif ydwfqdkYwwfwJh tukodkvf eD0&P
w&m;qdkwJh pdwf&JUtajctaeawG &Sdygw,f/
wyfrufpdwf? aomupdk;&drfpdwf? trsKd;rsKd;
awGawmNyD; vGifharsmaewJh pdwf? odkYavm
odkYavm jzpfaewJhpdwf? ikdufrsOf;xdkifrIdif;ae
wJh pdwfawG? 'DpdwfawG[m vlawGrSm&SdwJh t
a&mifxGufwJhtxd yuwd pifMu,fNyD; oefY
&Sif;wJhpdwfawGudk aemufusK npfnrf;oGm;
apygw,f/ 'gaMumihf 'Draumif;wJh pdwf r
jzpfvm&atmif cE¨mukd,fxJrSm a&mufrvm
atmif b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdkwJh enf;vrf;
56
vkyfykHvkyfenf;udk Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu ay;awmf
rlcJhwmu orx jzpfygw,f/
pdwfcsrf;omatmif b,fvdk vkyf&rvJ?
bk&m;u wpfckwnf;aom tm½kHtay:rSm
rdrdpdwfudk wnfatmif Nidrfatmif xm;wm
[m orxjzpfygw,f/ tm½kHwpfcktay:rSm
pdwfudk wnfatmif Nidrf;atmif xm;ay;
vdkufygwJh/ tJ'Dvdk xm;ay;vkdufvdkY&Sd&if
pdwfwnfwJh twGufaMumihf Nidrf;aewJh t
wGufaMumihf csrf;omvmygvdrfhr,fwJh/
edAÁmefudk vdkcsifvdkY r[kwfbl;wJh
EdkifiHjcm;om;awG bkef;BuD;wdkY yk*HrSmvJ vm
NyD;awmh bkef;BuD;wdkYqDrSmvmNyD; w&m; tm;
xkwfMuw,f/ edAÁmefukd vkdcsifvdkY w&m;tm;
xkwfwmr[kwfbl;vdkY olwdkYvJ yGifhyGifh vif;
vif;yJ ajymMuygw,f/ olwdkYrSm tvkyfawG
odyfrsm;w,f/ pdwfxGufayguf r&dSbl;/ pdwf
tdkufNyD; pdwfzdpD;rIawG odyfrsm;w,f/ tvkyf
eJYtdrf? tdrfeJY tvkyfqdkwJh 0uFygxJrSm wpf
cgwnf; rGrf;usyfNyD; pdwfxGufaygufr&Sdbl;/
pdwfxGufayguf qdkwmudk vkduf&Smjyef
awmhvJ ½kyf&Sif wDAGDMunhf? nygwDyGJawGqD
oGm;eJY ,m,DcPwm aysmf½TifrIudkyJ vdkuf&Sm
Muw,f/ 'gawGu tNrJwrf; rcsrf;omwJh
tjyif pdwfawmif qif;&J&ao;w,f/ a[m
tjyefudk t&ufrl;rl;eJY um;armif;awmh ,Of
wdkufrIawGjzpf? ½kyf&SifwDAGDawG Munhfygrsm;
awmh rsufpdrGJvdkY q&m0efoGm;jy&eJY pdwfcsrf;
omrIudk &Sm&if;eJY vkH;yg; yg;Mu&jyefwmyJwJh/
'Dawmh Ak'¨w&m;udk tm;xkwf&if pdwfcsrf;
omrIudk &w,fqdkNyD;awmh w&m;tm;xkwf
vmygwJh/ bkef;BuD;awmh 'Dtwdkif;ajymMuyg
w,f/ 'gaMumihf olwdkY w&m;tm;xkwfwm

[m cPwmrQ pdwfcsrf;omrIudk vdkcsifvdkY
tm;xkwfwmom jzpfygw,f/
bkef;BuD; Ak'¨bmomawGu 'Dvdkr[kwf
bl;/ tNrJwrf;csrf;omcsifvdkY ,ckvdk w&m;
vma&mufNyD; tm;xkwfMuwm jzpfygw,f/
cPwm pdwfcsrf;Nidrf;csrf;rI twGufqdk&if
awmh orxw&m;yJjzpfygw,f/ tm½kHwpfck
udk pl;pdkufNyD;awmh wnfNidrfaewJh pdwf/
0dwufNidrf;oGm;wJh pdwf? orxpdwfayghav/
orxtm;xkwfwJhyk*¾Kdvf[m bk&m;udk
tm½kHjyKw,fqdk&if bk&m;tm½kHay:rSmyJ pdwf
0yfaewmrdkYvdkY wpfjcm;wpfyg;aom om;tm
½kH orD;tm½kH ypönf;tm½kHawG r0ifawmhbl;/
0ifvmzdkY tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;oGm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh pdwfcsrf;omw,f/ 'gorxaMumihf
pdwfcsrf;om&ykH jzpfygw,f/ w'*Ftm;jzihf
pdwfcsrf;omrIudk &w,f/
0dyóemusawmh cPav; pdwfcsrf;om
rI r[kwfbl;/ xm0&pdwfcsrf;omrIudk &
w,f/ bk&m;u orx&,f 0dyóem&,fvdkY
pdwfcsrf;omrIudk &apwJh enf;ESpfrsKd;udk a[m
awmfrlygw,f/ orxu 'Db0rSmvJ pdwf
csrf;omw,f? uG,fvGefwJh tcgrSmvJ jA[®mh
bkHudk a&mufNyD; pdwfcsrf;omw,f/ jA[®myJ
jzpfap b0wpfckdudk &NyDqdkrSjzihf cE¨mudk &
wmjzpfvdkY cE¨m'ku©eJY BuKH&jyefwmyJ/ aemuf
xyf aemufxyfvJ jzpfaevdrfhOD;r,faygh/
yef;wdkifudk qkawmif;vdkY r&
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&m;vrf;pOf/ b0cE¨m csKyfNidrf;oGm;wm[m
edAÁmefjzpfygw,f/ edAÁmef cE¨mr&Sd? a,musfm;
rdef;rr&Sd? avmb a'go rmetukodkvfawG
r&Sd/ obm0tNidrf;"mwf[m edAÁmefyJ/
57
omref rodwJhvlawG awG;awmp&m&Sdyg
w,f/ bmrSr&Sdbl;? obm0tm;jzihf Nidrf;
at;aewJh edAÁmefqdk&if cE¨mr&SdvdkY bmrS cH
pm;&rSm r[kwfawmhbl;/ bmrS rcHpm;&bl;
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eJY awG;ygvdrfhr,f/ wu,fawmh 'Dvdk r
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bl;/ yk*¾Kdvf owå0g a,musfm; rdef;rvJ r&Sd
bl;/ obm0Nidrf;at;wJh oabmom&Sdw,f/
edAÁmef&w,fqdkwm tJ'D oEÅdokc obmNidrf;
wJhqDudk a&mufoGm; &oGm;wmudk qdkwmyg/
cHpm;r&SdvdkY csrf;omaewmudk edAÁmefvdkY ac:
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aomtcgrS rcsrf;ombl;/
vlYjynf vlYavmu? ewfjynf ewf
avmu? jA[®mhjynf jA[®mhavmurSm b,f
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Ak'¨bmomawG&JU yef;wdkifygyJ/ 'gaMumihf Mo
umouefawmhcsKd;&JU aemufqkH;rSm ]edAÁmefudk
&&ygvdk\}vdkY qdkwm[m tJ'D &nfrSef;csuf
yef;wdkifudk qkawmif;aeMuwm/ 'gayrJhvdkY
edAÁmefukd qkawmif;vdkYawmh &rSmr[kwfbl;/
tm;xkwfrS &rSmyg/
'gaMumihf bk&m;u edAÁmefqdkwJh csrf;om;
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wdkufwGef;w,f/ tckeu orxenf;eJY tm;
xkwf&ifawmh cE¨mjzpftkH;r,f? 'ku©jzpftkH;
r,f/ 0dyóemenf;eJY tm;xkwf&ifawmh
cE¨mrjzpfawmhvdkY 'ku©csKyfNidrf;oGm;r,f/ 'g
edAÁmefukd rsufarSmufjyKwmyJ/ edAÁmefudk awGU
w,faygh/ 'g0dyóemenf;yg/ ½kyfw&m;emrf
w&m;awG ay:vGifxif&Sm;vmatmif od
atmifvdkY ½IrSwfwm[m 0dyóemyJ/ igwdkY

cE¨mudk,fxJrSm ½kyfw&m;emrfw&m; ESpfck&Sd
aew,f/ &SdaeayrJh rxif&Sm;bl;/ rjrifbl;/
vlwdkif;vlwdkif; rodbl;/ b,fvdkodaeMuo
vJ/ igh½kyfBuD;yJ? ighemrfBuD;yJ/ ihgcE¨mudk,fyJ
ighpdwfyJvdkY vlawG[m 'Dtwdkif;yJ odaeyg
w,f/ ighrsufpd ighem; ighESmacgif; ihgvQm igh
ukd,f ihgpdwf ighcE¨mudk,f igxkdifw,f igx
w,f igoGm;w,f igvmw,f igtdrfw,f
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jzpfaeMuygw,f/ ½kyfemrfESpfyg; wdrfjrKyfae
w,f/ Ak'¨u 0dyóemw&m;udk tm;xkwf
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&JU obm0udk todeJYvdkufNyD; jrifatmif
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½kyfw&m;awGuvJ rNrJbl;? emrfw&m;awGvJ
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rsufpdwpfrSdwf rMumcifrSmyJ zswfceJqdk
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wpf½kyf? pdwfw&m;awGvJ wpfpdwfNyD; wpf
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58
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59
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 60

csrf;omwJh tod? 'DtodrsKd;udk &atmifvdkY

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wif½IrSwfMuygpdkY/
om"k om"k om"k
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