-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 28 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

K. Rama Rao, Poluru. M. Aakamsha, Hyderabad. A. They should have

Q. Your brother who rides a Q. Should have been, Could have been É™«çöÀ done it =¢√∞¡xC îËÆœ
motor-cycle does not use a be forms Question tags
èπ◊ ᙫ BÆæ’-èπ◊E Öçú≈LqçC (é¬E îËߪ’-
helmet. Advise him to use a should or have).
®√ߪ÷L? ( ™‰ü¿’)
helmet. DEéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç It A. Should have been, could have been èπ◊ Q. They will have done
would be better for you, using Question tags, should, could form ûÓØË îË≤ƒhç. it; they would have
a helmet. ÉC éπÈ®é˙d Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? He should have been here by now, shouldn’t done it.
™‰ü∆ Éçé¬ à´’-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ he? A. They will have done
She could have been a collector, couldn’t You don’t need to go (need - main verb)
it = Future time
îÁ°æpçúÕ. ™ äéπ
A. It'll be better for you to wear a helmet/ she? èπ◊ îËÊÆÆœ Öçö«®Ω’. b) British English: Need they go now?
It's better for you to wear a helmet/ Q. Split infinitives (need - helping verb) =
èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù- They would have done it = ¢√∞¡xC îËÊÆ ¢√∞Ïx
You had better wear a helmet (ÉC ÅEoç-öÀ™ ©ûÓ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. American English:
best).
(é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’)
A. Infinitive
Åçõ‰, to + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Q. They can have done it; they could have done Do they need to go now?
Q. How do you do? DEéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç How do you Word) - to go, to come, to sing, etc. Need N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ British Englishèπ◊, American
it.
do? Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? ¢ËÍ® à´’-®·Ø√ Öçü∆? infinitive to 1st RDW English
Ñ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, èπ◊, -©èπÿ - A. They can have done it = (É°æ¤púø’) îËߪ’í∫LT èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ ÖçC.
A. ÅçûË, How do you do? ņúø¢Ë’ rule.
´’üµ¿u à ´÷ö« ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E British English™ needèπ◊ Å®Ωnç, have to/ must
Öçö«®Ω’/ Å®·-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa – ÉC áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøç.
How do you do ´·çü¿’, thank you îË®Ωa-´îª’a. I request you to kindly help me. ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË áèπ◊\-´í¬ question™/
They could have done it = ¢√∞¡xC îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞Ïx
Q. How are you? ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ I am fine Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Ñ sentence ™ to help infinitive. To, help- ©èπ◊ é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. notûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.
Å´¤-ûª’çü∆? é¬ü∆? ´’üµ¿u kindly ®√´úøç ´©x- -- - Q. They may have done it; they might have Need I see the officer now?
A. Thank You, I am fine. How are you, ÆæÈ®j† to kindly help, split infinitive. (Infinitive †’ Núø- done it. a) British English:
response. D-ߪ’úøç). I request you to officer (must/ have I
A. They may have done it = ØËE-°æ¤púø’ †’ îª÷ú≈™«?
Q. Return these books to the library ÅØËC éÀçC help me kindly ņ™‰ç. áçü¿’- They might
îËÊÆÆœ ÖçúÌa. to see the officer?)
¢√öÀ™ à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? éπçõ‰ (kindly (ü¿ßª’ûÓ) me have done it = Do I need to see the officer now?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 514
¢√∞¡xC îËÆœ
a) Making a request ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd. Å™« ÖçúÌa. American English: officer
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ †’ îª÷ÊÆ
b) Offering a suggestion ®√´úøç ´©x help ÅØË-ü∆-EéÀ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?
c) Giving an order b) He need not have

How dare you do that?

d) Making a statement
A. Return the books to the
library - ÉCrequest/
suggestion/ order Å´¤-
ûª’çü∆ ÅØËC ÅC îÁÊ°p-¢√∞¡x éπç®∏Ω-üµ¿y-EE •öÀd Kindly ü¿÷®Ω¢Á’i Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE.
Öçô’çC. é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁGûË order. éÌçîÁç *´J Åçü¿’-éπE éÌçü¿®Ω’ to kindly help ņúøç
´÷ô†’ áèπ◊\´ üµ¿yEûÓ Åçõ‰ suggestion. É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.
Please îË®Ωa-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Ç üµ¿yEûÓ Åçõ‰ request,
statement ´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’.
Irfan, Nandyal.
Q. á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ ®√vA 9.00 í∫çô-©èπ◊ éπLÊÆh à´’E N≠ˇ ü¿ßª’ûÓ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd request
îËߪ÷L?either good evening, or good night. ¢√úÕûË Kindly ¢√úø†´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
A. Good evening Åçö«ç. ®√vA-°æ‹ô Åçû√ ´÷ö«xúÕ
NúÕ-§Ú-ßË’-ô-°æ¤púø’, Evü¿-§ÚßË’ ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ good
night ÅØ√L.
Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
؈’ Í®°æ¤ É©’x ë«S îËÆæ’hØ√o†’.
A. I am vacating tomorrow.
Q. ؈’ F∞¡Ÿx °æö«dL. GçüÁ áéπ\úø ÖçC?
A. I have to draw/ collect water where’s the ves-
sel? (GçüÁèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô english™ ™‰ü¿’.)
Q. Vote of thanks Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
A. Vote of thanks Åçõ‰ Ææ-¶µº -*-´®Óx ´·êu ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊,
Éûª®Ω Ç£æ›-ûª’-©èπ◊, Æ涵º ≤ƒ°∂‘í¬ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-éπ- Q. 'Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’— -†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
Jç-*† Åçü¿-JéÃ, éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’úøç.
¢Á·ü¿ô, Chief guest (´·êu ÅAC∑)/ President/ Q. 'ᙫíÓ™«— -Å-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -îÁ-§ƒp-L?
Chairman (Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊©’)/ Guests of honour
(íı®Ω´ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊) Thanks îÁ•’û√ç.
It’s my privilege now/ I have the privilege
now to propose a/ the vote of thanks.
First of all, on behalf of (ûª®Ω-°æ¤†) The
Association (Æ涵º†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îË-¢√®Ω’), and on
my (own) behalf, I’d like to thank Sri/ Smt...
for her presence here on this occasion.
Inspite of his/ her busy schedule, but she
has accepted our invitation and be here,
and thanks to him/ her once again for his/
her valuable message (Ææçü˨¡ç).
Next, our thanks go to Sri/ Smt.... for...
We like to thank also Sri.../ Smt...
Smt/ Sri... next deserve our thanks for...
We thank also those who decorates the
stage, etc.,
Finally we thank all those who are present
here for their valuable presence.
ÉC †´‚Ø√ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ´’† Ü£æ«, ¶µ«≥ƒ ñ«cØ√Eo I return = ؈’ AJ-íÌîËa ÆæJéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æE °æ‹Jh-îËÆœ
•öÀd Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a.
Q. They should have done it.
gone there - British
English: ¢√úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-Lq†
N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’.
(é¬F ¢Á∞«xúø’) – ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈
Q. They must have done it; Öçú≈LqçC.
A. They must have done it = îËÆ œ He didn’t need to go there - American English
Öçú≈L ¢√∞¡Ÿx, Å®·-§Ú®· Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË ¢Á∞Ïx Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ (¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa/ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa)
Å®ΩnçûÓ. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC– American English™ need
Grammar v°æ鬮Ωç É™« ®√ߪ’úøç ûª°æ¤p.
They must have passed the áèπ◊\-´í¬ main verb; DE ûª®√yûª °j† ûÁL-°œ-†ô’x
Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ É™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç ¢√úø’Èéj exam = Exam pass ÅßË’u Öçú≈L.
§Ú®·çC. ‘to’ ´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC.
Otherwise they wouldn’t have got Seem Åçõ‰ Å™« éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç request ņ-úøç-™ØË M.SURESAN the job = ™‰éπ§ÚûË ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ job ´îËaC
ÅE éπü∆: seems ûª®√yûª to be/ to + 1st RDW
é¬ü¿ ’ (´*açC) (do, go, take etc.,)/ to have + past participle
Q. They need have done it; they ought have (pp)
I request you to help me î√©’. He told me ´≤ƒh®·.
done it; they seem have done it. a) He seems to be a good fellow =
to slowly drive the car. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ to slowly drive, Åûªúø’
split infinitive- ûªÊ°p. He told me to drive the car
Ééπ \úø dare, need, seem, ought © ûª®√yûª to
´’ç*-¢√-úø’í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.
slowly, better. Split infintive Å®·Ø√ split îËߪ’E
´Ææ ’hç C éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x OöÀE to ûÓ á™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç- b) He seems to like it = ü∆EE Åûªúø’ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-
infinitive Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’.
î√™ îÁ°æpçúÕ. †oô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.
They ought to have done it = ¢√∞¡xC (ûª´’
Q. Vocabulary °ç-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ à¢ÁjØ√ °æü¿l¥-ûª’-©’çõ‰ c) He seems to have gone home = Åûªúø’
üµ¿®Ωtçí¬ / ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûªí¬) îËߪ÷-LqçC, é¬F îËߪ’-
ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’? ÉçöÀéÀ ¢ÁRx§Ú-®·-†-ô’dçC.
™‰ü¿’.
A. áçûª English îªC-NûË, Åçûª Vocabulary °ç- Ought to - äéπ °æEE ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûªí¬ îËߪ’úøç
Q. They dare have done it. -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ.
éÓ-´îª’a. Vocabulary O’ü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ èπÿú≈ î√™« (must - Çïc/ Å´-Ææ®Ωç)
A. Dare èπ◊ È®çúø®√n-©’-Ø√o®·–
ÖØ√o®·. He ought to take care of his children = ûª† °œ©x-
Q. ÅçûË-éπü∆?-Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™  -à-´’-Ø√-L? 1) Ææ¢√©’ îËߪ’úøç 2) áçûª üµÁj®Ωuç? ÅØË ¶µ«´ç. ©†’ í∫’Jç* Åûªúø’ v¨¡ü¿l¥ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L (üµ¿®Ωtç, ØÁjAéπ
A. Isn’t it so?
Ææ¢√©’ îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓØË dare to ´Ææ’hçC. ¶«üµ¿uûª)
He dared me to a fight = †-†’o -Å-ûª-úø’ §Úö«x-ôèπ◊ You ought to have given him some respect;
A. Then/ in such a case
Ææ¢√©’ î˨»úø’. after all he is much older than you =Åûª-úÕéÀ
Dare = ≤ƒ£æ«-Æ œç-îªúøç/ áçûª üµÁj®Ωuç ÅE ques- †’´¤y ´’®√uü¿ É¢√y-LqçC; àüË-´’-®·Ø√ Åûªúø’
tion™ Ç üµÁj®Ωuç-™‰ü¿’, ÅE negative™ ¢√úøû√ç.
A. Somehow or the other.
Féπçõ‰ î√™« °ü¿l éπü∆?
Ééπ\úø to ®√ü¿’.
Q. Can èπ◊ able to èπ◊ ¶µ‰ü¿ç èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îÁ°æpçúÕ. How dare you do that? = ÅC îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª
K. Krishnaiah, Rajampeta.
A. Can = îËߪ’-í∫-LT Öçúøôç – ÉC ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç
Q. is not he who came
üµÁj®Ωuç Fèπ◊? -Å-ûª-úË éπü∆ E†o ´*açC?
îË Æ æ ÷h ÖçúÌîª ’a, ™‰éπ-§ Ú-´ îª ’a. He dare not face her = Ç¢Á’†’ áü¿’-®Ì\ØË üµÁj®Ωuç
yesterday? ÉC éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?
Able to = îËߪ’-í∫-LT, îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’.
A. Is he not the one/ Isn’t he the one who came
ÅûªúÕéÀ ™‰ü¿’.
I can play cricket = ؈’ cricket Çúø-í∫-©†’. Need †’ È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç –
yesterday?
(Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Çúøôç ïJ-Tçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) 1) Main verb í¬ I need your help = F Q. He is a man who came yesterday.
I am able to cricket = É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ cricket Çúø- Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç she doesn’t need any
This is he (man) who came yesterday.
í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’ èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË È®çúÕç- more money = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÉçÍéO’ úø•’s Å´Ææ®Ωç
öÀéà Åçûª ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ™‰ü¿’. OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®èπ◊d? ™‰ü∆ ÆæÈ®j† -¢√éπuç -ûÁ-©’°æç-úÕ.
A. This is the man (one) who came yesterday.
2) Need as a helping verb - ÉC áèπ◊\-´í¬
question ûÓ†÷, ™‰ü∆ not ûÓ†÷ ¢√úøû√ç. Q. éÀçC¢√öÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ-™éÀ ´÷®ΩaçúÕ.
K. Chandu, Sirisilla.
You need not pay now = †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ îÁLxç-îª- – F ®Ω’ùç ؈’ B®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. – °Rx™ ¢√úË ÅéÀ~ç-ûª©’
†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
They shall have done it; A. I am ever indebted to you/ I can’t repay your
Need ¢√úø-éπç™ British, American English-
A. They shall have done it = ¶µºN≠æuûª’h™ äéπ © -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ ÖçC. debt.
time Termeric coated rice English
American English ™ need †’ helping
™°æ © ¢√∞¡ xC îËÆ œ Öçú≈L. ÅØÌa, é¬F, ™
They shall have finished the work by the time verb í¬ ¢√úøôç î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô-™‰ü¿’.
a) British English™ You need not go
(need - helping verb) =
Öçú≈L.
American English:

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm