Альманах УНС 1936 - Ювілейна книга УНС

digitized by SVOBODA
(jubilee ook
. of the
Ukrainian cNationalc^ssociation
Bn commemoration o f the fortieth
A n niversary o f its existence
i9 3 6
Vrinted in the United States of America

By the Svoboda Q?ress, (Jersey Gity, c7V. j.
Copyright,
UKRAINIAN
193 7, by
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
Printed in the United States.
Inc.
.
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____________________________________________________________________ __ 749
CONTENTS
______________________________________________________________________
Page
1
OSTAP HRYTSAY: THE BULWARK BEYOND THE SEAS (poem ) ______________
Dr. LUKE MYSHUHA: DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN OUTLOOK

A. Before the appearance of the Svoboda : Introduction. l. Out
into the unknown ( 8 ) . 2. The new world ( 1 2 ) : New York
City. America at the crossroads. The labor problem. Church.
Americanization. Country of contrasts. 3. Beginnings of Ukrain
ian immigration ( 2 7 ) : Up to the organization of the first community.
Prior to the publication of Svoboda. B. Basic principles of
Svoboda : Breaking the ground ( 4 7 ) . 1. Who are we and
where are we?
( 5 1 ) : Our truth. 2. Uniting the Ukrain
ians ( 5 4 ) : a. In Brazil, b. In Canada, c. In the Hawaiian
Islands, d. In the Philippine Islands, e. In the United States of
America, f. From Green Ukraine (in the Far East), g. Bukovina.
h. Trans-Carpathian Ukraine, i. Galicia, j. Greater Ukraine. 3.
America and Americanization ( 1 0 4 ) : A free country. Citizenship.
Have we perished?
Business. Settling on the farms. The American
way. Relations with other Slavs. Lithuanians and White Ruthenians (so-called White Russians). The Irish. The woman question.
Loyalty to America. 4. Cultural-educational strivings ( 1 3 2 ) :
Learn, my brothers* Publications. Committee on Adult Education.
In various fields. For the youth. 5. People, Church and Clergy
( 1 4 8 ) : Be apostles of truth, enlightenment, and patriotism. Two
types of clergy. Religious intolerance. Russophilism. Building of
Churches. Strengthening ecclesiastic union. Misunderstandings. The
present attitude: American. 6. The labor question ( 1 6 1 ) : In
favor of labors union, education, and struggle for rights. Strikes and
strike-breakers. Helping with words or deeds?
Labor front.
C. Conclusion: What we sought to express ( 1 7 1 ) .
PREFACE
VASILE SHCHURAT: ANTHEM OF UKRAINIAN-AMERICANS ________________
177
DMYTRO HALYCHYN: FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PAST AND

PRESENT ____________________*_______________________ _____ _______________
178
Their beginnings and aims ( 1 7 8 ) . In America ( 1 8 1 ) . Re

forms ( 1 8 2 ) . Under state control ( 1 8 5 ) . Their characteristics
( 1 8 6 ) . Their significance ( 1 8 7 ) . The Ukrainian National
Association ( 1 8 8 ) .
Page
STEPHEN MUSIYCHUK: ANTHEM OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSO
CIATION _________________________________________________________________
Dr. LUKE MYSHUHA: THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION __________
Introduction. Its basic principles and founding ( 1 9 4 ) . . Putting
the principles into practice ( 1 9 7 ) . Enlarging its program (1 9 9 ) .
Weeding out undesirable elements ( 2 0 0 ) . The peoples will
( 2 0 1 ) . Dissension ( 2 0 3 ) . The Reform the turning point
( 2 0 4 ) . Towards unity ( 2 0 6 ) . Conclusion.
192
193
MATHEW KOSTYSHYN: THE FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE U. N. A.

(poem) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
208
NICHOLAS MURASZKO: CONVENTIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL

ASSOCIATION ____________________________________________________________
209
What they taught ( 2 0 9 ) . Conventions (2 1 1 ) . Conclusion ( 2 3 0 ) .

ROMAN SLOBODIAN: THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION IN THE
LIGHT OF STATISTICS __________________________________________________
231
Number and location of members of the Ukrainian National Associa

tion at the close of 193 5 ( 2 3 1 ) . An unlimited field for further
endeavors ( 2 3 5 ) . How many members died, how much they paid
into the Ukrainian National Association, and how much was paid to
their beneficiaries ( 2 3 5 ) . Amount of
January l, 1915 to December 31, 1935
causes of death ( 2 4 6 ) .
sick benefits paid from

( 2 4 5 ) . Number and
SAVA CHERNETSKY: WINTER AND SPRING IN UKRAINE (poem) ____________
249
STEPHEN MUSIYCHUK: THE DEATH OF AUTUMN (poem) __________________
249
EUGENE LACHOWITCH: THE MORAL INVESTMENT OF THE U. N. A . ________
250
DMYTRO ZAKHARCHUK: HOLY NIGHT (poem)
_____________________________
254
SAVA CHERNETSKY: SOLDIERS OF TODAY (poem) ________________________
254
MEMOIRS OF EARLY IMMIGRANTS __________________________________________
255
Dennis Holod ( 2 5 5 ) . Dmytro Kapitua ( 2 6 0 ) . Theodosius Talpash

( 2 7 0 ) . Rev. N. Pidhoretsky ( 2 7 6 ) . Dennis Perch (2 7 8 ) .
DMYTRO ZAKHARCHUK: FOREIGN LAND
(poem)
__________________________
286
MIKOLA HORISHNY: IN MISFORTUNE WE GREW (poem) __________________
286
REV. PETER PONIATISHIN: THE UKRAINIAN CHURCH AND THE U. N. A.
287
EMIL REVYUK: DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN POLITICAL

OUTLOOK ________________________________________________________________
Without political orientation ( 3 0 1 ) . Political indifference ( 3 0 1 ) .
Fiist organizations ( 3 0 3 ) . Struggle to preserve national con
sciousness ( 3 0 4 ) . Clash over orthography ( 3 0 6 ) . For the
recognition of the Ukrainian national name ( 3 0 7 ) . - National and
social affairs ( 3 0 8 ) . Development of Ukrainian nationality in
America ( 3 1 0 ) . Organization of efforts ( 3 1 3 ) . ChurchNational organizations ( 3 1 3 ) . Secular organizations ( 3 1 4 ) .
Federation of Ukrainians and the Ukrainian National Committee ( 3 1 7 ) .
United Ukrainian Organizations of America ( 3 2 0 ) . Forecast ( 3 2 3 ) .
'Page
BOHDAN LEPKY: OUT INTO THE WIDE WORLD (poem)
324
JOSEPH STETKEWICZ: UKRAINIAN SCHOOLS IN AMERICA

__________
First appeals ( 3 2 5 ) . Early schools, teachers, and textbooks (3 2 8 ) .
Society and the School ( 3 2 9 ) . The second period (3 33 ).
Third period (3 3 7). The present status ( 3 4 2 ) .
325
EMIL REVYUK: UKRAINIAN LITERARY AND ART ACHIEVEMENTS IN

AMERICA _______________________________________________ _________________
343
I. Literature: First Ukrainian literary commentators (3 4 3 ).

Poetry ( 3 4 4 ) . Short stories ( 3 4 7 ) . Novels (3 4 9 ) . Drama
(3 5 0 ). Popularization of science (3 5 1 ) . Scientific literature
( 3 5 1 ). II. Architecture and interior decoration ( 3 5 3 ) . III.
Painting and sculpture ( 3 5 4 ) . IV. Applied arts ( 3 5 7 ) . V.
Folk dances ( 3 5 8 ) .
MIKOLA DANILCHENKO: ORGANIZING UKRAINIAN ECONOMIC RESOURCES
IN AMERICA _____________________________________________ _______________
360
DMYTRO ZAKHARCHUK: QUEEN OF DREAMS (poem)
364
__________________ _
LEV YASINCHUK: HOW THE OLD COUNTRY VIEWS UKRAINIAN IMMIGRA

TION IN AMERICA ______________________________________________________
365
Foreword. Causes of emigration ( 3 6 5 ) . How well has the

Ukrainian emigration served the Ukrainian cause?
What have the
Ukrainians contributed to America ( 3 6 7 ) . The emigration taking
care of itself ( 3 6 8 ) . Emigration in the service of the nation ( 3 6 9 ) .
Emigration in the service of the old country (3 71 ). Future
relations between the old country and the emigration (3 7 7).
MATHEW KOSTYSHYN: ARISEl
(poem) ________________________________ _____
380
Dr. VASILE SHCHURAT: HOW THE UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN ANTHEM AROSE.
381
STEPHEN MUSIYCHUK: TO THE PIONEERS OF THE U. N. A. (poem )
...............
382
OLENA KYSILEVSKA: WHAT OUR EMIGRATION HAS GIVEN US AND WHAT

IT CAN GIVE US ____________________________ _________________________ _
383
DMYTRO DOROSHENKO: THIRTY YEARS AGO
_________ ___________ _
389
Dr. OSTAP HRYTSAY: OF IRON AND S T E E L __________________ _______ _
391
GENERAL VICTOR KURMANOVICH: FIGHT AND CONQUER ________________

The army of the U. N. A. The lesson was not wasted.
The immigration will be there.
396
ALEXANDER KOLESSA: P O E M S ________________________ ___________________ ____

Swans Flying Away. Native Soil. The Bitter Word.
398
EUGENE ONATSKY: BEYOND THE BORDERS OF THE FATHERLAND________

Emigration a tragic aspect (3 9 9 ) . From an economic to a
political emigration ( 4 0 0 ) . Italian view on emigration. Ukrain
ians abroad ( 4 0 2 ) . Care of immigrants in the past and present
( 4 0 3 ) . Fostering the ideal of Unity ( 4 0 5 ) . Care of youth.
A permanent contact ( 4 0 6 ) . Serving our.fatherland (4 0 7 ) .
399
SISTER SEVERINA (of the Order of St. Basil): EMIGRATION IN UKRAIN

IAN LITERATURE _________________________________________________________
408
MATHEW KOSTYSHYN: FIGHT INJUSTICE (poem ) __________________________
411
Dr. ALEXANDER SUSHKO:
UKRAINIANIZATION
412
THEODOSIUS KASKIW: UKRAINIAN SONG AND THEATRE IN A M ER IC A ____

Beginnings ( 4 2 0 ) . The Ukrainian National Chorus ( 4 2 4 ) .
Ukrainian theatrical presentations ( 4 2 6 ) .
420
AMERICANIZATION AND
MICHAEL HAYVORONSKY: UKRAINIAN MUSIC IN AMERICA ______________
431
PETER TURCHYNSKY: HE SHALL RISE AGAIN (poem )
____________________
439
Dr. ALEXANDER SUSHKO: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW
IMMIGRATIONS AND OURSELVES _______________________________________
440
Dr. LUKE MYSHUHA: MATERIAL SUPPORT OF THE OLD COUNTRY BY

OUR IMMIGRATION _______________________ ______________________________
VASILE HALYCH: DISTRIBUTION OF UKRAINIANS IN THE UNITED STATES
Distribution ( 4 5 l ) . How many Ukrainians in the U. S. A. ( 4 5 5 ) .
The latest figures (45 6 ).
449
451
MATHEW KOSTYSHYN: THE WARRIOR SPIRIT (poem ) ___________ _________
457
DMYTRO ZAKHARCHUK: WHY?
457
(poem )
___________________________________
VOICE OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION

(English section)
IVAN FRANKO: BE READY
(Poem, translated by Waldimir Sem enyna) ______
450
STEPHEN SHUMEYKO: THE UKRAINIANS ___________________________________

Historical Tradition: Our Land, But Not Belonging To Us ( 4 6 0 ) .
Kingdom of Kiev ( 4 6 1 ) . The Ukrainian Kozak State (4 6 5 ) .
The Ukrainian National Republic ( 4 7 4 ) . Present Status (4 7 8 ) .
Literary Tradition: Oral Literature ( 4 8 2 ) . Written literature
(4 8 4 ) . Other Cultural Traditions: Language. Music. Dance.
Costume. Home Arts. Architecture. Fine Arts. Religion ( 4 8 9
4 92 ). In America ( 4 9 3 ) . Their Youth ( 4 9 6 ) .
460
STEPHEN W. MAMCHUR: UKRAINIAN CULTURE CH A NG E__________________
498
I. Definition Of Race And Culture ( 4 9 8 ) : 1. The term Ukrain

ian. 2. The myth of racial superiority. 3. Cultural differences
between groups. II. The Natural Process Of Ukrainian Culture
Changes In America ( 5 0 1 ): l . The immigrant situation. 2. Natural
defined. 3. Ukrainian culture change indicated by changes in specific
and typical culture traits. III. Degree Of Ukrainian Culture
Retained, And American Culture Absorbed (5 0 4 ) : 1. Degree of
American culture absorbed, indicated by processes of change of typical
categories of culture. 2. Degree of Ukrainian culture preserved, ex
pressed in terms of mores, and social organization. IV. Effective
Rational Ukrainianization And Americanization Techniques ( 5 0 6 ) :
1. Range within which man can rationally effect natural processes.
2. Effective rational techniques of preserving. Ukrainian culture.
3. Effective rational techniques of accelerating Americanization.
V. Appraisal Of Rational Americanization and Ukrainianization Pol
icies Practiced Or Advocated ( 5 0 9 ) : 1. Americanization programs.
2. Ukrainianization activities.
Page
OLES: WHAT CHARM A NATIONS RESURRECTION (Poem , translated
by Waldimir Sem enyna) _________________________________________________
512
LESYA UKRAINKA: PLEASE DONT SING

(Poem, translated by W. Se
m enyna) __________________________________________________________________
512
JOSEPH D. STETKEWICZ: THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE _____________________
513
MARY ANN BODNAR: THE ASSOCIATION, AS A YOUNG MEMBER SEES IT
520
STANLEY PATRONICK: WHY WE SHOULD BELONG TO THE UKRAINIAN

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION ___________________________ ____________________
523
TARAS SHEVCHENKO: THE TESTAMENT (Poem, translated by E. L. V oynich)
527
TARAS SHEVCHENKO: EVENING (Poem, translated by W. Sem enyna) ______
527
HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN COMMUNITIES, AND BRANCHES OF THE U. N. A.

(In Ukrainian)
529
U. N. A.: MEMBERSHIP AND ASSETS __________________________________________
748
IN D E X ___________________________________________________________________________
749
*
MAP
OF
UKRAINE
____________________________________________________________
XVI

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A HISTORY OF AMERICAN LIFE (the Emergence of modern America 186 5

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, , ,
,
. ,
, ,
, (Waldo
2 N. Y. EVENING POST, April 3, 1890.
A lady in ball costum e, with diam onds in her ears, and her toes out of
her boots.
* THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE, November 17, 1935, p. 8, 17.
Frank), , ,
.6
,
,
( ), ,
: ,
, ? 6
.
?
,
. .
. ,
, ,
,
, Go West, young man, go West
( , , ),
! ,
. cover
ed wagon ( ) , .
(open country),
, ,

land of opportunity. ,
, .
, .
: .
,
, .

,
.
: ;
. ,
, .
,
.
,
. .
5 America is a joyless land, and nowhere is this so crying clear as in the
places of New York Broadway, the m ovies , Coney Island where joy is sought .
(THE NEW YORK WORLD. Arranged by Harold Bruce and Guy M ontgomery.
New York, 1 9 2 7 ).
6 What sort of world was this, w h eie people were judged by the amount o f
money they had? (IN THE SHADOW OF LIBERTY, by Edward C orsi).

:^ .
.
: .
,
, .
, .
, .
, .
,
.
, .
, ,
,
, :
/
.
, , ,
90
.
,
,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
, . ,
(terrible butchers)
, ,
, .
,
.8

,
7 It produced a philosophy with a healthy enough basic principle: the necessity
and desirability of the survival of the strongest and the best; but when the doctrine
appeared in practice, it was bare, unrelieved selfishness-fierce, cruel, anti-social .
(LOUIS ADAMIC: Dynamite, New York, 1931, p. 2 2 ).
8 The slackers, the young blood who had waited until they were sent for,
the indispensable young legal and commercial luminaries who had bought som e one
else to do their dying for them while they remained safely at hom e . (AMERICA,
by Hendrik Van Loon, 1927, pp. 4 1 9 -2 0 ).
, . , , ,
, ,
. ,
, touch of the soil,
,
. , ,

.
. , ,
, ,

.9 ,
, 6 (. . Yerkes, F. F. Ryan, W. L.
Elkins, P. A. ,B. Widener, W. C. Whitney, Thomas Dolan)
() ,
, , , , 80
. ,
, .
.
, ,
,
. , ,
. ,
, . .
.10 . ,
.
, .^

.
9 Theodore Roosevelt, Bryan and Wilson represented each within his party:
,,a mood, in which the common man regarded himself as oppressed, as in danger
of becoming stratified economically, a mood of revolt against organized wealth, of
resentment against the union of ,,big business and the boss system in politics .
(OUR TIMES. THE TURN OF THE CENTURY (1 9 0 0 - 1 9 0 4 ), by Mark Sullivan,
p. 10 2 ).
10 ,,The average American in the 1 880s accepted democracy as he accepted the

telephone, sanitary plumbing and the electric light, expecting someone to furnish him
with as much of them as he needed, or could afford, and keep them in goodi running
order. (A HISTORY OF AMERICAN LIFE, by Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Volume X,
p. 3 8 7 ) .
.
,
,
.
, Knights of Labor, The Brother
hood of Locomotive Engineers i The American Federation of
Labor, ( 1887 1889)
.
,
,
. , ,
500
,
,
, , .
,
-,
.
, ,
, 1894 .
, ,
, .11
. 1884 .
(Hock
ing Valley coal strike)
,
. .
,

.
.

. Knights of Labor
. ,
.
(1886
p.). Rerum Novarum
,
.
, 1880 1890
,
11
. . .trade unionists were excluded from the church (Lutheran) on the
ground that membership in a labor organization violated the law of God . (Ibid.,
p. 331) .
. ,
.
,

. , , ,
, .
,
(),
-
(The Molly Maguires),
(, ),
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
. -
(of good moral character),
.
,
1886 .
(Haymarket Square) ,
.
(Lingg),
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
:
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
. . (Louis Adamic,
Dynamite, 1931, New York, p. 79) .
Arbeiter Zeitung ( 8. 1885)

-.
(18. 1886): ^ ,
.
,
, .
. , , ,
- ,
.
, .
.
, ,

.
.
,
,
.
.
.
, ,

! ,

.

(Allan Pinkerton),
, (
). 1854 p., 1884
p., ,
,
, .
1892 p., 15
,
.
,
, ,
, .
,
(Robert Bruce), ,
: They were the scum of the earth. There is not one out
of ten1that would not commit murder; that you could not hire
him to commit murder or any other crime.
, ,
,
,
. Break Strikes, X
, .12
,
(Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers),
1877 p. Philadelphia-Reading
, , , , , 77 .
, 1886 .
McCormick Reaperworks, ,
,
Homestead Strike,
(1892). , .,
Carnegie Steel Company Amalgamated Association of
Iron, Steel and Tin Workers. .
()
10 .
,
, ,
.
, .

-,
,
.
, :
Twas in a Pennsylvania town not very long ago,
Men struck against reduction of their pay,
Their millionaire employer with philanthropic show
Had closed the mills till starved they would o b e y . . .
, . . (1894),
Pullman Strike,
3,600 , ,
, deputy
marshals of the United States. ,
(Chicago Superintendent of Police, Brennan)
,
thugs, thieves and ex-convicts.
12
By 1885 the United States had become the first manufacturing country in
the world. The new wealth of the nation did not filter down to its producers, however,
except in a thin and unsteady stream. Unwilling to depend upon chance or generosity,
the labor movement gave battle. The great Riots of 187 7, the Homestead battle and
the Pullman strike were but a few of the instances in which the agony of labor broke
out in revolt. To stifle these rebellions, three factors were brought into play: the
private detective agencies, the courts and the military . (I BREAK STRIKES, the
Technique of Pearl L. Bergoff, by Edward Levinson, New York, 1936, p. 1 8 ).
,
,
, , ,
.
. , ,
, , .
,
,
, ,
, .
, .
, .
, .

, , 1907 .
, 1925 .
10 .
1914 . $100,000,
, ,
$200,000 $400,000.
1925 p.,
$4,000,000. , ,
, . ,
.
,
.
. 1910 p. The Philadelphia Rapid
Transit Company $2,374,961,
,
$350,000 . 1916 p., The Inter
borough Rapid Transit Company $2,025,481,
a Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company 1920 p.
$2,483,483,
$2,237,690. .
,
. , ,
, ,
, 1901 . ,
, ,
,
.
.
,
, . ,
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
,
, ,
,
.13
,
. 80- ,
18 22,000
, 60,000 ,
.
- - .14
, .
(1887 p.),
, , ,
, ,
.
150
. (Salvation Army) (1879 .)
.

,
. ,
Christian Science,
,
.
.
,
, . 1875 . 40 ,
. (Ireland)
:
13 . . . t h a t everyone should be allowed to go to heaven in his own way. (A
HISTORY OF AMERICAN LIFE, by Arthur Meier Schlesinger. Volume X., p. 3 2 0 ) .
14 Ibid., p. 332: . . . o f the older faiths the Roman Catholic and the Jews alone
knew how to attract and hold the laborer and the immigrant newcomer.
.
. . , Kopci,
,
, .
(Elihu Root) ,
.
, - ,
, , ,
- . ,
, .

, 22. 1908 p., . Kopci,
, , ,
,
. ,
,
.
,

, 1907 . 1,285,849
.
.
,
Normal and Industrial Institute,
. .
(Booker . Washington).
-
, , , ,
.
,
^
.15
,
,
, .
1882 1898 89 .
, .
. , 214 ( 1900 1901).
15
Theoretically the European and the American recognize the fact that black
and yellow, and copper-colored creatures also have the right to exist.
In practice,
however, they prefer such creatures when they know their place and shine their
boots for them or do their masters laundering. (AMERICA, by Hendrik Van Loon,
1927, p. 4 1 2 ).

(William Allen W hite)
- ,
,
, .16
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
- , ,
.. , ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, (1888)
29,000 ,
(1890 .) .
.
, , ,
. , , , .
,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,

, .
,
,
, .
1900 . 6 , ,

. ,
,
,
EMPORIA GAZETTE, March 20, 1899:
Only Anglo-Saxons can govern themselves.
. . . I t is the Anglo-Saxons manifest destiny to go forth as a world
c o n q u e r o r .. .
This is what fate holds for the chosen people. It is
so written. It is to be.
, , , . .
, $10,000
75 , $75,000
.
,

.17 , , 1893 p.,
, 1894 p.,
(Jacob Selcher ) .
, 1891 . ,

. . ,
,
, , ,
.
,
. ,
.
(Andrew Carnegie),
,
, . , (John
D. Rockefeller), , ; (Michael
Pupin) ,
(Joseph Pullitzer)
, .

, ,
,18 ,
.
(Beveridge) ,
,
'
.
17 Thus, while capitalistic greed ground the faces of the poor under its iron
heel, individual potentates of wealth lavished millions upon hospitals, libraries, colleges,
churches, museums and art galleries for the good of all. While the panic palsied the
countrys industrial energies and turned hordes of the jobless into the streets, an
extraordinary outburst of philantropic relief effort attested the essential humanness
of the American ch a r a c te r ... (THE RELIEF OF THE UNEMPLOYED DURING WINTER
OF 1893-94, Journal of Social Science, XXXII, 1 8 9 4 ).
18 A small boy with diamonds is no match for a large burglar with experience.
(LIFE, November 5/ 1 9 0 0 ).
,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
,
.

. , , ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
? ,
, , ?
, ,
,
, .19
, ,
, ,
.
3. .
.
6. 1913 p.:

. ,
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.

, ,
,
, , ,
.
*
19
I hope that my great-grandchildren may be able to speak in such a fashion
without revealing themselves as hopeless liars.
(AMERICA, by Hendrik Van Loon,
1957, p. 41 3) .
1913 ,
, ,
, ?
,
.
, .
,
, .
, .
, , ,
, .
, 18-
,

.
. 1724 .
, , ,
-.
, . , ,

. ,
' .
, , : .
1867 . ,
, .
20,000,
, .
,, , ,
-.20
,
. 1899 .
Oakland Enquirer, ,
( ), The Cossacks, an enslaved
people. (, ).
. .*1
20 , . 11, 1894.
21 , . 8, 1899. :
, ,
. ,
, . ,
. ,
. .
, (
), .
, .
,
, .
, ,

.
.

, .22
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.
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.
.
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.
. .
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;
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, ,
.
,
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.
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25 ,
. . ,
, , .
,
.
.
. ,
.
, , ,
. (: , ).
22 :
1) , , 1893, . 19 20.
2) , -. .
, , 1894.
3) 1901 . , , .
4) . . , , ., 1935 ., . 112-122.
19. 1832 . .
. 1853 . , 1857 .
.
,
. ,
, , , . ,
. 1865 . .
. . , ,
. , ,
.
1868 . . 1.
1868 . , : CURIOUS IDEAS OF THE POET TARAS
SHEVCHENKO. G ,
, , . . .
.
.
,
.

, ,
60- pp. .

, ,
, ,
,
, : Occidental Hotel, I.
Ohon, Proprietor.

, . ,
( . 21, 1904) :
,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
, , ,
, .
,
, ,
, ,
1870 . 1875

. ,
, .
,
.

1877 p., ,
,
.
, 90- . .
,
, .
, ,
,
, ,
,

.
20
. . , .
,
. 1872 p., 1873 .
, , .
, , . ^ ,
, . 3. 1916 .
, ,
, .
,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
, , . ,
1880 . , . . , ,
1882 .
, .
.
, ,

,
, ,
.

, .
,
, Bate
, ,

,
1868 .
,

1831 .
,
. ,
. 1842 .
.
.
1844 .
14- ,
, , ,
:
\
, ,
, . ,
. ,
,
(!) (!) ( ).
.
. . .
, .
.
(!) .
, .
, ,
. ,
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, . .
?
, .
: , .
, ,
,
.
.
, 1881 .
,
.

1863 .
, ,
50 .
. ,
. 1855 .
1856 . , .
,
,
. , ,
(1880 p.),
,
:
, ; , !
, ,
, , .
, 3!,

, ,

,
.
. ,

, . . (),
, , ,
, , , ,
,
. (
: Stanisaw Osada Historya Zwizku Narodowego
Polskiego, Chicago, 1905).
, ,
,
,
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
, .
.
,
, ,
, , .
. ,
.
- ,
, , .
(,1897 p.).
, .,
1880 p., . :
,
, , ',
, . ,
, ,
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, , ,
0,,
. ,
,
,
.
.
,
, ,
,
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.
: ( . 45,
1897).
, ,
,
, 1894 . . :
, , , .
, , . ,
, . ,
, , ,
, . : ,
, ,
.
, , : . , .
, ,
, .
,23 , ,
, . . , ,
19 1884 p., .
,
( 1885 p.), . .
.
,
. 1. 1888 p., ,
,

,
,
- .
. ,
. , '
,

23
. 1857 .
. 1889 . 1892 . , .
1896 . .
.
, (, . 12, 1897).
. 1923 .
, , . :
)
. -. . , 1934, . 12-13.
) . . : 3 , , 1904.
III) j . 21, 1904, . .11. 14.
. , ., .
1887 . , ., 1889 .
, .
.

.
.
.
( )

. , Jersey City, N. J.
(1887), Olyphant, Pa. (1888), Shamokin, Pa. (1890), S.S. Pitts
burgh, Pa. (1891), Mt. Carmel, Pa. (1891), McAdoo, Pa. (1891),
Philadelphia, Pa. (1893), Ramey, Pa. (1893).
1890 . ,
10 -. 7,400 .2*
1887 . .
, . ,
. .
. . ,
1889 . , .
. ,
, 1890 . . , ,
. . ' . . .
-.
, . ,
. . (1894 p.), -.
, 26 , 4 .
, .
,
. 1887 .25
.
. 26
24 23II, . 13.
25 -p 4. 1859 . . , .
, ,
, - ,
10 . .
, . .
, . . . .
, .
.
. , .
1932 . : - : .
. . , 1931, , . ., . 69-72.
26 , 1912 . (. 36) , .
, :

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.
, , ,
. ,
;
, ,
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, . ,
. : ,
, . ,
, .
.
. ,
, - .
, . . , , ,
. 1886 .
:. , .
, , .

. .
, ,
. ,
- , ,
, -,
, , , , -
.
. .

Knights of Labor,

. .
.

, , , .

,
,
.
,
,
.

,
- ,
.
,

.
. . .

, . .
( - ,
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.
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. 0. .
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, 1898 .
.
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.
,
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.
. , ,
.
, . -"
, .
, ., 1894 .
-. , , ,
,
, , . .
. . .
1891 . 1891 p., , .
. 1892 . . . ,
.
,
1892 p., . 4. 1901 . (
. . ):
: -.
: -. , -. ,
-. -. .
. , . ,
, .
, . , ,
. .
27 - . : . . . , 1931, . 71.
.
.
, . . :
- , ,
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, .
: Magyar kiralyi ,
.
, .

,
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.
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.29
, :
, (Paint me as I am).
, .
()
,
. ,
,
. ,
, -. .
. . (, . 21, 1904)
:
, . . ,
, , . .
, , . ,
, -
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. ,
, . ,

, .
28 : / . ,
1914, . 290.
29 . . : 3 , . 25-26.
,
, , ,
,
, (. .
. 48 1897 p.).
1890 .
,
, ,
.30

,
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.
,
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, . ,
.
. ,
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,
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. 1891 .
-. , ., .
, ,

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. . ,
.
.

. 30 , . 83.
. 1885 .
. .
. 1887 .
6 (, ,
, , , )
,
$500
1. 1889 .
14 .

.

. ,
.
,
, ...
.

, Kato
licka Jednota, Narodni
Slovensky Spolek i Pennsylvanicka gr. kat. rim.
kat. Jednota,
, ,
,

-.81
,
. ,
-.
.

-. ,
1892 . -.
,
, ,
-, , .

. , ,
, .
81. : 3 . . . , 1914, . 313.
1899 .
- . 1889 . 20,000 ,32 . ,
, ,
1877 1887 33,886 ,
1888-1898 74,379 . 5. 1895 .
300,000
. , , ,
.
,
. , , , ,
,
. -
.
,
. :
? :
: , ,
, , ,
, .
, . , ,
.
.
,
-
, , Kopci,
: criminal, social dregs
and rogues, immoral, vicious off-scoundrings.
,
. , ,
,

,
.**
20- .
, 32 . : . . 1909, . 78.
, .
(. 108-109).
33 , . ., 15. 1893 .
. , -. . . 1. 1901 .
:
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1913 .) . . ,
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.*
* :
:
15. 1893 . 19. 1895 , . .
18 1895 15 1896 , .
2. 1896 12 1900 , .
1. 1900 2 1903 , .
9. 1903 29 1906 , .
20. 1906 6 1911 . , . .
13. 1911 . , . .
:
1. 1894 . ,
1914 . 8. 1914 . 1920 . 3.
1921 . .
:
. . (1894 .) .
. . 1895 . . .
. . , . 1900 .
. 1907 . (). . .
1908 . $16.855.
. . .
$30, 1897 . $50. 1902 . 10 .
1921 p., , > .
:
. . (1906 .) ,
- , , ,
.
:
1895 p., , . .
1897 . . . .
. . . .
: - , , ,
. ,
. 1900 . ( 1904 .
) . 1. 1907 . 8.
27. 1910 . : ,
. , . , . , , , ,
, . : ,
, . , . , . , . .
: . .
, , . .
3. 191 . 30. . 1911 . ,

. . , , 1911 . 19. 1912 p.
. 26. 1912 . 14. 1919 .
. 16. 1919 . 1920 .
. . ( 1914 .
1. 1916 p., 1. 1917 . 1. 1926 p.).
1910 1920 . : . , . ,
, . , , . , . , - , . . . .
1920 . . . , :
. , . 4. 1921 .
, , .
. : . . 1925 . : -
.
1925 . ,
. . ,
. . .
1926 . -
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1926 1933 . , 1933 .
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1926 1933 . : , ,
.
1933 . .
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1921 1936 . : (. ), -
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1936 P.:
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31. 1935 . 6 , 4 ,
$49,909,37.
:
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. 1914 . 20,000 . .
4,000 . .
. 1915 . 14,000 .
. .
1917 .
5,000 .
.
, 1935 p.,
15,000 .
. ,
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1. Bedwin Sands The Ukraine 2. Jaroslav Fedorchuk Memo
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Ukrainian Weekly ),220 .
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our youth ,
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The Ukrainian Weekly is for the youth.
The youth alone shall be
its matter.
Its voice alone shall be heeded here.
The Ukrainian National Association has undertaken to bear extra cost
of this publication, in order to give our youth the opportunity of having an
exclusive organ of its own; written in its own style and language; wherein
it can meet, exchange its thoughts and ideas, come to a better understanding
of each other, and perhaps point out those paths of endeavor which shall
lead to a newer and better life.

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1898 . ,
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. . ., 1914, . 96.
10 , . 104.
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1899 . :
, .
. .
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.
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.
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18 , . 47, 1910.
19 .
20 . . , 1914, . 229.
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.
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1916 .
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.
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.
.

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,
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, ,

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,
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.
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21, . 41, 1911.

22, . 42, 1911.
. 43, 1911.
. 153, 1920.
.
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,

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, ,
, . , 1914
, , . .
25,335 .

6,000 .
- 1917 . 11,735
. .
,
.
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.
,
.
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.
.
20
$261,729.46. 1914 . , 20
, 1934 p., . .
$3,747,851.60.
' , ,
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,
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, 22 1894 .
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,
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, . . ,
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.

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, ,

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.

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30- ,
.
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,

. . , , ,
. ,
, ,
. . - .
1.
. . , .,
. 1894 , .
17. . .
, - .
, ,
$400 $200
50 . , ,
,
,
, $220.35.
, ,
, , $400
$200 (
),
.
,
,
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, ,

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.
,
.
,
.
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, . ; : . . , . . , . . , . ;
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, . .
,
, ., 15. 1895 , , 1894
$1,142.75, $1,007.22 505 ,
66 .
,
, .
( ) : . ,
, . , .
2.
, ., 1895
. . . , . .
.
'$605.60. ,
1894 p., 439,
$605.60, ,
.
: ,
. , . . . ,
. ; : . . , . ,
. ; .: . . ; : . . , . , . , . , . , . ;
. : . . , . . , . .
, .
, .
, ., 1. 1896 , ,
$400 $500.
3.
. , ., 2. 1896
. . . , .
.
, 6
$2,300 .

, 500,
12 .
35 ,
35 10 .

50 ,
$500.
,
, , ,
,
16 , 45 ,
.
, , 45 ,
.
,
10 .
1897 .
,
,
50 .
, 45
.
.
,
10 .
: ,
. , . .
, . ; : . .
, , ; .: ;
: . . , . . , . . , . , , ; . :
. , , , , .
4.
, ., 8. 1897
. 15. . .
, . . .
, .
1,019 , $2,944.93.
, 1
25 .
, 20
.
, .
, , ,
,
.
: ,
. , . . ,
. ; : . , .
, ; : . . ,
, , , , . ;
. : , , . ,
. .
5.
, ., 7. 8.
1898 . 24. . .
, . , . . .
,
574, , $5,688.57. , , 1,593.
,
.
500 600 . ,
, 50 ,
25 .
, $300.
, ,
, , ,
.
, 90
.
, .
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.
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.
: ,
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6.
, ., 12. 14.
1900 . . . ,
. Bix 41.
, 3,067,
$10,184.40.

. ,
50 50 ,
, ,
$600 . ,
, 16 25 , 50 , 25 35 $1.00,
35 45 $1.50.
,
50 70 ,
50 .
,
Russian Little Russian National Union.
,
.
: .
, . ,
, . . , ,
; : . , ,
; : , , .
, . , , ;
. : , , ,
, .
, ,
. ., 11. 1901 p., ,
,
.
7.
, . ., 18.
20. 1902 . . . ,
. . .
60 ,
3,384 , .
31 57 . $14,252.19.

. . ,
,
,
,

, ,
,
,

,

.
,

.
,

10
,
.

-.
.

. . . (1908)
$50.
. . .

:
. . , . . ,
, ;
: . . , ; ;
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; -. : , ,
, ', .
' , ., .
2. 1904 . . . ,
. . . . 48,
: . , . ,
. , . , . , . , . . .
1904 10-
. .

: .

,
,
.
20 ,
37 .
, . ,
, , 1902 1904, 106
. , 10
134 85 22 . 10
241 , $94,578.

$5,463. ,
10 $27,157, 10 $127,198.
10 $145,193.
, 10
$17,993.34. 5,857 ,
. $3 .
, , ,
25 .
:
, . . , .
, . . . . , . . ,
. . . . ; : . . , . , . ; : . , . , .
, . , . , ; .
: . , . , . ;
. . . . .
,
,
. ,
, .
,
, .
, 25 $10.
, ,
, ,
$10 .
.
.
9.
, ., 25
28 1906 . 72. .
. , . . .
, 139
7,888 . $23,705.34.
,
70 ,
.
,
8 ,
1914 .
$1,000, ,
2 ,
1 1 .
, . . . .
,
.
:
, . , . . . , . ,
. ; : . ,
, ; : ,
, , , . ,
.
, 10. 11.
1907 p.,
$50, .
10
, ., 7. 10.
1908 . 121. . .
, . . . .
,
$217,284.28. $171,213.02.
$46,071.26.

. $21,017.50
, $16,646.27 , $1,567.03 ,
$1,647.03 $5,193.43 .
,
10,266.
,
45- .
,
,
,
.,
.

21 1908 . $16,855.
,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
-
, . . , .
$200 ,
,
.

.
,
.
: , . . -, .
. , . . . ,
. , . . ,
, . -.
, . ; .
. ; : . . ,
, ; : , ,
, , , .
, 1909 p.,
$200 , .
,
.
: . , . , . , .
. . .
11.
, ,
20. 23. 1910 . 202.
. . , . . .
, . .
, .
,
- , ,
,
. ,
.
- ,
- ,
.

. . .
.
, . .
14,430 1,767 .
, . .
, , $100,388.96.
, 12
, ( ) 8 ,
, ^

$500.

. . $212.
:
, . , .
; : . . , . ,
, . . ; :
, . , . . ; : , .
, . , , . , . ,
. .
1910 , 12. , , .
,
, 1911 , ,

,
, 10
, a l l .
, .
, 1911
1,016.
12 .
, ., 9
14 1912 . 229. .
. , . . .
, . .
,
$140,530.87, ,
, , 14,917.
,
,
.
,
,
$100 , $300
.
25 .

.
, 7 3 .
: - . , .
, . . , . , - . , . . .

, 45 .
$2,500,
$500, . . $500 . .
$500.
: , . , . .
; : . , .
, . ,
. , ;
: . . , , ; :
, . , . , . , . .
.
1912 .
. . . $2,000.
1914
.
1914

.
13.
, . ., 7. 12.
1914 . 312. .
, . . .
. . ,
.
12
.
(Ukrainian National Association).
,
, ,

National Fraternal Congress Table of Mortality
1915 . . .
20 ,
.
,
, 18 50 , , 40 .
, : $100, $250, $500,, $750, $1,000, $1,500 $2,000,
$100, $250, $500, $750 $1,000.
, ,
, : 17
,
, 10 ,
5 , 3 .
,
20,549 , 4,786 .
,
, $261,729.46.
$101,406.23.
,
1914 . , : , , . .
, , ,
, ,
. . . . .
.
. . , , , ,
, ,
100%.
. . 1914 ?
, 1915 ,
, . . 21-
. , ,
, 1914
$595,351.06. $101,406.23.
. . , 1914 , $493,944.83.
, 1914
. . .
,
.
.
,
,
, , 1915
. ,
,
, , ,
. . .
, ,
, ,
, .

, , ,
, ,
.
$1,000
$500
.
: , . , . .
; : . . , .
, ,
; : . ,
, ; : , -
, , ,
.
' , 1915 ,
$255.
.'. 1916 p.
, ,
13- . . ,
$24,785.08.
3.
, , $21,650, - .
$575.
$2,491.54.
$24,716.54. $68.54.
, . . ..
$978.69,
$750
$150. $78.69.
, $68.54 $78.69, . .
.
, 1917 ,

$1,000.
, . .
$100.
14.
, .,
22 27 1917 . 118.
. , . . .
, . .
.
,
. ,
. . .
1914 . . ,
.
, . .
1917 $432,012.56. . .
_ $186,508.55.
, . .
9,822 1,913 .
, . .
55- , 50- .
, 3 ;
( )
. . ;
.
.
, ,
, ,
.

, 174, .
, 18 ,
3 . ,
.
10 5 ,
5 .

.

, ,
.
:
, . ,
. . , . . . , .
, ,
; : ,
, ; : , -
, , ,
, , .
. . , 1918
, $100 ,
.
1918 , . ,
, , . .
. . ,
1919 p., ,
. ., $5,000.
. .
,
.
, 1920 ,
$2,000
, ,
1919 .
1920 , . ,
, .
15.
, ., 11
16 1920 . 199.
. , . . .
,
. . 1920 .
,
, .
.
1920 . . 12,237,
$9,583,250. . . $586,317,98, $16,473.55.
,
1915 , . ,
, , .
; : . . ,
. . .

, .

,
5. , : . ,
, , .

. . ,
.
, "
,
. . .
,
. . , ,
.
1921
. , ,
1. 1921 .
$5,000
.
()

.
:
, . , .
. , .
, . , ;
: , , ;
: , ,
, , , ,
; : . ,
, .
1921 ,

. . . . .
, 1921 ,
$3,000 ,

.
, 1922 ,
$50
, ., $100.

.
1922
, . .
.
, 1923 ,
$500.
$250 .
$100 $100
.
, 1924 ,
$50,
$100, $100, $100,
$50, $50, $50,
$50, $50, $35,
$15 $150.
16.
, . ., 6
11 1925 . 282.
, . . .
, 1922
. . ,
,
,

.
,
. . 58 , . .
17,011 , $14,003,650, 9,510
.
, . .
1914 1925 '$1,334,415.47.
. . : 1917 86%, 1920 100.6%, 1921
106%, 1922 117%, 1923 114%, 1924 117%.
, . . , $100
$2,000, . . ,
.

, . . , ,
.
. . , :
,
20 .
,
20 .
,
70 .
, , .
,
, ,
.
. . .

.
-
: $500, $500,
$200, $600 ,
.
: , . , .
. , .
, . ,
; : , ,
; : , . , - , , ,
, , ,
.
, 1927 p.,
,
.
: . , . , . . .
$100, $100, $100, $100, . $50 $50.
, 1927 p.,
: $200, $100,
$100, . $50, $50,
$50 $50.
10. 1927 . . . ,
25-
, 25 . .
. . . .
, .
,
: 25
.
. , .
, . . :
, . . .
.
. , 25 ,
. . , . , ,
.
, 1928 p .,
$200, $100,
$50, $200,
$200, . $50, $50 $100.
17.
, . ., 13
18 1929 . 330.
, -
.
, , , 1925 1929, . .
6,831 , . .
$2,196,884.17 . . ,
.
JI. ,
. .

.
17- ,
60
.
, . . , 25 ,

, ; 25 .
25 ,
.
, . . ,
, 424 ,

.

. ,
,

, .
. ,

.
,
:' $1,000,
$200, $750,
, , $200, .
$100, $100, $100,
$200, .. $50.
:
, . , .
. , . ,,
. , ;
: - , ,
; : - ,
, , , . , , ,
.
, 15 1929 ,
. ,

. .
, 1930 p.,
: $300, $250,
$100, $100, $100,
$100, $100, $100,
$50, $50 $50.

,
.
, 1931 p.,
$200
.
: $200,
$200, $200, $100,
$100, $200, . $50, $50,
$50, $50,
$50.
, 1931 p.,
,
,,
,
. . , , ,
.
, ,
,
, . 1932

.
, 1932 p.,
: $200, $200,
$100, $100, $100,
$100,
$50, $50, $50, $50,
$50, $50.
18.
. , ., 15
20 1933 . 297.
. . , . . .
: 19,831 12,015
, 1932 $25,000
,
, . .
, , ,
3,848, 4,379, . .
, , , ,
. . .
$2,941,338.92,
$314,966.96.
. .
, . . , ,
. . .
. .
: 5, 13, 22, 28, 35, 39, 47, 55, 62, 67, 98, 109, 112, 121, 123, 136,
154, 167, 183, 210, 212, 219, 236, 241, 304, 326, 327.
. . ,
,
. . .
, . .
,
.
, . .
.
,
, ,
. . .
.

, .

$1,000, $300, $1,000,
$500,
$500, $300, $200,
$200, $200, $200,
$100, $100, $100,
$100, $50
$50.
:
, . . , .
. , .
, ;
: . . , , ;
: , , , ,
, , , ,
.
. . ,
1933 ,
(
).

,
W. ,
,
5 ,
,
.
, 1933 ,
$200 .
1933 . .
40- . . .
, 1934 ,
. . . . .
, . .
. . , , ,

. . .
: $250,
, ., $200; $150, $250, $100, $100, $100,
50, $50, ,
, $50; . .
$100, $100, $100.
. . , . . .
, 1934 ,
,
1925 , , , .
, 1935 p.,
: $700, $700,
$300, $200, $100, $100, .. $100, $50,
$50, $50, $50,
$50, $150
$100.
$50
,
$25.
$850 3,400
. . ,
.
40-
. . :
, ,
.
.
. , . .

, ,
.
, .
, ,
. . . , . . .
.

. .
, .
. .
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, , ,
,
. ,
.
1.
. .
1935 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Chicago, 111.
Cleveland, .
New York, N. Y.*
Philadelphia, Pa.
Rochester* N. Y.
Jersey City, N. J.
Newark, N. J.
Perth Amboy, N. J. ___
Elizabeth, N. J.
Detroit, Mich.
Allentown, Pa.
Scranton, Pa.
i
Chester, Pa.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Hamtramck, Mich.
Ambridge, Pa.
W oonsocket, R. I. ______
Youngstown, Ohio
Syracuse, N> Y.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
McKees Rocks, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
St. Clair, Pa.
Carnegie, Pa.
Holyoke, Mass.
Bayonne, N. J.
Wilmington, Del.
Ansonia, Conn.
Minneapolis, Minn, ____
Yonkers, N. Y.
Carteret, N. J.
Passaic, N. J.
Northampton, Pa.
Auburn, N. Y.
1 . . . .
1| | || | |
678
507
714
446
364
375
357
296
256
241
154
192
174
169
207
149
150
142
139
141
123
125
81
96
128
131
115
134
98
118
88
88
68
112
369
475
298
307
249
191
207
230
165
133
156
143
139
102
114
125
108
93
94
71
85
78
89
61
61
65
72
62
83
46
64
63
70
72
1,047
982
1,012
753
613
566
564
526
421
374
310
335
313
271
321
274
258
235
233
212
208
203
170
157
189
196
187
196
181
164
152
151
138
184
198
182
149
195
95
113
82
95
101
80
98
65
90
95
53
60
56
60
51
50
45
35
59
66
35
42
40
25
31
40
43
37
41
17
195
175
122
32
85
85
81
77
101
73
83
64
68
104
66
59
42
46
43
42
41
42
50
47
43
22
32
26
28
34
36
38
40
14
393
357
271
327
180
198
163
172
202
153
181
129
158
199
119
119
98
106
94
92
86
77
109
113
78
64
72
51
59
74
79
75
81
31
,1,440
1,339
1,283
1,080
793
764
727
698
623
527
491
464
471
470
440
393
356
341
327
304
294
280
279
270
267
260
259
247
240
238
231
226
219
215
* ,
.
. . .

35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
Bethlehem, .
Centralia, .
St. Louis, Mo.
Shamokin, Pa.
McAdoo, Pa. _
Johnstown, Pa.
Ford City, Pa.
Mahanoy Piane, Pa. ____
Monessen, Pa.
Campbell, Ohio
Buffalo, N. Y.
Mt. Carmel, Pa.
Wheeling, W. Va.
New Haven, Conn.
New Kensington, Pa. __
Easton, Pa.
Akron, Ohio
Palmerton, Pa.
Lorain, Ohio
Hazleton, Pa.
Curtis Bay, Md.
Bridgeport, Pa. _
Trenton, N. J.
Berwick, Pa.
Baltimore, Md.
Olyphant, Pa.
Lancaster, Pa.
Frackville, Pa.
Aliquippa, Pa. _
Utica, N. Y.
Taylor, Pa.
Astoria, N. Y.
Millville, N. J.
Providence, R. I.
Ramey, N. Y.
Boston, Mass.
McKeesport, Pa.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Olean, N. Y.
West Pullman, 111.
Woodhaven, N. Y. ______
Bentleyville, Pa.
E. St. Louis, 111.
Rhone, Pa.
Rossford, Ohio
Binghamton, N. Y. _ _
Toledo, Ohio
Cohoes, N. Y.
Avoca, Pa.
Ormrod, Pa.
Minersville, Pa.
Stapleton, N. Y.
Rankin, Pa.
Clifton, N. J.
Sayre, Pa.
Herkimer, N. Y.
Paterson, N. J.
Hartford, Conn.
Derry, Pa.
Little Falls, N. Y.
Troy, N. Y.
Hudson, N. Y.
Lakewood, Ohio
1 . II . . . ||
1| || | | ||
77
83
88
111
84
87
79
68
83
85
98
71
58
79
80
56
62
57
46
43
65
43
48
32
61
71
61
58
44
54
55
62
56
56
50
59
56
46
29
37
48.
46
55
52
42
44
37
52
39
38
56
48
26
48
48
38
41
53
27
27
38
37
33
67
52
68
55
64
40
53
64
53
62
32
45
58
49
44
55
43
46
45
26
32
44
32
54
30
30
26
39
36
32
44
35
35
47
23
26
25
34
33
41
31
32
38
18
34
20
32
20
31
22
14
28
22
28
31
29
16
13
43
26
18
28
21
144
135
156
166
148
127
132
132
136
147
130
116
116
128
124
111
105
103
91
69
97
87
80
86
91
101
87
97
80
86
99
97
91
103
73
85
81
80
62
78
79
78
93
70
76
64
69
72
70
60
70
76
48
76
79
67
57
66
70
53
56
65
54
36
44
32
32
38
28
29
38
31
20
27
22
23
14
26
20
22
26
30
40
19
29
29
23
22
15
22
19
31
24
14
13
19
13
28
22
16
12
29
14
17
13
8
23
18
26
19
12
13
21
20
13
27
11
5
10
18
19
18
19
18
8
13
34
33
23
12
19
39
32
22
24
23
18
33
27
23
14
26
30
27
27
33
22
21
27
26
21
16
23
15
19
19
16
17
16
8
20
8
16
21
22
20
16
18
7
13
12
15
14
17
18
18
9
10
23
10
12
19
20
7
2
15
7
3
8
70
77
55
44
57
67
61
60
55
43
45
55
50
37
40
46
52
53
57
73
41
50
56
49
43
31
45
34
50
43
30
30
35
21
48
30
32
33
51
34
33
31
15
36
30
41
33
29
31
39
29
23
50
21
17
29
38
26
20
34
25
11
21
214
212
211
210
205
194
193
192
191
190
175
171
166
165
164
157
157
156
148
142
138
137
136
135
134
132
132
131
130
129
129
127
126
124
121
115
113
113
113
112
112
109
108
106
106
105
102
101
101
99
99
99
98
97
96
96
95
92
90
87
81
76
75

98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
Desloge, Mo. _
Amsterdam, N. Y.
Muskegon Hts, M ic h .__
Iselin, Pa.
Seymour, Conn.
Jamaica, N. Y.
_ _
Phoenixville, Pa.
Bristol, Pa.
Milwaukee, W i s . _
Port Jervis, N. Y.
Bound Brook, N. J. ___
Breslau, Pa.
Gary, Ind.
Great Meadows, N. J . __
Stamford, Conn.
Shenandoah, Pa.
Ramey, Pa.
Raritan, N. J.
Kansas City, Kan.
Manville, R. I.
New Britain, Conn. ___
Frankford, Pa.
Elmira, N. Y.
Yorkville, Ohio
Mahanoy City, Pa.
Mayfield, Pa.
Watervliet, N. Y.
Westbury, N. Y.
Titusville, Pa.
Smoke Run, Pa.
Manville, N. J.
S. Plainfield, N. J.
Altoona, Pa.
Manchester, N. H.
New Alexandria, Pa. ___
Spring Valley, N. Y . ___
Coatesville, Pa.
Donora, Pa.
Bristol, Conn.
Slickville, Pa.
Nesquehoning, Pa. _ _
Nazareth, Pa.
W. Newton, Pa.
Bronx, N. Y.
Barnesboro, Pa.
Southport, Conn.
Whippany, N. J.
Nanticoke, Pa.
Hempstead, N. Y.
Fulton, N. Y.
W. Hammond, 111.
Plains, Pa.
Crompton, R. I.
Durhamville, N. Y.
Lackawanna, N. Y. _
W. Harvey, 111.
- Coaldale, Pa.
Northumberland, Pa. -----Locust Pt., Md.
Riverhead, N. Y.
Niagara Falls, N. Y . -----Rahway, N. J.
Emerald, Pa.
1 . II . . . ||
1 | || | | ||
36 1
39
37
21
33
32
29
23
30
23
22
21
27
28
32
38
21
26
20
35
34
28
22
27
19
25
23
28
18
21
21
18
25
17
21
19
24
19
14
29
9
15
21
21
11
17
15
23
19
20
14
18
19
15
15
18
12
16
7
17
17
10
11
20
22
27
10
26
25
20
14
20
17
29
17
20
19
25
12
17
16
18
22
9
13
20
14
18
14
10
12
16
16
16
12
3
18
10
16
7
9
6
10
5
6
14
15
23
14
8
6
8
9
8
8
8
8
11
10
6
11
11
5
9
10
1
56
61
64
31
59
57
49
37
50
40
51
38
47
47
57
50
38
42
38
57
43
41
42
41
37
39
33
40
34
37
37
30
28
35
31
35
31
28
20
39
14
21
35
36
34
31
23
29
27
29
22
26
27
23
26
28
18
27
18
22
26
20
12
12
4
4
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4
9
9
15
8
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10
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16
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6
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7
16
6
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11
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15
19
13
13
12
7
11
21
7
20
9
5
4
3
5
7
5
6
4
5
5
6
11
6
6
12
4
8
4
1
6
11
7
9
5
23
10
7
14
18
10
11
6
17
10
6
3
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13
11
6
1
8
13
10
12
10
11
8
10
11
8
11
8
6
5
9
5
12
10
8
2
13
16
4
2
5
6
11
6
6
5
10
6
4
3
4
2
5
3
7
6
5
6
8
19
13
9
42
14
16
23
33
18
27
16
27
18
16
6
13
24
20
22
3
17
19
16
17
21
18
24
16
22
19
16
23
25
18
22
17
19
21
29
9
33
25
9
6
8
11
18
11
12
9
15
11
10
14
10
8
17
7
15
10
6
12
19
75
74
73
73
73
73
72
70
68
67
67
65
65
63
63
63
62
62
60
60
60
60
58
58
58
57
57
56
56
56
53
53
53
53
53
52
50
49
49
48
47
46
44
42
42
42
41
40
39
38
37
37
37
37
36
36
35
34
33
32
32
32
31
. . . . |
| | || | .| |
___
Sykesville, .
Central Falls, R. I . _!
Glastonbury, Conn.
Etna, Pa. ____________
Linden, N. J. _______
Lundys Lane, Pa. ___
W hitestone, N. Y.
Yatesboro, Pa. _______
Iselin, N. J. _________
Peekskill, N. Y. _____
Derby, Conn. _______
Glen Lyn, Pa. ______
Export, Pa. _________
Danbury, Conn. _____
Tams, W. Va. ______
Latrobe, P a . __ ______
H. on Hudson, N. Y.
Simpson, Pa. ________
Hammond, Ind. _____
Edwardsville, Pa. ____
Sharon, Pa. _________
W estchester, N. Y.
Oxford Furnace, N. J.
Madison, 111. _________
Erie, P 'a._____________
Woodbine, N. J. _____
Manchester, N. Y. ___
Bellefonte, Pa. _______
Williamstown, N. J. __
Zanesville, O h io ______
Sublet, Wyo. ________
E. Chicago, Ind. _____
New Castle, Pa. _____
Plainfield, N. J. _____
Joliet, 111. ___________
Peoria, 111. __________
Zeigler, 111.___ ______
Canton, Ohio _______
Forbes Road, P a . _____
Farrell, Pa. __________
Jeannette, Pa. _______
New Brunswick, N. J.
Broadalbin, N. Y. ____
Lublin, Wis. __.i_____
Phoenix, 111. _________
Portland, Ore. _______
Far Rockaway, N. Y. _
Coscob, Conn. ______
Toronto, Ont., Canada
Wallingsford, Conn. _
Jessup, P a . ___ ______
Maplewood, N. J . -----Vandergrift, Pa. - _____
Homer City, Pa. _____
Amherst, Mass. ______
Butler, Pa. ____ ______
Leechburg, Pa. - _____
Thomaston, Conn. ___
Kempton, W. Va. ____
~
12,793 8,190 20,983 11
4,561 | 4,047 1 8,608 || .29,591
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$20,920.95.
. . ,
, , , . .
, .
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
Shamokin, Pa.
Mt. Carmel, Pa. __
Olyphant, P'a.
Elizabeth, N. J.
Jersey City, N. J.
Mt. Carmel, Pa.
Astoria, N. Y.
Brownsville, Pa. ________
Hastings on Hudson, N.Y.
McAdoo, Pa.
Elmira Heights, N. Y. __
Yonkers, N. Y.
St. Clair, Pa. _ _
Ansonia, Conn.
Waterbury, Conn. _
Yonkers, N. Y.
Troy, N. Y.
Watervliet, N. Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
New York, N. Y. ______
Buffalo, N. Y. _
Bridgeport, Pa.
Lansford, Pa.
Spring Valley, N. Y.
W est Pawlet, Vt.
Youngstown, Ohio
Seymour, Conn. _
Pricebury, Pa.
Homer City, Pa. __
Jessup, Pa.
Hamtramck, Mich.
Mayfield, Pa.
Binghamton, N. Y.
Manor, Pa.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Homestead, Pa.
Derby, Conn.
Shamokin, P a..
Rankin, P a . ______
Trauger, Pa.
Jersey City, N. J. --------Bellvernon, Pa.
Tams, W. Va.
---------
160
50
51
4
52
17
10
13
2
46
7
18
34
46
5
35
6
18
19
6
4
6
42
2
8
3
17
10
4
15
11
15
1
2
10
11
7
3
10
4
8
4
3
133,900.00
41,700.00
37,800.00
2,000.00
36,500.00
11,200.00
6,250.00
10,400.00
1,500.00
37,900.00
4,700.00
14,750.00
30,450.00
38,900.00
4,000.00
28,200.00
3,700.00
14,250.00
13,400.00
3,750.00
2,900.00
6,000.00
29,500.00
1,500.00
7,000.00
2,500.00
13,850.00
6,100.00
4,000.00
10,900.00
9,250.00
9,000.00
500.00
1,200.00
9,500.00
8,500.00
6,250.00
2,600.00
9,750.00
2,700.00
6,500.00
2,200.00
3,000.00
132,311.46
41,100.00
36,950.00
2,000.00
36,500.00
11,200.00
6,250.00
10,400.00
1,250.00
37,450.00
4,700.00
13,625.00
30,450.00
38,600.00
4,000.00
28,200.00
3,700.00
14,250.00
12,700.00
3,750.00
2,900.00
5,100.00
29,500.00
1,500.00
7,000.00
2,500.00
12,950.00
6,100.00
2,990.30
10,900.00
8,750.00
9,000.00
500.00
1,200.00
9,500.00
8,500.00
5,350.00
2,600.00
9,250.00
2,700.00
6,410.92
2,200.00
3,000.00
20,920.95
6,331.23
3,315.56
128.14
4,241.00
1,424.12
576.57
277.97
95.40
4,251.01
274.45
1,725.06
3,245.27
5,936.02
206.86
4,513.52
167.51
2,590.57
678.15
279.93
227.72
335.60
2,335.67
50.42
411.59
321.55
1,563.72
315.65
83.45
978.73
1,377.49
537.76
37.62
29.00
1,134.41
328.26
1,028.55
221.58
1,045.68
205.28
1,086.34
110.57
436.43
Glen Lyon, Pa. ______

Newark, N. J. _______
Mahanoy Plane, Pa. __
Rhone, Pa. _________
Breslau, Pa. ________
Eleanor, Pa. ________
St. Clair, Pa. _______
Trauger, Pa. _______
Forbes Road, Pa. __
Northampton, P a . ___
Chicago, 111. ________
Old Forge, Pa. ______
Lorain, Ohio ________
Whitney, Pa. ________
Philadelphia, Pa. ____
Scottdale, Pa. _______
Rochester, N. Y. ____
Chisholm, Minn. ___
Elizabeth, N. J. ____
Auburn, N. Y. ______
Syracuse, N. Y. _____
Scranton, Pa. _______
Edwardsville, Pa. ____
Erie, Pa. ___________
Jeannette, Pa. _______
Passaic, N. J. _______
Simpson, Pa. _______
Mt. Carmel, Pa. ------Northampton, Pa. __
Philadelphia, Pa. _____
Plymouth, Pa. ______
New York, N. Y . ____
Ambridge, Pa. ______
Milwaukee, Wis. ----McKeesport, Pa. -----Plains, Pa. __________
Powhatan, W. V a . __
Toronto, Ont. ______
Desloge, Mo. -----------Lorain, Ohio ---------Yatesboro, Pa. --------Holyoke, Mass. ______
Pittsburgh, Pa. --------Terryville, Conn.
Jersey City, N. J.
Carnegie, Pa. ---------Baltimore, Md. --------Allegheny, Pa. ---------W heeling, W. V a . ___
Cohoes, N. Y . ---------Ramey, Pa. _________
Utica, N. Y. ________
Leisenring, Pa. --------Bridgeport, Conn.
Baltimore, Md. ______
Lundys Lane, Pa.
Dunlo, Pa. __________
Latrobe, Pa. ________
Monessen, Pa. ----------
10
10
61
33
16
2
17
8
7
35
4
9
10
2
1
3
7
9
4
36
17
15
5
3
11
19
11
3
9
23
33
3
5
1
15
17
3
2
3
5
13
7
49
2
6
8
5
7
16
15
13
7
9
9
2
2
11
4
9
7,500.00
7,000.00
53,200.00
31,400.00
13,500.00
1,600.00
14,000.00
4,900.00
5,000.00
22,200.00
2,000.00
6,800.00
7,000.00
1,200.00
1,000.00
2,600.00
4,500.00
5,900.00
1,750.00
30,650.00
14,250.00
8,400.00
4,400.00
1,750.00
9,300.00
12,950.00
9,600.00
1,800.00
8,750.00
19,450.00
24,300.00
2,500.00
3,800.00
1,000.00
10,700.00
16,250.00
3,000.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
3,750.00
13,000.00
5,050.00
31,300.00
700.00
4,500.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
3,800.00
12,200.00
11,200.00
9,600.00
4,000.00
6,300.00
6,000.00
400.00
1,500.00
8,600.00
3,750.00
6,000.00
7,500.00
7,000.00
53,056.91
31,400.00
13,085.65
1,600.00
13,100.00
4,900.00
5,000.00
22,200.00
2,000.00
6,800.00
7,000.00
1,200.00
1,000.00
2,600.00
4,375.00
5,900.00
1,750.00
29,300.00
14,250.00
8,400.00
4,400.00
1,250.00
8,311.20
12,924.65
9,384.64
1,800.00
7,750.00
17,950.00
24,300.00
2,500.00
3,800.00
1,000.00
10,700.00
16,250.00
3,000.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
3,750.00
12,804.00
5,050.00
31,300.00
700.00
3,100.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
3,800.00
12,200.00
11,200.00
9,600.00
3,875.00
6,300.00
5,625.00
400.00
1,468.35
8,600.00
3,750.00
6,000.00
_ S
CQ
a s
;
S tj
Lopez, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Ford City, Pa.
Paterson, N. J.
Elizabeth, N. J.
Butler, Pa.
Ansonia, Conn.
Ansonia, Conn. _
East Chicago, Ind.
New York, N. Y.
Jersey City, N. J. _____
Franklin Furnace, N. J.
Mahanoy Piane, Pa. ____
Alden Station, Pa.
Titusville, Pa.
Providence, R. I.
Granville, N. Y. ________
New Castle, Pa.
Mount Carmel, Pa. _
Detroit, Mich.
Newark, N. J. _________
Yorkville, Ohio
Minersville, Pa.
Garret, Pa.
Pleasant Valley, Pa. ____
West Hammond, 111. ____
Curtis Bay, Md.
New Alexandria, Pa. ____
Carnegie, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Canonsburg, Pa.
Southport, Conn.
Hazleton, Pa. _
Olyphant, Pa.
Lancaster, N. Y.
Simpson, Pa.
Etna, Pa.
Centralia, Pa .
McKees Rocks, Pa.
___
Taylor, Pa.
_ _
Newburgh, Ohio
Central Falls, R. I. ____
New Britain, Conn. ____
Hamtramck, Mich.
Beaver Meadows, P a . ___
Nazareth, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
_ _
Marion Heights, Pa. ____
Passaic, N. J.
Shenandoah, Pa.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
_ _
McKeesport, Pa.
Gary, Ind.
Canonsburg, Pa.
_ _
Export, Pa.
Cleveland, Ohio
Export, Pa.
_
_ _
Milwaukee, Wis.
1
8
48
5
34
15
7
10
3
2
10
33
6
9
8
9
4
3
3
7
6
29
10
66
3
3
5
19
12
2
6
1
2
31
35
15
7
1
25
24
7
5
2
6
10
8
8
22
2
3
28
39
1
6
1
4
36
2
7
& ?
I I
5?
) -
' g - U
1,000.00
6,000.00
40,450.00
3,000.00
29,300.00
11,400.00
4,800.00
9,400.00
2,000.00
750.00
8,000.00
25,700.00
5,000.00
7,900.00
6,800.00
5,000.00
3,500.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
4,500.00
4,000.00
19,800.00
9,000.00
53,800.00
3,000.00
2,400.00
3,500.00
15,650.00
9,050.00
550.00
3,250.00
1,000.00
750.00
25,950.00
30,950.00
14,400.00
5,000.00
500.00
21,450.00
20,650.00
5,900.00
2,000.00
750.00
5,500.00
7,750.00
6,200.00
7,000.00
18,400.00
2,000.00
3,000.00
22,500.00
31,350.00
600.00
6,000.00
500.00
2,250.00
. 32,050.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
g. S
.
a 2
^
i ^1
1,000.00
6,000.00
40,313.02
2,750.00
28,575.47
11,000.00
4,800.00
8,400.00
2,000.00
750.00
8,000.00
25,133.39
5,000.00
7,891.66
6,800.00
5,000.00
3,500.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
4,500.00
4,000.00
19,800.00
8,095.40
53,249.00
3,000.00
2,400.00
3,500.00
15,598.00
9,050.00
550.00
3,250.00
1,000.00
750.00
25,918.59
29,425.00
14,236.70
5,000.00
500.00
21,450.00
20,106.10
5,900.00
2,000.00
750.00
5,500.00
7,375.00
6,200.00
6,000.00
18,400.00
2,000.00
2,939.00
22,500.00
27,356.04
600.00
6,000.00
500.00
2,250.00
30,703.26
2,000.00
4,214.00

!

:
Perth Amboy, N. J . ____

W ilmington, Del.
Nicetown, Pa.
Chicago, 111.
Sayre, F'a.
East Hammond, Ind. ____
New York, N. Y.
Lakewood, Ohio
Bentleyville, Pa.
Leetsdale, Pa.
Vandergrift, Pa.
Allegheny, Pa.
Joliet, 111.
Cleveland, Ohio
Derry, Pa.
Dunmore, Pa.
Taylor, Pa.
New Philadelphia, P a . _
W oonsocket, R. I. ______
Trenton, N. J. .
New York, N. Y.
Johnstown, Pa.
N. S. Pittsburgh, P a . ___
Latrobe, Pa.
..
Campbell, Ohio
Spangler, Pa.
Aliquippa, Pa.
Trenton, N. J.
Rome, N. Y.
Trenton, N. J.
Taunton, Mass.
Scranton, Pa.
Ormrod, Pa.
Chicago, 111.
Beaverdale, Pa.
M inersville,. Pa.
Slickville, Pa.
Biiffalo, N. Y.
_
Lorain, Ohio
Sykesville, Pa.
W hitestone, N. Y.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Beaver Meadows, P a . ___
M uskegon Heights, Mich.
McKeesport, Pa.
Newark, N. J.
_
Ernest, Pa.
Carnegie, P'a.
Smoke Run, Pa.
Carnegie, Pa.
Lackawanna, N. Y.
Easton, Pa.
Glastonbury, Conn.
Oil City, Pa.
Chicago, 111.
Youngstown, Ohio
Little Falls, N. Y.
Detroit, Mich.
1
45
2
36,600.00
700.00
15,700.00
25,300.00
3,400.00
3,000.00
5,900.00
5,000.00
8,700.00
1,400.00
6, 000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
14,000.00
19,800.00
8,800.00
4,500.00
2, 000.00
750.00
2 , 000.00
13,700.00
2,500.00
750.00
4,600.00
500.00
2,400.00
10 ,000.00
16,800.00
1,500.00
3,800.00
2 , 000.00
10,400.00
14,050.00
34,870.96
700.00
15,700.00
24,097.07
3,400.00
3,000.00
5,900.00
5,000.00
8,700.00
1,400.00
5,750.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
14,000.00
19,779.78
8,800.00
4,000.00
2,000.00
750.00
2 ,000.00
13,614.32
2,500.00
750.00
4,600.00
250.00
2,400.00
9,500.00
16,800.00
1,500.00
3,800.00
4,400.00
1,500.00
2,750.00
8,900.00
2,900.00
2,400.00
1,750.00
800.00
9,750.00
1 , 000.00
2, 000.00
8,700.00
17,200.00
4,400.00
3,500.00
7,600.00
11,650.00
1,400.00
5,500.00
4,400.00
1,500.00
1,750.00
8,860.82
2,900.00
2,400.00
1,750.00
800.00
9,250.00
1,500.00
6,700.00
16,750.00
4,400.00
3,500.00
7,545.64
11,650.00
1,400.00
5,433.00
6,800.00
4,500.00
9,050.00
1,400.00
2,500.00
6,800.00
4,500.00
9,016.40
1,400.00
2,500.00
21
36
5
3
11
11
2
7
- 3
3
22
22
10
5
2
2
3
17
4
1
8
1
3
10
21
2
5
4
11
17
4
5
2
,3
11
4
3
2
2
17
1
11
21
6
4
11
14
2
9
4
9
11
2
4
2, 000.00
2 , 000.00
2, 000.00
10,395.60
13,150.00
2 , 000.00
1 , 000.00
2, 000.00
Elizabeth, N. J. ____
Windber, Pa. ______
New York, N. Y.
Great Meadows, N. J.
New York, N. Y.
Altoona, Pa. ________
McKees Rocks, Pa.
Hamtramck, Mich.
Allentown, Pa. _____
California, Pa. _____
Lackawanna, N. Y.
Irvone, Pa. __________
Pittsfield, Mass. ____
Allentown, Pa. _____
Homestead, Pa. ____
Newark, N. J. ______
Berwick, Pa. _______
Kempton, W. Va.
Dunmore, Pa. ______
New Britain, Conn.
Perth Amboy, N. J.
Sheffield, Pa. _______
Chester, Pa. ------------Donora, Pa. ________
Ben Wood, W. Va.
New Kensington, Pa.
Creekside, Pa. _____
Racine, Wis. ----------Brooklyn, N. Y. ____
Herkimer, N. Y. ____
Wilmerding, Pa. ____
Scranton, Pa. ______
Jamaica, N. Y. _____
Tower City, Pa. ------Ambridge, Pa. ______
Leetsdale, Pa. ______
Philadelphia, Pa. ___
North Hadley, Mass.
West Berwick, Pa.
Burnside, 111. _______
Chicago, 111. ----------Frankford Heights, 111.
Cumbola, Pa. ---------Toledo, Ohio ---------Perth Amboy, N. J. Scranton, Pa. ---------Haselton, Ohio -------Edwardsville, Pa. ----Chauncey, Pa. _____
Jersey City, N. J.
Pittsburgh, Pa. -------Holyoke, Mass. _____
Fredericktown, Pa.
New York, N. Y. ___
Whippany, N. J . ____
Cleveland, Ohio ----Wilmington, Del. ___
Oxford, . J. ______
22
7
2
4
10
5
2
7
30
1
6
1
3
7
11
2
1
4
1
4
26
4
6
7
11
3
3
2
1
1
1
13
17
6
11
13
1
10
1
3
2
3
3
2
4
17
3
1
5
1
25
5
3
1
2
1
7
1
9
15,500.00
5,800.00
1,500.00
2,250.00
8,000.00
3,500.00
2,000.00
6,000.00
26,300.00
1,000.00
4,800.00
600.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
6,200.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
3,500.00
20,150.00
2,800.00
3,750.00
5,800.00
10,250.00
2,000.00
2,400.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
400.00
1,000.00
11,500.00
13,000.00
6,000.00
8,750.00
10,900.00
1,000.00
7,250.00
500.00
2,000.00
900.00
3,000.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
3,000.00
10,900.00
1,700.00
500.00
4,000.00
200.00
19,150.00
2,000.00
2,250.00
400.00
1,000.00
500.00
5,900.00
500.00
8,400.00
15,500.00
5,800.00
1,500.00
1,875.00
8,000.00
3,215.00
2,000.00
5,989.50
26,300.00
1,000.00
4,766.00
600.00
1,150.00
5,000.00
6,200.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
2,100.00
1,000.00
3,500.00
19,639.86
2,800.00
3,750.00
5,800.00
8,750.00
2,000.00
2,400.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
400.00
1,000.00
11,275.00
12,275.00
6,000.00
8,719.76
10,900.00
1,000.00
7,250.00
500.00
2,000.00
900.00
3,000.00
1,550.00
1,500.00
3,000.00
10,900.00
1,700.00
500.00
3,550.00
200.00
18,626.22
2,000.00
2,250.00
400.00
1,000.00
500.00
5,900.00
500.00
8,351.23
Detroit, Mich. __________

Scranton; Pa. ___________
Providence, R. I. _______
Manchester, N. H . --------St. Louis, Mo. __________
Manville, N. J. -------------Dixonville, Pa. -------------Clifton, N. J. __________
Sunderland, Mass. --------Farrell, Pa. ____________
Chicago, 111. -----------------W hiting, Ind. __________
New York, N. Y . _______
Hazleton, Pa. --------------Mayfield, Pa. --------------McAdoo, Pa. ----------------Ford City, Pa. -------------Taylor, Pa. -----------------Ginter, Pa. _____________
Durhamville, N. Y . --------Southfork, Pa. _________
Centralia, Pa. __________
Newark, N. J. --------------Troy, N. Y. ____________
Herkimer, N. Y. ----------Red Star, W. Va. ______
Taylor, Pa. -----------------Minneapolis, Minn. ------New York, N. Y. --------Peekskill, N. Y. -----------Whiting, Ind. --------------Jersey City, N. J. ------Swoyers, Pa. ----------------Madison, 111. ----------------Port Jervis, N. Y . --------Whiting, Ind. --------------W oodhaven, N. Y. --------W hippany, N. J. -----------Coaldale, Pa. ----------------Auburn, N. Y. -------------Brooklyn, N. Y. -----------New York, N. Y. ------
Emerald, Pa. ----------------W oonsocket, R. I. --------Jeannette, Pa. --------------South Deerfield, Pa. -----Kingston, Pa. --------------Carteret, N. J. -------------W estchester, N. Y. ------Stapleton, S. I., N. Y.
Cleveland, Ohio ----------W heeling, W. Va. ------Bayonne, N. J. -------------Chicago, , 111. ----------------New York, N. Y . ----------W est Pullman, 111. --------Rochester, N. Y. ----------Campbell, Ohio ---------
Bakerton, Pa. ---------------
10
2
13
3
27
5
2
5
1
1
8
2
1
2
15
23
3
7
1
2
2
2
2
14
6
1
14
1
3
9
6
3
4
4
9
1
10
2
1
7
9
7
4
21
2
1
6
26
1
13
4
4
29
2
7
4
45
24
3
5,900.00
1,250.00
9,250.00
2,500.00
23,850.00
3,500.00
900.00
4,500.00
400.00
1,000.00
7,500.00
800.00
500.00
1,400.00
16,500.00
19,550.00
2,400.00
7,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,400.00
11,500.00
3,400.00
400.00
13,250.00
400.00
2,000.00
6,900.00
5,400.00
2,500.00
3,400.00
3,000.00
8,000.00
1,000.00
6,000.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
5,750.00
6,400.00
4,400.00
2,300.00
18,000.00
600.00
1,000.00
5,400.00
21,450.00
1,000.00
9,750.00
3,400.00
3,000.00
25,500.00
1,000.00
6,500.00
2,500.00 ,
26,300.00
21,900.00
3,000.00
5,900.00
250.00
8,930.00
2,500.00
22,842.09
3,500.00
900.00
3,600.00
400.00
7,500.00
800.00
500.00
1,400.00
16,500.00
19,550.00
2,400.00
7,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,400.00
11,500.00
3,400.00
400.00
13,250.00
400.00
2,000.00
6,877.86
5,400.00
2,446.00
3,400.00
2,200.00
8,000.00
1,000.00
5,875.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
5,750.00
6,340.00
4,400.00
2,300.00
18,000.00
600.00
1,000.00
5,400.00
21,450.00
1,000.00
9,750.00
3,400.00
3,000.00
23,500.00
1,000.00
6,439.50
2,000.00
25,800.00
20,400.00
3,000.00
.
Newark, N. J. ______
Chicago, III. ________
Chicago, 111. _______
Mahanoy City, Pa.
Thomaston, Conn.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ___
Coal Ridge, Ohio
Desloge, Mo. ______
East Hammond, Ind. .
Smoke Run, Pa. ____
Derry, Pa. _________
Ramey, P a . _______
St. Clair, Pa. ______
Scranton, Fa. ______
Youngstown, Ohio
Scranton, Pa. _f_____
Nesquehoning, Pa.
New Alexandria, Pa. .
Donora, Pa. ________
Passaic, N. J. ______
New York, N. Y. ___
Elizabethport, N. J. Rossford, Ohio _____
Ambridge, Pa. ______
Sayre, Pa. __ ______
Chester, Pa. _______
New Alexandria, Pa. _
Windsor Locks, Conn.
Boston, Mass. ______
Philadelphia, Pa. ___
Chicago, 111. _______
Newark, N. J. --------Providence, R. I.
W oonsocket, R. I.
Hawthorne, 111. _____
Frackville, Pa. ______
W est Pullman, Pa.
Bellefonte, Pa. _____
Trenton, N. J. _____
Crompton, R. I. ____
W ilmington, Del. __
Coatesville, Pa. ____
Nanticoke, Pa.
____
Barnesboro, Pa. ____
N. S. Pittsburgh, Pa. .
Coscob, Conn. ____
Cleveland, Ohio ____
Northampton, Pa. ____
Chicago, 111.
:______
Lopez, Pa. __________
Ludlow, Mass.
____
New Britain, Conn. _
West Newton, Pa.
Riverhead, N. Y. ----Jersey City, N. J.
Pittsburgh, Pa. -----Chicago, 111. ----------Taylor, Pa. _________
Taylor, Pa. ------------Far Rockaway, N. Y.
2
12
33
3
1
18
4
8
1
3
1
5
9
38
15
2
3
1
2
2
13
24
13
1
3
19
1
1
5
1
2
2
2
1
10
15
5
9
4
23
7
1
1
7
1
15
1
2
3
6
13
13
1
5
5
12
3
4
2
1,000.00
10,000.00
25,400.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
14,150.00
2,500.00
6,900.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
400.00
4,000.00
8,150.00
34,700.00
12,750.00
800.00
3,000.00
500.00
1,250.00
900.00
9,250.00
16,050.00
9,900.00
1,000.00
2,250.00
15,550.00
400.00
500.00
3,250.00
25,200.00
200.00
600.00
2,500.00
1,250.00
400.00
8,000.00
12,750.00
5,000.00
9,250.00
2,700.00
17,200.00
5,400.00
1,000.00
250.00
5,200.00
1,000.00
14,400.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
2,400.00
3,750.00
11,500.00
10,400.00
1,000.00
2,250.00
4,000.00
7,500.00
2,500.00
4,000.00
1,250.00
1,000.00
9,989.70
24,950.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
13,243.20
2,500.00
6,900.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
400.00
3,946.81
8,102.21
33,839.06
12,550.00
800.00
2,600.00
500.00
1,250.00
900.00
9,250.00
16,050.00
9,400.00
1,000.00
2,250.00
15,550.00
400.00
500.00
3,250.00
25,048.70
200.00
600.00
2,500.00
1,250.00
400.00
8,000.00
11,750.00
5,000.00
9,250.00
2,700.00
16,750.00
5,400.00
1,000.00
250.00
5,200.00
1,000.00
14,400.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
2,400.00
3,250.00
11,464.83
10,380.53
1,000.00
2,250.00
4,000.00
7,250.00
2.00
4,000.00
1,250.00

-;
-1

:

- :
;

:
Ansonia, Conn. ____

McKees Rocks, Pa.
Fulton, N. Y. ______
Taylor, Pa. ________
Minersville, Pa. _____
Amsterdan, N. Y.
Kingston, Pa. ______
Westbury, N. Y. _____
Duquesne, Pa. ______
Frankford, Pa. _____
East Chicago, Ind. __.
Rochester, N. Y.
Jersey City, N. J.
Treskow, Pa. ______
Elmira, N. Y . _____
Delano, Pa. ________
Hudson, N. Y. ______
Youngstown, Ohio
Perth Amboy, N. J. .
Jersey City, N. J.
Ambridge, Pa. _____
Hartford, Conn. ____
Glen Campbell, Pa.
Stockton, Pa. ______
Manchester, N. Y.
Bayonne, N. J. _____
Syracuse, N. Y. ____
Auburn, N. Y. _____
East St. Louis, III.
Farrell, Pa. ________
Jersey City, N. J.
Carnegie, Pa. ______
South Bethlehem, Pa.
Scranton, Pa. ______
Rochester, N. Y. ___
Curtis Bay, Md. ____
Brooklyn, N. Y. ____
Detroit, Mich. _____
Duquesne, Pa. _____
Brooklyn, N. Y. ____
Madera, Pa. __ ______
Rahway, N. J. ______
Akron, Ohio _______
New Kensington, Pa.
Drawesburg, Pa. ____
Barnesboro, Pa. ____
Buffalo, N. Y. ______
Johnstown, Pa.
Chicago, III. ________
Oelwein, Iowa ______
Derry, Pa. ________
Heilwood, Pa. ______
Buffalo, N. Y. ______
Horning, Pa. _______
Mahanoy City, Pa. __
Cumbola, Pa. ______
Linden, N. J. ______
6
1
4
5
1
4
2
3
2
1
2
5
20
2
1
1
14
8
5
2
32
6
17
1
1
6
1
4
13
8
2
6
4
1
15
1
2
3
5
17
2
8
2
2
20
1
1
2
31
18
2
6
3
2
3
6
3
1
1
4,500.00
400.00
2,750.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,750.00
1,400.00
500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
14,900.00
2,000.00
500.00
1,000.00
11,750.00
8,000.00
4,400.00
2,000.00
26,150.00
5,150.00
15,150.00
400.00
1,000.00
5,500.00
400.00
3,500.00
11,000.00
7,000.00
2,000.00
3,500.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
11,100.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
3,000.00
4,500.00
13,800.00
1,400.00
4,500.00
1,400.00
1,000.00
8,500.00
17,750.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
24,900.00
12,250.00
1,500.00
4,000.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
5,000.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
500.00
3,575.00
400.00
2,250.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,750.00
1,400.00
500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
14,000.00
2,000.00
500.00
1,000.00
11,750.00
7,995.40
4,400.00
2,000.00
23,375.94
4,900.00
15,150.00
400.00
1,000.00
5,500.00
400.00
3,500.00
11,000.00
7,000.00
1,500.00
3,500.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
11,100.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
3,000.00
4,500.00
12,925.00
1,400.00
4,500.00
1,400.00
1,000.00
8,050.00
17,750.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
24,563.40
10,800.00
1,500.00
4,000.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
5,000.00
2,500.00
1,000.00
500.00
. St. Louis, 111. ____

Clayville, N. Y. --------Syracuse, N. Y. ------Saginow, Mich. --------Hazleton, F'a. ---------Brooklyn, N. Y. _____
Jessup, Pa. __________
S. Plainfield, N. J . -----Trenton, N. J. _______
Hazleton, Pa. _________
Perth Amboy, N. J. __
Rochester, N. Y. ___
Syracuse, N. Y. --------Northampton, Pa. ___
Newark, N. J. -----------Nanticoke, Pa. ---------Baltimore, Md. ---------Phoenixville, Pa. ------Gary, Ind. ----------------Kansas City, Kan. ----Philadelphia, Pa. ------Butler, Pa. --------------Brooklyn, N. Y. --------Avoca, Pa. ___________
Hempstead, N. Y. ----Bound Brook, N. J . _
Butler, Pa. --------------Little Falls, N. Y. ___
Millville, N. J. _______
Raritan, N. J. -----------Berwick, Pa. -------------Cleveland, Ohio ______
Cleveland, Ohio ------W oonsocket, R. I . -----Baltimore, Md. ---------Monessen, Pa. ---------Philadelphia, Pa. --------Cleveland, Ohio --------Carteret, N. J. ---------S. Amherst, O h i o _____
Bound Brook, N. J. __
Minneapolis, Minn.
Philadelphia, Pa. --------Millville, N. J. ---------Eckley, Pa. ----------------Manville, N. J. ---------Stamford, Conn. _____
Niagara Falls, N. Y. __
Chester, Pa. __________
Phoenix, 111. _________
St. Joseph, Mo. --------Northumberland, Pa. __
Cleveland, Ohio --------Newark, N. J. -----------Leadwood, Mo. ---------Leechburg, Pa. ---------Donora, Pa. __________
New York, N. Y . ------Bristol, Pa. __________
10
1
1
4
3
4
2
3
1
2
4
9
10
11
1
2
10
7
3
2
10
1
3
16
1
1
1
9
1
10
5
7
14
1
1
19
9
7
13
1
6
7
2
3
1
4
6
5
6
7
1
2
2
1
2
5
_1
15
6
7,500.00
400.00
1,000.00
1,700.00
2,400.00
3,500.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
4,000.00
6,000.00
5,550.00
8,000.00
200.00
1,250.00
8,400.00
5,000.00
2,000.00
1,250.00
6,000.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
14,900.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
5,650.00
1,000.00
7,300.00
5,000.00
6,250.00
10,500.00
500.00
1,000.00
18,000.00
8,500.00
7,000.00
10,500.00
500.00
6,000.00
6,500.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
3,250.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
4,500.00
4,750.00
500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
500.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
13,250.00
3,250.00
7,250.00
400.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,834.00
3,500.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
3,964.01
5,550.00
5,550.00
8,000.00
200.00
1,250.00
8,400.00
4,500.00
2,000.00
1,250.00
6,000.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
14,900.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
5,650.00
1,000.00
6,800.00
5,000.00
6,250.00
10,500.00
500.00
1,000.00
18,000.00
8,500.00
7,000.00
10,375.00
500.00
6,000.00
6,500.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
3,250.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
4,500.00
4,737.92
500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
500.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
13,250.00
3,250.00
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
388
390
391
392
393
396
400
401
402
, N. Y.
Cleveland, Ohio
Mahanoy Plane, Pa. ____
Freeland, Pa.
Rochester, N. Y.
Philadelphia, Pa. _
Palmerton, Pa.
New Haven, Conn.
Newark, N. J.
Plainfield, N. J.
Lansford, Pa.
Woodbine, N. J.
Chicago, 111.
Taylor, Pa.
Danbury, Conn.
Frackville, Pa.
Bridgeport, Pa.
Carnegie, Pa.
Minneapolis, Minn. _
Chester, Pa.
Bristol, Conn.
Jersey City, N. J.
Sublet, Wyo.
Cleveland, Ohio
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Iselin, Pa.
Sykesville, Pa.
Kato, Pa.
6
10
18
3
13
1
9
15
4
1
1
2
11
10
3
2
2
16
6
13
2
2
3
3
9
5
1
1
4,793
3,750.00
8,750.00
15,650.00
1,800.00
9,000.00
200.00
7,500.00
9,250.00
3,000.00
250.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
8,250.00
9,750.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
12,500.00
3,500.00
10,000.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
2,250.00
2,500.00
6,500.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
$3,766,150.00
3,750.00
8,500.00
15,650.00
1,800.00
9,000.00
200.00
6,250.00
9,250.00
3,000.00
250.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
8,000.00
9,245.20
1,250.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
11,000.00
3,500.00
10,000.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
2,250.00
2,500.00
6,500.00
4,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
$3,682,180.23
233.62
988.47
2,161.47
37.23
996.05
7.82
582.82
1,113.42
688.87
42.24
30.56
701.48
948.79
764.31
99.95
65.21
259.86
1,259.28
275.99
1,475.29
125.45
75.30
175.88
223.79
1,004.58
630.87
58.50
21.97
$445,203.68
,
, ,
. ,

- ,
,
.
1. 1915 . 31. 1935 .
:
:
$ 500.00

500.00

500.00

500.00

_ 510.00

525.00

525.00

_ _
_ 545.00

550.00

550.00

550.00

550.00

550.00
_ .
550.00

560.00

570.00

575.00

575.00

600.00
:
:

$ 600.00

620.00

650.00

650.00

650.00

675.00

675.00

675.00

720.00

770.00

775.00

_
780.00

850.00

875.00

875.00

900.00

945.00

_ 1,000.00
$23,970.00

, , 1- 1915 . 31. 1935 .
. . 3,002
$249,257. 37 ,
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1905 1914 1,300 . . .

:
_________________________ 326
_____________ 188
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3 ______37
------------------------------------------- --
----------------------------------------------- 26
() ______________ _23
1915 1924 910 . . .

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1925 1935 1,822 . . .

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, 1896 . . .
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Jenks Lauck, Jenks, Lauck
Smith (T he Immigration Problem, 1 9 2 6 ). H. F. Fairchild . Immigration (Revised Edition, New York, 1 9 2 6 ),
,,The Melting-Pot Mistake (Boston, 1 9 2 6 ),
.
*
, Immigration Backgrounds (New York,
1 92 7) .
. , . Arthur Ruhl
Russians and Baltic Peoples , .
. Abboths Historical Aspects of
the Immigration Problem (1 9 2 6 ); E. S. Bogardus Immigration and Race Attitudes
(Boston, 1 9 2 8 ); H. G. Dunkans Immigration and Assimilation (Boston, 1 9 3 3 );
L. G. Browns Immigration. Cultural Conflicts and Social Adjustments (New York,
1 9 3 3 ).
:
F. J. Warnes The Immigrant Invasion (New York, 1 9 1 3 ); C. A. W hipples Immigrant
Education. Americanization in Industry (New York, 1 9 1 9 ); M. M. Davis Immigrant
Health and the Community (New York, 1 9 2 1 ); R. E. Parks The Immigrant Press
and Its Control (New York, 1 9 2 2 ); D. Ch. Brewers The Peril of the Republic.
Immigration good and bad (New York, 1 9 2 3 ); E. de Schveinitz Brunner, Immigrant
Farmers and their children (New York, 1 9 2 9 ).
, - ,
:
F. J. Warnes The Slav Invasion and the Mine Workers (1 9 0 4 ); E. G.
Slav Emigration at its Source . Charities, 1906 (May 5: Galicia, Austrian
Poles, Ruthenians; : Our Slavic Citizens (New York, 1 9 0 7 );
: The Slav in America . Charities, Dec., 1904; L. Caro, Auswanderung
und Auswanderungspolitik in Oesterreich (Wien, 1 9 0 9 ); . O. Pehotsky's The
Slavic Immigrant Woman (1 9 2 5 ); P. R. Radislavjevich, Who Are the Slavs?
(1 9 1 9 ) ; Ukrainians in America . Literary Digest, Nov. 15, 1919; Jerome Davis*
The Russians and Ruthenians in America (New York, 1 9 2 2 ).
:
, : . . .
. , 1908.
, : .
, 1909.
: .
, 1914.
: .
. . , , 1911, . 101, . 144 158, . 105,
. 175 204.
,

. . -
(1896 1936)
.
:
. , Cook and J. J. Hagerty, Immigration Laws of the United States Com
piled and Explained. Chicago, 1929.
W. C. Van Vleck, The Administrative Control of Aliens. A Study in Admi
nistrative Law and Procedure. New York, 1932.
R. L. Garis Immigration Restriction. A Study
of the Opposition to and Regulation of Immigration into the United States. New
York, 1927. ,
, :

. ?
(T he United States of America, a nation great in all things, is our today.
To whom will it belong tom orrow? P. VII).
:

.
(Race prejudice has too often controlled legislation towards the newcomers .
P. IX).
- ,

.
V.
, .
Jane Adams 1889 Hull House, .
Hull House .
Casa di Dio ( ),
: Americas Joan of Arc , Americas Uncrowned Queen .
( 1935 p.). Immigrants
Protective League , , ,
Twenty Years at Hull House (Macmillan, 1 910)
.
The National Libera Immigration League .
. A. Ross (op. cit.,
pp. 144 1 4 5 ):

... . ,
,
. ,
, .
The Foreign Language
Governmental Information Bureau . . - .
,
. : (),
, , , - ().
;
Ellis Island.
The Ame
rican Federation of Labor.
,

.

. ,
, .
The United States
Immigration Commission . 1910
. ,

. , , Jenks,
Lauck Smith ( 1911 , 1926
.) , .
, ,
-,
, , ,
.
. , ,
,
, .
:
Immigrants in Industries. Subject: Slavs in the United States. W ashington,
Gov. Printing Office, 1911.
Russians in the United States (also Slavs). U. S. Immigration Commission,
Vol. 5. Dictionary of Races and Peoples, 6 1 :3d., v. 9.
Slavs in the United States. U. S. Immigration Commission, 61 st. Congr.,
3 Sess., Sen. Doc., v. 7.
The Immigration Situation in Canada. Presented by Mr. Dillingham. Washing
ton, Gov. Piinting Office, 1910.
U. S. Department of State. The Immigration Work of the Department of State
and its Consular Officers. W ashington, Gov. Printing Office, 1919.
,

, , ,
. , ,,the Immigration Problem is one of vital
interest to the American people ,
, ,
, . ,

, ,1 .
,
1920 .
Jerome Davis .
,
,
.
, , ,
. :
,
.,Melting Pot .
, ,
. , .

, ,
, . . , .
, , . . 1922,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
,
. ,
.

, , , . . Eaton-a,
: Immigrant Gifts to America (New York, 1 9 3 2 ).
...
.
. P. Fairchild (1926 ),
, , .
, , ,
.
?
M elting Pot ?
-
, 1900-
. ,
. , .
,
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
. .
,
, ,
, . . .
:
. ,

.
.
.
.
, , , , . - :
...
,
. ,
,
.
.
. , ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, , .
,
: -.
:
, ,
, .
:
,
. .

, , , , . . . .,
...
... ... ... ...
...
...
...
,
: .
,
.
, .
- . .

.
,
,
. , , ,
. ,
$140,000,
$30,000 . . ,
, . . ,
, ,
, .
. .
, ,
, .
,
, . ,
, .
,
. , ,
.
100
, , 25 .
.
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
. 100 ,
.
, .
100 25
$168,997.96, ( , . .)
$63,792.80, $232,790.76.
100 .
$137,016. ,
(
) $28,264.02,
$5,397.69.
$33,661.71, $170,677.71. ,
,
, . ,
, $4,500, $3,000 . .
, .
, .
?
100 ,
$232,790.76 25 .
$137,016.
, ,
$150,000, 100 .
, - ,
25 100
. ; ,
, , .
$150,000, ,
100 . ,
( ),
, $150,000,000, ,
$5,000,000.
, ,
* ,
24 30 . ,
$25,000,000 . , ,
, . ,
.
$5,000,000 .
, ,
,
, .
.
, , , ;
, ,
, () .
. 15
$2,300,000. ,
$65 . ,
. . ,
,
. ,
,
? . ,
, , ,
, , .
, , ,
, , , , . , ( . ) -

, , ;
, .
* : Illustrowana ncyklopedja Trzaski, Everta i Michalskiego, 1927, IV.
. 319.

1870 . ,
, .
1914 , 36,527 .1 , ,
, : , ,
. , ,
.2
1.
1910 .
14 1 14 44 1 45 | |
1,063
25,933
911
21,198
6,709
27,907
2.
.
1 $50.00 1 $50.00 |
$569,776.00
439
25,412
3.
?
1 () |
1
23,438
4,339
1 |
1
130
.
1899 p., ,
, , ,
. 4 , , , ,
, .3
1
Annual Report of the Commisioner General of Immigration, W ashington, D. C.,
Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1934, p. 38.
2 ib , Fiscal Year June 30, 1910, pp. 20-21.
3

1899 1930.
4.
.
1
5
4
1
2
1
9
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
4
4
16
70
111
132
195
213
255
362
426
765
218
433
824
465
741
688
1,079
67
15
14
5
3
6
3
1
17
44
5
5
24
6
5
9
1
3
10
2
21
45
3
9
3
11
13
10
15
4
3
37
1
1 .
.
4
25
19
1
3
2
1
6
1
1
26
1
1
. 1 .
91
12
1 1
2
191
400
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
4
1
1
2
5
4
6
2
3
4
3
8
8
12
25
21
68
110
48
68
143
56
74
212
139
5
173
7,498
1,009
13
65
146
111
193
199
230
407
607
374
525
922
647
823
1,275
1,871
104
44
69
2
11. . 1
.
1
5
9
25
9
22
28
39
26
46
85
71
96
185
219
14
1
6
46
6
1,457
83
21
59
36
10,085
973
1
2
121
1
1
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921-30
1 .
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921-30
1
6
4
8
5
40
64
4.
.
.
1
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921-30
Me.
1 .
20
6
110
99
168
1,163
7,357
5,648
2
1
6
5
4
7
38
5
6
17
37
28
5
1
1
5
3
1
1
1
3
1
22
51
4
3
1
1
1
9
9
15
21
7
12
22
48
5
4
1
1
1
2
7
115
219
1 . 1 .
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921-30
1
1
3
10
14
17
21
20
41
55
117
127
181
177
136
173
308
584
137
238
154
8
5
15
755
3,296
1 . 1
1 . .
1
1
3
11
12
11
16
13
22
2
11
1
7
33
52
82
52
27
22
14
3
2
2
52
15
2,187
400
108
1
2
1
4
1
3
1
.
9
14
39
44
43
101
131
267
120
131
207
149
195
227
367
29
1
5
1
3
1
73
10
11
12
18
37
56
79
104
263
58
49
60
76
59
73
178
6
1
1
4
1
3
3
6
1
7
8
7
10
20
15
20
31
125
230
176
220
156
232
353
564
342
516
660
552
627
965
1,336
135
47
4
4
22
25
16
36
40
51
53
164
101
137
208
206
298
729
1,009
470
297
234
10
15
36
1,487
31
2
1
1
1
4
1
3
1
7
1
4
1
1 . . 1
2
10
22
10
22
24
23
44
81
40
66
88
51
96
159
243
11
3
2
257
259
621
746
874
1,094
1,666
1,692
2,714
1,182
2,136
3,274
2,247
2,889
3,327
4,046
267
1
8
7
9
422
1,006
29,830
11
4.
.
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921-30

1
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921-30

. .
1
2
. ,.
339
560
967
1,594
1,854
1,653
2,275
3,626
5,090
3,318
4,085
5,946
4,991
5,982
7,642
9,961
578
227
194
8
36
105
1,183
62,214
. . 1 . . 1
27
54
132
328
391
405
522
552
671
396
435
1,071
564
848
1,467
1,526
73
61
214
5
22
15
21
1
48
19
61
78
119
96
100
66
308
79
107
61
148
128
3
1
4
89
7
6
409
1,579
10,169
1
1
1 . . 1 . . 1 . .
4
9
15
15
41
50
63
84
193
143
172
187
108
247
337
329
18
3
2
1 . . 1 .
2
2
1
11
16
2
5
13
18
4
41
5
11
3
16
6
2
5
4
61
608
1,332
2,854
4,133
5,675
5,336
8,510
8,243
11,779
5,229
6,364
13,386
6,902
7,909
12,007
12,937
784
81
54
1
10
42
1,192
84
196
1
114,179 1
1907
5
4
3
10
4
7
8
7
22
10
3
1 .
4
12
1
10
16
25
124
166
136
42
53
70
38
51
63
8
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
16
47
24
823
1
1
1
1
1
6
8
23
51:
44
65
51
43
22
64
63
26
46
33
42
7
1
2
25
2 1
2,041
12
. 599
: ,
:
O'
! ;
1899
! > 'S,;1 ; ..2 ;1
.< 1
'
<'
1900
10
1901
14
.1902 . .
8
1903
2
1904
;
17 ,
1905
6
906
13
1907
1908
-3
91909 10 :
1910
:
1911
.
1912 .
. ,15 ,
'
22
913
1
25
1914
' 8 '
1915
. - ^
1916
1917
1
1918
,
/ ' ; ' ,4
1919
: .
5
192
24 '
1921-30

210
4- :
:'. : :.
: '
. Ba.
' 18
1
3
6
9
13
28
71
42
75
74
114
75
84
166
98
187
201
252
19
4-
8
6
4
53
42
39
25
39
14
12
. 60
49
60
22
4
2
8
104
573
69
2
122
1,400
2,832
5,288
7,533
9,843
9,592
14,473
16,257
24,081
12,361
15,808
27,907
17,724
21,965
30,588
36,527
2,933
1,365
1,211
.
49
103
258
8,213
1,587
795
44
268,311
, 6
3
6
5
18
17
29
20
20
57
34
115
31
56
83
121
24
9
13
4
3
1
6
3
2
4
1
6
3
2
5
,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
.
, .
.
, 50,0()0 ,
, 40,000, 20,000 . .
1930 p., , ,
.

: 4

___
______
___
_.___
______ _
(.)
7,220
2,862
2,726
2,671
2, 1 1 2
1,393
1,233
1,223
(H. .) ________________
___ _____________ ___
(.) ________________
(.) ________________
(. .) _______________
(. . ) ,______________
________________ ____
(.) ________________ ___
__________________________
1,128
1,008
777
673
638
620
541
50
410
, .
,
. ,
4
United States Department of Commerce. Bureau of Census. Fifteenth Census
of the United States, 1930. Population, Vol. II. W ashington, D. C., 1933.
, , , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, , , .
, ,
. 240 ,
, , .6
. 1899 . , .
. ,
1886 . : , , ,
, : , .6 1899
. .
1897 . , 200,.7 , 1899 p.,
. , .
.8 , , . ,
1904 p., 350,000 .9
1900
500,000.10 . ,
1899 ,
, 1899 1914 pp.
, ,
, , 1900 .
297,460 .11 , , ,
, .
.
1936 P.
1904 1914 .
1908 p., ,
.
1907 . .
, 1918 49.
, .
. ;
, . 1924 ,
, 1929 . .
,
: , -
.
, ' ,
,
1899 . . , ,
. 297,460 , , 268,311
, , 1898 1930
, 565,771.
6
1934 , . ,
.
6 : , . 97.
7 4 1897.
8 15 1899.
9 Charities, Vol. 13, 1904 OS, . 246.
10 Senate Documents, 61st Cong. 3rd Sess. 1910 1911. Vol. 9. . 118.
11 , Op. cit., . 111.
1908 p.,
. 1908 . 1930 .,. ,
29,305 . ,
15,000 , , 1898
44,305 . , : 521,466.
.
, 1917 1918
. 80,000 .
521,466, 441,466,
,
1930 68,485 .12

-* , .
,
. : 1899 1910
147,375 . 74.4% , 25.6% .13
,
-, . ,
. ,
. ,
90,000 . ,
, 360,000 .
, . 360,000
, 441,466 ,
801,466 , .
, .
12 United States Department of Commerce. Abstract of the Fifteenth Census
of the United States, 1930, . 152.
13 Senate Documents, 61st Cong., 3rd Sess., 1910 1911. Vol. 20. Distribution
of Immigrants. . 4647; 51 52.

,
,
.
,
, :
!
!

,
, ,
!

,

?

,
,
.
. . .
VOICE OF THE YOUNGER

GENERATION
BE READY!
An
excerp t
fro m
By
th e
IV A N
F o r t h a t g r e a t e s t o f a ll m o m e n t s
B e a l l r e a d y , o n e a n d a ll
A n y o n e m a y b e t h e le a d e r
W h e n t h e p r o p e r t im e w i l l c a ll.
Y o u sa y : N o w th e w a r s a re
d iffe r e n t ;
T h e n w ith d iffe r e n t a r m s p r e p a r e :
W h e t y o u r w its a n d s te e l y o u r
w i l l!
O n ly f i g h t a n d d o n t d e s p a ir !
S t r u g g l e o n a n d d o n 't s e e k r e s t
B e t t e r f a l l b u t d o n t g i v e u p .
S t a n d u p p r o u d ly , d o n t g i v e w a y ,
B e t t e r p e r is h t h a n b e t r a y !
E a c h o n e t h in k t h a t o n y o u r
s h o u ld e r s
M illio n o b lig a t io n s r e s t
T h a t f o r a ll t h e s e o b l i g a t io n s
Y o u w ill h a v e t o g i v e a c c o u n t .
E a c h o n e t h i n k : r ig h t w h e r e I m
s ta n d in g
A l l a r o u n d , a b o v e , b e lo w
I s n o w b e in g w a g e d t h e o u t c o m e
O f a b a ttle w ith a fo e .
S h o u ld I b u t g iv e w a y , n o t f a c e it,
G r e a t A n n iv e r s a r y
FRANKO
L ik e a s h a d o w s h o u ld b u t s w a y
A l l t h e w o r k o f g e n e r a t io n s
W ill b e q u ic k ly s w e p t a w a y .
W it h t h o s e t h o u g h t s y o u s h o u ld
b e liv in g
A n d b r in g u p y o u r c h ild r e n , t o o !
A s l o n g a s t h e w h e a t i s w h o le s o m e
T h e r e ll b e c a k e s f o r a ll o f y o u .
S h a ll w e h a v e t o w a i t t o c o n q u e r ?
T h a t s t o o l o n g . . .
T hen do n o t
w a it!
L e a r n to d a y a n d b y to m o r r o w
Y o u w ill s u r e l y d o m in a te .
T i s n o w o n d e r t h a t th e n a tio n
O f U k r a in ia n s a w o k e .
T is n o w o n d e r t h a t s p a r k s g l i t t e r
In th e e y e s o f our prou d y o u th !
S o o n n e w s a b r e s w ill b e f l a s h i n g
In th e h a n d s th a t gro p e fo r tr u th .
L o n g e n o u g h d o e s o u r m is fo r tu n e
L e e r o e r e v e r y w in d o w s i l l;
L e t s s i n g o u t :
U k r a in e s n o t
p e r is h e d ,
N e v e r p e r is h e d n e v e r w i l l !
Translated by
WALDIMIR SEMENYNA.
------ ------------ ----
------------------------------ - N
Editors Note: We regret, that lack of space prevented the inclusion

within this Jubilee Book of the Ukrainian National Association a number
of articles especially prepared for it, and our regret is made the keener by
the realization that among them there were several from the younger genera
tion. All of them, however, like those published herein, are characterized
by a spirit of optimism for the future Ukrainian-American life, a spirit which
has its source in the inspiring advance this group life has made in the face
6i seem ingly insurmountable obstacles and which finds expression in the
hymn of the Ukrainian National Association:
Under the stars and stripes we stand united,
T ogether striving for a better w a y . . .
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________________
STEPH EN
SH UM EYK O
THE UKRAINIANSH IS T O R IC A L
T R A D IT IO N .
O u r L a n d , B u t N o t B e lo n g in g T o U s .
F o r a s G e o g r a p h y w i t h o u t H is t o r y s e e m e t h a c a r k a s s e w it h o u t
m o t io n , s o H is t o r y w i t h o u t G e o g r a p h y w a n d r e t h a s a V a g r a n t w it h o u t
a c e r t a in h a b it a t io n . 1
P a r t i c u l a r l y s o , i s t h e c a s e w i t h U k r a in e .
U k r a in e i s a v a s t s o lid n a t io n a l t e r r it o r y l y i n g in t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f
E a s t e r n E u r o p e , o n t h e t h r e s h o l d t o A s ia , b e t w e e n 4 3 d e g r e e s a n d 5 4 d e g r e e s
n o r t h l a t it u d e , a n d b e t w e e n 2 1 d e g r e e s a n d 4 7 d e g r e e s e a s t lo n g i t u d e f r o m
G r e e n w ic h .
I t e m b r a c e s : ( 1 ) t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e E u r o p e a n U n io n o f S o v ie t
S o c i a li s t R e p u b lic s b o r d e r in g u p o n t h e B la c k a n d A z o v S e a s ; ( 2 ) t h e s o u t h
e a s t e r n p o r t io n o f P o la n d , in c lu d in g E a s t G a lic ia , w e s t e r n s e c t i o n o f V o lh y n ia
a n d K h o lm , P id ly a s h e , a n d P o l i s y a ; ( 3 ) e a s t c e n t r a l p o r t io n o f R u m a n ia , in
c lu d in g B u k o v in a a n d B e s s a r a b i a ; a n d ( 4 ) t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n c o r n e r o f C z e c h o
s l o v a k ia .
O r, t o p u t t h i s d r y d e s c r ip t io n in a p o e t ic f o r m , f r o m t h e f o o t
o f T a t r a M o u n ta in s , f r o m t h e c lo u d w r e a t h e d C h o m o h o r a , f r o m t h e s ilv e r r ip p le d S a n , f r o m t h e d a r k v i r g i n f o r e s t o f B ilo v e z h a a n d t h e i m m e n s e s w a m p s
o f P o li s y a , t o t h e d e l t a o f t h e D a n u b e , t o t h e B la c k S e a , t o t h e g ig a n t ic
C a u c a s u s a n d t h e C a s p ia n S e a , s u r r o u n d e d b y b r o w n f e r t i l e s t e p p e s , e x t e n d s
o u r f a t h e r l a n d U k r a in a .
O f U k r a in e s t o t a l a r e a , w h ic h e q u a ls o v e r 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s
8 3 3 ,5 7 0 s q u a r e k i lo m e t e r s a r e a t p r e s e n t u n d e r t h e r u le o f t h e U . S . S . R . ;
1 3 7 ,1 3 5 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s a r e u n d e r P o la n d ; 2 0 ,4 4 2 s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r s u n d e r
R u m a n ia ; a n d 1 2 ,6 5 3 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s u n d e r C z e c h o s lo v a k ia . F i t t i n g l y h a s
U k r a in e s g r e a t e s t p o e t , T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o , c h a r a c t e r iz e d h i s f a t h e r l a n d a s
o u r la n d , b u t n o t b e lo n g in g t o u s .
U k r a in e i s d e c id e d ly E a s t E u r o p e a n i n c h a r a c t e r , a l t h o u g h , a s t h e
e m in e n t U k r a in ia n g e o g r a p h e r P r o f . S t e p h e n R u d n it s k y p o i n t s o u t , i t o c c u p ie s
t h e r e a u n iq u e p o s it io n , w h ic h f u l l y w a r r a n t s o u r c o n c e iv in g o f t h i s g r e a t
la n d a s a g e o g r a p h ic a l u n it s t a n d i n g o n a n e q u a l b a s is w i t h o t h e r n a t u r a l
u n its .
T h a t t h i s d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e s o a t f i r s t g la n c e , i s d u e t o t h e g e n e r a l
u n if o r m it y o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e , w h ic h f a c t m a k e s i t im p o s s ib le t o a p p ly t o
i t a s a c r it e r io n t h e d iv is io n s o f W e s t e r n a n d C e n tr a l E u r o p e .
T h e v a s t n e s s o f t h i s u n ifo r m r e g io n h a s h a d a m a n if o ld e f f e c t u p o n t h e
p e o p le s o c c u p y in g i t .
T h e n a t u r a l u r g e o f t h e e a r ly i n h a b i t a n t s t o b e c o n
s t a n t l y o n t h e m o v e w a s g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d in E a s t e r n E u r o p e b y t h e f r e e d o m
f r o m t h e c o n s t r a i n t o f n a t u r a l b a r r ie r s , s u c h a s in W e s t e r n E u r o p e .
T h is
d e c o n c e n t r a t io n o f t h e p o p u la t io n w a s r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e c r e a t io n o f s t a t e s
o f l a r g e a r e a s a n d s c a t t e r e d p o p u la t io n s , w h ic h f a c t p r o v id e s a s t r i k i n g
John Smith in his General Historie of Virginia.
c o n tr a s t w ith th e W e ste r n E u r o p e a n s ta te s .
T h e v a s t n e s s o f t h is te r r ito r y
a n d t h e d e c o n c e n t r a t io n o f i t s p e o p l e s w a s f u r t h e r r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e i r
e x c e e d in g l y s l o w g r o w t h a l o n g c u lt u r a l, p o l i t ic a l a n d e c o n o m ic lin e s .
N a t u r a l l y e n o u g h , t h i s s l u g g i s h g r o w t h f o u n d i t s e c h o in t h e d i f f i c u l t y
t h e E a s t e r n E u r o p e a n s t a t e s e n c o u n t e r e d in c lim b in g o u t o f t h e i r p o l i t ic a l
in fa n c y s ta g e s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , l a c k in g c o n s o lid a t io n a n d p e r m a n e n c y o f f o r m s
w h ic h e le m e n t s t h r i v e b e s t in t h e r u g g e d m u lt if o r m s o i l a n d n a t u r a l
b a r r ie r s s u c h a s c h a r a c t e r iz e W e s t e r n E u r o p e t h e i r e x is t e n c e w a s m a r k e d
b y e x tr e m e flu c tu a tio n s o f fo r tu n e .
O n e h a s to g a z e u p o n th e h is to r y o f
P o la n d , L it h u a n ia , a n c ie n t M u s c o v y , r e c e n t T s a r i s t R u s s ia , a n d t h e p r e s e n t
S o v i e t R u s s i a o r t h e U . S . S . R ., t o s e e h o w t r u e t h i s is .
S u c h h a s a ls o
b e e n t h e s a d f a t e o f U k r a in e , a s e x e m p li f i e d b y t h e a n c ie n t K in g d o m o f K ie v ,
t h e l a t e r U k r a in ia n K o z a k S t a t e , a n d t h e b r i e f p o s t - w a r U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l
R e p u b lic .
B e s i d e s t h e s e c o n s id e r a t io n s , h o w e v e r , t h e p r im e m o t i v a t in g c a u s e o f
t h e s a d l o t o f U k r a in e h a s b e e n i t s p o s it i o n a t t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n c o m e r o f
E u r o p e , o n t h e t h r e s h o l d o f A s ia , a t a p o in t w h e r e t h e e a s i e s t o v e r la n d
r o u t e c o n n e c t s t h e t w o c o n t in e n t s .
T h i s b o r d e r p o s it i o n o f U k r a in e , o n t h e t h r e s h o l d o f A s ia , h a s b e e n
d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o U k r a in e p r in c ip a lly b e c a u s e o f t w o r e a s o n s .
F ir s t , f o r
c lo s e t o o n e t h o u s a n d y e a r s i t h a d b e e n t h e m e a n s o f a c c e s s f o r t h e w ild
A s i a t i c h o r d e s w h ic h , lu r e d b y t h e i n v i t i n g l y r ic h a n d c iv iliz e d la n d s o f S o u t h e r n
a n d W e s t e r n E u r o p e , h a d t o f i r s t f i g h t t h e i r w a y t h r o u g h U k r a in e in o r d e r
t o r e a c h t h e i r g o a l.
A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s c o n t in u a l w a r f a r e U k r a in e b e c a m e
s o w e a k e n e d t h a t i t f e l l p r e y t o t h e im p e r ia lis m o f h e r n e ig h b o r s R u s s i a
a n d P o la n d .
S e c o n d ly , t h i s b o r d e r p o s it i o n o f U k r a in e h a s b e e n d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s
b e c a u s e o f i t s d is t a n c e t o t h e c u l t u r a l c e n t e r s o f W e s t e r n E u r o p e .
O n ly
d u r in g t h e p e r io d o f t h e e x is t e n c e o f t h e B y z a n t i n e E m p ir e , p a r t i c u la r l y
d u r in g t h e 1 1 t h c e n t u r y , w a s t h i s p o s it i o n o f c o n s id e r a b le b e n e f it , f o r d u r in g
t h a t t i m e a n u n in t e r r u p t e d s t r e a m o f c u lt u r e f l o w e d in t o U k r a in e , w h ic h
f a c t m a d e U k r a in e o n e o f t h e m o s t c u lt u r e d c o u n t r ie s o f t h a t p e r io d .
W e m u s t b e a r in m in d , h o w e v e r , t h a t g e o g r a p h ic a l in f l u e n c e s v a r y
w i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t im e .
G r a d u a lly , m a n h a s l e a r n e d t o m a s t e r n a t u r e ,
a l t h o u g h h e h a s n o t t h e r e b y d i s s o c i a t e d h i m s e l f f r o m i t a n d g e o g r a p h ic
in flu e n c e s .
H e s i m p l y h a s l e a r n e d t o e x p l o it n a t u r e m o r e s u c c e s s f u l l y a n d
in m o r e d iv e r s e w a y s .
S u c h i s t h e c a s e o f U k r a in e .
E m b r a c in g t h e e n t i r e n o r t h e r n c o a s t
o f t h e B la c k S e a a n d t h e S e a o f A z o v , U k r a in e h o ld s f i n e p o s s i b i l it i e s o f
o v e r s e a s c o m m e r c e . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e p r o x i m it y o f A s i a i s n o l o n g e r d a n g e r
o u s , b u t, o n t h e c o n t r a r y , v e r y a d v a n t a g e o u s , f o r U k r a i n e i s s i t u a t e d o n t h e
s h o r t e s t la n d r o u t e f r o m C e n t r a l E u r o p e t o C e n tr a l A s i a a n d In d ia , a n d
c o m m a n d s a g o o d p o r t io n o f t h i s r o u t e .
A n d f i n a l ly , t h e s t e p p e , w h ic h
f o r m e r ly w a s a l w a y s a p la c e o f d a n g e r , i s t o d a y o n e o f t h e b e s t g r a in
p r o d u c in g r e g io n s in t h e e n t ir e w o r ld , b e s i d e s c o n t a in in g v a s t m in e r a l w e a l t h
a n d c o n s id e r a b le p o s s i b i l it i e s f o r i n d u s t r i a l e x p a n s io n .
K in g d o m o f K ie v .
H is t o r i c a l e v id e n c e i n d ic a t e s t h a t t h e e a r l i e s t U k r a in ia n l i f e d e v e lo p e d
w e l l n i g h s im u l t a n e o u s l y in t h e b a s in s o f t h e D n ie p e r a n d t h e D n ie s t e r .
Y e t i t s f i r s t n a t io n a l o r g a n iz a t io n c e n t e r e d u p o n a n d r a d ia t e d f r o m K ie v ,
a s m a l l t r a d i n g p o s t o n t h e D n ie p e r , w h ic h w i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e e v o lv e d
t o , w h a t a c o n t e m p o r a r y G e r m a n h i s t o r i a n . o f t h a t p e r io d c a lle d t h e c o m p e tit o r
o f C o n s t a n t in o p le . 2
A l t h o u g h t h e r is in g im p o r t a n c e o f t h i s f l o u r is h i n g t r a d e c e n t e r a t t r a c t e d
t o i t m a n y V a r a n g ia n m e r c e n a r ie s , w h o s e r v e d m a in ly a s a r m e d r e t a in e r s
o r tr a d e r s , y e t , c o n t r a r y t o t h e p o p u la r n o t io n o f f o r m e r t im e s , t h e y d id n o t
f o u n d t h e K in g d o m o f K ie v . T h is w a s d o n e b y a s o u t h e r n g r o u p o f E a s t e r n
S la y s , p a r t ic u la r ly t h e P o ly a n i, t h e u n d o u b t e d f o r b e a r s o f t h e p r e s e n t - d a y
U k r a in ia n s .
D u r in g t h e 1 0 t h c e n t u r y t h i s a n c i e n t U k r a in ia n s t a t e e x p a n d e d v e r y
r a p i d l y ; s u b j u g a t in g t h e m ix e d t r ib e s o f t h e f o r e s t - c l a d la n d s t o t h e n o r th , fr o m
a m o n g w h o m a r e d e s c e n d e d t h e m o d e r n R u s s i a n s ; s h a t t e r i n g t h e i n v a d in g
A s ia t i c h o r d e s t h a t w e r e a t t r a c t e d t o i t , a s s e v e r a l c e n t u r ie s b e f o r e t h e
T e u t o n s h a d b e e n t o R o m e ; s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e e x t e n s i v e c o m m e r c ia l a n d
c u lt u r a l r e la t io n s w i t h t h e n e ig h b o r in g p o w e r f u l a n d h i g h ly c iv iliz e d B y z a n t in e
E m p ir e ; a n d s e e k i n g t o e s t a b lis h s im ila r r e la t io n s w i t h t h e d i s t a n t W e s t .
A t t h e t u r n o f t h a t c e n tu r y , d u r in g t h e r e ig n o f V o lo d im ir t h e G r e a t
( 9 8 0 - 1 0 1 5 ) , t h e k in g d o m a t t a in e d i t s g r e a t e s t p o w e r , e x t e n d i n g f r o m t h e
C a r p a t h ia n s t o t h e C a u c a s u s , f r o m t h e B la c k S e a t o t h e V o l g a , a n d t h e n c e
w e s t w a r d t o s o m e w h e r e s n e a r t h e d e l t a o f t h e N e v a ; w i t h K ie v r a p id ly
a t t a i n i n g i t s a p e x a s o n e o f t h e w e a l t h i e s t a n d m o s t c u lt u r e d c it i e s in
E u r o p e , c o m m u n ic a t in g w i t h t h e W e s t o n e q u a l t e r m s in a r t , lit e r a t u r e , a n d
com m erce.
D u r i n g h i s r e ig n , t o o , C h r is t ia n it y w a s in t r o d u c e d in t o t h e
co u n tr y (9 8 8 ).
V o lo d im ir s s u c c e s s o r , Y a r o s l a v t h e W is e ( 1 0 1 9 - 1 0 5 4 ) , p r o v e d m o r e
t h a n w o r t h y o f t h e h e r it a g e b e q u e a t h e d h im ; s t r e n g t h e n i n g a n d b e a u t i f y i n g
K i e v ; 3 c o d if y in g t h e c o m m o n la w o f t h e p e o p le ; f o u n d in g v a r io u s c u lt u r a l
i n s t i t u t i o n s ; r e t a k in g a ll t h a t la n d w e s t o f t h e B u h , in c lu d in g G a lic ia , w h ic h
h i s b r o th e r , S v y a t o p o lk , h a d g iv e n t o P o la n d in a n e f f o r t t o g a in h e r a id
in h is s t r u g g l e fo r , t h e t h r o n e d u r in g t h a t b r ie f p e r io d o f t u r m o il f o llo w in g
t h e i r f a t h e r ' s d e a t h ; a n d s e c u r in g t h e t i e s w i t h t h e W e s t b y a ll a v a ila b le
m e a n s , in c lu d in g t h e m a r r ia g e o f t h r e e o f h is d a u g h t e r s t o t h e r e s p e c t iv e
r u le r s o f N o r w a y , H u n g a r y , a n d F r a n c e .4
H is w h o le r e ig n c a n b e s a id t o
h a v e b e e n c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y a g r e a t a d v a n c e in t h e m a t e r i a l a n d s p ir it u a l
c iv iliz a t io n o f t h e a n c ie n t U k r a in ia n s .
T h is g o ld e n a g e o f a n c ie n t U k r a in e , h o w e v e r , w a s n o t f a t e d t o l a s t lo rig
a f t e r Y a r o s l a v s d e a t h .
I n t e r n a l d is s e n s io n , i n t e r v e n t io n a n d a t t a c k s f r o m
t h e N o r t h b y t h e n e w ly - a r is e n M u s c o v it e P r in c ip a lit y , a n d t h e u n c e a s in g
in v a s i o n o f t h e M o n g o lo id h o r d e s , c u l m in a t in g in t h e c a p t u r e a n d d e s t r u c t io n
o f K ie v in 1 2 4 0 ,- t h e s e t h r e e d e s t r u c t i v e f o r c e s u s h e r e d in t h e d e c lin e o f
t h i s f i r s t in d e p e n d e n t U k r a in ia n n a t i o n a n d b r o u g h t i t t o a n u n t im e l y e n d
in 1 3 4 0 , w h e n i t s r e m a in in g v e s t i g e s w e r e in c o r p o r a t e d in t o t h e L it h u a n ia n P o lis h s ta te .
I n t e r n a l d is s e n s io n w a s a r e s u l t m a i n l y o f t w o f a c t o r s .
T h e fir s t
w a s t h e b i t t e r s t r u g g l e f o r p o w e r w it h in t h e s t a t e b e t w e e n t h e p r in c e s a n d
t h e c la n a s s e m b ly o f a ll f r e e m e n ( v i c h e ) . T h e s e c o n d f a c t o r w a s t h e p r a c tic e
2 Adam of Bremen l l t h century.

3 He sponsored the building o f the famous St. Sophia Church.
4 Elizaveta became the beloved wife of the Norwegian monarch, Harald the Bold,
who, before winning her hand, first, had to perform great deeds of daring, and who
wrote the song about her in which he grieved that the Ukrainian girl with the,
golden necklace does not care for him. Anne married King Henry I of France.,
The youngest daughter became the wife o f 't h e Magyar (Hungarian) king, Andre ,
who for a time lived in exile iri Kiev.
T - OJ-K R A I N I A N S
463
O f s u c c e s s i o n t o t h e t h r o n e in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r in c ip le o f s e n i o r it y ,
w h ic h r e s u l t e d in t h e f o r m a t io n o f p e t t y p r in c ip a lit ie s , e a c h o n e a t o d d s w i t h
t h e o t h e r , a n d l e d t o t h e r e c u r r in g i n t e r v e n t i o n o f t h e n e ig h b o r in g s t a t e s
i n U k r a in ia n a f f a i r s .
B o t h t h e s e f a c t o r s m a d e im p o s s ib le t h e c r e a t io n o f
t h e v e r y n e c e s s a r y s t r o n g c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t , t h a t c o u ld s u c c e s s f u l l y c o n t e n d
w i t h i n t e r n a l p r o b le m s a n d e x t e r n a l d a n g e r s .
I t i s v e r y l ik e l y t h a t h a d t h e
l a t t e r b e e n l e s s a c u t e a n d p r e s s in g , s o m e f o r m o f i n t e r n a l s t a b il i t y , s u c h
a s a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l m o n a r c h y * w o u ld h a v e b e e n a c h ie v e d , a n d U k r a in e w o u ld
h a v e em erg ed a s a g r e a t E u ro p ea n pow er.
W it h t h e f a l l o f K ie v , t h e s c e n e o f o r g a n iz e d U k r a in ia n n a t io n a l lif e
s h i f t e d t o W e s t e r n U k r a in e , t o t h e t w o p r o v in c e s o f G a lic ia a n d V o lh y n ia ,
w h ic h d u r in g t h e r e i g n o f t h e s t r o n g r u le r P r i n c e R o m a n h a d u n ite d ( 1 2 0 0 ) ;
a n d H a li c h 6 n o w b e c a m e t h e n e w c a p it a l o f U k r a in e .
W e s t e r n U k r a in e , h o w e v e r , w a s a ls o b e s e t w i t h t r o u b le s , m a in ly in t h e
f o r m o f P o li s h a n d H u n g a r ia n e f f o r t s t o a n n e x i t .
D e s p it e s u c h d e te r m in e d
e f f o r t s , i t m a n a g e d t o k e e p i n t a c t i t s in d e p e n d e n c e , e s p e c ia l l y u n d e r t h e r u le
o f D a n ilo , h is s o n L e v , w h o e x t e n d e d h i s s w a y o v e r S u b - C a r p a th ia n U k r a in e
( P o d k a r p a t s k a R u s * ), a n d t h e l a t t e r s s o n Y u r iy , u n d e r w h o s e a b le r u le
W e s t e r n U k r a in e a t t a i n e d t h e p e a k o f i t s p o w e r a n d d e v e lo p m e n t u p t o t h a t
tim e*
I t w a s d u r in g t h e la t t e r - s r e ig n , to p , t h a t , t h e f i r s t r e lig io u s d iv is io n
b e t w e e n E a s t e r n a n d W e s t e r n U k r a in e c a m e i n t o b e in g ; a r is in g f r o m t h e
g r o w i n g h a b it o f t h e K ie v a n M e t r o p o lit a n s t o s p e n d m u c h o f t h e i r t im e in
t h e S u z d a l-M u s c o v it e la n d s t o t h e n o r t h in o r d e r t o e s c a p e t h e t h r e a t e n i n g
T a t a r d a n g e r ; w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n s p e t it io n e d t h e
P a t r i a r c h a t C o n s t a n t in o p le a n d o b t a in e d t h e i r o w n M e t r o p o lit a n in 1 3 0 3 .
T h e in d e p e n d e n c e o f W e s t e r n U k r a in e l a s t e d n o t m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y
a f t e r t h e c o lla p s e o f; E a s t e r n U k r a in . F o r , u p o n t h e d e a t h o f Y u r iy , h is t w o
s o n s r u le d b u t f o r a s h o r t t im e a n d d ie d l e a v i n g n o m a le h e ir s t o s u c c e e d
t h e m , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e ir k in g d o m , t h r o u g h a s e r ie s o f u n u s u a l
c ir c u m s t a n c e s , f e l l u n d e r L it h u a n ia n r u le .
T h is w a s f o llo w e d b y in t e r n a l
d i s s e n s i o n , w h ic h w a s j u s t w h a t P o la n d w a s w a i t i n g f o r .
In 13 5 0 sh e
c o n q u e r e d a ll o f s t r i f e - t o r n G a lic ia a n d a p o r t i o n o f V o lh y n ia , a n d im p o s e d
h e r d e s p o t ic r u le o v e r t h e m .
M e a n w h ile , l a r g e s e c t i o n s o f t h e T a t a r - d e v a s t e d E a s t e r n U k r a in e h a d
b e e n g r a d u a l l y a b s o r b e d b y L it h u a n ia , w h ic h , f u r t h e r r e m o v e d f r o m t h e
T a t a r d a n g e r , h a d b e e n s l o w l y r is in g , t o p o w e r , in s p it e o f t h e a t t a c k s o f
t h e T e u t o n ic p r in c e s f r o m t h e B a lt ic .
A n d w i t h t h e f a l l o f t h e G a lic ia n V o l h y n i a n d y n a s t y s h e h a d m a n a g e d t o a b s o r b t h i s s e c t i o n t o o , o n ly , a s
a l r e a d y m e n t io n e d , t o l o s e G a lic ia t o P o la n d .
T h i s a b s o r p t io n w a s q u ite
p e a c e f u l, a n d e n c o u n t e r e d v e r y l i t t l e o p p o s it io n a m o n g t h e w a r -r id d e n a n d
s t r i f e - t o r n U k r a in ia n s , e s p e c ia l l y s i n c e L i t h u a n i a r u le d k in d ly , l e a v i n g u n
d is t u r b e d t h e o ld o r d e r a n d n o t in t r o d u c in g a n y n e w o n e in i t s s t e a d , a d o p t in g
t h e o ld U k r a in ia n l a w s a n d c u s t o m s , a n d e v e n m a k in g t h e U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e a s h e r o ffic ia l to n g u e .
T h i s s y s t e m o f b e n e f i c e n t r u le b y L it h u a n ia o v e r t h e U k r a in ia n s , h o w
e v e r , u n d e r w e n t r a d ic a l c h a n g e s w h e n i n 1 3 7 0 L i t h u a n i a u n i t e d .w it h P o la n d ,
w i t h t h e l a t t e r e m e r g in g p o u t o f t h e d e a l a s t h e .d o m in a n t p o w e r .
P o la n d
w a s n o w a b le t o e x t e n d h e r d e s p o t ic s w a y b e y o n d t h a t o f G a lic ia , in t o E a s t e r n
U k r a i n e a s w e ll, a n d n o w t h e l o t o f t h e U k r a i n i a n s b e c a m e v e r y b a d in d e e d ,
f o r P o la n d t r e a t e d t h e m a s a c o n q u e r e d r a c e a n d a b u s e d a n d o p p r e s s e d t h e m
6
; it i :from this city th a t, Halichiit (Galicia being : the ^Polish M ine for it,
recognized by mapmakers) derived its name.
;
i
> .:; > .
in e v e r y p o s s ib le m a n n e r . E v e r y U k r a in ia n w a s m a d e t o f e e l t h e ir o n h a n d
o f t h e a r is t o c r a t ic , e q u e s t r ia n P o li s h s t a t e .
I n o r d e r t o e s c a p e t o t a l e x t in c t i o n , m a n y o f t h e U k r a in ia n u p p e r
c la s s e s d e s e r te d t h e i r n a t i o n a l i t y a n d r e lig io n a n d p e r m it t e d t h e m s e l v e s t o
b e c o m e P o lo n iz e d .
T h e b u r g h e r c la s s , n o w a l s o t y r a n iz e d , y ie ld e d f r o m i t s
m id s t s u c h d e s e r t e r s t o o .
O n ly t h e p e a s a n t r y , n o w r e d u c e d t o s e r fd o m a n d
a b u s e d m o s t o f a ll, r e s is t e d P o lo n iz a t io n , a n d b e c a m e t h e b u lw a r k o f U k r a in
ia n n a t io n a l id e n t i t y b y r e m a in in g t r u e t o t h e t r a d i t io n s o f i t s a n c e s t o r s , a n d
b y c o n s t a n t ly r e b e llin g a g a i n s t t h e g r e a t P o l i s h la n d o w n e r s t h a t h a d s e iz e d
i t s la n d s a n d f o r c e d i t t o w o r k t h e s e la n d s f o r t h e i r g a in .
A n d y e t , t h i s P o lis h - d o m in a t e d c o a lit io n r u le o v e r m o s t o f U k r a in e
w a s f a r t o o w e a k t o p r o t e c t i t a g a i n s t t h e u n c e a s i n g a t t a c k s o f t h e w ild
A s ia t i c s , w h ic h b e c a m e w o r s e w h e n o n e o f t h e m a j o r T a t a r h o r d e s s e t t l e d
in C r im e a a n d a c c e p t e d t h e r u le o f t h e T u r k is h E m p ir e in r e t u r n f o r T u r k is h
a id in i t s w a r s .
W it h t h i s a id a n d s u c h a s t r a t e g i c b a s e o f o p e r a t io n s , t h e T a t a r s
c o n s t a n t ly a n d s u c c e s s f u l l y r a id e d U k r a in e , e v e n a s f a r w e s t a s V o lh y n ia a n d
G a lic ia , d e v a s t a t i n g t h e c o u n t r y , s e i z i n g e v e r y t h i n g o f v a lu e , a n d a ls o t a k i n g
b a c k w i t h t h e m t h o u s a n d s u p o n t h o u s a n d s o f U k r a in ia n m e n , w o m e n a n d
c h ild r e n , t o b e s o ld in t h e O r ie n ta l s l a v e m a r k e t s .
A s a r e s u lt o f th e s e
in v a s io n s , d u r in g t h e 1 5 t h a n d 1 6 t h c e n t u r ie s , a l m o s t a ll o f E a s t e r n U k r a in e
o n t h e l e f t b a n k o f t h e D n ie p e r t u r n e d in t o a w ild e r n e s s , w h ile i t s s o u t h e r n
s e c t i o n s b e c a m e a s p a r e l y p e o p le d b o r d e r la n d .
A n d so , b e s e t b y th e T a ta r T u r k is h o n s la u g h t s o n t h e o n e s id e a n d b y a n a v a r ic io u s P o la n d o n t h e o t h e r
s id e , U k r a in e s e e m e d t o t o t t e r o n t h e v e r g e o f e x t in c t io n a s a n a tio n .
th e
I t i s a b o u t t h i s tim e , m id d le o f t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y , t h a t w e f i r s t h e a r o f
K o z a k s t h o s e w o r ld f a m o u s w a r r io r s w h o r e s u r r e c t e d U k r a in e .
T h e K o z a k s w e r e o r ig in a lly c o m p o s e d o n ly o f t h o s e b o ld e r s p ir it s
w h o , u n a b le t o l iv e u n d e r P o li s h m is r u le , h a d p e n e t r a t e d in t o t h e d a n g e r o u s
b o r d e r la n d s a n d t h e r e liv e d a h a z a r d o u s l i f e a m id s t t h e p l e n t y t h a t b o u n t if u l
N a t u r e p r o v id e d f o r th e m . G r a d u a lly , a s t h e i r n u m b e r s in c r e a s e d , t h e y b e g a n
t o b a n d t o g e t h e r , b u ild t h e i r w o o d e n o r r e e d - p la it e d h o r o d k y ( f o r t r e s s e s ) ,
a n d s o o n w e r e n o t o n ly s u c c e s s f u ll y d e f e n d in g t h e m s e l v e s a g a i n s t t h e T u r k s
a n d T a t a r s b u t w e r e e v e n r a id in g t h e l a t t e r s s e t t l e m e n t s , p e n e t r a t i n g in t o
C r im e a .
O f n e c e s s i t y , t h e s e b a n d s t o o k o n a s e m i- m ilit a r y c h a r a c t e r , w h ic h
b e c a m e m o r e p r o n o u n c ed w ith th e ir g r o w th .
T h e f i r s t r e a l m ilit a r y o r g a n
iz a t io n o f th e m , h o w e v e r , d id n o t t a k e p la c e u n t il a b o u t t h e m id d le o f t h e
1 6 t h c e n t u r y , w h e n u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f D m it r o V i s h n e v e t s k y ,6 a g o o d ly
p o r t io n o f t h e m s e t u p a s t h e i r c e n t e r a f o r t i f i e d e n c a m p m e n t o n t h e is la n d
o f K h o r t it s y a , o n t h e lo w e r D n ie p e r , b e lo w t h e r a p id s , w h ic h b e c a m e t h e
f a m o u s Z a p o r o z h ia n S it c h .
F r o m h e r e t h e K o z a k s s a l l ie d f o r t h o n t h e ir
w a r r in g e x p e d it io n s a g a i n s t t h e T a t a r s a n d t h e T u r k s , e it h e r b y la n d o r
w a te r.
D e s c e n d in g t h e D n ie p e r R iv e r a n d d e l t a in t o t h e o p e n a n d s t o r m y
B la c k S e a t h e s e w a r r io r s , a b o u t w h o s e f i g h t i n g a b ilit ie s e v e n W e s t e r n E u r o p e
b e g a n t o h e a r , r a id e d T a t a r a n d T u r k is h c o a s t w i s e a n d e v e n in la n d t o w n s
a n d c it i e s ; d e s t r o y i n g m a n y o f t h e m , g a i n i n g v a s t q u a n t it ie s o f s p o ils , f r e e in g
t h o u s a n d s o f U k r a in ia n c a p t i v e s ; a n d g r a d u a l l y u n d e r m in in g t h e p o w e r a n d
p r e s t i g e o f t h e p o w e r f u l T u r k is h E m p ir e , b e f o r e w h o m a ll E u r o p e w a s
t r e m b lin g th e n .
6
The Bayda of Ukrainian Kozak songs.
splendid courage, and fine organizing ability.
A man of winning
personality,
S u c h w e r e t h e b e g in n in g s o f t h e K o z a k s .
O r ig in a lly g r o u p s o f
f r o n t i e r s m e n b a n d in g f o r p r o t e c t io n t h e y d e v e lo p e d in t o o n e o f t h e f i n e s t
m i li t a r y f o r c e s t h e w o r ld h a s e v e r s e e n , o n e w h o s e e x p l o it s a t t r a c t e d
a t t e n t i o n t h r o u g h o u t b o t h t h e O c c id e n t a n d t h e O r ie n t.
F r o m t h e v e r y o u t s e t o f t h e i r d e v e lo p m e n t , h o w e v e r , t h e y h a d t o
c o n t e n d w i t h P o la n d , w h ic h , j e a lo u s a n d a p p r e h e n s iv e o f t h e i r r is in g p o w e r
a n d s p ir i t o f in d e p e n d e n c e , a n d e m b a r r a s s e d b y t h e i r a t t a c k s u p o n t h e T u r k s
a n d T a t a r s , s o u g h t b y d ip lo m a t ic s u b t e r f u g e s a s w e ll a s b y d ir e c t f o r c e t o
s u p p r e s s t h e m , e a s i n g s u c h s u p p r e s s io n o n l y w h e n s h e n e e d e d t h e i r in v a lu a b le
a id in h e r n u m e r o u s w a r s .7
T h is a n t a g o n is t ic p o lic y t o w a r d s t h e K o z a k s
b e g a n to m a n ife s t it s e lf w ith ste a d ily g r o w in g s e v e r ity w h e n w ith t h e p a s s a g e
o f t im e t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e K o z a k o r g a n i z a t i o n e v o lv e d f r o m a n in d e p e n d e n t
b o d y e x i s t i n g a n d f i g h t i n g f o r i t s o w n s a k e in t o a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e U k r a i n
ia n n a t i o n i t s e l f ; f i g h t i n g f o r t h e r ig h t s a n d f r e e d o m o f n o t o n l y i t s e l f b u t o f a ll
t h e U k r a i n i a n p e o p le , a n d n o t o n ly a g a i n s t t h e r a id s a n d i n v a s i o n s o f b o t h
t h e T u r k s a n d T a t a r s b u t a g a i n s t P o li s h o p p r e s s io n a s w e ll.
T o d e s t r o y t h i s r a p id ly - r is in g d a n g e r t o i t s s w a y o v e r U k r a in e , P o la n d
b e g a n t o d i s p a t c h p u n it iv e e x p e d it io n s a g a i n s t t h e K o z a k s .
In th e m a jo r ity
o f t h e r e s u l t i n g s a n g u i n a r y e n c o u n t e r s t h e P o le s w e r e s o u n d ly t r o u n c e d , a n d
t o t h e i r f u r t h e r d is m a y t h e y f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s c o n f r o n t e d b y a s e r ie s o f
r e v o l t s a m o n g t h e U k r a in ia n p o p u la t io n , w h ic h b e g a n t o w a r d s t h e e n d o f
t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y a n d f i ll e d t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e 1 7 t h c e n t u r y .
B y d r a w in g
u p o n a ll t h e i r r e s o u r c e s , h o w e v e r , t h e y m a n a g e d t o q u e ll t h e r is in g r e v o l t s
a n d r e - e s t a b l i s h t h e i r h o ld o v e r U k r a in e .
B u t t h i s w a s o n ly t h e lu ll b e f o r e
th e sto r m .
The
U k r a in ia n
K ozak
S ta te .
I n 1 6 4 8 t h e U k r a in ia n K o z a k s , a id e d b y t h e e n t ir e U k r a in ia n p e o p le ,
f r o m t h e D n ie p e r t o t h e S a n , u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f H e t m a n B o h d a n K h m e l
n i t s k y , t h e C r o m w e ll o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e ,8 r o s e in r e b e llio n a g a i n s t P o la n d ,
s h a t t e r e d a ll t h e P o li s h a r m ie s a t Z h o v t i V o d i, K o r s u n , P ily a v a , a n d Z b o r iw ,
l e a v i n g e n t i r e P o la n d a t t h e i r m e r c y , o r , a s t h a t r o m a n t ic iz e r o f t h e P o le s a n d
v i li f i e r o f t h e U k r a in ia n s , t h e P o li s h w r i t e r S ie n k ie w ic z , w r o t e in h i s W it h F ir e
a n d S w o r d , P o la n d l a y in b lo o d a n d d u s t a t t h e f e e t o f t h e C o s s a c k s .
H a d n o t K h m e ln it s k y b e e n l e n ie n t w i t h t h e P o le s k t t h i s p o in t o f h i s g r e a t e s t
p o w e r , a l l o f P o la n d w o u ld h a v e c a p i t u l a t e d b e f o r e h im a n d t h e e n t ir e c o u r s e o f
E a s t e r n E u r o p e a n h i s t o r y w o u ld h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d .
A s i t w a s , h e d e s is t e d
f r o m i n v a d in g P o la n d , a n d t h u s g a v e h e r a c h a n c e t o r e c o v e r .
A n d s o a f t e r t h r e e h u n d r e d y e a r s o f b o n d a g e , U k r a in e r e g a in e d h e r
in d e p e n d e n c e .
7 Thus in 1621 the Kozak Hetman, Sahaydachny, saved the Polish army
which was surrounded by a large Turkish force near Khotin. A similar role was
played by the Kozak divisions which came to the aid of Jan Sobieski, defeating
the Turks near Vienna, in 1683.
8 The Polish historian Kubala writes of this figure who was the Ukrainian
Cromwell, W ashington and Bolivar: Strangers compared him with Cromwell. The
comparison forces itself to the attention, especially of the age when these tw o men
drew upon them selves the undivided interest of Europe. Both lived and died at
practically the same time. Both were standing enemies of the ruling church and
governm ent of their countries and in the later years of their lives both stood at the
head of an uprising that could boast of progress which could put to shame the teachings
and experience of the greatest warriors and diplomats. Each created a mighty army
by w hose help he governed, and both died at the heights of their power, willing
their position to thei children.
A letter from Cromwell to Khmelnitsky shows that the great Englishman saw
in Khmelnitsky a champion of freedom.
H a v in g a c h ie v e d h e r in d e p e n d e n c e , U k r a in e w a s f a c e d w i t h t h e t r e m e n
d o u s t a s k o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a n i n t e r n a l o r d e r t h a t w o u ld r e p a ir t h e r a v a g e s o f
c o u n t l e s s w a r s a n d in v a s io n s , e x t e r m in a t e th e , r e m n a n t s o f t h e p a r a s i t i c P o li s h
s o c i a l- p o li t i c a l o r d e r , s u p p la n t i t w i t h o n e b e n e f i t t i n g t h e U k r a in ia n s th e ir is e l v e s , a n d s e t u p a s y s t e m o f g o v e r n m e n t C o m p r e h e n s iv e a n d a b le e n o u g h
t o d ir e c t t h e d e s t in ie s o f t h e n e w l y - f r e e d U k r a in ia n n a tio n , w h ic h f o r t h r e e
c e n t u r ie s h a d k n o w n h a r d ly a n y t h in g m o r e t h a n w a r , d e v a s t a t io n , m is r u le , a n d
o p p r e s s io n .
E v e n u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d it io n s t h i s t a s k w o u ld h a v e b e e n
s t a g g e r i n g , b u t w h a t m a d e i t d o u b ly s o f o r U k r a in e w a s t h a t n o w in h e r
n e w l y w o n f r e e d o m s h e f o u n d h e r s e l f b e s e t n o t o n ly b y in t e r n a l d i f f i c u lt i e s b u t
a l s o b y a t h r e a t e n i n g r in g o f e n e m ie s , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e a r is t o c r a t ic P o la n d
s m a r t i n g f r o m h e r o v e r w h e lm in g d e f e a t , b y t h e p e r f id io u s K h a n o f C r im e a
s h o w i n g b u t s l i g h t in c lin a t io n t o r e s t r a i n t h e r a id in g a n d p lu n d e r in g h a b i t s
o f h is s u b j e c t s , a n d , f i n a l ly , b y t h e a u t o c r a t i c M u s c o v y in t h e n o r t h .
Of
t h e m a l l, h o w e v e r , P o la n d c o n s t i t u t e d t h e c h i e f t h r e a t in t h e e y e s o f t h e
U k r a in ia n s .
I n t h i s d ile m m a , K h m e ln it s k y d e c id e d t h e b e s t c o u r s e f o r U k r a in e t o
f o l l o w w a s t o b e t h a t o f a n a llia n c e w i t h s o m e n e ig h b o r in g p o w e r , in o r d e r
t o g a i n t h e n e e d e d c a lm a n d t im e n e c e s s a r y t o a c h ie v e i n t e r n a l o r g a n iz a t io n .
A c c o r d in g ly , h e n e g o t i a t e d w i t h v a r i o u s ; c o u n t r ie s , e s p e c ia l l y s u c h a s w o u ld
b e w i l li n g t o r e n d e r m i li t a r y a id t o U k r a in e i n t h e e v e n t o f a P o li s h a t t a c k .
F in a l l y h e f o u n d a n a t t e n t i v e e a r in M o s c o w , w i t h w h ic h U k r a in e w a s b o u n d
b y b o n d s o f r e lig io n .
T h e l a t t e r h a d l o n g a s p ir e d t o e x e r c i s e s o m e o f i t s
a u t o c r a t i c p o w e r o v e r U k r a in e a n d a t t h e s a m e t im e w a s j e a lo u s o f P o la n d 's
r is in g p o w e r a n d f e a r f u l o f t h e d a n g e r t o i t s e l f i f P o la n d e v e r p r o v e d v ic t o r io u s
o v e r U k r a in e ; s o in r e p ly t o K h m e ln it s k y s o v e r t u r e s i t n o t if ie d h im o f t h e t s a r s
w i l li n g n e s s t o b e c o m e h i s a lly .
T h e o u tc o m e o f t h e r e s u l t in g n e g o t i a t io n s w it h M u s c o v y w a s t h e T r e a t y
o f P e r e y a s la v ( 1 6 5 4 ) , w h ic h p r o v id e d f o r t h e c o m p le t e in d e p e n d e n c e o f
U k r a in e , a s w e ll a s o f h e r K o z a k o r g a n iz a t io n , w i t h t h e t s a r e x e r c i s i n g
a n o m in a l p r o t e c t o r a t e .
I t w a s a t r e a t y b e tw e e n tw o so v e r e ig n p o w e r s,
p l e d g i n g m u t u a l a id in t h e e v e n t o f a n e m e r g e n c y , a t r e a t y t h a t m a r k e d t h e
d o w n f a ll o f P o la n d a n d t h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h e g r e a t R u s s i a n s t a t e .
F r o m t h e v e r y o u t s e t i t b e c a m e c le a r t h a t M o s c o w h a d n o t t h e l e a s t
in t e n t i o n o f k e e p in g i t s p a r t o f t h e b a r g a in . I t s m a in p u r p o s e in m a k in g t h e
t r e a t y w a s t o e x t e n d i t s s w a y o v e r U k r a in e a n d a t t h e s a m e t im e c u r b P o la n d .
K h m e ln it s k y , s h r e w d s t a t e s m a n t h a t h e w a s , q u ic k ly d e t e c t e d t h i s a n d
im m e d ia t e ly
began
to
p la n
th e
a b r o g a t io n
of
th e
t r e a t y ; e s p e c ia l l y
w h en
h e saw
h is s u s p ic io n s b o r n e
out by
o v e rt a c ts
on
th e
part
o f M o s c o w , s u c h a s i t s g a r r i s o n in g v a r io u s s t r a t e g i c s p o t s in U k r a in e u n d e r
t h e g u i s e o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e U k r a in ia n s f r o m t h e P o le s , b u t in r e a l i t y t o k e e p
a w a t c h f u l e y e o n b o t h t h e H e t m a n a n d h is K o z a k s .
A t t h i s c r it ic a l p o in t in U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y , h o w e v e r , w h e n h is l e a d e r
s h ip a n d s a g a c i t y w e r e m o s t n e e d e d b y U k r a in e , B o h d a n K h m e ln it s k y d ie d .
T o q u o t e S a ly a n d y s d e s c r ip t io n o f h im : A b le , b o t h a s s t a t e s m a n a n d
w a r r io r > a c c o r d e d a k i n g ly e s t a t e b y a ll t h e g r e a t p o w e r s , B o h d a n c o n t in u e d
u n t il t h e e n d o f h is c a r e e r t o le a d t h e l i f e o f a p e a s a n t r a c o m m o n s o ld ie r .
I n t h e s a m e t h a t h e s h a r e d w i t h h i s w i f e a n d c h ild r e n h e r e c e iv e d
e m b a s s ie s f r o m t h e g r e a t e s t c r o w n e d h e a d s o f E u r o p e . T h e s u d d e n a p o p le c t ic
s t r o k e w h ic h c a r r ie d o f f t h e v e t e r a n c h i e f o f t h e K o z a k s r e m o v e d a - f a c t o r
w h ic h , f r t e n y e a r s , h a d p la y e d a . r o le in E a s t e r n E u r o p e w h ic h h a s b e e n
c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t o f O liv e r C r o m w e ll in t h e W e s t .
Y et; t o d a y B o h d a n
K h m e ln it s k y s n a m e i s a ll b u t f o r g o t t e n in h i s t o r y .
B e r e f t o f a s t r o n g h a n d a t i t s h e lm , t h e n e w l y - r e l e a s e d U k r a in ia n
s h ip
of
sta te
began
to
f lo u n d e r
on
th e
ja g g ed
rock s
o f M o s c o w s
m a c h i n a t i o n s t o w r e c k it .
T a k in g a d v a n t a g e ro f K h m e ln it s k y s d e a t h , o f t h e
i n c o m p e t e n c e o f h i s s u c c e s s o r s , a n d o f t h e p a r t i s a n f e e l i n g s r u n n in g h ig h
in U k r a in e , i t d e lib e r a t e ly f o s t e r e d f u r t h e r d is s e n s io n a m o n g t h e U k r a in ia n s
a,nd t h e i r K o z a k s , p o is o n e d t h e i r m in d s a g a i n s t t h e i r le a d e r s , a n d a t e v e r y
s u c c e s s i v e e le c t i o n o f t h e H e t m a n w h it t l e d s o m e o f t h e U k r a in ia n lib e r t ie s a w a y .
A t t i m e s i t s e e m e d a s i f t h e U k r a in ia n s w o u ld b e a b le t o c a s t o f f
M o s c o w s o p p r e s s iv e h a n d , a s s o o n a f t e r K h m e ln it s k y s d e a t h a K o z a k
r e v o l t a g a i n s t i t o c c u r r e d u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f H e t m a n V i h o v s k y , w h o
in f l ic t e d a c r u s h i n g d e f e a t t o M o s c o w t r o o p s u n d e r t h e c o m m a n d o f P r in c e
T r o u b e t s k o y a n d c o m p le t e ly d e s t r o y e d t h e v e r y f l o w e r o f t h e M o s c o w c a v a lr y .
B u t in t e r n a l s t r i f e a m o n g t h e K o z a k s t h e m s e l v e s s o o n n u l li f ie d t h i s v ic t o r y ,
a n d d e s p it e s u b s e q u e n t r e v o l t s M o s c o w m a n a g e d n o t o n l y t o r e c a p t u r e i t s
p r e v io u s l y w r e s t e d a d v a n t a g e s b u t w in a d d itio n a l o n e s a s w e ll.
I n 1 6 6 7 , M o s c o w , t i r i n g o f i t s t h i r t e e n y e a r s o f w a r w i t h P o la n d a n d
f i n d i n g t h e w h o le o f U k r a in e t o o d i f f i c u lt t o h a n d le a lo n e , c o n c lu d e d w i t h
P o la n d t h e p e a c e T r e a t y o f A n d r u s iw , w h e r e b y U k r a in e w a s p a r t it io n e d .
T h e R i g h t B a n k ( w e s t o f t h e D n ie p e r ) , w h ic h h a d b e e n d r e a d f u lly
d e v a s t a t e d a n d d e p o p u la t e d b y t h e w a r s , w a s a s s ig n e d o v e r t o P o la n d , a n d
s o o n t h i s s e c t i o n l o s t i t s U k r a in ia n f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t a n d i t s K o z a k
o r g a n iz a t io n ; a l t h o u g h , in 1 6 7 2 , H e t m a n D o r o s h e n k o n e a r ly s u c c e e d e d in
f r e e in g i t c o m p l e t e ly b u t f a i l e d b e c a u s e o f t h e a r m e d in t e r v e n t i o n o f M o s c o w .
T h e L e f t B a n k , in c lu d in g K ie v o n t h e r ig h t s id e o f t h e D n ie p e r , r e m a in e d
u n d e r t h e d e s p o t ic c o n t r o l o f M o s c o w .
A n d a l t h o u g h t h e l a t t e r r e f r a in e d
f r o m d i s s o l v in g t h e K o z a k o r g a n iz a t io n , b e c a u s e o f i t s in v a lu a b le a id in
t im e o f w a r , y e t i t e n r o lle d m a n y o f t h e K o z a k s in i t s o w n r e g im e n t s , a n d
t h o s e w h o r e f u s e d w e r e s e n t t o d ig c a n a ls in t h e m a r s h e s n e a r S t . P e t e r s b u r g
( n o w L e n i n g r a d ) , w h e r e t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f t h e m p e r is h e d o f t h e c o ld ,
p e s t ile n c e , a n d in h u m a n h a r d w o r k .
D e s p it e t h e c r u e l e s t r e p r e s s io n s , h o w e v e r , U k r a in ia n o p p o s it io n a g a i n s t
M o s c o w d id n o t a b a t e .
T h e r e w e r e c o n s t a n t u p r is in g s .
B u t o n ly o n e su c h
u p r i s i n g c a m e v e r y c lo s e t o s u c c e s s .
I t w a s le d b y I v a n M a zep p a , th e
f a m o u s H e t m a n , w h o , a f t e r r e n d e r in g i n v a lu a b le a id t o P e t e r I ( c a ll e d t h e
G r e a t ) in h i s w a r s , c o u ld n o l o n g e r e n d u r e M o s c o w s o p p r e s s io n o f h i s
p e o p le a n d l a u n c h e d a r e v o l t a g a i n s t it , w i t h h i m s e l f a t t h e h e lm .
The
r e v o l t n e v e r r e a c h e d i t s f u l l s t r e n g t h , h o w e v e r , b e c a u s e o f h i s i n a b il i t y t o
g a i n t h e c o m p le t e c o n f id e n c e o f a ll t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le , s o m e o f w h o m
d i s t r u s t e d h im b e c a u s e o f h is p r e v io u s a p p a r e n t f r ie n d s h i p w i t h M o s c o w .
A n d i t c o ll a p s e d a n d b e c a m e a l o s t c a u s e , w h e n l a r g e l y d u e t o M a z e p p a s
f a i lu r e t o m a r s h a l a ll o f t h e K o z a k f o r c e s o n t h e s id e o f t h e S w e d is h
C h a r le s X I I t h e d e c is iv e b a t t l e o f P o lt a v a w a s l o s t t o P e t e r I.
T h is b a t t l e
b u r ie d a ll U k r a i n i a n h o p e s t h e n , a n d M a z e p p a h a d t o f l e e t o T u r k e y w i t h
h i s S w e d is h a l ly , w h il e P e t e r p u t d o w n t h e U k r a i n i a n u p r i s i n g w i t h t h e
m o s t f r i g h t f u l a t r o c i t ie s .
A n d t h u s d is a p p e a r e d a n o t h e r g r e a t U k r a in ia n
H e tm a n .
W e ll d o e s C r e s s o n 9 d e s c r ib e h i m : t o h a v e h e ld f o r a n i n s t a n t
t h e b a la n c e o f p o w e r in t h e m o m e n t o u s s t r u g g l e w h ic h f i x e d t h e s u p r e m a c y
o f R u s s ia a m o n g t h e T o w e r s o f t h e N o r th ; t o lo s e b y a n a r r o w e s t c h a n c e
t o a g r e a t p l a c e in h i s t o r y ; t o b e r e m e m b e r e d o n l y a s a h e r o o f a r o m a n t ic
9 History of the Cossacks.
p o e m ( B y r o n ' s M a z e p p a ) , t h e c e n t r a l f i g u r e o f a p o p u la r o p e r a ( T s c h a i k o w s k y s
M a z e p p a ) , s u c h h a s b e e n t h e s t r a n g e f a t e o f t h e C o s s a c k H e t m a n
M a z e p p a .
A f t e r P o lt a v a t h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l o t h e r a b o r t iv e K o z a k r e b e llio n s ,
u n t il f i n a l l y in 1 7 7 5 t h e l a s t s t r o n g h o ld o f U k r a in ia n lib e r t ie s , t h e Z a p o r o z h ia n
S it c h , f e l l in t o t h e h a n d s o f a n o v e r w h e l m i n g R u s s ia n f o r c e a n d w a s
c o m p le t e ly d e s t r o y e d .
A n d s o e n d e d t h e r e m n a n t s o f U k r a in ia n in d e p e n d e n c e t h a t h a d f l o w e r e d
s o p r o m is in g ly a c e n t u r y a n d a q u a r t e r b e f o r e , e n d e d a t a t im e w h e n a c r o s s
t h e s e a s in a n e w la n d t h i r t e e n y o u n g c o lo n ie s w e r e e m b a r k in g u p o n a
h a z a r d o u s c o u r s e t h a t w a s t o le a d t o t h e f o u n d a t io n o f t h a t g r e a t U n it e d
S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a w h ic h a c e n t u r y a n d s o m e o d d y e a r s l a t e r w a s t o
p r o v id e a h a v e n o f r e f u g e , f r e e d o m a n d o p p o r t u n it y t o t h o u s a n d s u p o n
th o u sa n d s o f th e o p p re ssed d e sc e n d a n ts o f th o s e K o za k s w h o h a d fo u g h t so
v a l i a n t l y f o r t h a t g r e a t id e a l d e a r t o a ll p e o p le s f r e e d o m .
H a v in g d e s t r o y e d U k r a in ia n p o l i t ic a l in d e p e n d e n c e , M o s c o w d e f i n i t e l y
e m b a r k e d u p o n a c o u r s e d e s ig n e d t o m a k e h e r a g r e a t E u r o p e a n p o w e r .
O n e o f h e r f i r s t a c t s in t h i s d ir e c t io n w a s t h e a b a n d o n m e n t o f t h e t e r m
M u s c o v y , b y w h ic h i t h a d c le a r l y b e e n k n o w n a n d c a lle d u p t o t h i s tim e ,
in f a v o r o f t h e t e r m R u s s i a .
T h is f i r s t h a p p e n e d w h e n a f t e r t h e d e f e a t
o f M a z e p p a P e t e r I a c c e p t e d t h e p e c u lia r t i t l e o f E m p e r o r a n d T s a r o f a ll
t h e R u s s i a s , 10 t h e r e b y p r o c la im in g h i m s e l f t o b e t h e s u c c e s s o r o f t h e
U k r a in ia n K in g d o m o f K ie v k n o w n t h e n a s R u s . Y e t i t is h i g h ly s i g n i f i c a n t
t h a t P e t e r I d id n o t d e s i g n a t e h is n e w ly - f o u n d e d e m p ir e a s R u s , f o r t h e
s im p le r e a s o n t h a t h e k n e w q u ite w e ll t h a t i t w o u ld b e im p o s s ib le t o c o n v in c e
h is p e o p le ( t h e M u s c o v it e s ) a s w e ll a s t h e o u t s id e w o r ld t h a t M u s c o v y i s
R u s , f o r t o e v e r y b o d y R u s w a s s i t u a t e d t o t h e s o u t h o f M u s c o v y a n d
w a s id e n t ic a l w it h U k r a in e .
B u t a n e n t i r e ly n e w n a m e R u s s i a ( R o s s i a )
w a s q u ite a n o t h e r m a t t e r , a n d s o R u s s i a w a s p r o m u lg a t e d .
T h is a c t o n t h e p a r t o f P e t e r I b e g a n t o h a v e i t s r e p e r c u s s io n s u p o n
t h e U k r a in ia n s , w h o t o k e e p t h e i r i d e n t i t y c le a r o f t h a t o f t h e R u s s i a n s b e g a n
to u se m o r e o fte n th e te r m U k r a in a a s th e n a m e o f th e ir c o u n tr y .
U k r a i n a f i r s t a p p e a r e d in t h e o ld c h r o n ic le s o f K ie v o f t h e 1 2 t h c e n t u r y ,
a s a d e s ig n a t io n f o r t h e b o r d e r la n d s b e t w e e n in h a b it e d R u s a n d t h e u n
i n h a b it e d s t e p p e s . W it h t h e g r a d u a l a d v a n c e o f t h e K o z a k c o n q u e s t t o w a r d s
t h e s o u t h a n d t h e c o lo n iz a t io n o f t h e s t e p p e s t h i s t e r m e x p a n d e d c o n
c u r r e n t ly .
G r a d u a lly t h i s t e r m c a m e in t o u s e a s a s y n o n y m o f t h e o ld n a m e
R u s a n d s u b s e q u e n t ly d is p la c e d i t e n t i r e ly .
H e t m a n K h m e ln it s k y h i m s e l f
u s e d b o t h t e r m s a lt e r n a t i v e l y , a n d a ll t h e m a p s o f t h a t p e r io d ( F r e n c h ,
D u tc h , G e r m a n , I t a l i a n ) s im u l t a n e o u s l y a n d a l t e r n a t i v e l y u s e d R u s o r
U k r a in a f o r p r e s e n t d a y U k r a in e , in c le a r d is t in c t io n f r o m M o s c o v it ia
o r M o s c o v ia . 11
A n d s o , w h e n M u s c o v y c o n q u e r e d R u s U k r a in e a n d
io Imperator Tsar Vsyekh Russyei.

An interesting historical fact may be recalled in connection with the policy
of Russia toward Ukraine. In 1706 Peter II offered to John Churchill, the first Duke
of Marlborough, the Principality of Kiev, with the crown of Ukraine. This fact
is recorded in Cambridge Modern History, vol. V, chapter 9, page 595.
n In the British Museum and the Bibliothique Nationale at Paris there may
be seen a series of maps showing Europe during the 14, 15, 16, and 17th centuries.
On these maps Muscovy and Ukraina are shown as different countries. These
differentiations disappeared at the time of Catherine II. The Russian Imperial
Government began to call Muscovy, Great Russia , and Ukraina, Little Russia .
( The New Map of Europe and the Ukraine, by A. Margolin, N. Y. Times Current
History, May, 1922.)
a d o p t e d i t s p r e s e n t n a m e o f R u s s ia , t h e t e r m U k r a i n a b e g a n t o b e u s e d
a lm o s t e x c l u s i v e l y b y t h e U k r a i n i a n s t h r o u g h o u t U k r a in e , a n d t o d a y i t i s
t h e o n l y n a m e t h a t a l l U k r a in ia n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld r e c o g n iz e .
O n t h i s p o i n t i t i s w e l l w o r t h w h ile t o d e v i a t e a n d q u o t e t h e o p in io n
o f P r in c e D . S . M ir s k y in h i s h i s t o r y R u s s i a , ( 1 9 3 1 ) : T h e t h e s i s o f
G re a t R u s s ia n h is to r ia n s h a s a lw a y s b e e n t h a t t h e e a s te r n S la v s fo r m e d
a p r e - e s t a b l is h e d u n i t y f r o m t h e b e g i n n in g o f t im e .
T h e th e s is o f th e
U k r a in ia n h i s t o r i a n s i s t h a t t h e e a s t e r n S l a v s h a d t w o c e n t e r s o f g r a v i t y
o n e in t h e n o r t h a n d o n e in t h e s o u t h , a n d t h a t t h e s o u t h e r n g r o u p w a s
o r ig i n a l l y n o t m u c h m o r e c lo s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e n o r t h e r n t h a n i t w a s t o
o t h e r g r o u p s in t h e B a l k a n s o r in C e n t r a l E u r o p e .
T h e s u m o f e v id e n c e
s e e m s t o b e i n c r e a s i n g l y f a v o u r a b le t o a v i e w t h a t i s c lo s e r t o t h e U k r a in ia n
th a n to th e G r e a t R u s s ia n t h e s is .
H a v in g s u b d u e d U k r a in e a n d a d o p t e d i t s o r ig in a l n a m e , R u s s i a b e g a n
a n i n t e n s i v e c a m p a ig n m a r k e d b y h e a v y - h a n d e d o p p r e s s io n a n d c r u e l t y t o
e r a d ic a t e t h e v a r io u s d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t e x is t e d b e t w e e n t h e R u s s i a n s a n d t h e
U k r a in ia n s a s m e m b e r s o f t w o d i s t i n c t n a t i o n a l i t ie s .
T h is w a s i n lin e , o f
c o u r s e , w i t h h e r c e n t r a l iz i n g a n d l e v e l li n g p r o c e s s t o c r e a t e a g r e a t R u s s i a n
e m p ir e p e o p le d b y o n e h o m o g e n e o u s e t h n ic a n d l in g u a l R u s s i a n p e o p le .
A n d s o w e f i n d C a t h e r in e I I ( t h e G r e a t o r t h e L ib e r a l ) w r i t in g in h e r
s e c r e t i n s t r u c t i o n s t o t h e s e n a t e p r e s id e n t A . M . V i a z e m s k y t h a t i t w a s
n e c e s s a r y t o u p r o o t in U k r a in e t h e im m o r a l id e a t h a t t h e y ( t h e U k r a i n
i a n s ) a r e a n a t i o n c o m p le t e ly d i f f e r e n t f r o m o u r s a n d t o f i g h t a g a i n s t
t h e ir f a l s e a n d im p r o p e r r e p u b lic a n i d e a s . 12 A s t a r t in t h i s d ir e c t io n h a d
a lr e a d y b e e n m a d e b y R u s s i a w h e n a s e a r l y a s 1 6 8 0 i t h a d p r o h ib it e d t h e
u s e o f t h e U k r a i n i a n la n g u a g e in a n y e c c le s i a s t i c a l l it e r a t u r e , w h ile in 1 7 2 0 t h e
p r in t in g o f a n y U k r a in ia n p u b lic a t io n s a t a ll w a s fo r b id d e n t o o .
A t every
s t e p t h e in d ig e n o u s l it e r a t u r e w a s d e s t r o y e d a s m u c h a s p o s s ib le .
The
U k r a in ia n s c h o o l s w e r e n e x t t o f e e l t h e r e p r e s s io n a s g r a d u a lly a ll o f t h e m
w e r e c lo s e d .
I n t h e m id d le o f t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y , f o r e x a m p le , t h e r e w e r e in
t h e p r o v in c e o f C h e m i h i w 8 6 6 s c h o o l s t h a t h a d b e e n f o u n d e d d u r in g t h e
p e r io d o f U k r a i n i a n s e m i- in d e p e n d e n c e ; 6 0 y e a r s l a t e r n o t o n e o f t h e m
r e m a in e d in e x is t e n c e .
N e x t t o f e e l t h i s c e n t r a l iz i n g a n d l e v e l li n g p r o c e s s
w a s t h e U k r a i n i a n O r th o d o x C h u r c h w h ic h h a d e n j o y e d a lo o s e s u b o r d in a t io n
t o t h e P a t r i a r c h o f C o n s t a n t in o p le , a n d w h ic h w a s m a d e s u b j e c t t o t h e
P a t r ia r c h o f M o s c o w ( l a t e r t o t h e H o ly S y n o d ) a n d e v e n t u a l ly b e c a m e
c o m p le t e ly R u s s i f i e d .
T h is r u s s i f i c a t i o n p r o g r a m w a s c a r r ie d o u t t o t h e l e t t e r in e v e r y
c o n c e iv a b le m a n n e r a n d w i t h e x c e e d in g l y s e v e r e h a r s h n e s s .
R u s s ia w a s
d e t e r m in e d a t a l l c o s t s t o d e s t r o y e v e r y t h i n g p e r t a in in g t o o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f
t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le , t o w ip e o u t U k r a in e c o m p le t e ly a s a n a t io n .
U s i n g a ll
p o s s ib le a g e n c i e s o r p r o p a g a n d a , in c lu d in g h e r h is t o r ia n s , s h e s e d u lo u s l y
12
The republican ideals of the Ukrainians were not a hazy notion but an
actuality. They took the form of a well defined political conception as expressed
in the pacts and constitution of laws and liberties of the Ukrainian Republic pro
claimed by Hetman Orlik and the elected leaders of the Zaporozhian Army, on April
5. 1710. T hese pacts were in direct opposition to the principles of the despotic
M uscovite empire. According to this constitution Ukraine was to be a republic
with an elected president (hetm an), with publicly elected administrative bodies, and
a parliament w ithout whose consent neither the hetman nor his ministers could
proclaim laws or tax the people. The members of this parliament swore, first of all,
allegiance to their country' and den loyalty to the hetman. Spirit of Ukraine,
by D. Snowyd, 193 5 ). This constitution, formulated only tw enty years after the
Declaration o f the Rights of Man and 79 year before the French Revolution, was
the first Ukrainian constitution.
f o s t e r e d t h e im p r e s s io n , b o t h in a n d o u t o f h e r b o r d e r s , t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n s
( t h e L ittle R u s s ia n s a s sh e d e sig n a te d th e m ) w e re b u t a b r a n c h o f th e
R u s s i a n n a t io n ; a n d t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e w a s b u t a d i a l e c t o f t h e
R u s s i a n t o n g u e ; i g n o r in g t h e f a c t t h a t e t h n ic a lly , in l a n g u a g e , p h y s i c a l ty p e ,
c u s t o m s n a t iv e a r c h it e c t u r e , f o lk lo r e , p s y c h o lo g ic a l t r a it s , t h e U k r a in ia n s
a r e a se p a r a te a n d d is tin c t n a tio n a lity .
E c o n o m ic a lly , t o o , t h e U k r a in ia n s
R u s s i a s p o lic ie s t o w a r d s t h e m .
su ffe r e d
in t e n s e l y
as
r e s u lt
of
A n d so , a t e v e r y s t e p t h e U k r a in ia n s f e l t t h e h e a v y - h a n d e d R u s s ia n
o p p r e s s io n , a im in g a t t h e i r c o m p le t e d e n a t io n a liz a t io n a n d r u in .
A s a r e s u lt ,
s o m e o f t h e m , e s p e c ia lly t h e h i g h e r c l a s s e s w h o w e r e o f f e r e d v a r io u s f l a t t e r i n g
in d u c e m e n t s a n d t h e i n t e ll e c t u a ls w h o f o u n d a d v a n c e m e n t c lo s e d t o t h e m a s
U k r a in ia n s , t u r n e d R u s s ia n , t o t h e g r e a t b e n e f i t o f R u s s i a .13
M e a n w h ile , c o n d it io n s in t h a t p a r t o f U k r a in e w h ic h h a d b e e n c e d e d
t o P o la n d a t A n d r u s iw w e r e n o t m u c h b e t t e r , f o r P o la n d a l s o s t r o v e t o
d e s t r o y t h e U k r a in ia n s a s a n a t io n .
F ro m th e v e r y o u ts e t, h o w e v e r , it
e n c o u n t e r e d v e r y s tu b b o r n r e s is t a n c e , e s p e c ia l l y in t h e f o r m o f g u e r il l a w a r f a r e
o f r o v in g b a n d s o f e m b a t t le d p e a s a n t r y , t h e H a y d a m a k i.
I n 1 7 6 8 , u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f Z a liz n y a k a n d G o n t a , t h e y n e a r ly
d r o v e t h e P o le s o u t o f U k r a in e , o n l y t o f a i l a t t h e c r u c ia l m o m e n t b y a
m i li t a r y in t e r v e n t io n o f R u s s ia , w h ic h c a m e t o t h e a id o f h e r a l ly i n t h e n ic k
o f tim e .
T h r o u g h f l a g r a n t t r e a c h e r y t h e R u s s ia n t r o o p s c a p t u r e d t h e m a in
f o r c e o f t h e H a y d a m a k i a n d q u e lle d t h e r e v o l t w it h t h e m o s t s h o c k in g
c r u e lt y .
F r o m t h e n o n t h e U k r a in ia n r e s is t a n c e g r a d u a lly d w in d le d d o w n
t o p r a c t ic a ll y n o t h in g .
O ne
th in g
th e
U k r a in ia n
r e s is t a n c e
d id
a c c o m p lis h
how ever,
w a s t h e w e a k e n in g o f P o la n d , p a v in g t h e w a y t o w a r d s h e r d is m e m b e r m e n t
b y h e r e r s t w h ile a l ly R u s s i a a n d P r u s s i a a n d A u s t r ia in 1 7 7 2 a n d 1 7 9 3 .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e e n d o f U k r a in e a s a n a t io n s e e m e d im m in e n t t h e n .
A l l o f t h e f in e r t h i n g s o f U k r a in ia n l i f e a n d s p ir it , c r e a t e d a n d n u r t u r e d
t h r o u g h o u t c e n t u r ie s b y v a l ia n t e f f o r t , b lo o d s h e d a n d s a c r if i c e s , l a y s t r e w n
in t h e d u s t a t R u s s i a s a n d P o la n d s f e e t .
T h e U k r a in ia n h i g h e r c l a s s e s h a d
b e c o m e e it h e r R u s s ia n iz e d o r P o lo n iz e d .
O n ly w i t h i n t h e p e a s a n t r y , m o s t
a b u s e d a n d d o w n tr o d d e n t h a t i t w a s , d id t h e f l a m e o f U k r a in ia n c o n s c io u s n e s s
c o n t in u e t o f lic k e r .
A n d i t w a s in d e e d m o s t f o r t u n a t e f o r U k r a in e t h a t t h e b lin d r a c ia l
i n s t i n c t c a u s e d t h e p e a s a n t r y t o c li n g t o h e r .
F o r u p on th e m r o se th e
m o d e m U k r a in ia n r e v iv a l, t h a t d e s p it e i t s m a n y d i s c o u r a g in g r e v e r s e s h a s
b e e n s t e a d i l y g r o w in g in i n t e n s i t y a n d p o w e r t o t h i s v e r y d a y .
F r o m t h e s e l a y e r s n e a r e s t t h e s o i l t h e U k r a in ia n r e v iv a l g r a d u a lly
b e g a n t o s p r e a d u p w a r d s , g a i n i n g in c le a r n e s s a n d i n t e n s i t y a s i t to o k
a n e w h o ld u p o n t h o s e i n t e ll e c t u a l c l a s s e s t h a t h a d p r e v io u s ly b e e n d e s e r t i n g
it.
F in d in g a ll p r o g r e s s a l o n g p o l i t ic a l l in e s c o m p le t e ly b lo c k e d , t h i s r e v iv a l
t u r n e d t o lit e r a t u r e a n d s c ie n c e a s i t s e x p r e s s io n .
T h e d a w n o f t h i s m o v e m e n t c a n b e s a id t o h a v e c o in c id e d w t h t h e
a p p e a r a n c e in 1 7 9 8 o f I v a n K o t ly a r e v s k y ' s t r a v e r s t y o n A e n e i d , w r i t t e n in
t h e p o p u la r t o n g u e o f t h e p e o p le a r a d ic a l d e p a r tu r e o f t h e p r e v a le n t
c u s t o m u p t o t h e n o f u s in g t h e s t i l le d C h u r c h S la v o n ic la n g u a g e f o r l it e r a r y
p u rp o ses an d
u n m is t a k a b ly
c o n ta in in g
p o in t e d a llu s io n s
to w a r d s
th e
See Ukraine the School For Russia, a footnote (No. 5) in the succeeding
section of this article.
o p p r e s s iv e c o n d i t i o n s / u n d e r w h ic h t h e U k r a in ia n s w e r e l i v i n g t h e n .
B e s id e s
in d ic a t in g ' t h e proper! m e d iu m f o r U k r a in ia n lit e r a t u r e t e x p r e s s i t s e l f , t h i s
W ork w a s a ls o o f g r e a t s e r v ic e in h e lp in g t o a w a k e n t h e d o r m a n t U k r a in ia n
i n t e ll e c t u a l c l a s s e s o f t h a t t im e t o a r e a liz a t io n o f t h e p l i g h t o f t h e i r c o u n t r y ,
a n d t o t h e p o s s i b i l it i e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h i t s e m e r g e n c e t o a m o r e e q u it a b le
s o c i a l, p o l i t ic a l a n d e c o n o m ic s t a t u s .
A n d s o , a r t ic le s c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y lib e r a l t h o u g h t a n d b e a r in g d i s t i n c t
t r e n d s o f r e a c t io n a g a i n s t t h e e x i s t i n g o r d e r b e g a n t o a p p e a r a m o n g t h e
i n t e l l e c t u a l s in U k r a in e , a n d f o l l o w i n g t h e e x a m p le o f K o t ly a r e v s k y t h i s
r e a c t io n a g a i n s t t h e o p p r e s s iv e R u s s i a n s a n d P o le s a t f i r s t e x h i b i t e d i t s e l f
i n t h e f o r m o f s a t i r ic a l a n d h u m o r o u s p o e m s a n d p a m p h l e t s o n p o l i t ic a l a n d
S o c ia l p r o b le m s .
T h e r e a l s o b e g a n a m o n g t h e s e a w a k e n in g i n t e l l e c t u a l s a s y s t e m a t i c
e f f o r t t o c o ll e c t a n d s t u d y a n c i e n t U k r a in ia n f o lk lo r e , t h e v a r io u s l e g e n d s
a n d d u m i ( r h a p s o d i e s ) o f t j i e p e o p le , w h ic h c o n s t i t u t e d t h e f i r s t s t e p l e a d in g
t o w a r d s t h e r e v i v a l o f U k r a in ia n l i t e r a t u r e t h e p r e d e c e s s o r o f t h e r e v i v a l
o f U k r a in ia n n a t io n a lis m . A l t h o u g h h u m b le , t h i s b e g i n n in g W as o f g r e a t
v a l u e t o t h e U k r a in ia n m o v e m e n t i n g e n e r a l; f o r b y r e c a ll i n g t o t h e m e m o r y
o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le p ic t u r e s o f t h e i r a n c ie n t g lo r y , w h ic h t h i s f o l k l o r e
p o r t r a y e d , i t p r e v e n t e d t h e m f r o m l o s i n g t h e i r s e n s e o f r a c ia l d is t in c t io n .
N e x t , t h e U k r a i n i a n l a n g u a g e i t s e l f b e g a n t o b e a n a ly z e d i n r e l a t io n t o t h e
o t h e r S la v ic l a n g u a g e s , a n d i t s f o r e i g n im p u r it ie s g r a d u a l l y ' w e e d e d o u t .
S c i e n t if i c s o c i e t i e s w e r e f o u n d e d t o c a r r y o n t h i s w o r k , a l t h o u g h t h e y w e r e
u s u a lly d iss o lv e d b y th e a u th o r itie s a s so o n a s t h e y b e g a n to , s h o w s ig n s
o f g e n u in e a c t i v i t y .
A n d a t t h e s a m e t im e , a n i n d ig e n o u s a n d m o d e m
lit e r a t u r e b e g a n t o b e c r e a t e d , w i t h a m a n n e r o f e x p r e s s i o n a ll i t s o w n , a l a r g e
v a r ie t y o f t h e m e s , b a s e d m o s t l y o n s c e n e s a n d t y p e s d r a w n f r o m t h e n a t i o n a l
l i f e o f t h e p e o p le , a n d a s p e c ia l w a y o f w o r k in g t h e m o u t.
S o t i g h t l y w a s t h i s l it e r a r y a n d s c i e n t if i c m o v e m e n t b o u n d w i t h t h e
n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n t h a t w e f i n d t h r o u g h o u t i t s
e n t ir e u n i t e d cou rse^ d a t i n g u p t o r e c e n t t im e s , t h e n a m e s o f t h e s a m e f i g u r e s
a p p e a r in g in b o t h t h e s e m o v e m e n t s .
O f t h e m c a n b e c it e d t h e a lr e a d y
m e n t io n e d I v a n K o t l y a r e v s k y ( 1 7 6 9 - 1 8 3 8 ) , f a t h e r o f t h e m o d e r n U k r a in ia n
n a t io n a l l it e r a t u r e ; M ik o la K o s t o m a r iw ( 1 8 1 7 - 1 8 5 5 ) , f i r s t i d e o lo g i s t o f t h e
U k r a in ia n n a t i o n a l r e v iv a l a n d a h is t o r ia n ; T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o ( 1 8 1 4 - 1 8 6 1 ) ,
U k r a in e 's g r e a t n a t io n a l p o e t , p a t r i o t , a n d m a r ty r , t h e o u t s t a n d in g in c a r n a
t i o n o f t h e n a t i o n a l g e n i u s o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le . . .
a m an w h o su m s
u p a ll t h e p a s t o f h i s n a t i o n a n d s t a n d s o u t lik e a g u id e t o t h e f u t u r e j1*
M a r k ia n S h a s h k e v ic h ( 1 8 1 1 - 1 8 4 4 ) w h o s e w r i t in g s in t h e l iv i n g t o n g u e o f t h e
p e o p le b r o u g h t a b o u t a n a t i o n a l r e - a w a k e n in g in W e s t e r n U k r a in e u n d e r
A u s t r ia , a n d w h o a d v o c a t e d c lo s e r c o o p e r a t io n b e t w e e n t h e s u n d e r e d p a r t s
o f t h e w h o le U k r a i n e ; M a r ia M a r k o v ic h (M a r k o V o v c h o k 1 8 3 4 - 1 9 0 7 ) , t h e
H a r r i e t B e e c h e r S t o w e o f U k r a i n e ,16 w h o s e u n f o r g o t t a b le s t o r i e s e x p o s i n g t h e
t e r r ib le l o t o f t h e d o w n t r o d d e n p e a s a n t r y w e r e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o R u s s i a n b y
T u r g e n ie v ; M ic h a e l D r a h o m a n iw ( 1 8 4 1 - 1 8 9 5 ) , t h e e n e r g i t ic a n d p r o lif ic w r it e r ,
t e a c h e r , a n d p u b lic is t , w h o i s g e n e r a l l y c r e d it e d w i t h p r o v id in g t h e p r o g r a m
f o r U k r a in ia n r e v iv a l d u r in g t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y ; L e s y a
K o s a c h ( L e s y a U k r a in k a , 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 1 3 ) , t h a t r e m a r k a b le w o m a n w h o s e b e a u t i f u l
14 From Prof. C. A. Mannings (Columbia University) preface to Taras

Shevchenko, Bard of Ukraine, by Prof. Doroshenko of th e 1 University f Prague.
16
Literature; >
Dr. A! P. Coiemain (Columbia U n iversity): A Brief Suivey o | Ukrainian
..' "
^
-.
p o e t r y a n d p r o s e a n d a l i f e l iv e d in t h e c o n s t a n t s h a d o w o f d e a t h a r e
e s p e c ia l l y i n s p ir a t io n a l a n d t h o u g h t - p r o v o k in g in q u a lit y ; I v a n F r a n k o ( 1 8 5 6 1 9 1 6 ) , a w o r t h y s u c c e s s o r t o S h e v c h e n k o , a m a n o f a m a z in g f e c u n d i t y , a p o e t
w h o s e w o r k s , d i f f e r i n g g r e a t l y in c h a r a c t e r f r o m t h o s e o f S h e v c h e n k o , r a n k
a m o n g t h e f i n e s t in w o r ld lit e r a t u r e , a s c h o l a r o f a h ig h d e g r e e , a n d a g r e a t
le a d e r a m o n g h is p e o p le ; a n d , f i n a l ly , M ic h a e l H r u s h e v s k y ( 1 8 6 6 - 1 9 3 4 ) , o n e
o f t h e g r e a t e s t h is t o r ia n s E a s t e r n E u r o p e h a s p r o d u c e d , w h o s e h is t o r ic a l
w o r k s , la u d e d b y t h e A m e r ic a n H is t o r i c a l S o c ie t y , p r o v e t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n
d r a m a b e g in n in g w i t h t h e K in g d o m o f K ie v i s n o t b u t a n e p is o d e in t h e
g r e a t e r d r a m a o f t h e R u s s ia n r a c e , t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n s a r e a s e p a r a t e r a c e ,
a m a n o f g r e a t s c h o la r y , lit e r a r y , o r g a n iz in g , a n d p o l i t ic a l a c h ie v e m e n t s ,
a h o ld e r o f v a r io u s f o r e i g n h o n o r s , a n d t h e P r e s id e n t o f t h e b r i e f p o s t - W a r
U k r a in ia n N a t io n a l R e p u b lic .
T h e s e w e r e s o m e o f t h e m a n y in d iv id u a ls w h o , l a b o r in g in a l l f i e l d s
o f e n d e a v o r la u n c h e d t h e m o d e r n U k r a in ia n m o v e m e n t f o r in d e p e n d e n c e o n
i t s w a y , a m o v e m e n t t h a t a t f i r s t l a g g e d b e h in d t h e l i t e r a r y a n d s c i e n t if i c
m o v e m e n t , t h e n g r a d u a lly o v e r h a u le d a n d r a n c o n c u r r e n t ly w i t h i t , a n d
f i n a l l y o u t s t r ip p e d i t t o b e c o m e t h e ir r e s is t ib l e f o r c e t h a t i t i s t o d a y .
Y e t i t m u s t n o t b e s u p p o s e d t h a t a t a n y t im e t h i s m o v e m e n t w a s
a b le t o a d v a n c e e v e n a l i t t l e u n im p e d e d , f o r s u c h w a s n o t t h e c a s e .
I n f a c t,
i t c a n s a f e l y b e s a id t h a t n o n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t in w o r ld h i s t o r y h a s b e e n
s u b j e c t e d t o s u c h r ig o r o u s o p p o s it io n a s h a s b e e n t h e U k r a in ia n .
I n R u s s ia , f o r e x a m p le , a l t h o u g h f o l lo w in g t h e d is a s t r o u s C r im e a n w a r
t h e G o v e r n m e n t s o m e w h a t r e la x e d i t s r e l e n t le s s p r e s s u r e u p o n t h e U k r a in ia n s ,
y e t i t w a s o n ly f o r a s h o r t w h ile , f o r , p r e c e d e d b y a s t a t e m e n t in 1 8 6 3 b y
t h e R u s s ia n M in is t e r o f I n t e r io r t h a t t h e r e is n o U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e a n d
n e v e r w ill b e , a u k a s e w a s i s s u e d in 1 8 7 6 b a n n in g t h e im p o r t a t io n in to
R u s s i a o f a n y U k r a in ia n p u b lic a t io n s is s u e d a b r o a d , p r o h ib it in g t h e p r in t in g
o f a n y w o r k s in U k r a in ia n , a n d l ik e w is e p r o h ib it in g t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
t h e a t r i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e s o f a n y k in d , a s w e ll a s t h e h o ld in g o f l e c t u r e s , in t h e
U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e , o r t h e p u b lis h in g o f m u s ic w it h U k r a in ia n w o r d s . L i t t le
w o n d e r , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t w h e n in 1 8 8 7 a K ie v p h i lo l o g i s t s u b m it t e d a m a n u s c r ip t
o f a U k r a in ia n g r a m m a r , t h e c e n s o r f o r b a d e i t s p u b lic a tio n b e c a u s e i t w o u ld
b e im p o s s ib le t o p r in t t h e g r a m m a r d o o m e d t o e x t in c t io n .
T h a t i t d id n o t b e c o m e e x t in c t , h o w e v e r , w a s g r e a t l y d u e t o t h e
c o m p a r a tiv e f r e e d o m f o u n d in A u s t r i a n U k r a in e , w h e r e t h e G o v e r n m e n t in
p u r s u a n c e o f i t s t im e - w o r n p o lic y o f k e e p in g t h e H a p s b u r g E m p ir e i n t a c t
b y p l a y i n g o f f o n e n a t i o n a l i t y a g a i n s t a n o th e r , p e r m it t e d t h e U k r a in ia n s
c e r t a in lib e r t ie s a s a d e v ic e t o in s u r e l o y a lt y , e s p e c ia lly a t s u c h t im e s , a s
in 1 8 4 8 , w h e n t h e c la m o r o f t h e P o le s f o r t h e i r in d e p e n d e n c e g r e w t o o
str o n g .
T h e s e c o n c e s s io n s , i n s i g n if i c a n t t h o u g h t h e y w e r e in c o m p a r is o n to
t h o s e g r a n t e d to t h e P o le s , w h o w e r e m o r e i n f lu e n t ia l w i t h i n G o v e r n m e n t
c ir c le s , n e v e r t h e l e s s m a d e G a lic ia a h a v e n f o r U k r a in ia n w r i t e r s a n d p a t r io t s
f r o m t h e R u s s ia n U k r a in e , a n d L v i w t h e c e n t e r o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e a n d
a g i t a t io n . I t i s n o w o n d e r , t h e n , t h a t M ilu k o ff , l e a d in g R u s s i a n h is t o r ia n a n d
lib e r a l p o lit ic a l f i g u r e b e f o r e t h e W a r , a t t a c k e d R u s s i a s o p p r e s s iv e t a c t i c s
o v e r U k r a in e , a n d b i t t e r l y c o m p la in e d t h a t n o t a m o n g u s b u t in A u s t r ia
( G a lic ia ) t h e r e h a s b e e n b u ilt u p a c e n t e r o f c u lt u r e w h ic h w i t h e v e r y y e a r
i s w in n in g m o r e i n f lu e n c e u p o n t h e n a t io n a l l i f e o f o u r U k r a i n e .
A n d s o , d e s p it e t h e b a n u p o n i t in R u s s ia n U k r a in e t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e w a s a b le t o d e v e lo p m o r e o r l e s s u n h in d e r e d in A u s t r i a n U k r a in e
t o t h e p o in t w h e r e i t b e c a m e a b s u r d e v e n f o r R u s s ia t o d e n y i t s e x is t e n c e
a n d in d e p e n d e n c e . I n 1 9 0 5 , u n d e r t h e s p e ll o f t h e n e w lib e r a l in f l u e n c e s t h a t
w e r e s w e e p in g o v e r R u s s ia fo llo w in g th e d is a s tr o u s w a r w ith J a p a n , t h e
I m p e r ia l A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s a t S t . P e t e r s b u r g c o n f ir m e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e i s in d e p e n d e n t o f t h e R u s s ia n .
A t t h e s a m e t im e t h e
A c a d e m y d e n o u n c e d t h e m y t h o f t h e P a n - R u s s i a n la n g u a g e , o f w h ic h
U k r a in ia n h a d b e e n d e c la r e d a d ia le c t .
T h is w a s in d e e d a g r e a t s h o c k t o
t h e P a n - R u s s i a n s , a n d r e m a in s a s s u c h t o t h i s d a y .
T h e sa m e y ea r th e
t s a r p r o m is e d t o a ll s u b j e c t n a t i o n a l i t ie s , in c lu d in g t h e U k r a in ia n , g r e a t e r
fr e e d o m , a n d c o n s titu tio n a l a n d g o v e r n m e n ta l r e fo r m s.
A s a r e s u l t o f t h e s e r a d ic a l c h a n g e s , t h e d o r m a n t U k r a in ia n c u lt u r a l
a n d p o lit ic a l l i f e u n d e r R u s s i a f l a r e d in t o n e w l i f e a g a in .
T h e U k r a in ia n
p o l i t ic a l p a r t ie s , w h ic h h i t h e r t o h a d t o c o n f in e t h e i r a c t iv i t i e s t o u n d e r
g r o u n d c h a n n e ls , c a m e t o t h e s u r f a c e .
T h e U k r a in ia n p r e s s , w h ic h u p t o
t h a t t im e w a s p r a c t ic a ll y n o n - e x i s t e n t , d u e t o t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s p la c e d u p o n it ,
w e n t i n t o im m e d ia t e o p e r a t io n , a n d d e s p it e t h e m a r tia l la w , l a t e r p r o c la im e d ,
m a n a g e d e v e n t o i s s u e b y t h e a u t u m n o f t h a t y e a r 3 4 U k r a in ia n p u b lic a t io n s .
T h e F i r s t a n d S e c o n d D u m a s ( 1 9 0 6 - 1 9 0 7 ) c o n t a in e d 6 3 U k r a in ia n d e p u t ie s .
T h e a u t o n o m y o f U k r a in e b e c a m e t h e s l o g a n a t t h e v a r io u s m a s s m e e t i n g s
t h a t o c c u r r e d t h r o u g h o u t U k r a in e .
T h e su d d en p r o g r e s s a n d d e m a n d s o n th e p a r t o f t h e U k r a in ia n s
f r ig h t e n e d n o t o n l y t h e t s a r b u t e v e n t h e R u s s i a n lib e r a ls t h e m s e l v e s , a n d
b e g i n n in g w i t h 1 9 0 7 t h e U k r a i n i a n s w e r e p r a c t ic a ll y d is f r a n c h is e d .
R u s s ia n
o p p r e s s io n o f U k r a i n e a g a i n r e a r e d i t s f a m i li a r a n d u g l y h e a d , a n d t h e
g r o w i n g U k r a in ia n s o c i e t i e s a n d t h e p r e s s w e r e a m o n g t h e f i r s t t o f e e l i t s
v e n t e d s p le e n .
I f R u s s ia , h o w e v e r , h a d h o p e d t h a t s h e w o u ld o n c e m o r e b e a b le t o
s t e m a n d c o n t r o l t h e U k r a in ia n m o v e m e n t , s h e w a s d o o m e d t o d i s a p p o in t m e n t ,
f o r l ik e a t o r r e n t n e w l y r e l e a s e d i t le a p e d f o r w a r d , d r a w in g t o i t n e w a n d
a r d e n t d is c ip le s , in c lu d in g m a n y f o r m e r ly R u s s ia n iz e d U k r a i n i a n s w h o r e
t u r n e d t o t h e i r n a t i v e f o ld .
T u r n in g o u r a t t e n t i o n b a c k f o r a m o m e n t t o A u s t r ia n U k r a i n e w e f i n d
t h a t d e s p it e t h e m o r e lib e r a l a t m o s p h e r e p r e v a ilin g t h e r e , w h ic h h a d l e d
t o t h e c a ll i n g o f t h a t s e c t i o n a s t h e in t e ll e c t u a l P ie d m o n t o f t h e U k r a in ia n
n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t , c o n d it io n s w h ic h t h e U k r a in ia n s h a d t o e n d u r e t h e r e w e r e
n o t v e r y m u c h b e t t e r t h a n t h o s e o f R u s s i a n U k r a in e .
T hey had becom e
e s p e c ia l l y a c u t e w h e n in 1 8 7 3 t h e P o le s , t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e o f t h e c o r r u p t
c o n d it io n s o f t h e A u s t r ia n G o v e r n m e n t , c o n c lu d e d a s e c r e t a g r e e m e n t w i t h
i t , w h e r e b y in r e t u r n f o r t h e i r p r o m is e o f a b s o lu t e l o y a l t y t o t h e H a p s b u r g
d y n a s t y t h e y w e r e g i v e n a f r e e h a n d in G a lic ia .
T h e r e s u l t in g f r e s h w a v e
o f p e r s e c u t io n s o f t h e U k r a in ia n s b r o u g h t a b o u t b lo o d s h e d a t t h e e le c t i o n s
t o t h e D ie t in 1 8 9 7 w h e n t h e U k r a in ia n p e a s a n t s c la s h e d w i t h t h e P o li s h
a d m in is t r a t iv e o f f i c e r s .
M a s s d e m o n s t r a t io n s o f U k r a in ia n s , e s p e c ia l l y t h e
s t u d e n t s , t o o k p la c e , d e m a n d in g t h e i r e c o n o m ic , p o l i t ic a l a n d c u lt u r a l r ig h t s .
I n 1 9 0 2 a g r e a t s t r i k e o f t h e p e a s a n t s o c c u r r e d , a im e d a t t h e P o li s h la n d lo r d ,
w h o o w n e d m o r e t h a n 4 5 % o f t h e l a n d a n d o f w h o m t h e N o b e l p r iz e w in n e r ,
B j o e r n s t j e r n e B j o e r n s o n w r o t e t h a t , in t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d in g , l ib e r t y m e a n s
n o t h in g b u t l ic e n s e f o r t h e m s e l v e s t o d o w h a t t h e y p le a s e .
E very w h ere th e
U k r a in ia n s w e r e d is c r im in a t e d a g a i n s t a n d a b u s e d . 16
16
Although in 1907 the Ukrainians managed to force the passage of a bill
giving them the right of suffrage, yet the Poles managed to have it amended so
that the Ukrainian representation of Galicia in the Austrian Parliament was limited
to only one-third of the total representation of Galicia, despite the fact that the
Ukrainian population there was in a preponderant majority. As a result, one Ukrainian
.:
I t w a s n o w o n d e r , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n e m ig r a t io n t o A m e r ic a
a n d e ls e w h e r e , t h a t h a d b e g u n r a t h e r s l o w l y in t h e f i n a l q u a r t e r o f t h e 1 9 t h
c e n t u r y , t o o k o n t h e a s p e c t s o f a g e n e r a l e x o d u s in s o m e p a r t s o f A u s t r ia n
U k r a in e b e g in n in g w i t h t h e t u r n o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y a n d l a s t i n g u p t o t h e
W o r ld W a r .
S u c h w a s t h e f a t e o f U k r a in e a t t h e o u t b r e a k o f t h e W o r ld W a r ;
r e n t a s u n d e r b y R u s s i a a n d A u s t r ia , h e r p e o p le e n s la v e d , h e r n a t u r a l w e a lt h
e x p lo it e d , a n d h e r v e r y e x is t e n c e d e n ie d b y t h e m .
A n d y e t , d e s p it e t h e
c e n t u r ie s o f s u c h m a r ty r d o m , U k r a in e w a s s t e a d i l y a d v a n c in g in h e r n a t io n a l
d e v e lo p m e n t . I t r e m a in e d o n l y t o b e s e e n w h e t h e r s h e w a s s t r o n g e n o u g h t o
s t r ik e o u t f o r h e r lib e r t ie s , o r w h e t h e r t h e t im e w a s n o t y e t r ip e f o r s u c h
a m ove.
T h e o p e n in g s t a g e s o f t h e W a r o f f e r e d t h e U k r a in ia n s n o t t h e s l i g h t e s t
o p p o r t u n it y in t h i s d ir e c t io n .
I f f a c t , f o r a w h ile i t s e e m e d a s i f a ll t h e
p r e v io u s U k r a in ia n g a i n s h a d b e e n n u llif ie d , f o r R u s s i a n m o b iliz a t io n w a s
im m e d ia t e ly f o l lo w e d b y a n e x c e e d in g l y h a r s h s u p p r e s s io n o f e v e r y t h i n g t h a t
p e r t a in e d t o U k r a in ia n lif e , n o t o n ly in R u s s ia n U k r a in e b u t a ls o in A u s t r ia n
U k r a in e w h ic h t h e R u s s i a n s h a d s u c c e s s f u ll y in v a d e d ; a n d t h o u s a n d s o f
U k r a in ia n p a t r io t s w e r e e x ile d in t o t h e d e p t h s o f R u s s i a a n d S ib e r ia .
And
t h o s e U k r a in ia n s w h o h a d h o p e d f o r b e t t e r t r e a t m e n t a t t h e h a n d s o f
A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y , w e r e q u ic k ly d is illu s io n e d , f o r t h e G o v e r n m e n t p a id b u t s c a n t
a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i r h o p e s a n d a s p ir a t i o n s a n d t o t h e i r l o y a l t y t o it .
It w as
c o n s id e r a b ly m o r e c o n c e r n e d in k e e p in g t h e P o le s p a c if ie d in t h e f a c e o f t h e
R u s s ia n p r o m is e s t o c r e a t e a n a u t o n o m o u s P o la n d .
A n d t h e m o s t t r a g ic
f e a t u r e o f i t a ll w a s t h a t s i n c e R u s s i a a n d A u s t r ia w e r e o n o p p o s it e s id e s ,
U k r a in ia n h a d t o f i g h t a g a i n s t U k r a in ia n , n o t f o r t h e i r m o t h e r la n d , b u t
f o r t h o s e t w o p o w e r s t h a t w e r e o p p r e s s in g h e r .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e U k r a in
i a n s d id n o t d e s p a ir , b u t b id e d t h e i r t im e f o r t h e a r r iv a l o f t h a t m o m e n t
w h e n t h e y w o u ld b e a b le t o s t r ik e f o r t h e i r n a t io n a l lib e r t ie s , n o t a s
R u s s ia n o r A u s t r ia n s o ld ie r s , b u t a s U k r a in ia n s o ld ie r s .
T h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic .
T h a t m o m e n t c a m e f o r t h e m a t l a s t 1; f i r s t w i t h t h e c o lla p s e o f R u s s ia
1 9 1 7 , a n d s e c o n d l y w i t h t h e c o lla p s e o f A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y in 1 9 1 8 .
T h e f i r s t w a s u s h e r e d in b y t h e R u s s ia n R e v o lu t io n , w h o s e e r u p t io n
in t o a r a g in g f l a m e w a s g r e a t l y d u e t o t h e u p r is in g s o f t h e U k r a in ia n
p e a s a n t r y a n d t o t h e r e v o l t o f t h e V o lh y n ia n G r e n a d ie r s , a U k r a in ia n
r e g im e n t .
Q u ic k ly t h e U k r a in ia n C e n tr a l R a d a ( C o u n c il) , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e
v a r io u s p a r t ie s a n d g r o u p s o f U k r a in e , a r o s e u n d e r t h e le a d e r s h ip o f P r o f.
H r u s h e v s k y , N e g o t i a t i o n s f o l lo w e d w i t h t h e R u s s ia n P r o v is io n a l G o v e r n m e n t.
T h e l a t t e r f l a t l y r e f u s e d U k r a in ia n d e m a n d s f o r s e l f - a u t o n o m y , b e i n g f e a r f u l
o f l o s i n g U k r a in e w h ic h w a s i n d is p e n s a b le to R u s s i a n o t o n l y a s a g r a n a r y
b u t a ls o a s t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f h e r in d u s t r ia l a n d c o m m e r c ia l d e v e l o p m e n t 17
F in a ll y i t h a d t o c a p it u la t e , h o w e v e r , g r u d g in g ly , t o b e s u r e , a n d o n ly a f t e r
t h e C e n tr a l R a d a d e c la r e d , U k r a in ia n a u to n o m y .
G r e a t h a p p in e s s r e ig n e d
t h r o u g h o u t U k r a in e , a r is in g f r o m t h e r e a liz a t io n t h a t a f t e r c e n t u r ie s o f
in
deputy represented 110 ,0 0 0 inhabitants, while each Polish deputy represented 51,000.
Then too, the fact that most of the administrative offices were held by them, made
it possible for the Poles not only to falsify census returns in their favor but also to
perpetrate all manner of abuses, fraud, and corruption at the elections against the
Ukrainians.
17
Besides grain Ukraine furnished pre-War Russia with m ost of the coal and
iron, nearly all of the oil, all of the salt, 80% of the beet, 70% o f the tobacco, and
33% of the livestock.
b o n d a g e t h e p e o p le w e r e o n c e m o r e t h e i r o w n m a s t e r s . W h e n t h e B o l s h e v i k i
c a m e i n t o p o w e r , U k r a in e im m e d ia t e ly d e c la r e d h e r s e lf f r e e , l e a v i n g t h e d o o r
jpen, h o w e v e r , t o n e g o t i a t io n s l e a d in g t o w a r d s t h e c r e a t io n o f a R u s s i a n
f e d e r a t i v e s t a t e , w i t h U k r a in e a n a u t o n o m o u s p a r t o f it* I m m e d ia t e ly , F r a n c e ,
E n g l a n d , a n d J a p a n r e c o g n iz e d U k r a in e .
T h e B o l s h e v i k i r e c o g n iz e d h e r a ls o ,
b u t i t s o o n b e c a m e c le a r l y a p p a r e n t t h a t t h i s r e c o g n it io n w a s o n l y a s u b t e r f u g e ,
f o r i t w a s q u ic k ly f o l lo w e d b y t h e i r i n v a s i o n o f U k r a in e w h e n t h e C e n t r a l R a d a
r e f u s e d t o a c k n o w le d g e t h e s u p r e m e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e S o v ie t .
A s a r e s u lt,
U k r a in e is s u e d h e r D e c la r a t io n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e ( F o u r t h U n i v e r s a l e )
on
J a n u a ry 22, 1918.
T h e f o l lo w in g d a y a t B r e s t - L it o v s k t h e C e n t r a l P o w e r s
r e c o g n iz e d t h e in d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e n e w l y - a r is e n U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic ,
a n d s e v e r a l w e e k s l a t e r c o n c lu d e d w i t h h e r a t r e a t y o f p e a c e .18
T h e y o u n g r e p u b lic w a s i m m e d ia t e ly a t t a c k e d b y t h e B o ls h e v ik i.
F rom
a ll s i d e s d a n g e r t h r e a t e n e d ; f r o m t h e w e s t b y in c o m in g d is b a n d e d R u s s i a n
s o ld ie r s t h a t lo o t e d , b u r n e d a n d k ille d ; f r o m t h e n o r t h b y t h e B o l s h e v i k i a n d
f r o m t h e c e n t e r b y B o ls h e v ik i r e v o l t s , p r o p a g a n d a a n d d is o r d e r s .
In th is
a c u t e c r i s i s t h e o n l y e f f e c t i v e r e m e d y w o u ld h a v e b e e n a s t r o n g c e n t r a l
g o v e r n m e n t a n d a p o w er fu l arm y .
B u t b o t h w e r e la c k in g , d u e l a r g e l y t o
t h e s o c i a l i s t t h e o r ie s w h ic h r a n r a m p a n t t h r o u g h t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e C e n t r a l
R a d a m e m b e r s a n d w h ic h o p p o s e d c e n t r a liz a t io n a n d s t r o n g a r m e d f o r c e s .
S o o n t h e B o l s h e v i k i c a p t u r e d K ie v , a n d i n a u g u r a t e d t h e r e a r e ig n o f t e r r o r .
U k r a in e h a d t o s e e k f o r e i g n a id .
A n a l l y w a s f o u n d in G e r m a n y , w i t h
w h o s e a id t h e B o l s h e v i k i w e r e d r iv e n o u t o f U k r a in e .
G erm any, h ow ever,
b e g a n t o e c o n o m ic a lly e x p l o it U k r a i n e in t h e m o s t o u t r a g e o u s f a s h io n , a n d
a n e v e r - w id e n in g b r e a c h a p p e a r e d b e t w e e n t h e C e n tr a l R a d a a n d t h e G e r m a n
m i li t a r y c o m m a n d .
A s a r e s u lt t h e G er m a n s o v e r th r e w t h e R a d a a s th e
g o v e r n m e n t o f U k r a in e , a n d w i t h t h e a id o f s o m e U k r a in ia n e le m e n t s s e t
u p in i t s s t e a d a m ili t a r y d i c t a t o r s h ip , h e a d e d b y G e n e r a l S k o r o p a d s k y .
O n D e c e m b e r 1 9 , 1 9 1 8 , S k o r o p a d s k y w a s o v e r t h r o w n b y t h e o p p o s it io n h e a d e d
b y a D i r e c t o r y r e p r e s e n t i n g a c o a li t i o n o f U k r a in ia n p a r t ie s , w i t h V o lo d im ir
V in n ic h e n k o a n d S e m e n P e t l u r a a t i t s h e a d .
O n c e m o r e t h e U k r a in ia n
N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic s e t o u t t o p r e s e r v e i t s in d e p e n d e n c e .
I n t h e m e a n w h ile , g r e a t e v e n t s w e r e t a k i n g p la c e in W e s t e r n U k r a in e .
F o r , w h e n d u r in g t h e f i n a l s t a g e s o f t h e W a r t h e m ilit a r y a n d p o l i t ic a l m i g h t
o f A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y b e g a n t o t o t t e r a n d d i s i n t e g r a t e , w h e n t h e v a r io u s
s u b j e c t n a t i o n a l i t ie s o f i t b e g a n t o c a s t o f f t h e s h a c k le s o f o p p r e s s io n t h e
W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n s r e a liz e d t h a t t h e i r l o n g a w a it e d o p p o r t u n it y h a d a r r iv e d
a t l a s t , t h a t t h e y m u s t s t r i k e f o r t h e i r fr e e d o m .
O n O c t o b e r 1 0 , 1 9 1 8 t h e U k r a in ia n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o t h e , A u s t r ia n
P a r l i a m e n t m e t in V ie n n a a n d t h e r e d e c id e d t o s u m m o n a c o n f e r e n c e o f
d e l e g a t e s f r o m a l l U k r a in ia n t e r r it o r i e s u n d e r A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y .
Su ch a
C o n fe r e n c e c o n v e n e d in L v iw o n O c to b e r 1 8 , a n d e le c t e d t h e U k r a in ia n
N a t i o n a l R a d a , w h ic h w a s t o a c t a s t h e c o n s t i t u e n t a s s e m b ly o f W e s t e r n
U k r a in e .
T h e f o l lo w in g d a y t h e N a t i o n a l R a d a r e s o lv e d t o e s t a b l i s h a n
i n d e p e n d e n t W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic .
F u r t h e r p r o v is io n s w e r e m a d e in
r e g a r d s t o t h e r i g h t o f s u f f r a g e , p r o t e c t i o n o f m in o r it ie s , a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
a t t h e P a r is P e a c e C o n fe r e n c e .
is Commenting on this, the Independent (March 2, 1918. Incorporated with

Harpers W eekly) said: Tyranny dethrons tyranny, and Satan casts out Satan. It
seems that malevolent monarchies may do more for the liberation of an oppressed
people than benevolent republics have d o n e . . . i t is unfortunate that the Peoples
Republic (Ukraine) is receiving recognition and aid from the Central Powers while
the Allies, pledged to champion oppressed nationalities, must stand aloof and averse.
I n t h e e a r ly m o r n in g h o u r s o f N o v e m b e r 1 s t , 1 9 1 8 , y o u n g v o l u n t e e r s
a n d U k r a in ia n s o ld ie r s f r o m t h e A u s t r ia n a r m y s e iz e d L v iw in t h e n a m e
o f t h e W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic . T h is w a s f o llo w e d b y t h e s e iz u r e o f c it y
a f t e r c it y , a n d in a f e w d a y s t h e U k r a in ia n b lu e a n d y e ll o w b a n n e r s w a v e d
t h r o u g h m o s t o f G a lic ia a n d o t h e r p r o v in c e s o f W e s t e r n U k r a in e .
T h e n e w ly r e s u r r e c t e d P o la n d a t t a c k e d t h e y o u n g U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic .
A P o li s h a r m y w a s fo r m e d , a n d u n d e r t h e p r e t e x t o f u s in g i t a g a i n s t t h e
B o ls h e v ik i, t h e P o le s r e c e iv e d s u p p lie s a n d m ilit a r y e q u ip m e n t f r o m t h e
A l l ie s , w h o a t t h a t t im e w e r e p a n ic s t r ic k e n a t t h e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e B o l s h e v i k i
m i g h t o v e r r u n a ll o f E u r o p e .
T h e U k r a in ia n f o r c e s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
a l t h o u g h o f s u f f ic i e n t m a n p o w e r , w e r e u n d e r f e d , b a d ly
c lo t h e d , p o o r ly
e q u ip p e d a n d i ll- t r a in e d .
T h a t t h e y f o u g h t u n c e a s i n g l y a g a i n s t t e r r ib le o d d s
i s a t r ib u t e t o t h e m a n d t h e i r c a u s e .
O n J a n u a r y 2 2 , 1 9 1 9 , a m i d s t g r e a t r e j o ic in g , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e
t w o U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic s m e t in t h e h is t o r ic S t . S o p h ia S q u a r e in K ie v , a n d
t h e r e p r o c la im e d t h e f e d e r a t i o n o f t h e t w o s u n d e r e d p a r t s o f U k r a in e in t o
o n e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic , w i t h t h e s u p r e m e p o w e r v e s t e d in t h e
D ir e c to r y h e a d e d b y P e tlu r a .
I t w a s in d e e d a n in s p ir in g m o m e n t .
For
w h a t c o u ld b e m o r e s t r i k i n g a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h i s c o u r a g e o u s p e o p le
t h a n t h i s a c t, w h e n , s u r r o u n d e d o n a l l s id e s b y t h e B o ls h e v ik i, t h e P o le s ,
a n d t h e r o y a li s t R u s s ia n f o r c e s , a ll i n t e n t u p o n d e s t r o y i n g t h i s n e w l y a r is e n
U k r a in ia n s t a t e , t h e y m a d e t h e s u p r e m e g e s t u r e o f t h e i r c o n v ic t io n in t h e
s a n c t i t y o f t h e i r c a u s e b y u n i t i n g G r e a t e r U k r a in e w it h W e s t e r n U k r a in e !
O n M a r c h 1 9 , o f t h e s a m e y e a r , t h e S u p r e m e C o u n c il o f t h e P a r i s
P e a c e C o n f e r e n c e i n t e r v e n e d b y c a ll i n g f o r a n im m e d ia te s u s p e n s i o n o f h o s t i l
i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e U k r a in ia n s a n d t h e P o le s , p e n d in g s e t t l e m e n t .
T h e U k r a in
ia n s c e a s e d f i g h t i n g , w h e r e u p o n t h e P o le s , w h o h a d a ls o g i v e n t h e i r p le d g e to
s t o p f i g h t i n g , b r o k e it , c a u g h t t h e U k r a in ia n f o r c e s o f f t h e i r g u a r d a n d
a d v a n c e d q u ite d e e p in t o U k r a in ia n t e r r it o r y .
I t w a s a t th is ju n c tu r e , to o ,
t h a t t h e P o le s r e c e iv e d f u r t h e r a s s is t a n c e w it h t h e a r r iv a l o f G e n e r a l H a lle r 's
A r m y , w h ic h c o n s is t e d o f t w o d iv is io n s o f v o l u n t e e r s f r o m A m e r ic a a n d
d e s e r t e r s f r o m G e r m a n a r m ie s , o r g a n iz e d a n d e q u ip p e d b y t h e A l l ie s .
W it h
t h i s a id t h e P o le s a t t a c k e d a g a in a n d t h e P o lis h a d v a n c e s t o p p e d a f t e r
p r o t e s t s fr o m P a r is o n ly a f t e r t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f E a s t e r n G a lic ia h a d b e e n
o c c u p ie d b y P o li s h tr o o p s .
O n J u n e 1 9 , t h e A l l ie s a t t h e P e a c e C o n fe r e n c e , ig n o r in g t h e j u s t
d e m a n d s o f t h e U k r a in ia n s , i s s u e d t h e a m a z in g a u t h o r iz a t io n t o t h e P o le s
t o o c c u p y a ll o f E a s t G a lic ia , m o d if ie d b y s o m e v a g u e r e f e r e n c e s t o u l t i m a t e
s e lf - d e te r m in a t io n .
G r e a t w a s t h e b i t t e r n e s s o f t h e U k r a in ia n s , m a d e s t i l l
g r e a t e r b y t h e f a c t t h a t r e l y i n g u p o n t h e p r o m is e s o f t h e A l l i e s a n d t h e
p r o p o s a ls f o r a n a r m is t ic e , t h e y h a d , a f e w d a y s p r e v io u s , r e m o v e d t h e
U k r a in ia n t r o o p s f r o m t h e P o li s h f r o n t a n d s e n t t h e m t o r e p e l t h e B o l s h e v i k i
t h r e a t e n i n g K ie v .
T h e y e a r 1 9 1 9 w a s o n e o f t h e d a r k e s t in a ll U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y , r e lie v e d
o n ly b y t h e s h in in g c o u r a g e o f t h e U k r a in ia n s o ld ie r y in t h e i r t e r r if i c
s t r u g g l e t o p r e s e r v e t h e i r n e w ly - w o n n a t io n a l f r e e d o m .
E n t i r e U k r a in e
w a s t h e c e n t e r o f e v e n t s w h ic h d e f y p r e c e d e n t a n d b e g g a r d e s c r ip t io n , a
b a t t le g r o u n d o f a m e r c ile s s w a r , a w a r c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y b lo o d y r a id s , a f f r a y s
a n d m a s s a c r e s , i n v o lv in g t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f m e n , a w a r o f h o r r ib le
p e r s e c u t io n s w r e a k e d u p o n t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le b y o n e e n e m y o r t h e o t h e r .
F r o m a ll s id e s a r in g o f p r e d a t o r y e n e m ie s c o n v e r g e d u p o n t h e y o u n g
U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l R e p u b lic .
I n t h e s o u t h w e s t R u m a n ia w a s a t t a c k i n g t h e
p r o v in c e o f B u k o v in a , w h ic h h a d p r e v io u s l y d e c la r e d i t s u n io n w i t h t h e
W e s t e r n U k r a in ia n R e p u b lic .
I n t h e w e s t P o la n d w a s s t e a d i l y a d v a n c in g
d e e p e r in t o U k r a in ia n t e r r it o r y , t h a n k s t o A llie d a id .
F rom th e e a st and
s o u t h c a m e t h e r o y a li s t R u s s i a n f o r c e s u n d e r D e n ik in a n d l a t e r W r a n g e l,
a ls o a id e d b y t h e A l l ie s .
A n d fr o m t h e n o r th d e sc e n d e d th e B o lsh e v ik i
h o r d e s w ith th e ir f r ig h t f u l r e ig n o f te r r o r .
N o n a t i o n in m o d e m h i s t o r y h a s e v e r b e e n m a d e t h e o b j e c t o f s u c h
a m a n y - s id e d a n d o v e r w h e lm in g a t t a c k . A n d a l t h o u g h t h e U k r a in ia n s , u n ite d
u n d e r P e t l u r a , f o u g h t v a l i a n t l y a n d w e r e a t t i m e s v ic t o r io u s , y e t i t w a s
h u m a n ly i m p o s s ib le t o s t a v e o f f f i n a l d e f e a t f o r t h e m a n d t h e i r c a u s e ,
e s p e c ia l l y w h e n m o r e t h a n o n e - t h ir d o f t h e i r a r m e d f o r c e s f e l l b e f o r e t h a t
d r e a d e d d i s e a s e t y p h u s , 19 w h ic h r a g e d u n c h e c k e d m a in ly b e c a u s e o f t h e
la c k o f h o s p i t a l s u p p lie s w h ic h t h e A l l ie d b lo c k a d e , o s t e n s ib ly a im e d a t t h e
B o ls h e v ik i, r e f u s e d t o p e r m it t o e n t e r i n t o U k r a in e .
I t m a y b e p e c u lia r t o s o m e t h a t t h e A l l ie s w h ic h h a d p le d g e d t h e m
s e l v e s t o t h e h i g h ly - t o u t e d W ils o n ia n p r in c ip le o f s e lf - d e t e r m in a t io n s h o u ld
h a v e t a k e n s u c h a h o s t il e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e U k r a in ia n s t r u g g l e f o r f r e e d o m
a n d t h e r e b y g r e a t l y h e lp e d t o d e f e a t it .
I n t h i s c o n n e c tio n , i t m u s t b e
u n d e r s t o o d t h a t f r o m t h e v e r y s t a r t t h e F r e n c h p o lic y w a s p r o - P o lis h . F r a n c e
w a s f o r P o la n d g r a n d e e t f o r t e , t r e s f o r t e .
T h e r e a so n s fo r th is a re
o b v io u s .
F r a n c e a n d P o la n d , h a v i n g g a in e d m o s t o f G e r m a n y s t e r r it o r y ,
w e r e b o u n d i n d is s o lu b ly b y t h e i r c o m m o n i n t e r e s t in u p h o ld in g t h e n e w
s e ttle m e n t.
A P o la n d g r a n d e t f o r t e m i g h t b e c o m e a n e w F r a n c e t o t h e
e a s t o f G e r m a n y , d o u b lin g t h e p o w e r o f F r a n c e in t h e w e s t .
F or th a t
r e a s o n , t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t ir e n e g o t i a t io n s , w h a t P o la n d w a n t e d , F r a n c e
g r a n te d .
F u r t h e r m o r e , P o la n d s d e m a n d s a ls o r e c e iv e d s t r o n g s u p p o r t f r o m
A m e r ic a , w h ic h i s v e r y d i f f i c u lt t o r e c o n c ile w i t h W ils o n s s e l f - d e t e r m in a
t i o n p r in c ip le .
F in a lly , I t a l y f o l lo w e d F r a n c e a n d A m e r ic a in g i v i n g h e r
s u p p o r t t o P o la n d . T h e B r it i s h a lo n e r e a c t e d u n f a v o r a b ly t o P o li s h d e m a n d s ,
p r e d ic t in g t h a t t h e e x t e n s i o n o f P o la n d s b o u n d a r ie s a t t h e e x p e n s e o f
a n o t h e r n a t i o n a l i t y w o u ld p r o v e in t h e f u t u r e t o b e a c o n t in u a l s o u r c e o f
t r o u b le f o r P o la n d a n d t h e c o u n t r ie s s u p p o r t in g h e r .
H o w tr u e w a s th is
proph ecy!
H e r b e r t A d a m s G ib b o n s , t h e A m e r ic a n h is t o r ia n , e x p la in e d t h i s
A l l ie d h o s t i l i t y t o w a r d s U k r a in e a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t l y w h e n h e s a id : A n
i n d e p e n d e n t U k r a in e h o w e v e r , d o e s n o t s e e m t o f i t in w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f
t h e v i c t o r s in t h e W o r ld W a r , a s t h e s e i n t e r e s t s a r e c o n c e iv e d b y s t a t e s m e n . . .
T h e m is fo r tu n e s o f th e U k r a in ia n s h a v e co m e fr o m th e f a c t t h a t th e
19
Concerning this, Henry G. Alsberg of the Nation (November 1, 1 919)
had this to say in connection with the Situation in Ukraine : But worst of all
is that every third person in Kamanietz has had typhus. In the other cities the
situation is the same. In the army it is worse. At Vapniak I was with Petlura at a
review of a frontier garrison where out of a thousand troops at least two hunderd
had had typhus. Against the epidemic Petluras government is quite powerless to
make headway. The Ukrainians are condemned to death by the fact that the Entente
is backing Denikin. In an interview I had with Petlura, he begged that if only for
humanitys sake the Red Cross would send over a mission to fight typhus. Let me
add here that right across the river in Rumania are all the medical supplies necessary,
as well as plenty of food with which to feed the dying Ukrainian children. The head
of the American Red Cross in Czernowitz, and also the head in Bucharest, had
a first impulse to send supplies here. But two American Red Cross delegates have
since come from Paris, who say that they will have to go first to the Ukraine to
investigate conditions. One of them told me that the Entente had; decided to back
Denikin, and would do nothing for the Ukrainians in Petluras territory. In short,
far from having any mission to relieve the terrible suffering, they had been sent
merely to report on how near Petlura was to breaking down.
i n d e p e n d e n t e x is t e n c e o f t h e i r n a t io n w a s a n o b s t a c l e t o t h e p o l i t ic a l a im s
o f a ll t h e r iv a l f o r c e s c o n t e n d in g f o r s u p r e m a c y , a n d a t t h e s a m e t im e p r o v e d
t o b e a n i r r e s is t ib l e m a g n e t t o t h e o c c u lt p o w e r s b e h in d a r m ie s , w h ic h
l u s t f o r o il a n d c o a l a n d ir o n a n d m o n o p o lie s o f f o o d s t u f f s a n d r a w
m a t e r i a ls . 20
P r e se n t S ta tu s.
A n d s o o n D e c e m b e r 9, 1 9 1 9 , b y v ir t u e o f t h e M in o r itie s T r e a t y
s i g n e d a t P a r is , t h e A l l ie s h a n d e d o v e r t h e U k r a in ia n p r o v in c e s o f B u k o v in a
a n d B e s s a r a b i a o v e r t o R u m a n ia , a t e r r it o r y o f 2 2 ,0 0 0 sq . k i lo m e t e r s c o n t a in in g
a c o m p a c t m a s s o f c lo s e t o o n e a n d o n e - q u a r t e r m illio n U k r a in ia n s .
D e s p it e
h e r p r o m is e s t o s a f e g u a r d t h e r a c ia l, r e lig io u s a n d lin g u i s t i c r i g h t s o f t h e
U k r a in ia n s , R u m a n ia h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f t h e n o t o r io u s B a l k a n m e t h o d s o f
g o v e r n in g th e m , w h ic h c o n s i s t s o f c r u e l p e r s e c u t io n s a n d a b u s e s , d ir e c t e d
t o w a r d s t h e d e s t r u c t io n o f t h e U k r a in ia n w i t h i n h e r b o r d e r s a s a s e p a r a t e
n a tio n a lity .
O n S e p t e m b e r 1 0 , 1 9 1 9 , b y t h e T r e a t y o f S t. G e r m a in , t h e n e w ly
c r e a t e d R e p u b lic o f C z e c h o s lo v a k ia a b s o r b e d 1 5 ,0 0 0 s q . k ilo m e t e r s o f t h e U k r a in
i a n t e r r it o r y c o m m o n ly k n o w n a s P o d k a r p a t s k a R u s o r S u b -C a r p a th ia n
U k r a in e , in h a b it e d b y 6 5 5 ,0 0 0 U k r a in ia n s , a s a n a u t o n o m o u s u n i t w i t h in t h e
C z e c h o s lo v a k S t a t e .
Y e t d e s p it e t h e a s s u r a n c e g iv e n b y M . B e n e s in 1 9 3 4
t h a t C z e c h o s lo v a k ia h a s n e v e r f o r g o t t e n i t s o b l i g a t io n s a n d w ill n e v e r f o r g e t
t h e m , t h e s e p r o m is e s h a v e n o t b e e n k e p t t h u s f a r , a n d i t a ls o h a s b e e n
g u i l t y o f s t r i v in g t o d e n a t io n a liz e t h e U k r a in ia n s .
O n M a r c h 1 5 , 1 9 2 3 , t h e C o n f e r e n c e o f A m b a s s a d o r s a t P a r i s r e c o g n iz e d
t h e o c c u p a t io n o f G a lic ia b y P o la n d a n d a p p r o v e d t h e R ig a t r e a t y w h e r e b y
P o la n d a n d t h e S o v i e t s d iv id e d u p b e t w e e n t h e m s e l v e s t h e o t h e r p a r t s , o f
W e s t e r n U k r a in e .
T h is d e c is io n w a s b a s e d u p o n t w o p r o v is io n s , w h e r e b y
P o la n d
r e c o g n iz e d
th a t
th e
e t h n o g r a p h ic a l
c o n d it io n s
n e c e s s ita te
an
a u t o n o m o u s r e g im e , a n d g u a r a n t e e d t o r e s p e c t t h e p le d g e s s h e h a d m a d e
a t t h e s i g n i n g o f t h e T r e a t y o f V e r s a i ll e s o n J u n e 2 8 , 1 9 1 9 , o f p r e s e r v i n g
t h e n a t io n a l r ig h t s o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le w it h in h e r b o r d e r s .
T h is m e a n t
t h a t P o la n d r e c e iv e d n o t o n ly E a s t e r n G a lic ia b u t N o r t h w e s t e r n U k r a in e a s
w e ll, in c lu d in g K h o lm , P id ly a s h e , P o lis y a , a n d V o lh y n ia , a n a r e a o f 1 3 7 ,0 0 0
s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s , ( 3 5 .3 %
o f h e r e n t ir e a r e a ) , in h a b it e d b y a U k r a in ia n
p o p u la t io n u p w a r d s o f s e v e n m illio n .
F r o m t h e v e r y o u t s e t o f h e r o c c u p a t io n o f W e s t e r n U k r a in e P o la n d
h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f n o t o n l y b r e a k in g a ll t h e s e p l e d g e s s h e m a d e g u a r a n t e e in g
U k r a in ia n r ig h t s b u t a ls o o f t h e g r o s s e s t a b u s e s o f t h e i r e le m e n t a r y h u m a n
r ig h t s , a ll in a n e f f o r t t o P o lo n iz e t h e U k r a in ia n s .
M any o f th e se ab u ses
h a v e r e a c h e d in c r e d ib le l e n g t h s .
U k r a in ia n n a t io n a l, c u lt u r a l, a n d e c o n o m ic
p r o g r e s s i s r e t a r d e d a t e v e r y s t e p .21
20 Ukraine and the Balance of Power Century magazine. July, 1921.

21 From 1920 to 1934 the number of Ukrainian schools has been reduced
from 3,600 to 120; 2,9 7 4 schools have been made bi-lingual, but only a few unim^
portant. subjects are taught in Ukrainian. Not a -sin g le Ukrainian tech n ical school
exists; and out of the 2 8 ,8 5 5 ,4 2 0 zlotys allocated in the 1934 35 budget for
universities and colleges, only 63,490 zlotys were assigned for two Ukrainian chairs
in Warsaw Universtity. Rigorous restrictions are placed upon the entry of Ukrainian
students to the higher schools and universities. In 1931 32, out of 4 9 ,770 uni
versity students,, there were only 2,192 Ukrainian students. The . students in Warsaw
Engineering College then were divided as follows: Poles, 3,692; Jews, 468; Ukrain
ians, 6.
(Lancelot Lawton in the London Fortnightly Review, April, 1 9 3 4 ). Fur
thermore, those Ukrainians who do manage to graduate from the higher schools,
T HIE r U R A I N I A N S
479
A n d s e v e r a l t i m e s P o la n d s m i s t r e a t m e n t o f t h e U k r a in ia n s b e c a m e
s o h a r s h a s t o b e c o m e t h e o b j e c t o f c o m p la in t s b e f o r e i n t e r n a t io n a l tr ib u n a ls *
e s p e c ia l l y w h e n s h e r e s o r t e d t o .a r e i g n o f t e r r o r t o b e n d t h e u n y i e l d i n g
U k r a i n i a n s t o h e r w ill.
I t i s n o w o n d e r , th e r e fo r e * t h a t t h e L o n d o n N e w
S t a t e s m a n a n d N a t i o n ( A u g u s t 2 9 , 1 9 3 1 ) d e c la r e d t h a t : A m o n g t h e
a b u s e s in p s t - w a r E u r o p e t h e w o r s t a r e t h e c u m u la t iv e v i o la t i o n s o f t h e
'M in o r itie s T r e a t y b y t h e P o li s h S t a t e . . .
in P o la n d t h e y h a v e a c q u ir e d
p r im a r y i n t e r n a t io n a l im p o r t a n c e . . . b y r e a s o n o f t h e i r b a r b a r is m a n d
a b u n d a n c e .
T h i s w a s w r i t t e n a t t h e t im e w h e n t h e w h o le w o r ld r e c o ile d
i n h o r r o r a t t h e p a c i f ic a t i o n b y P o l i s h t r o o p s o f t h e U k r a in ia n p o p u la t io n ,
c o n c e r n in g w h ic h t h e M a n c h e s t e r G u a r d ia n w r o t e t h e n t h a t : T h is s o c a lle d p a c i f ic a t i o n h a s b e e n c a r r ie d o u t w i t h a f e r o c i t y w h ic h c a n o n l y b e
c o m p a r e d t o t h e p r e v io u s a t r o c i t ie s c a r r ie d o u t in t h e e a r ly n i n e t e e n t h
c e n t u r y b y t h e B a s h i- B a z o u k s in t h e o ld T u r k is h t e r r it o r i e s .
Thus has
P o la n d c a r r ie d o u t h e r p l e d g e s t o r e s p e c t U k r a in ia n r ig h t s , b y d e n y i n g t o
t h e m e v e n t h e i r e le m e n t a r y h u m a n r ig h t s .
A n d t o a d d a n ir o n ic t o u c h t o i t
a ll, n S e p t e m b e r 1 3 , 1 9 3 4 , P r e m ie r B e c k s o l m e n l y n o t i f i e d t h e L e a g u e o f
N a t i o n s A s s e m b l y t h a t s h e w o u ld b e n o lo n g e r b o u n d b y t h e M in o r itie s
T r e a t y . A s i f s h e e v e r h a d ! V e r y a p t l y h a s H . G . W e lls d e s c r ib e d P o la n d
w h e n h e w r o t e in h is T h e S h a p e o f T h i n g s t o C o m e t h a t :
T h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f P o la n d - t h e e x c e s s i v e r e s t o r a t i o n o f P o la n d w a s
o n e o f t h e b r i g h t e s t a m b it io n s o f W ils o n . P o la n d w a s r e s to r e d .
B u t in ste a d
o f a f i n e - s p i r i t e d , a n d g e n e r o u s p e o p le e m e r g in g f r o m t h o s e h u n d r e d a n d
t w e n t y y e a r s o f s u b j u g a t io n , a n d j u s t i f y i n g t h e s y m p a t h y a n d h o p e s o f
lib e r a lis m t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld , t h e r e a p p e a r e d a n a r r o w ly p a t r io t ic g o v e r n
m e n t , w h ic h p r e s e n t l y d e v e lo p e d i n t o a n a g g r e s s i v e , v in d ic a t iv e a n d p i t i l e s s
d i c t a t o r s h ip , a n d s e t i t s e l f a t o n c e t o t h e z e s t f u l p e r s e c u tio n o f t h e u n
f o r t u n a t e e t h n i c m in o r it ie s ( a b o u t o n e t h ir d o f t h e e n t ir e p o p u la t io n ) c a u g h t
i n t h e n e t o f i t s a ll t o o a m p le b o u n d a r ie s .
. . . In th e tr e a tm e n t o f th e
U k r a i n i a n s in v o l v e d in lib e r a t io n , P o la n d e q u a lle d a n y o f t h e a t r o c i t ie s w h ic h
h a d b e e n t h e b u r d e n o f h e r s o n g d u r in g h e r y e a r s o f m a r t y r d o m .
L e t i t n o t b e su p p o se d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h is m is tr e a tm e n t o f th e
U k r a i n i a n s b y P o la n d h a s b r o k e n t h e i r s p ir it .
S u ch h a s n o t b een th e
c a s e , f o r n o t e v e n in t h e E m e r a l d I s le ( I r e l a n d ) d o e s o n e f i n d m o r e
f o r m id a b le f i g h t i n g q u a lit ie s o r a m o r e p a s s i o n a t e n a t io n a l s e n t i m e n t t h a n
i n U k r a in e .22 N o r h a s i t r e t a r d e d t h e i r n a t i o n a l e v o lu t io n .
D e s e r t e d in t h e p a s t b y r ic h , U k r a in ia n l a n d o w n e r s w h o b e c a m e
P o li s h a r is t o c r a t s , t h e U k r a in ia n p e a s a n t s , a id e d b y t h e i r h a r d - w o r k in g
p r i e s t s , t h e m s e l v e s o f p e a s a n t s t o c k , d e v e lo p e d c a p a c it y a n d t a l e n t f o r
r e s p o n s ib le a c t io n .
T h e ir p o lit ic a l l e a d e r s a r e n e a r ly a ll t h e s o n s o r g r a n d
s o n s o f p e a s a n t s , m a n y o f t h e m t r a in e d in t h e U n iv e r s i t ie s o f P r a g u e arid
V ie n n a . . . A v i s i t o r t o P o la n d m a k i n g a t o u r o f s o m e o f t h e U k r a in ia n
v i l l a g e s w ill b e a g r r e a b ly s u r p r is e d a t t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e a c t iv i t i e s c a r r ie d
o n b y t h e p e a s a n t s , w h ic h b e t r a y s n o t o n ly a d e e p s e a t e d n a t i o n a l con*
find all sorts of obstacles and discriminations placed in their way of entering the pro
fessions, and find no outlet for their abilities in the state administration of Poland
as long as they do not renounce their Ukrainian ideals. ( Political Quarterly (Eng
land), Oct.-Dec., 1 9 3 2 ). Then too, to drive hostile Polish wedges into the compact
Ukrainian settlem ents, th e Polish Government resorts to artificial settlem ent o f
Ukrainian territories with Polish colonists, selling them their plots at greatly
preferential rates. Various m anifestations held by th e Ukrainians are often banned
or dispersed by Polish police. Even memorial exercises for the Ukrainian war dead
are often banned.
22 E. Alexander Powell !n his book: Thunder Over Europe.
s c i o u s n e s s , b u t a r e a d in e s s a n d a b i l it y t o w o r k t o g e t h e r a n d a s e n s e o f
c it iz e n s h ip . . .
S o v i g o r o u s a r e s u r r e c t io n , s t a r t i n g a t z e r o a f t e r t h e
d e v a s t a t i o n o f t h e G r e a t W a r , i s a ll t h e m o r e r e m a r k a b le a s t h e U k r a in ia n s
h a v e a c h ie v e d i t b y t h e i r o w n u n a id e d e f f o r t s , w i t h o u t c r e d it s f r o m t h e
s t a t e o r f r o m P o li s h b a n k s . . .
T h e U k r a in ia n s a r e t o o w e ll c o n s o lid a t e d t o b e ig n o r e d ; t h e y c a n n o t
b e a s s im ila t e d , t h e y a r e t o o n u m e r o u s a n d t o o d e t e r m in e d .
O p p r e s s io n w ill
s e r v e o n l y t o d r iv e t h e m in t o i l l e g a l a n d v i o le n t m e t h o d s o f p r o t e s t .
U p to
n o w t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y t e n a c io u s l y c lin g t o c o n s t i t u t i o n a l m e t h o d s . . .
I t w o u ld
b e d i s a s t r o u s i f t h e y b e g a n t o s w e ll t h a t b a n d o f h o t - b lo o d e d y o u n g m e n ,
m e m b e r s o f a s e c r e t m i li t a r y o r g a n iz a t io n ( U . W . O .) w h o a r e im p a t ie n t o f
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e d r e s s . . . 23
B y t h e T r e a t y o f R i g a c o n c lu d e d b e t w e e n P o la n d a n d t h e S o v i e t s o n
M a r c h 1 8 , 1 9 2 1 , t h e l a t t e r r e c e iv e d a b o u t 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s o f
U k r a in ia n t e r r it o r y , c o n t a in in g a p p r o x im a t e ly 3 2 m illio n p e o p le .
Tw o years
l a t e r t h i s t e r r it o r y w a s in c o r p o r a t e d a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e U n io n o f
t h e S o c i a li s t S o v ie t R e p u b lic s , t h e s t r o n g n a t io n a l f e e l i n g s o f i t p r e v e n t in g
t h e B o ls h e v ik i f r o m r o b b in g i t o f i t s n a t io n a l id e n t it y .
D e s p it e t h e u n c e a s i n g u s e o f t e r r o r is m a s a w e a p o n o f r u le , t h e
e a r lie r y e a r s u n d e r t h e S o v i e t s w e r e c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y c e r t a in
c u ltu r a l
c o n c e s s io n s g r a n t e d t h e U k r a in ia n s , a s a p a r t ia l o f f s e t t o t h e v i o le n t p o lit ic a l
r e p r e s s io n a n d e c o n o m ic e x p l o t a t io n o f t h e m .
T h a t t h i s c u lt u r a l s o p t o t h e
U k r a in ia n s f a i le d in i t s p u r p o s e w a s e v id e n c e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t U k r a in ia n
p e a s a n t r y s o p p o s it io n t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t's r e q u is it io n o f f o o d s t u f f s f o r c e d
i t t o g i v e i t u p a n d in t r o d u c e f o r a w h ile t h e N e p , o r N e w E c o n o m ic P o lic y ,
w i t h i t s s e c u r it y o f in d iv id u a l f a r m in g a n d f r e e d o m o f p r iv a t e t r a d e .
W it h
t h e p a s s a g e o f t im e a n d g r o w t h o f t h e S o v i e t s in p o w e r , h o w e v e r , e v e n
t h e s e c u lt u r a l c o n c e s s io n s b e g a n t o b e t a k e n a w a y , a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t p o lic y
a im e d d i r e c t ly a n d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a t t h e c o m p le t e p o lit ic a l, e c o n o m ic a l a n d
c u lt u r a l s u b j u g a t io n a n d d e n a t io n a liz a t io n o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n .
A lth o u g h
s o m e U k r a in ia n c u lt u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e p e r m it t e d t o c o n t in u e t h e i r e x is t e n c e
y e t t h e y f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s e m a s c u la t e d o f a n y r e a l p r o g r e s s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r
b e in g f o r c e d t o p r o c e e d o n l y a l o n g c h a n n e ls o f C o m m u n is tic id e o lo g y .
The
s a m e i s t r u e o f U k r a in ia n w r i t e r s in t h e S o v i e t U n io n .
T h o s e w h o r e b e lle d
a g a i n s t t h i s p o lic y o r s h o w e d e v e n t h e s l i g h t e s t t r a c e o f n a t i o n a l i s t s e n t i m e n t
w e r e b r a n d e d a s t r a it o r s t o t h e R u s s i a n r e v o lu tio n ," s u m m a r ily t r ie d a n d
e x e c u t e d , o r s e n t t o t h e n o t o r io u s p r is o n c a m p s i n t h e n o r t h .
C o n c e r n in g
o n e s u c h t r ia l, t h e L o n d o n S a t u r d a y R e v ie w " ( J a n u a r y 1 8 , 1 9 3 0 ) c o r r e c t ly
p o in te d o u t t h a t t h e r e a l r e a s o n f o r b r in g in g a c h a r g e a g a i n s t J e f r e m o v ,
C z e c h iw s k y a n d t h e o t h e r s i s t h e d e s ir e t o d e s t r o y t h e U k r a in ia n i n t e ll i g e n t s i a
b y g e t t i n g r id o f i t s c h i e f r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s .
. . . T h e S o v i e t p o lic y in U k r a in e
c a r r ie d o n s in c e 1 9 2 3 a n d c a lle d U k r a in ia n iz a t io n , a im e d a t o b t a in in g a h o ld o n
t h e n a t io n a l c u lt u r e o f U k r a i n e a n d c h a n g in g i t in t o a c u lt u r e o f t h e w o r k in g
c la s s e s d e p e n d e n t o n M o s c o w .
A f t e r f i v e y e a r s t h i s p o l i c y f a i le d e n t ir e ly .
T h e U k r a in ia n i n t e ll i g e n t s i a t h e m s e l v e s m a d e u s e o f t h e U k r a in ia n iz a t io n in
a ll b r a n c h e s o f l i f e f o r i t s o w n p u r p o s e s , d e e p e n in g t h e n a t io n a l c u lt u r e a n d
w in n in g t h e i d e o lo g ic a l f i g h t w i t h t h e C o m m u n is ts b y t h e i r s t r o n g r e s is t a n c e .
R e a liz in g i t s f a ilu r e , B o l s h e v i s m h a s t a k e n t o i t s a l t e r n a t i v e w e a p o n s
te r r o r is m a n d p r o v o c a tio n . B y t h i s m e a n s i t s e e k s t o k ill t h e c r e a t iv e e f f o r t s
o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e a n d t h a t is t h e r e a l s ig n i f i c a n c e o f t h e p r e s e n t tr ia l."
23 . P'. Conwell-Evans in the Political Quarterly (England) of Oct.-Dec. 1932.
E v e n t h e s e w e a p o n s , t e r r o r is m a n d p r o v o c a t io n , f a i le d t o s u b d u e t h e
U k r a in ia n r e s is t a n c e , e s p e c ia lly t o t h e S o v i e t e c o n o m ic p o lic y .
In 1931, fo r
e x a m p le * t h e S o v i e t a u t h o r i t i e s s u c c e e d e d in c o ll e c t i n g o n l y , 5 3 % o f t h e
g r a in d u e f r o m U k r a in e , a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a v e r a g e 8 6 % t h e y m a n a g e d
t o r e c e iv e f r o m t h e o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e S o v i e t U n io n .
S u c h o p p o s it io n w a s
u s u a l l y f o l lo w e d b y m a s s r e p r is a ls o n t h e p a r t o f vt h e a u t h o r it ie s , w h ic h
in c lu d e d t h e f o r c i b l e s h i f t i n g o f m i ll i o n s o f t h e U k r a in ia n p o p u la t io n f r o m
i t s n a t i v e h a b i t a t in o r d e r t o a r t i f i c i a l l y p o p u la t e t h e v a c a t e d a r e a w i t h
a lie n p e o p le s .
I n 1 9 3 2 a n d 1 9 3 3 t h e B o l s h e v i k s b y t h e i r e c o n o m ic p o lic y , a n d e s p e c ia l l y
b y t h e i r e n f o r c e m e n t o f r u r a l c o lle c t iv iz a t io n , b r o u g h t a b o u t a n a c u t e s t a t e
o f f a m i n e in U k r a in e , w h ic h t o o k a t e r r ib le t o l l c o n s e r v a t i v e ly e s t i m a t e d
a t 4 m illio n liv e s .
A n d a l t h o u g h t h e S o v i e t G o v e r n m e n t w a s f u l l y a w a r e
o f t h e f a m i n e in U k r a in e a n d a l t h o u g h h a v i n g f u l l a n d c o m p le t e c o n t r o l
o f t h e e n t i r e f o o d s u p p lie s w it h in i t s b o r d e r s , ( i t ) n e v e r t h e l e s s f a i le d t o t a k e
r e l i e f m e a s u r e s d e s ig n e d t o c h e c k t h e f a m i n e o r a l le v i a t e t h e t e r r ib le c o n d i
t i o n s a r is in g f r o m it , b u t o n t h e c o n t r a r y u s e d t h e f a m in e a s a m e a n s o f
r e d u c in g t h e U k r a in ia n p o p u la t io n a n d d e s t r o y i n g t h e U k r a in ia n p o lit ic a l,
c u l t u r a l a n d n a t i o n a l r ig h t s . . . 24
D e s p it e a l l s u c h m a s s r e p r is a ls a n d t e r r o r is m o f t h e a u t h o r it ie s , t h e
n a t i o n a l s p ir i t in S o v i e t U k r a in e b u r n s a s b r i g h t l y a s e v e r , a f a c t w h ic h
D i c t a t o r S t a l i n a s w e ll a s s o m e o f h i s u n d e r l i n g s h a v e t h e m s e l v e s a d m it t e d .26
A n d t o d a y t h i s s p ir i t i s o n e o f t h e c h i e f w o r r ie s o f t h e r u le r s in t h e K r e m lin .
F o r s i x h u n d r e d y e a r s . . . w r i t e s H . H e s s e l T ilt m a n in h i s b o o k o n
P e a s a n t E u r o p e , t h e y ( t h e U k r a i n i a n s ) h a v e f o u g h t t o r e m a in U k r a in ia n .
T h e y h a v e p r e se r v e d th e ir o w n d is tin c tiv e la n g u a g e , th e ir o w n C h u rch , th e ir
o w n c lo t h e s , t h e i r h i g h s t a t e o f h u s b a n d r y .
A n d, a t th e end o f th a t fig h t
o f c e n t u r ie s a s a t t h e b e g in n in g , t h e y f a c e t h e w o r ld u n d a u n t e d a lik e bjr
p o v e r t y , p e r s e c u tio n , a n d r e p r e s s io n d e m a n d in g t h e r i g h t o f 4 3 m illio n s
o f p e o p le h a v i n g a c o m m o n s t o c k a n d a c o m m o n l i f e t o r u le t h e m s e l v e s .
T h a t d e m a n d m a y b e r e s is t e d f o r a y e a r , a g e n e r a t io n , o r a h u n d r e d
g e n e r a tio n s .
B u t a t t h e e n d o f t h a t t im e t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le w ill s t i l l b e
a s k in g f o r t h e i r f r e e d o m .
A n d t h e r e w ill b e n e i t h e r l a s t i n g p e a c e n o r t h e
r e ig n o f j u s t i c e in E a s t e r n E u r o p e u n t il t h a t r ig h t i s g r a n t e d , a n d t h e a lie n
t r o o p s w it h d r a w n , le a v i n g t h e U k r a i n e t o c o n t r o l i t s o w n d e s t i n i e s a n d
e n r ic h . a l l t h e p e a s a n t la n d s b y i t s e x a m p l e .
24 An excerpt from a resolution to famine in Ukraine, submitted in the House

of Representatives of the United States Congress by Mr. Hamilton Fish, jr., which
was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed.
25 At the seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party held in January, 1934,
Stalin declared that:
Only very recently in the Ukraine the deviation towards Ukrainian
Nationalism did not represent the major danger; but when we ceased to fight
against it and enabled it to grow to the extent that it joined up with the inter*
ventionists this deviation became the major danger.
- r,
L IT E R A R Y
T R A D IT IO N .
F r o m t h e t im e o f t h e 1 1 t h c e n t u r y , w h e n t h e l o f t i n e s s a n d b e a u t y
o f t h e K ie v a n c u lt u r e e x c i t e d c o n s id e r a b le a s t o n is h m e n t a m o n g t h e t r a v e le r s ,
d o w n t h r o u g h t h e c e n t u r ie s t o t h e p r e s e n t d a y , t h e U k r a in ia n s h a v e a l w a y s
i m p r e s s e d f o r e i g n o b s e r v e r s w i t h t h e i r c u lt u r a l a b ilit y , t h e i r m e n t a l a le r t n e s s ,
t h e l iv e l in e s s o f t h e i r t h o u g h t a n d e m o tio n a l r e a c t io n s , a n d t h e i r t a l e n t s f o r
e x p r e s s i n g t h e m s e lv e s .
O th e r s o b s e r v e d in t h e U k r a i n i a n s : t h e i r s t r o n g p r e f e r e n c e f o r e x t r e m e
in d iv id u a lis m , f r e e d o m ,1 a n d e q u a l i t y ; t h e i r in it ia t iv e , in d u s t r y , t h r i f t , a n d
c le a n l i n e s s ; t h e i r e a r n e s t , c a r e f u l m in d s , c a p a b le o f s u s t a i n e d a c t iv i t y ; t h e ir
ba-PPy n a t u r e , te m p e r e d s o m e w h a t b y a m e la n c h o ly b e g o t t e n o f o p p r e s s io n ;
a n d t h e i r w i l li n g n e s s t o f i g h t a n d s a c r if i c e e v e n t h e i r l iv e s f o r t h e s a k e o f
t h e i r c o n v ic t io n s , a s w e ll a s f o r t h e i r h o m e , f a m i ly a n d n a t io n .
S u c h a r e t h e U k r a in ia n s , a s s e e n b y n u m e r o u s f o r e i g n o b s e r v e r s , n o t
t o m e n t io n t h e n a t iv e o n e s , r a n g i n g f r o m t h e G r e e k a n d A r a b ia n t r a d e r s a n d
t r a v e l e r s w h o p a s s e d t h r o u g h U k r a in e in t h e e a r l i e s t d a y s o f t h e K ie v a n
d y n a s t y , t o t h e m a n y E u r o p e a n t r a v e l e r s a n d w r i t e r s w h o v i s i t e d U k r a in e
d u r in g t h e l a t e r s t a g e s o f h e r n a t io n a l d e v e lo p m e n t, u p t o a n d in c lu d in g t h e
m o d e m t i m e s .2
O ral L ite r a tu r e .
A m ir r o r o f t h e i r t u r b u le n t a n d c o lo r f u l n a t i o n a l l if e , t h e l it e r a t u r e
o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le t r u l y r e f l e c t s a ll t h e i r t r ia l s a n d t r ib u la t io n s , a s
w e ll a s t h e i r t h o u g h t s , s t r i v in g s , a n d a s p ir a t io n s .
E s p e c i a ll y i s t h i s t r u e o f t h e i r o r a l lit e r a t u r e , w h o s e r o o t s l ie b u r ie d
i n t h e a n c ie n t, p r e -C h r is tia n p a s t , a n d w h ic h c o n s i s t s o f a r ic h a n d v a r ie d
s t o r e o f m y t h s , t a l e s , le g e n d s , a n e c d o t e s , d r o ll s a y i n g s , f a b l e s , r id d le s ,
i n c a n t a t io n s , a n d s o n g s ; a ll e x p r e s s i n g t h e p h ilo s o p h ic a l n a t u r e o f t h e
U k r a in ia n p e o p le .
B u t b y f a r t h e r ic h e s t , a n d p e r h a p s m o s t v o lu m in o u s c la s s o f o r a l
lit e r a t u r e a r e t h e f o l k s o n g s ; s o n g s o r ig i n a t i n g a n d c u r r e n t a m o n g t h e
c o m m o n m a s s e s o f t h e p e o p le , t y p i f y i n g t h e i r lif e , i n t e r e s t s , s o r r o w s a n d
e n t h u s i a s m s d o w n t h r o u g h t h e a g e s ; s o n g s w h ic h a r e a g e n u in e c o n t r ib u tio n
t o t h e w o r ld 's lit e r a r y t r e a s u r y .,,3
O f t h e d if f e r e n t c a t e g o r ie s o f t h e m t h a t e x is t , t h e o l d e s t a r e t h e
r it u a li s t i c s o n g s .
O r ig in a lly , b e f o r e t h e c o m in g o f C h r is t ia n it y , t h e y w e r e
s u n g in h o n o r o f t h e v a r io u s g o d s , a n d a t t h e o c c a s io n o f t h e p e r io d ic
c h a n g e s o f n a tu r e , in t e r p r e t in g a n d p r a i s i n g t h e s a m e .
T h e k o l y a d k i , f o r
e x a m p le , w e r e s u n g n e a r t h e c lo s e o f D e c e m b e r in h o n o r o f k o l y a d a , w h ic h
s ig n i f i e d t h e r e b ir th o f t h e s u n s p o w e r .
W ith t h e a r r iv a l o f C h r is t ia n it y ,
1 Voltaire, in his History of Charles XII of Sweden, wrote: LUkraine a

toujours aspire a etre libre.
2 Among them can .b e mentioned Buillaume Levasseur, author of Description
de PUkraine (1 6 4 0 ), translated into English in 1704; Pierre Chevalier, who wrote
Historie de la Guerre des Cosaques (1 6 6 3 ), tr. into Eng. in 1672; Lean Sherrer,
author of the Annales de la Petite-Russie ou Historie des Cosaques de lUkraine
(1 7 8 8 ); English travelers such as Edward Dan. Clarke and Joseph Marshall; historians
such as Bernhard Connor, p r o f e s s o r at Oxford; and diplomats such as Charles Whit
worth. During the 19th century, Prosper Merimee and Alfred Rambaud for France
and W. R. Morfil and George Rolleston, professor at Oxford, for England* wrote
about Ukraine, to mention a few.
3 Dr. Coleman: Brief Survey of Ukrainian' Literature.
h o w e v e r , C h r is t m a s t o o k t h e p la c e o f t h e k o l y a d a f e s t i v a l a n d t o d a y t h e
k o l y a d k i a r e C h r is t m a s c a r o ls .
T h e k o ly a d n ik i g o f r o m h o u s e t o h o u s e
s i n g i n g a n d w i s h in g e v e r y o n e a n e a t l i t t l e p r o f i t a n d h a p p in e s s g a lo r e
f r o m k o ly a d a t o k o l y a d a .
A s im ila r e v o lu t io n w a s u n d e r g o n e b y t h e
v e s n y a n k i a n d h a y i v k i, p a g a n s o n g s e x p r e s s i n g t h e j o y a n d g l a d n e s s a t
t h e c o m in g o f s p r in g , w h ic h in t im e b e c a m e i n t e r w o v e n w i t h t h e p ic t u r e s q u e
a n d g a y E a s t e r H o li d a y f e s t i v i t i e s o n t h e v i l l a g e g r e e n s .
S o n g s r e v o l v i n g a r o u n d f a m i ly l i f e t o u c h u p o n a ll i t s p h a s e s .
The
t y p i c a l c r a d le s o n g s u s u a l l y e x p r e s s t h e g r e a t l o v e t h e m o t h e r b e a r s f o r
h e r c h ild a n d t h e w o r r y s h e u n d e r g o e s a b o u t w h a t f a t e a w a i t s i t w h e n
it
grow s
up.
F uneral
so n g s,
draw n
m a in ly
fr o m
m y th o lo g ic a l
and
C h r is t ia n s o u r c e s , a r e n o t v e r y p le n t if u l, b u t v e r y m o v in g in t o n e , u s u a l l y
l ik e n in g t h e d e c e a s e d t o t h e s u n o r m o o n , a n d d e a t h t o t h e s e t t i n g s u n
b e h in d t h e h ills , o r t o a r a v e n , w it c h , o r e v e n a s n a k e .
In str ik in g c o n tr a s t
t o t h e m e a g e r n e s s o f m o u r n in g s o n g s i s t h e m u l t i t u d e o f w e d d in g s o n g s a n d
c h a n t s , w h ic h f r o m t h e p o in t o f r ic h n e s s in m u s ic a l s t y l e a n d v a r ie t y
r e ig n su p r em e .
L y r ic a l s o n g s , in c lu d in g t h o s e o f lo v e , a r e n o t o n l y t h e m o s t n u m e r o u s
o f a ll f o l k s o n g s b u t t h e y a r e also; t h e m o s t b e a u t i f u l , b e in g r e p le t e w i t h
a n a c r e o n t ic g r a c e , b e a u t y o f d ic tio n , p r e t t y l i t t l e c o m p a r is o n s a n d f i n e
p h r a s e s o f a t r u e a n d l o v in g h e a r t .
T h e r e is n o tr a c e o f s e x u a lity w ith in
t h e m ; f o r n o t t h e p h y s i c a l b u t t h e s p ir it u a l b e a u t y o f a w o m a n i s g lo r if ie d
in t h e m .
M o s t o f t h e m , i t i s w o r t h n o t in g , w e r e c o m p o s e d b y w o m e n
w h il e t h e i r m e n w e r e a w a y a t w a r s , w h ic h m a y a c c o u n t f o r t h e s t r a in o f
s a d n e s s t h a t r u n s t h r o u g h s o m a n y o f th e m .
T h e m o r a l- r e lig io u s s o n g s o r c a n t i c l e s a r e u s u a l l y s u n g b y it in e r a n t
l y r i c i s t s t o t h e a c c o m p a n im e n t o f t h e l i r a ( a g u it a r - lik e in s t r u m e n t ,
p r o d u c in g a t y p e o f h u r d y - g u r d y m u s ic b y t h e t u r n i n g o f a h a n d l e ) , a n d
t h e i r b a s is l ie s u s u a l l y in t h e l i v e s o f t h e s a i n t s , t h e b e g in n in g a n d e n d
o f t h e w o r ld , a n d in g e n e r a l r e l i g io u s a n d m o r a l i s s u e s . . .
O f t h e h i s t o r i c a l s o n g s t h e m o s t c o lo r f u l a r e t h e d u m i, w h ic h
d e a l in g m a i n l y w i t h t h e K o z a k w a r s f o r f r e e d o m r e f l e c t in t h e i r in im it a b le
c l a r i t y a n d p o ig n a n c y o f s t y l e a l l o f t h e p h a s e s o f t h a t h e r o ic a g e . I n t h e m
w e f i n d m a n y s t r i k i n g c o m p a r is o n s , a l le g o r ie s , s y n o n y m s , e p it a p h s , a n d
s y m b o li s m s ; in t h e m , t o o , t h e K o z a k s a r e k n i g h t s , s t r o n g l y u n ite d , h i g h l y
c o u r a g e o u s , c o n t e m p t u o u s o f d e a t h , a n d g l o r i o u s ly f r e e a n d e q u a l.
T h e p o s t - K o z a k p e r io d l e f t in i t s w a k e , a s id e f r o m t h e m a n y k r ip a k i
( s e r f ) a n d h a y d a m a k i ( p e a s a n t - r e v o lu t i o n a r ie s ) s o n g s , a ls o m a n y c h u m a k i
s o n g s , t h e l a t t e r w h ic h w e r e b a s e d u p o n t h e a d v e n t u r e s , b o t h s e r io u s a n d
h u m o r o u s , e n c o u n t e r e d b y t h e c h u m a k i t h o s e w h o t r a v e l e d b y c a r a v a n
t o C r im e a a n d t h e D o n f o r s a l t . A m o n g t h e l a t e s t in t h e f i e l d o f U k r a in ia n
h is to r ic a l fo lk s o n g s a r e t h e S itc h o v i S t r ilt s i ( S itc h R ifle m e n ) s o n g s, b a s e d
u p o n t h e r e c e n t U k r a in ia n w a r f o r in d e p e n d e n c e ; a n d t h e e m ig r a n t s o n g s ,
d e a l in g w i t h t h e p l i g h t o f t h o s e w h o h a d t o l e a v e t h e i r n a t i v e la n d in s e a r c h
o f f r e e d o m a n d o p p o r t u n it y .
I t i s a s t r i k i n g f a c t t h a t p r a c t ic a ll y a ll t h e s e U k r a in ia n f o l k s o n g s a r e
d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y a r ic h n e s s o f m o t i f s , g r e a t p e r f e c t io n o f f o r m , d e p t h o f
m e a n in g , a n d a h i g h m o r a l t o n e . I n m o s t o f t h e m c a n b e f o u n d a f a n t a s t i c
d r e a m in e s s , a n d a g l o r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e l o f t i e s t f e e l i n g s o f t h e h u m a n s o u l.
N o w o n d e r , t h e n , t h a t t h e P o li s h s o c i o lo g i s t , P r o f . F r . B u j a k , d e c la r e d t h a t
t h e f o l k - c u l t u r e o f t h e .U k r a in ia n i s a t p r e s e n t r ic h e r a n d b e t t e r c r y s ta liz e d ,
t h a n t h e P o li s h f o l k - c u l t u r e , a n d t h a t t h i s s u p e r i o r it y is m a n i f e s t in t h e
l i v e l y f o l k s o n g s , in w h ic h r e s p e c t t h e U k r a in ia n s a r e , a lo n g w i t h t h e S e r b s ,
t h e b e s t e n d o w e d o f t h e S la v ic r a c e s . 4
H is t o r y h a s b e e n c r u e l t o t h e U k r a in ia n s , c r u s h i n g o u t t h e i r a n c ie n t
l ib e r t i e s a n d g l o r i e s , w r o t e t h e e m in e n t C a n a d ia n s c h o la r a n d p o e t , P r o f .
W a t s o n K ir k c o n n e ll, b u t t h e p e n t - u p e m o t io n s o f a t h o u s a n d y e a r s , t h e
p a s s io n o f fr e e d o m , t h e p o ig n a n c y o f b r o k e n h e a r t s , t h e t e a r s o f j o y a t t h e
b e a u t y o f s p r in g a n d lo v e a n d a t t h e n i g h t i n g a le 's v o ic e t h e s e h a v e g u s h e d
f o r t h in s o n g t h a t i s w o r t h y o f l iv i n g f o r e v e r .
. . . A n d , h e m i g h t h a v e a d d e d , a s o n g t h a t g r e a t l y h e lp e d t o p r e s e r v e
t h e U k r a in ia n h e r it a g e a n d t r a d i t io n s w h e n t h e U k r a in ia n lit e r a t u r e h a d
w e ll n i g h p e r is h e d f r o m t h e f a c e o f t h i s e a r t h b e f o r e t h e b lu d g e o n in g s o f
R u s s i a n a n d P o li s h p e r s e c u tio n .
W r it t e n
L it e r a t u r e .
T h e U k r a in ia n w r i t t e n lit e r a t u r e h a s i t s r o o t s in t h e o f f i c i a l in t r o d u c t io n
o f C h r is t ia n it y in t o U k r a in e ( 9 8 8 ) , a l t h o u g h a p r im it iv e f o r m p f w r i t in g d id
e x i s t b e f o r e t h a t tim e , s u c h a s t h e v a r io u s c o m m e r c ia l t r e a t i e s w i t h t h e
G reek s.
T h e A n c i e n t P e r io d p r o d u c e d a l i t e r a t u r e m a in ly o f a n e c c le s i a s t i c a l
n a t u r e , s u c h a s t h a t o f Z o lo t o u s t , H a r io n , S m o ly a t ic h , a n d T u r iw s k y ; w i t h
b u t a s c a tte r in g o f w o r k s o f a s e c u la r c h a r a c te r .
A l l o f i t w a s w r i t t e n in
t h e s o - c a l le d C h u r c h S la v o n ic . D e s p it e t h i s g e n e r a l r e lig io u s n a t u r e , h o w e v e r ,
m o s t o f t h e w o r k s p r o d u c e d t h e n h a d g r e a t d e a l o f n a t i v e c o lo r in t h e m ,
a n d w i t h t h e p a s s a g e o f t im e t h e y s t e a d i l y s h o w e d t h e i n f i lt r a t i o n o f t h e
liv i n g t o n g u e s p o k e n a m o n g t h e p e o p le .
B u t i t w a s n o t u n t il t h e b e g in n in g
o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y t h a t U k r a in ia n l it e r a t u r e a p p e a r e d in t h e la n g u a g e s p o k e n
b y t h e p e o p le .
A m o n g t h e o u t s t a n d in g s e c u la r w o r k s o f t h a t a n c ie n t p e r io d c a n b e c it e d
t h f a m o u s N e s t o r 's C h r o n ic le s , w h ic h a s i d e f r o m t h e i r v a lu e a s h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s
o p e n e d n e w v i s t a s in U k r a in ia n lit e r a t u r e b y b e a r in g w it h in t h e m u n m is t a k a b le
e v id e n c e s o f t h e g r o w in g s t r e n g t h o f t h e p o p u la r t o n g u e ; t h e e q u a lly f a m o u s
T a le o f I h o r 's L e g io n , t h e w o r k o f s o m e g r e a t l y g i f t e d b u t u n k n o w n b a r d ,
w h ic h b y r e a s o n o f i t s n a t iv e c h a r a c t e r a n d s h e e r p o e t ic w o r t h c o n s t i t u t e s
U k r a in e 's f i r s t r e a l c o n tr ib u tio n t o w o r ld lit e r a t u r e ; "and f in a l ly , t h e l e s s e r
k n o w n G a lic ia n - V o lh y n ia n C h r o n ic le s , w r i t t e n in t h e h e r o ic s t y l e a n d w i t h
t h e a b u n d a n c e o f t h e p o p u la r t o n g u e e le m e n t s o f t h e p r e c e d in g w o r k .
T h is m o s t a u s p ic io u s s t a r t , h o w e v e r , w a s b r o u g h t t o a s t a n d s t i l l b y t h e
T a t a r in v a s io n s , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t a t t h e t im e w h e n m o s t o f W e s t e r n
E u r o p e w a s o n t h e t h r e s h o ld o f a g r e a t c u lt u r a l r e n a is s a n c e , U k r a in e , iti
b u lw a r k a g a i n s t t h e a c u t e A s ia t i c d a n g e r , p a s s e d t h r o u g h a p e r io d o f i n t e n s e
s p ir it u a l d a r k n e s s .
F o r w h e r e w a r r e ig n e t h , k n o w le d g e s le e p e t h .
T h e M id d le P e r io d o f U k r a in ia n
L it e r a t u r e , u s h e r e d
in b y t h e
in t r o d u c t io n o f t h e p r in t in g p r e s s , t h e R e f o r m a t io n , a n d t h e r e lig io u s u n io n
o f W e s t e r n U k r a in e w i t h R o m e ( 1 5 9 6 ) , w a s m a r k e d b y t h e d e f in it e e n t r a n c e
o f n a t i o n a l i s t i c t r e n d s in t o it . T h e w r i t e r s w e r e n o l o n g e r m a in ly o f f o r e ig t i
b u t n a t i v e e x t r a c t io n , w h ile t h e ir w o r k s b e g a n t o t a k e o n m o r e l i f e a n d v ig o r
t h a n p r e v io u s ly , o n e c lo s e r t o t h e d a ily e x is t e n c e o f t h e p e o p le . T h e p o p u la r
4
The Russian folk songs are smaller in number and variety, form and content.
Sympathetic appreciation of nature is scant. The imagination either rises to super
natural heights or; sinks to mere trifling. Criminal m onstrosities and the spirit of
destruction are glorified as objects of national worship. The conception of love is
sensual, the jesting and ribald songs disgusting. Stephen Rudnitsky: Ukraine,
the Land and Its People.
sp e e c h , to o , p a r t ly b y it s o w n v ig o r a n d p a r t ly b e c a u s e o f th 6 R e fo r m a tio n
in f l u e n c e s , s t e a d i l y p r o g r e s s e d a s t h e l it e r a r y m e d iu m o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le .
T h i s r e n a is s a n c e c e n t e r e d f o r a w h ile a r o u n d t h e V o lh y n ia n t o w n o f
O s t r ih , w h o s e r e i g n i n g P r in c e C o n s t a n t in e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e f i r s t U k r a in ia n
C la s s ic a l A c a d e m y a n d t h e f i r s t C h u r c h S l a v o n ic p r i n t i n g s h o p in U k r a in e .
F r o m t h e f o r m e r e m e r g e d s o m e o f t h e l e a d in g lit e r a r y , e c c le s i a s t i c a n d
p o l i t ic a l f i g u r e s o f t h a t d a y , w h il e f r o m t h e l a t t e r w a s p r o d u c e d t h e f a m o u s
O s t r ih B ib le ( 1 5 8 7 ) w h o s e g e n e r a l e x c e ll e n c e c a u s e d t h e M u s c o v ia n s t o
r e p r in t i t ( 1 6 6 3 ) f o r t h e i r o w n u s e .
W it h t h e d e a t h o f C o n s t a n t in e ( 1 6 0 8 ) , h o w e v e r , L v iw in t h e W e s t a n d
K ie v i n t h e E a s t b e c a m e t h e c e n t e r s o f t h i s U k r a i n i a n l it e r a r y a n d c u lt u r a l
r e n a is s a n c e .
F r o m t h e m , a s w e ll a s f r o m O s t r ih , c o n t in u e d t o e m a n a t e
a f l o o d o f p o le m ic w r i t in g s , a r e s u l t o f t h e r e l i g io u s s t r u g g l e t h e n b e t w e e n
t h e C a t h o lic a n d O r t h o d o x C h u r c h e s , a s t r u g g l e w h ic h h e lp e d t o im p r o v e t h e
m o r a l c o n d it io n s o f t h e c h u r c h a n d b r in g a b o u t t h e i n t e ll e c t u a l a w a k e n in g o f
t h e p e o p le .
v ;
I n 1 6 1 9 , M e le t iy S m o t r i t s k y p r o d u c e d t h e b e s t u p t o t h a t tim e; o f t h e
C h u r c h S la v o n ic g r a m m a r s , w h ic h f o r o v e r t w o c e n t u r ie s w a s c o n s id e r e d a s
a u t h o r i t a t i v e n o t o n ly in U k r a in e b u t in M u s c o v y a s w e ll.
In 1627, P& m va
B e r in d a , t h e m o n k - p h ilo s o p h e r o f P e c h e r s k a - L a v r a M o n a s t e r y , p r o d u c e d h i s
L e x ic o n o f t h e S la v - R u s s L a n g u a g e , w h ic h w a s o f t e n r e p r in t e d a n d h a s
a h i s t o r i c v a l u e a s t h e f i r s t a t t e m p t a t a d i c t io n a r y in t h e ^ ^ r a i n i n
la n g u a g e .
I
A n o t h e r o u t s t a n d in g p e r s o n a l i t y o f t h a t p e r io d , M e t r o p o lit a n P e t e r
M o h ila ( 1 5 9 7 - 1 6 4 7 ) , c a u s e d K ie v t o r e g a in a g r e a t d e a l o f i t s a n c i e n t g l o r y
a s t h e c u lt u r a l c e n t e r o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e , b y h i s p e d a g p g ic , l it e r a r y a n d
o t h e r c u lt u r a l a c t iv i t i e s .
H a ls o f o u n d e d a U k r a in ia n A c a d e m y , b a s e d
o n w e s te r n sta n d a r d s , w h o se fa m e a s th e la w g iv e r o f lite r a r y fo r m s a n d
te n d e n c ie s sp r e a d fa r ab ro a d .
A t e v e r y s t e p h e s t r i v e d t o in t r o d u c e
W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n c u lt u r e , a n d d e s p it e t h e f a c t t h a t i t w a s in a m o r ib u n d
s t a t e t h e n , i t h e lp e d , n e v e r t h e l e s s , t o b r in g n e w c o n c e p t io n s in t o U k r a in ia n
c u lt u r e , e s p e c ia l l y t h r o u g h t h e h e lp o f t h e m a n y s t u d e n t s t h a t M o h ila h a d
se n t ab road to stu d y .
D u r i n g t h i s M id d le P e r io d , t o o , m a n y ; v a l u a b le h i s t o r i c a l w o r k s w e r e
p r o d u c e d , e v e n m o r e in n u m b e r t h a n t h o s e o f a n e c c le s i a s t i c n a t u r e .
T h is
w a s a h e a l t h y s i g n o f t h e g r o w i n g n a t i o n l c o n s c i o u s n e s s f t h e p e o p le .
T h e t w o .m o s t w o r t h m e n t io n in g h e r e a r e : t h e K o z a k C h r o n ic le s , o f w h ic h
t h e b e s t f r o m t h e h i s t o r i c a l a n d l it e r a r y v i e w p o i n t a r e b y S a m iy lo W e lic h k o
(1 7 2 8 );
and th e
H i s t o r y
o f t h e R u s s P e o p le b y
G r e g o r y P o le t i k a
( 1 7 2 5 - 1 7 8 4 ) , w h ic h n o t o n l y w a s e s p e c i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l i n a r o u s i n g n a t io n a l
c o n s c i o u s n e s s a m o n g t h e U k r a in ia n s t h e n b u t a l s o l a s t e d in p o p u la r it y w e l l
i n t o t h e m id d le o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y .
J u s t a s t h e F i r s t P e r io d o f U k r a i n i a n L i t e r a t u r e w a s b r o u g h t t o
a n a b r u p t n d u n t im e l y e n d b e c a u s e o f a f o r e i g n in v a s io n , t h a t o f t h e
T a t a r s , s o l ik e w is e i t s M id d le P e r io d w a s b r o u g h t t o a s im ila r e n d , b u t t h i s
t i m e b y t h e : i n v a s i o n o f t h e M u s c o v ia n s ( R u s s i a n s ) , f o l lo w in g t h e T r e a t y
o f P e r e y a s l a v ( 1 6 5 4 ) . T h e M u s c o v ia n p e n e t r a t i o n r a v a g e d t h e U k r a in ia n
n a t i o n f a r m o r e s e v e r e ly t h a n s p o r a d ic in c u r s io n s o f t h e w ild n o m a d s , f o r
i t s o b j e c t w a s n o t m e r e ly t o l o o t a n d b u r n , b u t t o d e s t r o y t h e U k r a in ia n
n a t i o n b o t h p h y s i c a l l y a n d s p ir it u a lly . T h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e , o n e o f t h e c h i e f
p i l la r s o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s , w a s t h e o b j e c t o f t h e m o s t
r e l e n t l e s s a n d s a v a g e p e r s e c u t io n b y t h e R u s s i a n t a r s , w i t h t h e r e s u l t
t h a t t h e r e n a is s a n c e o f U k r a in ia n l i t e r a t u r e w a s n ip p e d j u s t a s i t w a s a b o t it
t o b r e a k b u t i n t o a f u l l a n d b e a u t i f u l f lo w e r .
A n d i t i s p r e c is e ly a t t h i s
p o in t t h a t R u s s ia n c u lt u r e b e g a n t o r e c e iv e a g r e a t i m p e t u s t o i t s h it h e r t o
s l u g g i s h g r o w t h a s a r e s u l t p f U k r a in ia n i n t e ll e c t u a ls b e in g f o r c e d t o e x p r e s s
t h e i r n a t i v e t a l e n t s a n d h e r it a g e t h r o u g h R u s s i a n m e d iu m s .6
T h is w h o le p e r io d o f d a r k n e s s o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e a n d n a t io n a l
f e e l i n g i s illu m in a t e d o n ly b y t h e r a p id ly r is in g d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e p o p u la r
l it e r a t u r e , a n d b y t h e f i g u r e o f t h e w a n d e r in g U k r a in ia n p h ilo s o p h e r
G r e g o r y S k o v o r o d a ( 1 7 2 2 - 1 7 9 4 ) , w h o s e w r i t in g s t h o u g h n u m e r o u s a r e n o t
a t a ll a s im p o r t a n t a s t h e e x a m p le o f h i s liv in g ; w h ic h t a u g h t c o u r a g e
in t h e f a c e o f a d v e r s it y , lo v e o f f r e e d o m , s im p lic it y , a n d q u ie t d ig n it y .
S u c h c a n b e s a id t o h a v e b e e n t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le d u r in g
t h i s p e r io d o f u n p r e c e d e n t e d o p p r e s s io n , d e n a t io n a liz a t io n , a n d r u in .
T h e M o d e m P e r io d o r t h e N e w R e n a is s a in c e o f U k r a in ia n L it e r a t u r e
w a s s u d d e n ly la u n c h e d in t o b e i n g w i t h t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f I v a n K o t ly a r e v s k y s
t r a v e s t y o n A e n e id ," ( 1 7 9 8 ) , w h o s e n a t i o n a l i s t i c s p ir i t a n d u s e o f t h e
liv i n g t o n g u e t o e x p r e s s i t s e l f c le a r l y p o in te d o u t t h e r o a d f o r t h e U k r a in ia n
w r i t e r s t o ta k e .
T h is e n t ir e p e r io d , w i t h i t s c h a n g in g a im s a n d c o n c e p tio n s ,
c a n o n l y b e u n d e r s t o o d in t h e l i g h t o f t h e s o c ia l- p o lit ic a l c o n d it io n s t h r o u g h
o u t U k r a in e t h e n a n d n o w .
I t s e a r l i e s t s t a g e w a s c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y s e n t i m e n t a l f e e l i n g s f o r t h e
p e a s a n t r y , w it h
su ch
r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s
o f it
as
G . K v it k a - O s n o v y a n e n k o
( 1 7 7 8 - 1 8 4 3 ) , t h e f a t h e r o f t h e U k r a in ia n n o v e l ( s u c h a s M a r u s ia ," tr . in t o
F r . b y P . M e r im e e a n d in t o E n g . b y T . R . L i v e s a y ) , w h o a c c o r d in g t o t h e
R u s s ia n
I m p e r ia l A c a d e m y ,
c o m b in e d t h e
c h a r a c t e r is t ic
t r a it s
o f th e
U k r a in ia n s o u l, h u m o r , a n d s t r e n g t h o f f e e l i n g " ; P . A r t e m o v s k y - H u l a k
( 1 7 9 0 - 1 8 6 6 ) , a k e e n s a t i r i s t o f s o c i a l t h e m e s ; a n d E . H r e b in k a ( 1 8 1 8 - 1 8 4 8 ) ,
f i n e s t e x p o n e n t o f U k r a in ia n f a b l e s .
T h is s t a g e a ls o p r o d u c e d t h e f i r s t
U k r a in ia n G r a m m a r ( 1 8 1 8 ) , b y A . P a v lo v s k y , a n d c o ll e c t i o n s o f n a t iv e
f o l k s o n g s b y T s e r t e le v , M a k s im o v ic h , a n d S r e z n e v s k y .
5
Ukraine," wrote Prof. Alexander Bruekner, the Polish scholar, in his book
oh' the Europeanization of Russia, was the equivalent of a school for Russia,"
especially after the Treaty of Pereyaslav when many Ukrainian students of the western
theology, medicine, and science migrated into Moscovy, and helped to Europeanize it.
Outstanding among them were such as Epyphany Slavynetzky, who translated Western
European geographies, works on the anatomy a n d . medicine; Meletiy Smotritsky,
Archbishop of Polotsk and a man of wide cosmopolitanism, whose grammar, published
in Kiev in 161-9, was reprinted in M oscow in 1648; Innocent Gizel, whose Synopsis
(h isto ry ), published in Ukraine in the middle of the 17th century, influenced the
R ussian: historians more than any other text up to the 18th century and was used in
their schools until the 19th century, being reprinted in Moscow in 1863; and
then later Metropolitan Dimitri Rostovsky, Stephen Yavorsky, and Theodore Pro
kopovich, the closest advisers of Peter I. Furthermore, at the convention of law
makers called together in 1767 by Catherine II the most important delegates were
the Ukrainians. During her reign, too, of the total 74 physicians in Russia S3 of them
were Ukrainians. It was the Ukrainians who taught the M uscovites the linear
method of musical notation, as well as the art of printing. Nearly all of the bishops
were Ukrainians, as well as the seminary teachers and students. Everywhere the
Ukrainian influence was felt. Ukrainian literary men, wrote the Russian Pypin,
composed works .of which no one dreamt in M oscow. . .th ey were works of grammar,
dictionaries, catechisms, histories, church teachings, general polemical church liter
ature which was equal to the literature aimed against the Orthodox Church by
the Jesuits. And also, Nicholas Gogol (Hohol, in Ukrainian), unable to write in his
native Ukrainian tongue, wrote in Russian and became the creator of the Russian
prose. In the field of music, Peter Tschaikowsky, Dmytro Bortnyansky, and Artemy
L. Vedel, generally known as Russians, were in reality Ukrainians. In painting,
Anthony Losenko, Dmytro Levitsky, Volodimir Borovikovsky, Serhiy C. Zaryanko,
Ilya E. Repin, and Rufun Sudkovsky, were all natives of Ukraine.
T h e s e c o n d s t a g e , t h e s o - c a l le d R o m a n t ic , a r e a c t io n a g a i n s t t h e
f o r m e r p s e u d o - c la s s i c a l a n d d r y f o r m s , a n d c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y s t r o n g n a t io n a l
t o n e s , w a s u s h e r e d in b y T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o 's ( 1 8 1 4 - 1 8 6 1 ) K o b z a r , w h ic h
im m e d ia t e ly r a is e d U k r a in ia n p o e t r y t o a t e r m o f e q u a l i t y w i t h t h e b e s t o f
E u r o p e a n p o e tr y a n d m a r k e d S h e v c h e n k o n o t o n ly a s t h e n a tio n a l p r o p h e t
o f h i s p e o p le b u t o n e o f t h e g r e a t m a s t e r s o f w o r ld p o e t r y ; a l t h o u g h t h i s
f a c t w a s g e n e r a l l y o v e r lo o k e d b y h i s c o n t e m p o r a r ie s , w h o s a w in h i s w o r k
o n l y a m i g h t y p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e in t o l e r a b l e s o c ia l a n d p o lit ic a l c o n d it io n s
o f th a t day.
T o r a is e U k r a in ia n p r o s e t o a s i m i la r r a n k w a s t h e n e x t s t e p , a n d
t h i s t a s k w a s b e g u n q u it e s u c c e s s f u l l y b y P . K u lis h ( 1 8 1 9 - 1 8 9 5 ) , w h o s e
c la r i t y , o r ig i n a l i t y , a n d b r e a d t h o f v i s i o n a p p e a r s t o a g o o d a d v a n t a g e in h i s
w o r k s , r a n g i n g f r o m p o p u la r s t o r i e s t o t h e h i s t o r i c a l n o v e l C h o r n a R a d a .
H is t r a n s l a t i o n o f S h a k e s p e a r e i s u n s u r p a s s e d , w h il e t h o s e o f B y , G o e t h e
a n d S c h i l le r a r e c o m m e n d a b le .
A n d w h a t S h e v c h e n k o d id w i t h h i s l y r ic s ,
M a r k o V o v c h o k ( 1 8 3 4 - 1 9 0 7 ) d id w i t h h e r P o p u la r S t o r i e s , a p o w e r f u l
p r o t e s t a g a i n s t s o c i a l o p p r e s s io n , w h ic h a r e c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y p u r i t y o f
l a n g u a g e , p e r f e c t t e c h n iq u e , a n d d e e p e m o tio n , a n d w h ic h l e d t o h e r b e in g
c a lle d t h e H a r r i e t B e e c h e r S t o w e o f U k r a i n e .6
A l l t h i s w h ile , i t m u s t b e b o r n e in m in d , n u m e r o u s O th er w r i t e r s
w e r e s p r i n g i n g u p a n d c o n t r ib u t in g t h e i r s h a r e t o t h e n e w r e n a is s a n c e o f
U k r a i n i a n l it e r a t u r e , e s p e c ia l l y in t h e f i e l d o f e t h n o g r a p h ic a n d h is t o r ic a l
w r i t in g s .
A m o n g t h e m o r e o u t s t a n d in g o f t h e m w e r e M . K o s t o m a r iw
( 1 8 1 7 - 1 8 6 5 ) h i s t o r i a n a n d a u t h o r o f t h e B o o k o f G e n e s is o f t h e U k r a in ia n
P e o p le , a n d t h e g u id in g s p ir i t o f t h e C y r il-M e th o d iu s B r o t h e r h o o d , w h ic h
a d v o c a t e d d e m o c r a c y a n d c e r t a in s o c i a l r e f o r m s ; S . R u d a n s k y (1 8 3 4 -1 8 7 3 )*
a f t e r S h e v c h e n k o o n e o f f i n e s t p o e t s o f D n ie p e r U k r a in e ;
L . H lib iw
(1 8 2 7 -1 8 9 3 ),
a n o th er
H r e b in k a ;
A.
S v id n its k y
(1 8 3 4 -1 8 7 1 ),
fir s t
r a te
n o v e l i s t a n d p o e t ; A . S t o r o z h e n k o ( 1 8 0 5 - 1 8 4 7 ) , s h o r t s t o r y w r it e r ; A . K o n is k y
( 1 8 3 6 - 1 9 0 0 ) , a g o o d f i c t i o n w r i t e r a n d p o e t, a n d o n e o f t h e f o u n d e r s o f
t h e S h e v c h e n k o S c i e n t if i c S o c i e t y ( w h o s e g r e a t e s t a d v a n c e w a s m a d e u n d e r
t h e le a d e r s h ip o f M ic h a e l H r u s h e v s k y ) .
A l l t h e s e w r it e r s , h o w e v e r , w e r e o f t h e D n ie p e r ( G r e a t e r , E a s t e r n ,
R u s s i a n ) U k r a in e .
G a lic ia , u n d e r A u s t r ia , w a s u n d e r g o in g t h e n a l it e r a r y
r e n a is s a n c e t o o , w h ic h h a d i t s i n c e p t io n w i t h t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f M a r k ia n
S h a s h k e v ic h
( 1 8 1 1 - 1 8 4 4 ) , w h o d id f o r
h is p a r t o f t h e c o u n tr y w h a t
K o t ly a r e v s k y h a d d o n e e a r lie r f o r h is : u s e o f t h e l iv i n g t o n g u e f o r l it e r a r y
p u r p o s e s a n d n a t io n a l r e b ir t h .
S h a s h k e v ic h i s a ls o r e m e m b e r e d f o r h i s
la b o r s d e v o t e d t o w a r d s b r in g in g c lo s e r c o o p e r a t io n b e t w e e n t h e s u n d e r e d
p a r t s o f U k r a in e .
A l i t t l e l a t e r B u k o v in a ( u n d e r R u m a n ia ) p r o d u c e d t h e p o w e r f u l f i g u r e
o f O sip F e d k o v ic h ( 1 8 3 4 - 1 8 8 8 ) , a f i n e l y r i c i s t i n t e n s e l y f o n d o f h i s n a t i v e
la n d , w h o s e r o le in B u k o v in a c a n b e r e g a r d e d in t h e s a m e l i g h t as
K o t l y a r e v s k y a n d S h a s h k e v ic h .
A m o n g t h o s e w h o c o n t in u e d in h i s s p ir i t
w e r e t h e V o r o b k e v ic h b r o t h e r s .
I t s h o u ld b e n o t e d h e r e , h o w e v e r , t h a t b y t h i s t im e t h e R o m a n t ic
s t a g e o f t h e n e w U k r a in ia n r e n a is s a n c e w a s g i v in g w a y t o a m o r e r e a l i s t i c
6
About this time there arose in Polish literature the so-called Ukrainian
School, composed of writers who, attracted by Ukrainian life and nature, wrote on
Ukrainian themes. Among them were three poets; B. Zaleski, A. Malczewski (w hose
Marja was tr. into Eng. by Dr. and Mrs. Coleman) and S. Goszczyski; while the
prose writers were ably represented by M. Czajkowski. Similarly in Russian liter
ature N. Gogol (Hohol h im self a Ukrainian), ., Grabowsky, and Pushkin wrote
on Ukrainian them es.
n d m o d e r n s c h o o l o f w r it e r s .
A n d a ll t h i s w h ile , to o , a s m e n t io n e d in t h e
h i s t o r i c a l s e c tio n o f t h i s a r t ic le , R u s s i a w a s s t r i v in g w i t h m i g h t a n d m a in
t o d e s t r o y n o t o n ly U k r a in e 's l it e r a r y a n d n a t io n a l r e n a is s a n c e b u t e v e n
h e r l a n g u a g e i t s e l f , a p e r s e c u t io n w h ic h c u lm in a t e d in t h e n o t o r i o u s u k a s e
o f 1 8 7 6 . R e s p it e a ll s u c h p e r s e c u t io n s , h o w e v e r , t h e r e n a is s a n c e h a d a d v a n c e d
t o o f a r t o b e t h r o t t l e d n o w .
D e n ie d t h e r ig h t t o w r i t e in U k r a in ia n in R u s s i a n U k r a in e m a n y o f
i t s . w r i t e r s e m i g r a t e d ; t o G a lic ia u n d e r A u s t r ia a n d e ls e w h e r e a n d t h e r e
c o n t in u e d t h e ir la b o r s .
A m o n g t h e m w a s M . D r a h o m a n iw ( 1 8 4 1 - 1 8 9 5 ) t h e
f o r e m o s t d ir e c to r o f t h e U k r a in ia n r e b ir t h o f h is tim e , a g r e a t s c h o l a r a n d
p u b lic is t .
, Here in G a lic ia , in 1 8 8 0 , w a s b o r n t h e th ir d s t a g e o f t h e m o d e r n
U k r a in ia n l it e r a t u r e , o n e m a r k e d b y s t r o n g W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n r e a lis t ic
t r e n d s , a n d in t r o d u c e d b y t h a t m o s t p r o lif ic w r it e r w h o in p o e t r y a n d
in f l u e n c e o n t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a l a n d l it e r a r y r e b ir t h is o n l y s e c o n d
to S h ev ch en k o , Iv a n F ra n k o (1 8 5 6 -1 9 1 6 ).
F r a n k o a m a n o f t h e m o s t v a r ie d a n d r e m a r k a b le t a l e n t s w h o s e
p o e m s a r e a m o n g t h e f i n e s t in w o r ld l it e r a t u r e i s t h e f i r s t U k r a in ia n
w r i t e r t o h a v e e m b r a c e d , a n d s o s u c c e s s f u ll y , s u c h a w id e f i e l d o f l it e r a r y
e n d e a v o r s : e p ic a n d l y r ic p o e t r y , n o v e ls , s h o r t s t o r ie s , d r a m a , t r a n s l a t i o n s ,
p d s c ie n c e ; t h e f i r s t t o m a k e s u c h a n i n t e n s i v e s t u d y o f f o r e i g n l it e r a t u r e
a s ' b e d id ; a n d t h e f i r s t a b le e n o u g h t o i n t r o d u c e in t o h is w o r k s t h o s e b a s ic
i d e a ls o f U k r a in ia n n a t i o n a l i s m a n d m o d e r n is m f o r w h ic h h e f o u g h t s o
u n s w e r v in g ly a s a n u n s p a r in g c r it ic a n d l e a d in g p u b lic f i g u r e o f h i s tim e !
Hjs w a s a l s o t h e f i r s t t o u s e c i t y d w eller s* a s t h e c e n t r a l c h a r a c t e r s in h is
S t i r li n g a n d b e a u t if u l ly r ic s , t h e e m o t i o n a l e x p e r ie n c e s o f - a n i n t e ll e c t u a l;
e v e n t h o u g h h is s t o r i e s o f v i l l a g e l i f e a r e a m o n g t h e b e s t w r i t t e n in
p e n e tr a tiv e n e ss, s ty le , a n d h u m o r.
I n a w o r d , h is p o s it io n in U k r a in ia n
l it e r a t u r e i s t h a t o f m o d e r n is m p e r s o n if ie d .
<
A s a r e s u l t o f h is in f lu e n c e , U k r a in ia n l it e r a t u r e b e c a m e in v ig o r a t e d
a n d : E u r o p e a n iz e d t o a v e r y m a r k e d d e g r e e , p r o d u c in g s u c h f i g u r e s a ;
N . K o b r in s k a ( 1 8 5 5 - 1 9 2 0 ) , c a p a b le w r i t e r a n d f i r s t o r g a n iz e r o f G a lic ia n
f e m i n is t m o v e m e n t ; A . C h a ik o v s k y ( 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 3 5 ) , a w r it e r m a in ly o f p o p u la r
h i s t o r i c a l , n o v e ls ; O . M a k o v e y ( 1 8 6 7 - 1 9 2 5 ) s h o r t s t o r y w r it e r w i t h a f in e
S e n s e o f h u m o r ; V . S t e f a n i k ( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 3 6 ) , t h e f i n e s t o f G a lic ia n s h o r t s t o r y
w r it e r s , w h o . u s e d t h e m o s t m o d e r n o f t e c h n iq u e t o d e s c r ib e t h e tr a ig e d ie
o f v i ll a g e l i f e ; h is c o n t e m p o r a r y , L . M a r t o v ic h ( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 1 6 ) , k e e n l y s a t ir ic a l
in h is s h o r t s t o r i e s ; M . C h e r e m s h in a ( 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 2 7 ) , w h o d w e lls in h i s s t o r i e s
m a i n l y o n H u t z u l l if e ; M . V o r o n y (b . 1 8 7 1 ) a tr u e p o e t - a e s t h e t e , a r t
f o r a r t 's s a k e " ; V . H n a t iu k ( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 2 6 ) , l e a d in g e t h n o g r a p h e r ; B . L e p k y
( b . 1 8 7 2 ) w r it e r o f n o v e l s r e v o l v i n g a r o u n d t h e h e r o ic e x p l o it s o f t h e
K o z a k s , a l s o a f i r s t - r a t e p o e t o f a u t u m n a l m e la n c h o lia a n d 1 r e c o ll e c t i o n s o f
l o s t y o u t h ; A . O le s (b . 1 8 7 8 ) f o r e m o s t c o n t e m p o r a r y ly r i c is t ,- w h o s in g S
o f ; t h e b e a u t y o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t u r e a n d o f t h e U k r a in ia n r e v iv a l ; arid
D . D o n t s o w (b . 1 8 8 3 ) , p r o m in e n t c o n t e m p o r a r y p u b lic is t a n d t h e o r e t i c i a n
o f U k r a in ia n n a t io n a lis m .
F r o m R u s s ia n U k r a in e e m e r g e d M . K o t s y u b in s k y 7 ( 1 8 4 6 - 1 9 1 3 ) , t h e
g r e a t e s t o f a ll U k r a in ia n n o v e l i s t s w h e n i t c o m e s t o t h e r a n g e o f s u b j e c t s
t r e a t e d , p s y c h o lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r io u s h u m a n t y p e s , c o m p o s it io n a n d
sty le .
A s im ila r p o s it io n in J y r ic a n d d r a m a t ic p o e t r y is o c c u p ie d b y L e s y a
7
He was one of those rara people who at your first m eeting with them
arquse in you a bliss of spiritual contentm ent . . Humanity, beauty, people, Ukraine
these were the most favorite topics of Kotsyubinskys conversations." (Maxim G orky).
U krainka (1872-1913), who in a m asterly and poignant style deals w ith such
psychological questions as those of beauty, duty, and sacrifice. A nother
woman, and a brilliant exponent of m odem trends in literature, is Olga
Kobilanska (b. 1862) of Bukovinian origin, who w ith her im pressionistic
and highly idealistic tream ent of m odem woman in h er stories has won
considerable fam e fo r herself. Drahom aniw's sister, Olena Pchilka (1849-1930)
is also w orth m entioning here. A tran slato r of D ante's Divine Comedy and
w riter of works rich in content was V. Samiylenko (1864-1925). The fa th e r
of th e U krainian rom ance novel, I. Nechuy-Levitsky (1837-1918), found
two w orthy successors in the persons of P. M ym y (1849-1920) and B.
Hrinchenko (1863-1910). The revolutionary period of U krainian literatu re
a t th e tu rn of th e century also produced in Dnieper U kraine th e figure
of V. Vinnichenko (b. 1880) leading contem porary novelist, whose them es
range from sex to those based on social contrasts and sharply etched
characters. And finally th ere looms th e m ighty figure of Michael H rushevsky
(1866-1934), founder of th e modern U krainian scholarship, one of Europe's
outstanding historians, w riter on m any cultural and scientific topics, organizer
and a g reat political figure who died a m iserable death as . a result of
Russian Soviet persecution.
Such, so briefly outlined, has been th e development of th e U krainian
literature, along th e extrem ely tortuous and thorny road the U krainian
people had to travel down through the centuries of wars, calamities, and
oppressions. In view of this, it is indeed quite inspiring to note how fa r
th is development has advanced.
The spirit of this literatu re today is th a t of its creators, of a people
highly talented, active and strong, and yet prevented from giving full play
to these qualities within them, because, as V oltaire once said, they are
still dragging the irons of subjugation.
OTHER CULTURAL TRADITIONS
(N ote: Lack of space permit only the barest mention of the follow ing few aspects
of the Ukrainian cultural traditions.)
Language.
An Englishm an who w anted to give to his fellow countrym en an idea
of the beauties of the U krainian tongue, wrote the L iterary Digest,1 once
advised his readers to combine m entally classical Greek w ith m odem
Italian . . . Probably neither Greek nor m odem Italian, with th e ir softer
tones, possesses th e force o f Ukrainian, a force derived . ... from its strange
consonantal combination and an abundance of the deep sounds of ui and
u. I t is th is peculiarity which has made a m odem English authoress
speak of its haunting m usicality.' One of its distinguishing features is its
unparalleled aptitude fo r form ing diminutives. They are made not only
from substantives, as in other languages, b u t also from adjectives, adverbs,
and even verbs. This gives th a t singular charm referred to by P. Chevalier
in 1871: The language of U kraine is very beautiful, abundance of diminutives
and p re tty fashions of elegant speech m aking it very delicate.
Music.
The ch aracter of th e U krainian song, w rote Mikola Hohol (Gogol),
cannot be expressed in one word . . . I t is exceedingly complex. In m any
cases it is light, graceful, it hardly touches th e ground, it seems to play
and trifle with tones, while in others it assumes manly power, its tones
grow strong,: forceful . . . and again they become free, broad,, and strive to
embrace limitless stretches . . . As for the music of sorrow, it >j is heard
nowhere so vividly as in them, the tones of it live, scorn, te a r the soul.
As Prof. Koshetz (forem ost choral conductor and in terp reter of
Ukrainian song of m odern times) points out, its rhythm s are immensely
varied. Often the rhythm ic structure is irregular, but perfect balance of
phrase and section gives each song unity and clarity. I t is in a capella
singing th a t U kraine has been m ost noted since the 16th century. T hat
compositions of th a t tim e were for from four to tw enty-four voices testifies
to the development of this art. A special balance of the chorus was early
worked out, in which the male voices outnum ber the soprano and alto parts
and in which the basso profundo th a t characteristically U krainian voice
so much deeper th an other bassos is used.
Ukraine's composed music begins historically in the 17th century
with such composers and theorists as N. Diletsky, A. Meenietz, J. Tarnopolsky,
J. Zagvojsky, J. Nis, and others. In spite of foreign domination, Ukraine
continued to derive its musical inspiration from its own national sources,
and the famous composers M. S. Berezovsky (1745-77), D. B ortnyansky
(1751-1825), A. L. Vedel (1768-1806) and P. Turchaninow (1779-1825), though
they worked in Russian, actually carried on th e national U krainian tradition
in th eir compositions. The renaissance of Ukrainian music began with
M. Lysenko (1842-1912), a t first with researches in the nation's folk music,
and later in the conventional branches of music, such as opera, symphony, and
chamber music. In this school are the composers P. Sokalsky (1832-87),
S. Artemovsky (1842-64),2 M. Arkas, A. Koshetz, P. Demutsky, K. Stetsenko
(died 1922), J. Stepovy (died 1921), N. Leontovich (died 1921), P. Senitsya,
M. O. Hayvoronsky, W. Barvinsky, S. Ludkevich, P. Pecheniha-Ouhlitsky,
R. Prydatkevich, B. Kudrick, and m any others.
Other composers, too, have found inspiration in U krainian melody;
Haydn, Hummel, Knorr, Mozart, Beethoven, ( pastoral Symphony and the
Q uartet in F M ajor), Weber, Brahm s, Liszt, Dvorak, Moussorgsky,
Dargomyzhsky, Tschaikowsky (a U k ra in ia n ) all have used melodies from
Ukraine.. Yet Ukraine still waits for h er W agner; but in the m eantim e the
whole world is enriched by her priceless legacy of folk song.3
D an ce.
The reaction of the soil-tiller to th e m anifestations of N ature find

expression in some of th e oldest of U krainian folk dances, am ong them
being the graceful and weaving hayiw ka an effort to stir the sun to
g reater activity. The spirit of the b attle finds expression in the stirring,
clashing Kozak w ar dance hertz, with its squatting step. Life on the
broad highway of the steppe is depicted in the whip-cracking chUmak.
M errymaking has its whirling stamping, irresistibly catching kolomiyka.
Then too, love, courtship, m arriage, as well as all other emotional and
physical experiences _ have a well carved niche in w hat H. B eckett of th e
New York Evening P ost has called the m ost brilliant, the m ost agile, the
m ost finished and the m ost spirited of folk dancing.4
2 Whose ppular operetta Zaporozhian Beyond the" Danube1 was best pre
sented .: Sadowsky, (185 6^19 35) famous Ukrainian' theatrical ^romotef, director,
nd actor. - - ^
\
/
1 * .
j
'
,..; . ,V
.-'
.
3 Ukrainian Choral Music, by A. Koshetz: Ukrainian W eekly, April 12,- 1-935.
4 May 9, 1932.
. . l ,!: / /
Costume.
There is a g reat variety of traditional patterns in U k ra in e , r but alt'

of them are stam ped with certain basic qualities which differentiate .them
from those of o ther countries. Though decorative in appearance they are
always practical and. consistent with the hum an figure, neither following
th e lines of th e body so closely th a t they obstruct the freedom of the
movement nor contradicting the lines fo r the sake of fashion. While avoiding
everything unhealthy, emphasizing modesty, and striving a fte r economy, they
strive to satisfy esthetic requirem ents. The U krainian girl places a garland
of flowers upon h er head, braiding them into her hair so as to lay em phasis
upon her face. A secondary emphasis is laid upon her. neck, shoulders,
and bosom by embroideries, and this is balanced by the embroidered jacket
and apron."5
Home A rts.
The innate sense of beauty in the U krainian finds expression in various
form s of popular art, as in wood carving, which among the Hutzuls has been
developed to unusually high artistic heights. Here two fundam ental types
are used: a geom etric p attern w ith the crossing of straig h t and broken
lines, and a n atu ra l pattern, which is modelled a fte r p arts of plants. In
th e embroideries, cloths and glass-beadwork, there is found such an esthetic
play of colors, th a t even though each individual color is glaring, th e whole
has a very picturesque and harmonious effect.6 B ut one of the finest products!
of U krainian folk-art is the kilim," (carpet). Some of these kilim s\
w rites Stefan Szuman, the Polish historian of this branch of hm e-industry,
could easily be placed on equal level w ith the first class gobelins and the
noblest Persian carpets."
A rchitecture.
In the plains the U krainian usually builds himself a house made of
clay and covered with Straw, while in the m ountains he builds it of wood,
th e latter, by reason of its form and interior, being an interesting contribu
tion to the trea su re of architecture. According to D. R. Buxton,7 the original
contribution of th e U krainians to world architecture is th eir wooden church,
which in its sim plest form shows th e development from th e U krainian peasant
cottage. Its chief characteristics are its three chambers, a special m ethod
of roofing, and, w hat is especially native, th e arrangem ent of domes, ranging
from the simple type with b u t one dome, to another having its fo u r ex tra
domes set on th e axis of the church, to finally the ra re and complex ninedome church. B uxton also decries th e suppressive influence of R ussia against
th e free architectural development within Ukraine and elsewhere. B ut during
th e period of th e U krainian Kievan State, Kiev had so m any beautiful
churches that, in th e words of Leroy Beaulieu, it was like a small replica
of Byzantium itself, or a Ravenna of th e N orth."
Fine A rts.
The oppressive policies of R ussia tow ards U kraine caused m any U krain
ian artists to express th eir native talen t through th e medium of R ussian
forms. Losenko (1737-73), a Ukrainian, m ust retain a place of honor in
Spirit of Ukraine, by D. Snowyd.
6 Ukraine, by S. Rudnitsky.
7 Russian Medieval A rchitecture.
th e history of Russian painting, w rites A. Benois.8 R ussia m ay take pride

in Levitsky and Borovikovsky,1 also Ukrainians, who depicted with perfectly
convincing vividness th e courtiers of T sarina Catherine EL A nother U krain
ian was A. Repin, whom Benois calls the biggest a rtist of the
*eightees\ The fa th e r of R ussian perspective painting, according to the
G reat Russian Encyclopaedia, was S. C. Zaryanko, also Ukrainian. U kraine
also produced th e best of th e sea-scape painters of R ussia R. Sudkovsky.
A nother such R ussian artist, one of th e leaders of m odem Russia, is
Vrubel. Gay, though of F rench origin, claimed Ukraine as his m otherland.
Levitan and Kuindzhi were inspired by the Ukrainian sky. Pimonenko and
Vasilkivsky led in genre painting; I. T rush of W estern U kraine in landscape
painting; while Kholodny and O. Novakivsky headed the school of impression
ism. Then there is a host of other Ukrainians who have won recognition
fo r striking talent in the various fields of painting.9
Of the U krainian etchers the leading figure is George N arbut (died
1920) who is known also fo r his g re at services to the development of the
graphic a rts in Russia. An etcher of considerable promise whose career in
th is field was brought to a sudden stop by Russian im prisonment, was the
poet T aras Shevchenko. Among the other noteworthy figures in this field
are Olena Kulchitska, V. Krichevsky, I. Mozelevsfey, L. Lozovsky, M.
fcim arsky, P. Omelchenko, and P. Kovzhun, the last being especially known
fo r his beautiful book covers and bookplates.
,
Although M artos and Litvinenko are well known U krainian sculptors,
th e greatest of them is Alexander Archipenko, who is considered the chief,
representative of the school of modernism. In plastic art* w rote P rof. B.
Temovez of Moscow, Archipenko has had the same influence as Piccaso in
painting. A forem ost sculptor, a painter and an etcher of considerable
ability, Archipenko is also th e creator of various innovations in art, such
as the sculpto-painting, as well as the A rchipentura, which by m eans of
a new pictorial m ethod and mechanism presents concrete emotions which
cannot be rendered by m eans of static painting. A t present he conducts
classes in sculpture, painting, drawing, and wocdcarving in universifves and
a r t institutes on th e Pacific Coast. He is a naturalized American citizen.
Religion.
As Mikola Kostomariw pointed out, the Ukrainian, being a more
spiritual and m ystically inclined character, is stronger in his religious
feelings, and not so liable to religious indifference as the Russian. And
although a great individualist, th e U krainian is social and disciplined in
his religious life, which in E astern U kraine assumes the form of the Orthodox
Church, and in W estern U kraine the Catholic Church of th e Greek rite.
A t all times the U krainians have fought against a state-controlled church,
which made it a tool of autocracy; and fo r th a t reason during periods of
freedom the Ukrainian church was independent of the government. The
Ukrainian church, w rites D. S. Mirsky, likewise assum ed more popular
form and less authoritative form s than in Russia. Hence, on the one side,
a greater intimacy in the U krainian's relations to his parish church, the
absence of a hereditary caste of priests, and a closer contact between th e
clergy and people.
8 The Russian School For Painting.
f u
, 1
9 Spirit of Ukraine. See also Ukrainian General EndycTopaedia on

as well as all other manifestations of: Ukrainian national and cultural I f f e * . 11
this
IN AMERICA.1
The outbreak of the W orld W ar in 1914 created a whirlpool of conflict
ing hum an interests on th e E uropean continent th a t a t once sucked in those
gigantic waves of em igration th a t had been inundating America for wellnigh one hundred years. J u s t before it did, however, one of these em igratory
waves cast upon th e Am erican shores close to one million Ukrainians.
Approxim ately 85% of them came from W estern Ukraine, although
th e forerunners of this Wave, appearing in the 60's of th e last century, came
from E astern Ukraine, being th e tail end of th a t famous Gold R ush which
h ad as its objective California. Recent researches, however, have revealed
th a t even before this time, as early as the Colonial Period, there were
already a num ber of U krainians in America, some of whom even fought
in th e Revolutionary W ar. The real U krainian im m igration to America,
nevertheless, did not begin until about 1870, and did not assume any appreciable
proportions until 1899. Beginning w ith th a t year the U krainians began to
arrive in th is country in ever increasing numbers, until the w ar put a stop
upon them .
The earliest of them settled m ostly in Pennsylvania, especially in the
coal and steel districts. Those who followed settled in the industrial centers
of New York and New Jersey. O thers went to the gold and silver mines of
M ontana and Colorado. Still others went to Minnesota, N ebraska, and
oth er farm ing states.^ Today m ost of them occupy the Middle A tlantic and
th e Middle W est sections of the U nited States.
Driven from th eir native land by economic, social and political oppression,
they found upon th eir arrival here th a t th e country was riot th a t land of
plenty the traveling agencies had pictured it to be. F urtherm ore, unlike
th e o th er nationalities who upon coming, here found m any of th eir countrym en
occupying positions of power and influence, the U krainians had no one t
extend to them a helping hand. A rriving here, as they did, a fte r an exhausting
trip of m any days in the steerage and a nerve-racking confinement a t Ellis
Island, it was , indeed, too, a b itte r disappointment to them< to find out th a t
th eir eagerly-dream ed-of new home in the promised land was nothing bu t
a bare little fla t in a smelly and teem ing tenem ent district of a large city,
o r a miserable little company home in the coal or steel district. From
th e break of dawn to late in th e evening th e U krainian im m igrant had to
toil in th e factory, or deep down in th e bowels of the earth, ever in danger
o f serious injury, or even death itself from whirling m achinery or constant
cave-ins.
How different from th e work on the farm he had been
accustomed to!
Despite such hardships, however, the U krainian im m igrant through
sheer persistence gradually forged ahead.
Being of a spiritual and m ystically inclined character, one of his
firs t acts upon establishing his fam ily on this soil was the building of a
place of worship in his locality, of which the first was th e U krainian Greek
Catholic Church of Shenandoah, Pa., founded in 1886. Today, there is hardly
one of the several hundred Ukrainian-Am erican communities which does
not contain a t least one such church.
A rising alm ost concurrently w ith his spiritual needs was the need of
providing some form of protection fo r his family in th e event of his natu ral
1
The saga of. the Ukrainians in America and their youth deserves extensive
treatment, yet because of lack o f space the barest of bare outlines will have to suffice
here. A great deal of valuable material, how.eyr, can ..be found in the Ukrainian section
of this book.
or accidental death. As a result, on F ebruary 22, 1894, there was laid in

Shamokin, Pa., the cornerstone of the present-day oldest and largest U krain
ian organization in America the U krainian National Association, the fratern a l
order which besides providing for its present 30,000 members various form s
of insurance protection, has been, a t th e same time, the strongest bulwark
of Ukrainian-American national and cultural life and progress. Yet the
torch of this life and progress has always been the Associations daily, the
Svoboda, which, founded in 1893, immediately pointed out the need of
such an organization. And w hat it has been to the older generation of
Ukrainian-Americans, today its English supplement, the U krainian Weekly,
is becoming to the younger generation. 2
W ith the passage of time, the Ukrainian im m igrant produced other
form s of organized activity, including several smaller fratern al orders with
their tri-weeklies, various other types of nation-wide as well as local societies,
Ukrainian parochial and independent schools, national homes (community
centers), choruses, communal and private business enterprises, building and
loan associations, and all sorts of publications.
W ith this development of his group life and activities, came the
improvement of his individual lot. Through hard work and th rift he began
to slowly rise above his m ean surroundings to a more com fortable state
and often financial independence.
Having been denied by adversity th e advantages of even an elem entary
education, he determined th a t his children should not be lacking in this
respect, and tow ards th a t end he sacrificed a great deal of his hard-earned
money in sending them through higher institutions of learning and in
providing for them many other advantages as well.
As a result of such sacrifices, Ukrainian-Am erican society, which
form erly was composed of the laboring class, with but a fain t sprinkling
of intellectuals, is today assum ing a more n atural and balanced social order,
one including the laboring, the artisan, the business, and lastly the professional
and cultural classes. Gradually the Ukrainian-Americans are beginning to
assume those positions in life which befit an inherently cultured and talented
people such as theirs.
All this while, too, th e Ukrainian-Am erican people have constantly
borne in mind the plight of th eir kinsmen in their native land struggling
to free it of foreign rule and oppression. Conservative estim ates indicate
th a t to E astern Galicia alone, from which the great m ajority of them come,
they have sent there, since th eir advent in America, for the various individual
needs and causes of their kinsmen there, more than $250,000,000.00. Then,
too, a t every possible opportunity they have publicly m anifested here in
America the plight of Ukraine, and a t the same time popularized her name
and culture.
A t all times, however, they have been the best of American citizens;
and the m ost law-abiding, as criminal records show. During the World
W ar over 30,000 men of U krainian descent fought overseas with the
American Expeditionary Forces. Furtherm ore, although during the W ar the
Ukrainians as a class were as yet quite poor, yet they were am ong the
heaviest buyers of the Liberty Bonds among the foreign nationality groups. 3
Since then they have steadily advanced in American citizeship, and today
2 Ukrainian W e e k ly ... a newspaper which is very articulate on adjustment
problems of the second generation. Mary Chase Cole, writing in the The Womans
Press, December, 1936.
3 Literary D igest, November, 1919.
/ U K R A I N I A,N S
495
growing num ber of th eir children can be found occupying various responsible
political and oth er public offices.
A lthough the Ukrainian-Am ericans have done th eir share in the
building of America by th eir labors in the mines, factories, railroads; and
farm s especially noticeable, however, has been th eir contribution to the
expanding American culture, a culture which is more th an anything else
a combination of European traditions and American environment. In the
early 1920,s fo r example, Prof. Alexander Koshetz, regarded by m any
as the forem ost chorus conductor in th e world today, visited America with
his touring and world-famous U krainian National Chorus, and m any American
critics declared it to be th e finest ever heard in America.4 W ithin the last
few years he has repeated his trium phs with the United U krainian Folk
Choruses of th e M etropolitan A rea (composed mainly of young UkrainianAmericans, bom and raised here) whose concerts in Town Hall and
Carnegie Hall, leading music centers of New York City, have also won high
praise.6 U krainian folk dancing, too, has been presented before m any
American audiences by Ukrainian-Am erican youth, delighting th e spectators
w ith its graceful weaving, colorful, and meaningful movements. The fam ed
B roadway in New York City has also witnessed presentations in U krainian
of Tschaikowskys opera Mazeppa. A t the Chicago W orld's Fair, the
U krainians were the only nationality not having an independent state of
its own th a t were given the special privilege of exhibiting there, and th eir
pavilion, by reason of its native beauty and originality, was one of the
finest sights there, and together w ith its exhibits of Ukrainian folk a r t
excited a g reat deal of American approbatory comment, both oral and
printed. On exhibition there, also, were a num ber of works of a r t of th a t
world renowned U krainian in terp reter of modernism in sculpture and painting,
A lexander Archipenko.
W herever possible, the Ukrainian-Am ericans have sought to adapt
some of the finer and m ore colorful of th eir old world (habits and customs
to th eir American environment. Especially do they strive to reproduce
th eir beloved ceremonial of Christm as Eve in Ukraine. On th a t eve they
g ath er around th e table fo r the Holy Supper, consisting of th e various
specially-prepared courses th a t ancient U krainian customs prescribe and th eir
pocketbooks allow. They sing th e equally ancient and the heart-w arm ing
kolyadi. Faces glow with happiness and cheer. And as they sit there,
gazing into th e flickering candlelight, th eir memories involuntarily go back
through the darkness of Time to a sim ilar scene, many, m any years ago,
in fa r different surroundings in Ukraine. They recall how outside th eir
sturdy peasant hut, the moon shone, while the sta rs twinkled m errily in the
blue dome of th e sky; a soft, breathless stillness pervaded village and field,
broken only by the distant singing of the approaching carolers, wending th eir
way from home to , home and announcing th eir arrival underneath the
window w ith th e joyous tinkling of a bell. W hat a glorious night th a t w a s!
No wonder then, th a t sometimes they long so intensely fo r Ukraine.
4
The praise that preceded the chorus from all the musical centers of Europe
seemed excessive until one heard it, until one saw Alexander Koshetz with his extra
ordinarily living hands mold the sounds as a sculptor molds pliant clay. Here was
that noblest and austerest and most stringently moral thing in the World perfection.
T h e chorus is a hyman organ, an instrum ent of incomparable precision and incom
parable expressiveness. It can rustle like leaves in the forest; it can be as lyrical
as a lark at dawn; it can be sonorous as thunder over m ountains.- Nation,
November, 1922. N. Y. City.
' .. ..
6
The New YOik Sun, April 8, 1935; New York Herald-Tribune, New
York W orld-Telegram, Jun^4*
;v:;:; /
- .7.
In our search fo r im m igrant gifts," w rites Allen H. E ato n in his

book Im m igrant Gifts to Am erican Life," sometimes th e m ost interesting
and colorful are found among the late arrivals. To me, one of th e m ost
picturesque of our ra th e r recent im m igrant groups is from Ukraine. Their
entertainm ents are full of vivid action and beauty, and not th e least charm ing
thing about them is th e way in which the entire fam ily takes p a rt . . .
B ut fascinating as are those scenes and as impressed as one m ay be with
th e thought th a t their power and beauty will ultim ately find th eir way
into the stream of our culture, I did not realize until a few days ago . . ."
Their Youth.
It is exactly in this direction th a t the more progressive elements of
the Ukrainian-American youth are striving today; to preserve and develop
here on the American soil some of the finer aspects of th eir U krainian
heritage, and thereby (1) m ake a genuine contribution to American culture,
and (2) aid the U krainian cause, whose ultim ate goal is the establishm ent
of a free and independent sta te of Ukraine. As a prelim inary step tow ards
this end, they are endeavoring to obtain a b etter knowledge of th eir U krainian
background, especially since they realize th a t they are b u t the firs t foliage
of a branch th a t has been broken off the tree of U krainian life in the
old country and transplanted here in America, and as such they have all
the capabilities, talents and failings of the Ukrainian race, and only through
a study of their background can they actually know them selves and find
their proper niche in Am erican society.
'
Along these general lines the pattern of Ukrainian-Am erican youth
organization life and activities has been laid thus far. The annual congresses,
of Ukrainian-American youth representatives from all p arts of th e country
(a t their own expense), have been tru ly a credit to the Ukrainian-Am erican
youth movement. They have strengthened the bonds of m utual interests
among the young people and a t th e same time helped to focus th eir attention
upon the many problems besetting th eir development.
In conclusion, a revealing sidelight on the ideals of the UkrainianAmerican youth, in form of the close of an address delivered by a young
Ukrainian-American before a m eeting of the Conference on Im m igration Policy,
held a t the Town Hall, New York City, in the early p a rt of 1935, is as
follows:
. . . We know we cannot have rights and privileges here in America
without duties and responsibilities. We know th a t America gives us protection,
education and opportunities, and th a t we owe in return our love, obedience,
service, and loyalty. We know, too, th a t our principal task here in Am erica
is not the m aking of money b u t th e building of America. And yet, we
cannot forget th a t we are Am ericans of Ukrainian descent. We cannot
forget how for centuries our U krainian forefathers fought and sacrificed
th eir lives and fortunes in the cause of an ideal dear to all nations Freedom.
From our minds the inspiring thought th a t there was once a U krainian
state, self-chartered and self-ruled, can never be effaced, and th e burning
hope th a t th ere again will be one can never be extinguished. Knowing all
this, and remembering th a t one of th e greatest Americans, Woodrow Wilson,
himself declared th a t each nation is entitled to self-rule and self-determ ination,
we, the American youth of U krainian descent, shall strive to m ake ourselves
w orthy and useful citizens of our Am erica and a t the same tim e also strive
to do our b it tow ards th e realization of th a t centuries-old dream the
creation of a free and independent sta te of U kraine."6
6 Reported in Ukrainian Weekly," June 28, 1935.
UKRAINIAN
DANCERS
Drawn
by
MARIA
NAHIRNA.
UKRAINIAN CULTURE CHANGE

(The N atural Process and R ational Techniques in Culture Change among
U krainians in America)
By STEPH EN W. MAMCHUR, M. A.
I. DEFINITION OF RACE AND CULTURE.
1. The term U k rain ian
The discussion of alm ost anv aspect of the situation of U krainians ir
A m ericaif it is to contain genuine knowledge ra th e r th an an assemblage
of emotional phraseology, mere hopes or platitudes demands a t least an
elementally concise definition of w hat is behind the term U krainian. Words
and th eir combinations (the sum to tal language) are largely b u t convenient
tools which mankind has evolved to represent its conception of th e sense world;
any specific word recalls to our mind a whole train of associations; th u s we
m entally reconstruct fo r ourselves the object in the sense world fo r which the
term stands. W hat particularistic m eaning the word U krainian has to any
specific individual depends on his experience. B ut there is a common denomi
nator, as it were, of these subjective conceptions, and th a t common denomi
n ato r is th a t the term stands fo r a certain group of people to use laym an
terminology. Ju s t w hat is it, then, th a t fundam entally distinguishes U krain
ians from non-Ukrainians?
2. The m yth of racial superiority.
One does not have to be an erudite student to recall m eeting, or per
haps even harboring himself, certain vague notions to the effect th a t some
races or nationalities are inferior, others superior. Behind this idea
usually lurks the conception th a t these so-called races or nationalities are
differently biologically endowed in respect to th eir intelligence or m ental
ability, or, in any case, in respect to th a t quality w hatever it be which
is assumed to account for the p atent differences in achievement which are
evident between peoples. Since this conception refers to th e biological con
stitution of peoples let us tackle the term race first to see w hether there
is any objective validity in the notion of superior or inferior races, or
applying it to the Ukrainians, w hether they are racially inferior or su
perior.
Race, biologically, is a variety of the hum an species. P ure varieties
can develop only in isolation. W hatever such varieties m ay have existed in
the dim and d istant p a s t (if there have been several varieties of th e hum an
sp ecies) the fact of science is th a t m an has known little isolation; he has
wandered, mixed. Hence there are no races in the sense of pure biological
varieties. B ut the anthropologist, being a scientist has the itch to classify.
He sees th a t men, though mixed, vary. So he rescues the term race* and
uses it as a pigeonhole for classification. He m akes it stand for a type, to

which he assigns a selected list of physical characteristics. Such a type m ay
correspond to a once distinct b u t now subm erged hum an variety. Or it m ay
not. To a useful classificatory device it m akes little difference. A type, m ore
over, has little actual reality. Probably not one per cent of any population
conforms to a single racial type in all characteristics. S trictly speaking,
therefore, ninety-nine men out of a hundred belong to no race, in either th e
biological or the anthropological sense. And there is no other sense. (Bul
letin of the Associates in the Science of Society a t Yale University, Vol. 4,
No. 4, May 1935, pp. 1-2.)
In the anthropological sense of race defined above, one classification,
using color or skin pigm entation, as th e chief basis of distinction, groups m an
kind into the well-known category of black, yellow and white races. On
th e basis of other anatom ical ch a rac te ristic s e. g. eye color, hair, tex tu re
of hair, stature, breadth of head, etc., etc. -r- various other classifications,
types or subtypes could be worked out. B ut w hatever the basis of rjacial
classification no scientific evidence has been th u s fa r adduced to lend any
support w hatever to the view th a t these races , differ in inborn m ental
ability or intelligence. W hatever differences have been found as, fo r example,
in intelligence tests, can all be explained on the basis of cultural back
ground, not innate biological capacity.* Hence there are no inferior or
superior ra c e s (if we insist on using the t e r m ) on the basis of m ental
ability. Hence, also, U krainians in w hatever racial type or sub-type they
fall are neither inferior nor superior, in this same sense, to any other
race or sub-race.
W hen people use the term superior or inferior they are always
having some standard or norm in mind according to which they m easure
others. No such standard exists in innate m ental characteristics; w hatever
o th er standards are assum ed implicitly or explicitly are evaluative, and th ere
m ay be no p articular objection to such evaluation provided the norm s of
value used are definitely and explicitly stated which, except in scientific
circles, is seldom done.
3. C ultural differences between groups.
We have indicated th a t th e difference between U krainians and nonU krainians is not to be sought in m ental inferiority or superiority, or,
incidentally, in any anatom ical characteristics influencing culture significantly.
Wherein, then, does the difference lie? The answ er is in culture, in th a t
which is acquired, not biologically inherited.
To the m uch-abused m an on the stre e t the term culture usually
connotes, if anything, refinement of education or ju s t those qualities which
raise one above the common herd. The usage of this word in this sense
has an interesting etymological history. Scientifically, it has a very different
m eaning; it stands for the habitual ways of living of a group.
* The most conci e and clearest statem ent of scientific conclusions on the subject
of is to be found in: Boas, F.: The Problem of Race, in Calverton, U. F. (e d .):
The Making of Man (The Modern Library, Inc., New York, 1 9 3 1 ), pp. 113 141.
For a comprehensive treatment of the subject consult: Boas, F.: The Mind of Primitive
Man; Sarth, T. R.: Race Psychology; Hankins, F. H.: The Racial Basis of Civilization;
Hertz, F.: Race and Civilization; Klineberg, O.: Race Differences; Kroeber, A. L.:
Anthropology, pp. 34 86; Lomie, R. H.: Culture and Ethnology, chap. 2; Radin. P.:
The Racial Myth; Wallis, W. D.: Race and Culture, Scientific Monthly, Oct. 1926,
pp. 313 321.
L et us lend precision to the term . An individual faces a novel situation;

novel, in th a t h e has previously had no experience with it. He proceeds to
solve it by trial-ad-error. W hichever of his attem pts are followed by pleasure
ra th e r th an pain will tend to be repeated. Innum erable repetitions will pro*
duce a habit in him, a fairly settled mode, largely unconscious a fte r a time,
of dealing with, or acting in, th a t particular situation. O thers m ay evolve
the same habit, or m ay borrow it from him by im itation o r suggestion and
th e like. As soon as this individual habit has become a . group habit, it is
popularly known as custom, scentifically as a culture trait, a culture p attern of
behavior. The sum of all such group habits is the group culture. Some
sociologists prefer to distinguish between those aspects of culture which possess
an especial value fo r th e group, and those which are not as highly valued.
The form er, for example, Thou shalt not kill (usually referring only to the
in-group because, as we see in war, m urder is justified ) they would call a
mos (plural m ores ) ; th e latter, for example, lifting ones h a t before a
lady, a folkway. A nother general classification of th e various item s of
culture distinguishes between so-called m aterial culture and im m aterial
culture, th e form er being, fo r example, th e tools and artifa cts of th e group,
the la tte r the ab stracted ways of behavior. B ut w hatever devices th e scientist
evolves to enable him to b etter analyze his subject of study, th e term culture
stands fo r the different ways of living o f , a group to p u t it very simply.
The culture of every group bears a general resemblance to th e culture
of every other group; there is, w hat is called a universal p a tte rn of culture.
Everyw here we find practices in connection w ith food-getting activities, from
th e simplest collection of food, hunting or fishing, to the highly complex in
d ustrial organization of the present day. Everyw here and am ong all peoples
th ere is some way of protecting, or mode of aggrandizem ent of, food; there
is, in other words, some form of government and' usually a m ilitary organizaP
tiori. Again, universally, th e sexes cooperate in some form of m arriage and the'
family. Everywhere, also, people have religion, some mode of adjustm ent to
the unknown, the chance or the luck element in life. These examples typify
the universal p attern of culture. A complete cultural study of any group'
would include a study of such items as the following: the geographic environ
m ent; racial characteristics; history; language and w riting; th e food-quest;
m aterial culture such as dwellings, architecture, furniture and utensils, tools
and weapons, the textile arts, clothing, ornam ent and m utilation, th e extrac
tive arts, vehicles and transportation; economic organization; property; social
organization; political organization; w ar; social routine; the a rts of pleasure;
science; the individual life cycle childhood, m arriage, adulthood, th e cult of
the dead; religion, etc. All the group p attern s of behavior in connection with
these items are subsumed under the term culture. Essentially, m ankind every
where has to adjust to th e same fundam ental societal forces; b u t different
groups adju st to these in different ways, and these ways are determ ined by the
cultural history of th e people, they are to be explained on th e basis of the
historical experience of th e group. Hence, Ukrainians, for example, are dif
ferent from non-U krainians, in th a t they possess a distinct culture. This cul
tu re is neither inferior nor superior to th e culture of any other group; it
is simply different, and it is different because it has had a peculiar history.
Objectively, cultures m ay be graded as simple or complex, b u t beyond th a t
there is no general objective descriptive way f evaluating them . People m ay
say th a t one culture is higher, another lower ; when th ey m ake such a
statem ent th ey have in mind some norm or standard of valuation, and this
standard usually has no counterpart in reality. F o r example, it is a universal
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f e a c h g r o u p t o r e g a r d i t s o w n c u lt u r e a s s u p e r io r , o t h e r s a s
i n f e r i o r . T h i s a t t i t u d e a r is e s l a r g e l y b e c a u s e t h e w a y s o f l iv i n g w h ic h w e
p r a c t ic e b e i n g o u r w a y s , w e k n o w i n g n o o t h e r a r e o f p r e c io u s v a l u e t o
u s b e c a u s e b y t h e m w e e x is t . W e m a y b e c o m e h a b it u a t e d t o o t h e r w a y s ; a n d
o u r o w n w a y s c h a n g e , b u t c h a n g e i s s lo w , p a r t i c u la r l y in a g r o u p w h ic h i s
i s o l a t e d f r o m o t h e r s , o r w h ic h , b e c a u s e o f a n a t t e m p t t o f o r c e i t t o c h a n g e ,
h a s w o r k e d u p a r e a c t io n b y p l a c in g a p a r t i c u la r l y h i g h v a lu e o n i t s o w n
c u lt u r e .
T h e f a c t t h a t e v e r y g r o u p h a s a c u lt u r e m u s t n o t b e t a k e n t o i m p l y
t h a t i t a lo n e h a s p r o d u c e d t h a t c u lt u r e .
I n v e n t io n s in c u lt u r e a r e r e l a t i v e l y
ra re ; m o st o f w h a t e v e r y g ro u p p o s s e s s e s h a s b e e n b o rro w ed fr o m so m e o th e r
g r o u p ; a t t h e p r e s e n t d a y t h i s d if f u s io n o f c u lt u r e f r o m g r o u p t o g r o u p p r o
c e e d s s o f a s t t h a t t h e w o r ld i s b e c o m in g o n e v a s t w h is p e r in g - g a lle r y , a s i t
w e r e . I f w e f o c u s a t t e n t i o n o n t h e o r ig i n o f t h e c u lt u r e o f &ny g r o u p , t h e n ,
w e a l s o f a c e t h e v e r y e v id e n t f a c t t h a t n o c u l t u r e i s p u r e in t h e s e n s e o f
b e i n g t h e p r o d u c t o f b u t t h a t p e o p le w h ic h l i v e s it .
A t t h e s a m e t im e , a p a r t ic u la r c u l t u r a l g r o u p , t h r o u g h lo n g , c o n t in u o u s
a n d v a r ie d a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e i n d iv id u a ls w i t h i n t h a t g r o u p , d e v e lo p s a s o - c a l le d
g r o u p - c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; a c e r t a in d e s ir e o r w i l l t o l iv e t o g e t h e r a c c o r d in g t o i t s
o w n w a y s a s c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h o s e o f o t h e r s , a s e n t im e n t , b a s e d o n g e n e r a l
c o m m o n i n t e r e s t a r is in g p a r t l y o u t o f t h e c o m m u n it y o f c u lt u r e a n d m o r e s p e
c if ic a lly o u t o f a c o m m o n h is t o r ic e x p e r ie n c e , d e v e lo p s ; a n d t h i s u s u a l l y i n
c lu d e s t h e d e t e r m in e d d e s ir e t o l iv e b y a s t a t e o f i t s o w n . S u c h a g r o u p i s
c a lle d a n a t i o n a l i t y ; i t i s a ls o c o r r e c t t o c a ll a n y d i s t i n c t c u lt u r a l g r o u p a s
su c h , a n a tio n a lity .
H o w e v e r , i t c la r ifie s t h i n k i n g i f t h e t e r m i s r e s e r v e d t o
t h a t c u lt u r e g r o u p w i t h i n w h ic h t h e i n d iv id u a ls f e e l s t r o n g l y b o u n d t o g e t h e r
b y s e n t i m e n t a l a n d o t h e r t i e s w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e r e i s a c t u a l ly m u c h c u lt u r a l
h o m o g e n e it y .
P o p u la r ly , n a t i o n a l i t y i s o f t e n c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e s t a t e , a s f o r
e x a m p le , a n y o n e b o m in t h e p r e - w a r A u s t r ia - H u n g a r y i s o f t e n n a m e d a s f
A u s t r o - H u n g a r ia n n a t i o n a l i t y . T h is i s a w r o n g u s e o f t h e t e r m ; t h e s t s t te
s t a n d s f o r a g r o u p o f p e o p le in h a b i t in g a c e r t a in t e r r it o r y a n d p o s s e s s i n g a
c o m m o n g o v e r n m e n t ; a s i n g l e s t a t e m a y c o m p r is e , h o w e v e r , s e v e r a l n a t i o n a l
i t ie s , e t c .
U k r a in ia n s , t h e n , a r e a s p e c ific c u lt u r e g r o u p , b u t a r e a t t h e s a m e t im e
a n a tio n a lity .
T h e f e e l i n g o f s o l i d a r it y , o f g r o u p c o h e s io n , t h e e x i s t e n c e o f
w h ic h i s im p lie d in t h e l a t t e r ,* d o e s n o t , b e i t e m p h a s iz e d , d e p e n d w h o ll y o r
i n v a r ia b ly o n a c o m m o n c u lt u r e , a n d i t i s t h a t w h ic h , in t h e c a s e o f t h e U k r a i n
ia n i n A m e r ic a s u r v i v e s m u c h lo n g e r t h a n t h e U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e . W e a r e c o n
c e r n e d , h e r e , h o w e v e r , p r im a r ily w i t h c u l t u r e c h a n g e t o w h ic h w e n o w t u r n .
. THE
NATURAL
P R O C E SS O F U K R A IN IA N
IN A M E R IC A .
CULTURE
CHANGES
1 . T h e i m m ig r a n t s it u a t i o n .
W e h a v e b e e n l e a d in g u p t o a c o n s id e r a t io n o f w h a t h a p p e n s t o t h e
U k r a in ia n , in t e r m s o f h i s c u lt u r e , in A m e r ic a .
T o r e i t e r a t e , w e a r e d e a l in g
w i t h t h e im m ig r a n t , h e b e i n g in t h i s c a s e , a U k r a in ia n w h o h a s m o v e d t o
A m e r ic a . L e t u s f ir m ly k e e p in m in d t w o b a s ic f a c t s : ( 1 ) t h a t h e c o m e s t o
A m e r i c a a l r e a d y w i t h a c u lt u r e , a n d ( 2 ) t h a t h e c o m e s n o t in t o a v a c u u m
b u t i n t o a d if f e r e n t c u lt u r e . T h e l a t t e r i s c a lle d l o o s e l y A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e ,
a n d w e d o n o t n e e d t o c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s a t p r e s e n t w i t h d e fin in g w h a t A m e r i
c a n c u lt u r e i s .
I t w ill s u ffic e f o r o u r u n d e r s t a n d in g o f w h a t f o l lo w s i f w e
b e a r in m in d , f ir s t , w h a t c u l t u r e is , a n d s e c o n d l y , t h a t t h e jpeople w h o l iv e
h e r e h a v e a c u lt u r e t h o u g h t h i s c u lt u r e i s a s o r t o f a b le n d o f m a n y o f
t h e c u lt u r e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t t o A m e r ic a , in p a r t , t h r o u g h t h e ' i m
m i g r a t i o n o f d iv e r s e c u lt u r e g r o u p s .
2. N a tu r a l
d e fin e d .
W h e n a c e r t a in a m o u n t o f h e a t i s a p p lie d t o s n o w i t m e lt s , o r, i s
t r a n s f o r m e d in t o w a t e r .
W h e n a c e r t a in g e r m e n t e r s t h e b o d y o f a p a r
t i c u la r in d iv id u a l i t w ill c a u s e a c e r t a in d is e a s e .
W h e n t w o p r o p o r t io n s o f
h y d r o g e n a r e c o m b in e d w i t h o n e p r o p o r t io n o f o x y g e n w e g e t w a t e r . T h e s e
f e w e x a m p le s i ll u s t r a t e w h a t w e m e a n b y n a t u r a l l a w s . G iv e n c e r t a in e le m e n t s
o r f a c t o r s in a s p e c if ic s i t u a t i o n w e i n v a r ia b ly o b t a in a c e r t a in r e s u l t o r
p rocess.
T h e a b o v e e x a m p le s a r e t a k e n f r o m t h e p h y s i c a l o r t h e n o n - s o c ia l
w o r ld .
I n t h e fie ld o f s o c i e t a l r e la t io n s , t h e r e l a t io n s o f m a n t o m a n , t h e r e
a r e n a t u r a l la w s a s w e ll, e x c e p t t h a t b e c a u s e t h e s c ie n t if ic s t u d y o f s o c i e t y
i s b u t s u c h a r e c e n t a f fa ir a s w e ll a s b e c a u s e o f t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f s o c ie t a l
p h e n o m e n a , s o c ia l s c i e n t i s t s h a v e , a s y e t , d is c o v e r e d b u t f e w o f t h e s e n a t u r a l
l a w s in t h e s o c i e t a l fie ld , a n d t h o s e t h a t h a v e b e e n s c i e n t if i c a l l y v a lid a t e d a r e
s o m e w h a t m u c h l e s s p r e c i s e ly s t a t e d t h a n h a s b e e n t h e c a s e w i t h la w s in
t h e p h y s ic a l w o r ld .
F o r e x a m p le , t h a t P o p u la t io n t e n d s t o i n c r e a s e u p t o
t h e s u p p o r t in g p o w e r o f t h e e n v ir o n m e n t , o n a g i v e n s t a g e o f t h e a r t s , a n d
f o r a g i v e n s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g is a f u n d a m e n t a l s o c i a l la w , b u t t h e p r e c is e
r e la t io n s h ip o f t h e v a r ia b le s i n v o lv e d h a s n o t y e t b e e n p o s s i b l e o f m a t h e
m a t i c a l s t a t e m e n t , a s a l m o s t a ll l a w s in t h e p h y s i c a l w o r ld c a n b e s t a t e d .
A n o t h e r s o c ia l l a w i s t h a t C iv iliz a tio n i s a f u n c t i o n o f n u m b e r s in c o n t a c t .
A n d w e c o u ld c it e n u m e r o u s o t h e r s . W h ile t h e s e d e s c r ip t io n s o f t h e r e la t io n
s h ip i n v o lv e d b e t w e e n v a r io u s p h e n o m e n a w h ic h i s a ll t h a t a l a w i s a r e
t o o g e n e r a l t o b e o f v e r y g r e a t p r a c t ic a l u t i l it y , y e t t h e y a r e u s e f u l, a n d
c e r t a in ly a r e t h e p io n e e r e f f o r t s a t t h e f o r m u la t io n o f l a w s w h ic h w e c a n
c e r t a in ly h o p e t o a r r iv e a t in m o r e s p e c ific t e r m s , p r o v id e d t h e s c ie n tific
s tu d y o f so c ie ty is u n h a m p ered .
W e h a v e d ig r e s s e d t o i l l u s t r a t e w h a t w e m e a n w h e n w e s p e a k o f
n a t u r a l p r o c e s s o r n a t u r a l la w . I t w ill b e s e e n t h a t i t i s m e r e ly a s t a t e m e n t
o f w h a t i s i n e v it a b le in a c e r t a in s it u a t i o n ; i t i s a d e s c r ip t io n o f a n a u t o
m a t ic , u n p la n n e d , u n c o n s c io u s , im p e r s o n a l p r o c e s s .
3 . U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e c h a n g e in d ic a t e d b y c h a n g e s in s p e c if ic a n d t y p i c a l
c u lt u r e t r a it s .
I n r e s p e c t t o U k r a i n i a n s in A m e r ic a , o n e g e n e r a l f u n d a m e n t a l l a w w h ic h
m a y b e f o r m u la t e d i s t h i s : U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e in c o n t a c t w i t h A m e r ic a n c u ltu r e
=
a d if f e r e n t c u lt u r e .
O r, p u t s im p ly , t h e in e v it a b le p r o c e s s w h ic h g o e s o n
in t h e s i t u a t i o n o f t h e im m ig r a n t in A m e r ic a i s t h a t t h e i m m ig r a n t c u ltu r e
ch an ges.
(W e a r e n o t u n m in d f u l, o f c o u r s e , o f t h e c h a n g i n g A m e r ic a n c u ltu r e ,
t o o , d u e t o c o n t a c t s w i t h i m m ig r a n t c u lt u r e .)
T h e m e r e f a c t o f c h a n g e i s e v id e n t e n o u g h , b u t w e s h a ll e m p h a s iz e it
h e r e b e c a u s e t h e a r e n a o f p u b lic d is c u s s io n i s fille d w i t h a l o t o f o b s c u r a n t
i s m o n t h i s p o in t.
L e t u s b u t b a r e ly in d ic a t e s o m e o f t h e s e c h a n g e s .
The
i m m ig r a n t i s in a g e o g r a p h ic e n v ir o n m e n t s o m e w h a t d if f e r e n t f r o m t h e o n e
h e h a s b e e n u s e d t o , h e m u s t a d j u s t t o t h e d if f e r e n t s e a s o n a l c h a n g e s ; h e
m u s t a d j u s t f r o m w a y s o f a r u r a l p e a s a n t v i ll a g e t o l i f e in t h e h i g h ly in
d u s t r ia liz e d m o d e r n A m e r ic a n c it y .
H e h a s f o r m a l l y a c c e p t e d t h e p r o t e c t io n
o f t h e A m e r ic a n g o v e r n m e n t , w h e t h e r o r n o t h e b e c o m e s a c it iz e n b y n a t u r a l
i z a t io n ; i f h e b e c o m e s a c it iz e n h e h a b i t u a t e s h i m s e l f t o p o l i t ic a l w a y s u n
d r e a m t o f in h is n a t i v e la n d . H e p e r h a p s i m p r o v e s h i s U k r a i n i a n la n g u a g e
i f h i s s i t u a t i o n i n A m e r ic a i s m o r e c o n d u c iv e t o lit e r a r y i n t e r e s t s t h a n i t w a s
in t h e o ld w o r ld ; a t t h e s a m e t im e p a r t o f h i s U k r a in ia n b e c o m e s a j a r g o n
o f A m e r i c a n t e r m s ; h e p ic k s u p a l s o , i f n o t b y f o r m a l in s t r u c t io n , t h e n
t h r o u g h h i s o c c u p a t io n a l c o n t a c t s , a t l e a s t a w o r k in g v o c a b u la r y o f E n g l i s h ;
h e u s e s t h i s p e r h a p s o n ly w h e n t h a t i s t h e o n l y l a n g u a g e in w h ic h h e c a n
m a k e h i m s e l f u n d e r s t o o d , b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s , h i s l a n g u a g e p r a c t ic e s c h a n g e . H is
f o o d p r a c t ic e s , t o o , c h a n g e . F o r s o m e t i m e h e m a y r e t a i n t h e s e a s a r e g u la r
r o u t in e , b u t n o t f o r lo n g . F o r o n e t h i n g , h e c a n n o t o b t a in h e r e t h e f o o d s h e
u s e d in t h e o ld w o r ld , o r h e m a y n o t w a n t t o ; t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l d e s ir e t o
c o n f o r m is m , a n d in a s h o r t w h il e A m e r ic a n f o o d p r a c t ic e s a r e a s s im i l a t e d t o
a l a r g e d e g r e e w h il e t h e t y p i c a l U k r a in ia n f o o d s a r e r e s e r v e d f o r f e s t i v e o c
c a s io n s .
H is h o m e , h is f u r n it u r e , u t e n s il s , a n d t h e lik e a r e m a t e r i a ll y v e r y
d if f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e in t h e o ld w o r ld .
H is c lo t h in g i s u s u a l l y t h e v e r y f i r s t
t h i n g w h ic h h e c a s t s o ff in e x c h a n g e f o r A m e r ic a n c lo t h in g ; t h e n a t i v e U k r a i n
ia n c o s t u m e s , a s t h e f o o d s , a r e t h e n s e e n b u t a t p u b lic c o n c e r t s a n d s u c h
c e r e m o n ia l o c c a s io n s .
I n s t e a d o f t h e w a g o n o r t h e f e e t , t h e i m m ig r a n t u s e s
tr o lle y s , t h e su b u rb a n e x p r e s se s , t h e m o to r c a r s, e tc .
H e w o r k s in a n o v e l
e c o n o m ic o r g a n iz a t io n ; h e i s n o t r o o t e d t o t h e la n d , h e m u s t s e e k o u t e m
p l o y m e n t , a n d t h a t s o r t o f e m p lo y m e n t w h ic h i t t a k e s a g o o d l y w h ile t o
b e g i n t o f e e l c o m fo r t a b le in .
H is p r o p e r t y i s o f a v e r y d if f e r e n t k in d t h a n
h i s o ld w o r ld p r o p e r t y ; i n s t e a d o f la n d i t i s in t e r m s o f b a n k d e p o s it s , r e a l
e s t a t e a n d t h e lik e , b u t h e m a y h a v e a b s o lu t e l y n o p r o p e r t y in t h e p a r t ic u la r
c o n c e r n w h e r e h i s e m p lo y m e n t i s t h e b a s is o f h i s e x is t e n c e .
T h e c la s s c o n
s c i o u s n e s s a n d n a t io n a l d is c r im in a t io n o f t h e o ld w o r ld a r e n o t s o e v id e n t
h e r e ; t h e U k r a i n i a n p e a s a n t in a n A m e r ic a n d e m o c r a c y d o e s n o t f e e l lik e
a c o n t e m p t ib le c u r a s u n d e r t h e s y s t e m o f o v e r lo r d s h ip a b r o a d ; r a t h e r , h e
f e e l s m o r e h i s d i g n it y w i t h o t h e r h u m a n b e i n g s .
T h e f a m i ly c h a n g e s ; v e r y
i m m ig r a t io n i t s e l f s e v e r s c e r t a in b o n d s ; h e r e h e m a y h a v e a m u c h s m a l l e r
f a m i l y t h a n h e w o u ld a b r o a d ; t h e r o le s o f t h e h u s b a n d , w i f e a n d c h ild r e n
c h a n g e u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e o f a d i f f e r e n t e c o n o m ic a n d s o c i a l o r g a n iz a t io n , e t c .
H is p o l i t ic a l l i f e i s u s u a l l y t o s o m e d e g r e e s t i l l w a g e d in t h e r e a lm o f o ld
w o r ld p o l i t ic s b u t t h e s u b s t a n c e o f t h i s i s v e r y d if f e r e n t f r o m w h a t i t w o u ld
h a v e b e e n a b r o a d ; in a n y c a s e , A m e r i c a n p o l i t ic a l l i f e c a n n o t e n t i r e ly e s c a p e
h im ; t h e r e i s s o m e a c q u a in ta n c e w i t h l e g a l a n d s o c i a l a g e n c ie s b u i lt o n a
p a t t e r n d if f e r in g b a s ic a l ly f r o m t h e i r o ld w o r ld c o u n t e r p a r ts .
W ar h a s a
v e r y d if f e r e n t m e a n in g t o h im ; f o r t h e m o s t p a r t h e b e c o m e s in u r e d t o p e a c e .
H is e a t in g , s l e e p in g , b a t h in g , e t c . r o u t i n e c h a n g e s , a s a l s o h is h a b i t s o f h o s
p i t a l it y , s a l u t a t i o n s a n d e t iq u e t t e . H i s r e c r e a t io n a l v a l u e s , t o o , s h i f t ; d if f e r e n t
g a m e s , m o v ie s , m u s ic , d a n c in g , d r a m a , l it e r a t u r e a n d f o l k lo r e b e c o m e t o
s o m e d e g r e e p a r t o f h im .
T h e c u l t u r e t r a i t s s u r r o u n d in g c h ild h o o d , in c lu d
i n g e d u c a t io n , c h a n g e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l ly , a s w e ll a s t h e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d
p r a c t ic e s in c o u r t s h ip a n d t o s o m e d e g r e e in m a r r ia g e .
S o t o o w i t h a d u lt
l i f e ; h e r e d if f e r e n t p a t h s o f s o c ia l a d v a n c e m e n t a r e p o s s ib le f r o m t h o s e a b r o a d ;
t h e s t a t u s o f w o m e n c e r t a in ly i s a lt e r e d , a s i s a ls o t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e
aged.
T h e c h a n g e s in r e lig io n , t o o , a r e f a r - r e a c h in g ; t h e s e in v o l v e n o t o n l y
t h e in d iv id u a l's r e in t e r p r e t a t io n o f o l d a t t i t u d e s , b u t o f t e n o r g a n iz e d m o v e
m e n t s w h ic h e v e n t u a t e in n e w r e l i g io u s i n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e p o i n t w e h a v e t r ie d t o e m p h a s iz e i s s im p ly t h a t U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e
in A m e r ic a d o e s n o t e s c a p e t h e e le m e n t a l s o c i a l p r o c e s s c h a n g e . T h is c h a n g e
m e a n s t h a t t h e s p e c if ic a lly U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e b c o m e s , t o a d e g r e e , A m e r ic a n *
iz e d .
T o p u t i t in o n e w a y , t h e , U k r a i n i a n w h o h a s l iv e d in A m e r i c a f o r a
s c o r e o f y e a r s , f o r e x a j n p le , , v e r y d if f e r e n t i n d iv id u a l f r o m w h a t h e w a s
a t t h e t i m e o f l a n d in g m A m e r ic a .
-r,>

\::
. D E G R E E O F U K R A IN IA N C U L T U R E R E T A IN E D , A N D A M E R IC A N
CULTURE ABSO RBED.
T h e r e l e v a n t q u e s t io n t o a s k i s w h a t d e g r e e o f U k r a in ia n is m , i. e, U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e , i s m a in t a in e d , d e s p it e t h e c h a n g e s ; a n d , t h e c o m p le m e n t a r y
f a c t , w h a t d e g r e e o f A m e r ic a n is m , i. e. A m e r ic a n c u ltu r e , h a s t h e U k r a in ia n
a b so rb ed , a s a r e s u lt o f th e c h a n g e s ?
T h e a n s w e r t o t h i s q u e s t io n m u s t
n e c e s s a r i l y , i n v ie w o f t h e s p a c e a s s ig n e d t o t h i s a r t ic le , b e g iv e n in t e r m s
o f c e r t a in g e n e r a l p r o c e s s e s r a t h e r t h a n in t e r m s o f d e t a ils o f d e g r e e , e tc . o f
c h a n g e in s p e c ific c u lt u r e t r a it s .
1 . D e g r e e o f A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e a b s o r b e d , in d ic a t e d b y p r o c e s s e s o f c h a n g e o f
t y p ic a l c a t e g o r ie s o f c u lt u r e .
F i r s t l y , c e r t a in c u ltu r e t r a it s , o r , f o l k w a y s a n d m o r e s , w ill b e l o s t
a l m o s t i m m e d ia t e ly b y v i r t u e s o f t h e s im p le f a c t t h a t t h e in d iv id u a l h a s b e e n
r e m o v e d f r o m o n e g e o g r a p h ic a r e a , c u l t u r e b a s e , s t a t e , e t c . t o d if f e r e n t c o u n te r
p a r ts o f th e se .
T h u s , t h e U k r a in ia n i n A m e r ic a , a s f a r a s t h e s p e c if ic a lly
A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e i s c o n c e r n e d , c o m e s in t o a r e a d y - m a d e c u lt u r a l o r g a n iz a
t io n , t h e s t a t e , t h e p o lit ic a l p a r t ie s , t h e c o u r t s , t h e s o c ia l a g e n c ie s , t h e e c o
n o m ic s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c o u n t r y , e t c ., e t c . w h ic h h e a c c e p t s f o r t h e in d is
p e n s a b le f u n c t i o n s w h ic h t h e s e h a v e t o p e r f o r m f o r h im . I n a c c e p t in g t h e s e ,
h i s b e h a v io r p a t t e r n s c h a n g e .
S e c o n d ly , i t i s a n im p o r t a n t l a w o f s o c ia l s c ie n c e t h a t m a t e r ia l c u lt u r e
c h a n g e s t h e f a s t e s t , a n d t h i s a p p lie s , o f c o u r s e , t o t h e U k r a in ia n in A m e r ic a .
I n h o u s i n g a n d f u r n i s h i n g s , in c lo t h in g , in fo o d , in t h e t o o l s w h ic h g o w it h
t h e e c o n o m ic lif e , w e h a v e t h e c l e a r e s t e x a m p l e s o f t h e r a p id it y o f t h i s c h a n g e
i n t h e m a t e r i a l c u lt u r e o f t h e U k r a in ia n .
T h ir d ly , a ll t h e c u lt u r e t r a i t s w h ic h a r e b o u n d u p w i t h t h e e c o n o m ic
l i f e t h e s h e e r s t r u g g l e f o r m a in t e n a n c e w ill, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e t w o c a t
e g o r i e s a b o v e m e n t io n e d c h a n g e q u it e s p e e d ily . T h e r e c a n b e n o s e n t i
m e n t a l iz i n g a b o u t w is h in g , f o r e x a m p le , t o s t i c k t o o ld w o r ld g a r d e n a g r ic u l
t u r e w h e n in t h e g r e a t A m e r ic a n m e t r o p o lis , t h i s w ill n o t e a r n o n e a liv in g .
I n t e r m s o f t h e a b o v e t h r e e m a in c a t e g o r ie s o f c h a n g e s , t h e n , t h e
U k r a in ia n b e c o m e s A m e r ic a n iz e d ; s o m u c h A m e r ic a n is m a t a r a t h e r r a p id
r a t e i s s i m p l y t h e r e s u l t a n t o f c e r t a in im p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s w o r k in g in a s p e c ific
s i t u a t i o n ; s o m u c h A m e r ic a n is m , t h e n , i s in e v it a b le ,
F u r t h e r , w e m a y n o te
t h e f a c t , t h a t c h a n g e s in a n y o n e a s p e c t o f c u lt u r e e f f e c t c h a n g e s in o th e r
a s p e c t s o f c u lt u r e , s o t h a t t h e p r e c e d in g b a s ic p r o c e s s e s l a y a s o r t o f a g e n
e r a l b a s e f o r c h a n g e s in t h o s e a s p e c t s o f c u lt u r e w h ic h d o n o t c h a n g e a s
r a p id ly b e c a u s e t h e y d o n o t r e l a t e a s d i r e c t ly t o t h e m a in t e n a n c e a c t iv it ie s .
2. D e g r e e o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e p r e s e r v e d , e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s o f m o r e s
a n d s o c i a l o r g a n iz a t io n .
W e c o m e , t h e n , t o t h a t c u lt u r a l e q u ip m e n t ' o f t h e U k r a in ia n w h ic h i s
m o s t r e s is t a n t to c h a n g e .
( W e m a y , b y w a y o f d ig r e s s io n , r e e m p h a s iz e t h e
f a c t t h a t t h e p r o c e s s e s h e r e s k e t c h e d a r e n o t , in t h e i r g e n e r a l a s p e c t s , p e c u lia r
t o U k r a in ia n s , b u t a r e t r u e , in v a r y in g d e g r e e s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e d if fe r e n c e b e
t w e e n t h e i m m ig r a n t a n d A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e , o f e v e r y n a t i o n a l i t y in t h e s i t u a
t i o n o f t h e i m m ig r a n t .)
A n d a t t h i s p o i n t i t i s w e l l t o r e f r e s h o u r m in d s
a b o u t s o m e q u a l it i e s o f c u lt u r e . C u ltu r e is , a s w e h a v e s a id , a g r o u p a ffa ir ,
b u t i t i s c a r r ie d b y in d iv id u a ls in t e r m s o f t h e i r h a b i t s . L e t u s g e t a v iv id p ic
tu r e o f th is .
H o w e a s y i s i t f o r o n e b o m in t o t h e C a t h o lic c h u r c h , r e a r e d
in i t s t e a c h in g , in i t s r it u a l, t o j o in , f o r e x a m p le , a B u d d h is t o r d e r ?
H ow
e a s y i s i t f o r o n e w i t h b u t a p r im a r y s c h o o l e d u c a t io n , t o c h a n g e f r o m t a l k i n g
t h e E n g l i s h la n g u a g e , t o , l e t u s s a y , H e b r e w , a n d e x p r e s s h i m s e l f a s lu c id ly
a n d h e fe e ls , if h e h a s n e v e r e v e n h e a r d th e la tte r till h e h a s r e a c h e d
t h e a g e o f tw e n ty -fiv e ?
H o w e a s y is it f o r o n e b o r n to w e a lth t o a ss u m e
t h e l i f e o f a m e n d ic a n t ? T h e s e t h i n g s a r e n o t e a s y ; e s t a b l i s h e d h a b i t s b e c o m e
t h e v e r y c o r e o f o n e s e x is t e n c e ; t h e y w ill c h a n g e , s u p e r f ic ia lly o r s l o w l y , b u t
n o t in a r e v o l u t i o n a r y m a n n e r w i t h o u t p r a c t ic a ll y k i l li n g t h e in d iv id u a l. L if e ,
i f i t i s t o b e l i v e d a t a l l t o le r a b ly , m u s t b e l a r g e l y a u t o m a t i c ; i f w e h a d t o
r e f l e c t b e f o r e e v e r y a c t w e p e r f o r m e v e r y d a y , e x i s t e n c e w o u ld b e u n e n d u r a b le .
A n d i t i s o u t o f in d iv id u a l h a b i t s w h ic h h a v e b e c o m e .a c c e p t e d b y t h e g r o u p
t h a t w e h a v e c u l t u r e ; h e n c e i t s b e n e fic e n c e t h o u g h a l s o i t s t e n a c i t y / i t s r e
s i s t a n c e t o c h a n g e . I t is , t h e n , t h e s e c u lt u r e t r a i t s t o w h ic h w e c li n g p a s*
s i o n a t e l y * e it h e r b e c a u s e o f t h e i r g e n e r a l f u n c t i o n a n d n a t u r e o r b e c a u s e
in o u r h i s t o r i c a l e x p e r ie n c e t h e y h a v e b e c o m e v a l u e s o r s u p e r - v a l u e s t o u s ,
w h ic h , in t h i s c a s e , in U k r a in ia n s , c h a n g e b u t s l o w l y , v e r y s l o w l y . I t i s o n l y
t h r o u g h t h e p r a c t ic e o f t h e s e , t h r o u g h l i v i n g t h r o u g h t h e m , t h a t o n e cari
s a t i s f y h i s e le m e n t a l, o r g a n ic , a n d s o c ia l im p u ls e s . L a n g u a g e , t h e u s a g e s a h d
m a n n e r s w i t h i n t h e a r e n a o f t h e f a m i ly , t h e p r a c t ic e s s u r r o u n d in g t h e c r is e s
o f l i f e a s in b ir t h , m a r r ia g e , d e a t h , r e lig io n
t h e s e a r e a f e w e x a m p le s o f
i t e m s a r o u n d w h ic h c u lt u r e c h a n g e s v e r y , v e r y s l o w l y .
T h en t h e r e . is a
s t o c k o f c e r e m o n ia l a n d e t iq u e t t e , v iv id m e m o r ie s o f c h ild h o o d d a y s , o f la t e r l i f e s t r u g g l e s a g a i n s t c o m m o n f o r e i g n o p p r e s s o r s , o f U k r a in ia n h e r o e s . T h e r e
i s t h e U k r a i n i a n s o n g , t h e d a n c e w o v e n o n t h e w o o f o f c o m m o n l iv in g , c o m
m o n j o y s a n d s o r r o w s a r t s w h ic h e x p r e s s t h e d e e p e s t s t r i v i n g s a n d e m o
tio n s .
T h e s e , a s t y p i c a l e x a m p le s , t o g e t h e r w i t h a b o d y o f m e m o r ie s a n d
t r a d i t io n s o f l i v i n g in a c o m m o n s e t t i n g t h e s e c u l t u r e t r a it s , p e r h a p s m o r e
a p t l y m o r e s , l i v e o n l o n g a f t e r t h e i m m ig r a n t h a s la n d e d in A m e r ic a . T h e ir
e x p r e s s i o n , o r , in o t h e r w o r d s t h e c u lt u r a l e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e im m ig r a n t , l a r g e l y
o n t h e b a s i s o f t h i s m o d ic u m o f c u lt u r e w h ic h i s s o d e e p l y r o o t e d in h i s
b e in g , d e m a n d s s o m e f o r m o f o r g a n iz a t io n .
A n d h ere w e h a v e th e germ o f
t h e i m m ig r a n t s o c i a l o r g a n iz a t io n w h ic h i s th e, e p it o m e o f t h e d e g r e e o f U k r a in ia n is m w h ic fy i s in e v it a b le .
F a i r s t r a n g e r t o A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e , b u t y e t a s a h u m a n b e in g w h ic h
c a n liv e o n l y a c c o r d in g t o s o m e c u lt u r e , t h e U k r a i n i a n in e v it a b ly d r i f t s t o
o t h e r U k r a i n i a n s a n d s o o n a n u c le u s o f a s s o c i a t i o n f o r m s . O u t o f t h i s g r o w s
t h e c h u r c h o r g a n iz a t io n , t h e m u t u a l b e n e fit s o c i e t i e s , t h e c h o r a l, d r a m a tic , l i t
e r a r y , r e c r e a t i o n a l g r o u p s , t h e p r e s s , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h ic h a im a t h e lp in g
U k r a i n i a n s a b r o a d , e t c ., e t c .
T h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e a s b e n e f ic ia l a s t h e y
a r e i n e v it a b le ; t h e y r e n d e r t o t h e im m ig r a n t t h o s e f u n c t i o n s w h ic h b e c a u s e
o f h i s d iv e r g e n t c u lt u r e A m e r ic a n i n s t i t u t i o n s c a n n o t r e n d e r .
T h ere is so
m u c h m u t u a l h e l p f u l n e s s i n s u c h a s o c i e t y ; h e r e t h e i m m ig r a n t fin d s h i s
r e c r e a t i o n a n d a m u s e m e n t ; h e r e h e d e v e lo p s h i s s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n a n d a r t i s t i c
p r o c li v i t ie s ; h e r e h e le a r n s a s in a s c h o o l; h e r e , i f h e w ill, h e w o r s h ip s G oci
an d p ra y s.
T h r o u g h t h i s s o c i a l o r g a n iz a t io n h e h e l p s h i s k i n a b r o a d , f in a n
c i a l l y a n d o t h e r w i s e ; t o s o m e e x t e n t h e a l s o i n t e r p r e t s h i s c u lt u r e t o t h e
A m e r i c a n ; p r e s e r v e s s o m e o f i t i n h i s c h ild r e n t h u s l e s s e n i n g t h e g a p , a n d
h e n c e t h e c o n flic t, b e t w e e n t h e t w o g e n e r a t i o n s ; t o s o m e d e g r e e p r o m o t e s t h e
p o l i t ic a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f U k r a i n i a n s in A m e r ic a n l i f e , a n d f in a lly , t h r o u g h
t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , p a r t i a ll y p r e s e r v e s t h e m a n i f o l d a r t i s t i c a s p e c t s o f U l r a in ia n c u lt u r e .
N o w w e a r e i n a p o s it i o n t o s u m u p t h e d e g r e e o f U k r a in ia n is m , o r t h e
r e t e n t i o n o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e , w h ic h d e s p it e t h e d e g r e e o f c h a n g e t o A m e r i
c a n c u lt u r e a lr e a d y in d ic a t e d , i s in e v it a b le . >I t m a y : b e s u m m e d u p in t h e
s t a t e m e n t t h a t , g e n e r a l l y s p e a k in g , t h e f o r m a l g r o u p r e la t io n s h ip s w h ic h r e s t
o n p r im a r y - g r o u p ( s u c h a s t h e f a m i ly , t h e n e ig h b o r h o o d , t h e p l a y - g r o u p ) c u l
t u r e w i l l b e l a r g e l y c o n fin e d t o U k r a in ia n s .
T h e im m ig r a n t 's c o n t a c t s w i t h
A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e , a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n t c h a n g e s , w ill b e l a r g e l y in t h e r e a lm o f
t h e s e c o n d a r y t h e n o n - in t im a t e , t o u c h a n d g o a s p e c t s o f c u lt u r e . T h is
d o e s n o t m e a n t h a t t h e s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e im m ig r a n t w h ic h w e h a v e
n o t e d , a n d in w h ic h h e m o v e s a l m o s t e x c l u s iv e l y , i s t h o r o u g h ly U k r a in ia n ; i t
i s n o t , i t i s v e r y t r u l y n o t a U k r a in ia n s o c i e t y b u t a U k r a in ia n - A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y ,
f o r i t i s v a s t l y d if f e r e n t f r o m U k r a in ia n s o c i e t y a b r o a d . T h e U k r a in ia n a m id s t
A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y e v o lv e s a s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n t o s u i t t h e c o n d it io n s h e r e , n o t
in t h e o ld w o r ld . H e n c e t h i s im m ig r a n t s o c i e t y i t s e l f i s in p a r t a m a n i f e s t a t i o n
o f a b s o r p t io n o f A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e . 'F u r t h e r , t h i s U k r a in ia n -A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y ,
w h e t h e r w e v i e w i t a s a w h o le in t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f o v e r f i f t y y e a r s ' m a s s
i m m ig r a t io n o f U k r a in ia n s i n A m e r ic a , o r w h e t h e r w e s e e i t f r o m t h e p o in t
o f v i e w o f a n y in d iv id u a l U k r a in ia n c o m m u n it y , h a s i t s o w n p r o c e s s o f c h a n g e .
T h i s i s s o e v id e n t t o U k r a in ia n s t h a t i t i s a l m o s t s u p e r flu o u s t o m e n t io n i t ;
a l l o n e h a s t o d o i s t o k e e p in m in d t h e b a s ic o r g a n iz a t io n s e x i s t e n t in the>
e a r l y y e a r s o f a n y U k r a in ia n c o m m u n it y , a n d t h e n w i t n e s s t h o s e t w e n t y y e a r s
la te r .
T h e t r e n d s in o r g a n iz a t io n h a v e c h a n g e d ; a n o t h e r e v id e n c e o f f u n d a
m e n t a l c h a n g e s in t h e c u lt u r e u n d e r l y i n g t h e o r g a n iz a t io n .
IV . E F F E C T IV E R A T IO N A L U K R A IN IA N IZ A T IO N A N D A M E R IC A N IZ A
T IO N T E C H N IQ U E S .
1 . R a n g e w it h in w h ic h m a n c a n r a t io n a ll y e f f e c t n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s .
T h e p r o c e s s e s in t h e d ir e c t io n o f A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e a n d a w a y f r o m U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e s k e t c h e d a b o v e a r e , t o r e e m p h a s iz e , n a t u r a l, h e n c e im p e r s o n a l
o r a u t o m a t ic , u n p la n n e d o r u n c o n s c io u s , a n d h e n c e a ls o in e v it a b le .
T h e y are
n o t p r o d u c t s o f v o l it i o n ( o n t h e p a r t o f in d iv id u a ls o r g r o u p s ) , o f b e n ig n
k i n d n e s s o r p e r fid io u s i n t e n t .
T h e y a r e s i m p l y t h e r e s u l t a n t s o f a s e r ie s o f
ifa c to r s in a p a r t ic u la r s i t u a t i o n in t h e s a m e m a n n e r , t o u s e a n a n a lo g y , a s
w h e n c e r t a in p r o p o r t io n s o f h y d r o g e n a n d o x y g e n c o m e t o g e t h e r t h e p r o d u c t
w ill b e w a t e r . H e n c e t h e r e i s n o s e n s e in c o m p la in in g a b o u t t h e A m e r ic a n iz a
t io n , o r t h e la c k o f it, o f U k r a i n i a n s ; t h e r e i s a b o u t a s m u c h s e n s e in t h a t
a s s o r r o w in g o v e r t h e f a c t t h a t o x y g e n a n d h y d r o g e n p r o d u c e w a t e r a n d n o t
s a l t , o r in c o m p la in in g a b o u t t h e l a w o f g r a v it y .
T h e p r o c e s s w ill c o n t in u e
i t s o w n g o o d w a y d e s p it e o u r h o p e s o r l a m e n t a t i o n s ; t h e s e a r e a b o u t a s e f
f ic a c io u s a s b a y i n g a t t h e m o o n .
T h i s i s n o t a c a lm b e n e d ic t io n f o r r e s ig n a t io n t o t h e in e v it a b le ; i t is
m e r e ly a s t a t e m e n t o f f a c t w h ic h m u s t b e r e c o g n iz e d in a n y a t t e m p t a t r a
t i o n a l ( i . e. p la n n e d , p e r s o n a l, c o n s c io u s , d e l ib e r a t e ) m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e p r o
cess.
T h e o n l y w a y t h a t m a n h a s a t h i s d is p o s a l in a d j u s t i n g t o n a t u r a l
f o r c e s i s k n o w le d g e , s c ie n t if ic k n o w le d g e . K n o w in g w h a t t h e p r o c e s s i s in a n y
p a r t ic u la r s i t u a t i o n h e m a y , i f h e d e s ir e s a n e w p r o c e s s , r id h i m s e l f o f t h e
f a c t o r s t h e s i t u a t i o n e n t ir e ly , a n d t h u s e lim in a t e t h e p r o c e s s . B u t s o lo n g
a s t h e f a c t o r s a r e t h e r e , t h e p a r t ic u la r p r o c e s s i s i n e v it a b le . I n o t h e r w o r d s ,
m a n c a n n o t e lim in a t e p r o c e s s e s t h a t a r e . B u t h e c a n a f f e c t t h e s p e c if ic n a t u r e
o f t h e p r o c e s s b y a lt e r in g , n o t e lim in a t in g , t h e f a c t o r s o r t h e s it u a t io n . T h a t
is r a t io n a l o r d e lib e r a te , c o n s c io u s m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e p r o c e s s .
To em
p h a s iz e t h i s v i v id ly w e s h a ll u s e a n e x a m p le f r o m t h e p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s : W h e n
w a t e r ( f a c t o r s ) i s p la c e d in a n e l e c t r o l y s i s m a c h in e a n d a c e r t a in e le c t r ic
c u r r e n t i s a p p lie d ( t h e t o t a l s it u a t io n , n o w ) w e g e t t w o p r o p o r t io n s o f h y d r o
g e n t o o n e p r o p o r t io n o f O x y g e n . T h is p r o c e s s i s u n c o n s c io u s , a u t o m a t i c , in
e v it a b le ; s o l o n g a s w e s e t w a t e r in t h i s s i t u a t i o n t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s k e t c h e d
w ill a l w a y s m a t e r ia liz e . I n t h a t s i t u a t i o n t h e p r o c e s s c a n n o t b e c h a n g e d , i. e.
w e c a n n e v e r g e t , f o r e x a m p le , s a l t , a s a p r o d u c t o f t h i s e le c t r o l y s i s o f w a t e r .
T o t h i s d e g r e e , t h e n , r a t io n a l o r d e lib e r a t e o r c o n s c io u s m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e
p r o c e s s i s f u t i l e ; t h e r e i s n o p o in t t o i t w e c a n n o t c h a n g e it .
B u t w e can
a f f e c t t h e s p e e d o r t h e r a t e o f t h e p r o c e s s . A s t r o n g e le c t r i c c u r r e n t w ill r e s u l t
in t h e d e c o m p o s it io n o f w a t e r i n t o h y d r o g e n a n d o x y g e n m u c h f a s t e r t h a n a
w ea k er one.
S o , e s s e n t i a l ly , i t i s w i t h s o c ia l p r o c e s s e s .
I n t h e q u e s t io n a t
h a n d : w e h a v e a s i t u a t i o n f u n d a m e n t a l ly a n d s i m p l y t h i s : U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e ,
t h r o u g h im m ig r a n t s , i s s e t in A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e . T h e p r o d u c t o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n
( a p a r t f r o m t h e e f f e c t s o n A m e r ic a n c u l t u r e ) i s c h a n g e o f U k r a in ia n c u l t u r e ;
t h i s , a s a l r e a d y s h o w n , i s a u t o m a t ic , u n c o n s c io u s , u n p la n n e d , n o t d e lib e r a t e
o r r a t io n a l. S o l o n g a s w e h a v e t w o c u l t u r e s c o m in g t o g e t h e r in t h e s i t u a t i o n
o f t h e i m m ig r a n t , b o t h e s p e c ia l l y t h e i m m i g r a n t c u l t u r e s w ill c h a n g e . S o
f a r , r a t io n a l o r d e lib e r a t e o r c o n s c io u s o r p la n n e d m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e p r o c e s s
i s f u t i l e ; w e c ia n n o t c h e c k i t . B u t w e c a n r e t a r d o r h a s t e n t h e r a t e o f t h i s
c h a n g e . O n ly in t h i s s p h e r e c a n r a t io n a l p o l i c y in r e s p e c t t o t h e im m ig r a n t
s i t u a t i o n h a v e a n y p o in t.
T h i s m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e p r o c e s s e s in t h e U k r a in ia n im m ig r a n t s i t u a t i o n
w h i c h , w e h a v e s k e t c h e d m a y h a v e o n e o f t w o e n d s : e it h e r s l o w i n g t h e p r o c e s s
in f a v o r o f g r e a t e r o r lo n g e r r e t e n t i o n o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e , o r h a s t e n in g i t in
f a v o r o f g r e a t e r o r f a s t e r a b s o r p t io n o f A m e r ic a n c u lt u r e .
L e t u s i n d ic a t e
b r ie fly t h e m o s t e ffic a c io u s m e a n s o f d o in g e it h e r d is r e g a r d in g w h e t h e r o r
n o t i t i s d e s ir a b le a n d , t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f s u c h r a t io n a l p o lic y p r o v id e d i t
w e r e s u c c e s s fu l.
2 . E f f e c t i v e r a t io n a l t e c h n iq u e s o f p r e s e r v i n g U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e .
C u lt u r e c h a n g e t a k e s p la c e t h r o u g h c o n t a c t s : a s i t u a t i o n w h e r e c o n t a c t s
w o u ld b e a t a m in im u m c a n b e f o u n d w h e r e a s m a l l g r o u p , s u c h a s f o r e x a m p le ,
s o m e p r im it iv e t r ib e o f s e v e r a l h u n d r e d i n d iv id u a ls ( e . g . T a s m a n ia n s , e x t i n c t
s i n c e 1 8 7 6 ) o n a s m a ll is l a n d m a r o o n e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f m a n k in d . I n s u c h a
s i t u a t i o n i s o l a t i o n w o u ld b e c o m p le t e , c u lt u r e w o u ld b e o f t h e p u r e s t in t h e
s e n s e o f b e i n g in d ig e n o u s t o t h a t g r o u p a n d w i t h o u t a n y f o r e i g n e le m e n t s ,
a n d c h a n g e w o u ld b e im p e r c e p t ib le , a l m o s t n e g l ig i b l e ; c e r t a in ly , t o o , s u c h c u l
t u r e w o u ld b e o f t h e s i m p l e s t c h a r a c t e r , t h e c iv i l iz a t io n o f t h e g r o u p t o u s e
a n e v a lu a t iv e , n o t a d e s c r ip t iv e t e r m v e r y l o w V in d e e d . I t i s m a n i f e s t t h a t
s u c h a s i t u a t i o n , in a n y e v e n r e m o t e d e g r e e , c a n n o t b e r e c o n s t r u c t e d a m o n g
t h e U k r a i n i a n s o r a n y o t h e r g r o u p in A m e r ic a . S u c h a b s o lu t e i s o l a t io n i s ,
h e n c e , im p o s s ib le , a n d , n e e d l e s s t o s a y , n o t e v e n t h e m o s t f a n a t i c a l p r o t a g o n i s t
o f c u lt u r e p u r i t y w o u ld e s p o u s e it .
A s i t u a t i o n w h e r e a r e l a t iv e d e g r e e o f i s o l a t io n i s a t t e m p t e d a n d t o s o m e
d e g r e e m a i n t a i n e d i s e x e m p lifie d b y s e c t a r i a n c o lo n ie s s u c h a s t h e M o lo k a n s
i n S a n , F r a n c i s c o , t h e Q u a k e r s o f B u n k e r H ill, o r t h e D o u k h o b o u r s in C a n a d a .
B u t e v e n in s u c h c a s e s t h e p r im a r y f a c t t h a t e c o n o m ic a ll y t h e s e c o lo n ie s
h a v e t o d e p e n d a t l e a s t p a r t i a ll y f o r t h e i r e x i s t e n c e o n t h e o u t e r w o r ld , a n d
s e c o n d l y , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i r c h ild r e n m u s t p e r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t e in A m e r ic a n
i n s t i t u t i o n s in w h ic h t h e p a r e n t s d o n o t a b s o lu t e l y h a v e t o , m e a n s t h a t e v e n
t h i s i s o l a t i o n i s o f a v e r y t e m p o r a r y a n d in c o m p le t e c h a r a c t e r . T h e s e c o lo n ie s
a r e f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t t h e tid e , a n d a ll t h e y c a n d o i s t o d e la y , n o t p r e v e n t ,
b e in g su b m e r g e d in it.
.
I n t h e t y p ic a l s i t u a t i o n o f t h e U k r a in ia n im m ig r a n t in A m e r ic a t h e t w o
t y p e s o f i s o l a t io n s k e t c h e d a b o v e d o n o t a n d c a n n o t e x is t , a n d h e n c e d o n o t
f u n c t i o n t o r e t a r d c u lt u r e c h a n g e .
O n e r a t io n a l p o lic y w h ic h i s p r a c t ic a b le w o u ld b e t h e d e lib e r a t e o r g a n
iz e d a t t e m p t t o c h a n n e l t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f a s m a n y a s a t a ll p o s s ib le U k r a in
ia n w a n t s a n d d e s ir e s in U k r a i n i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h i s o v e r a n d a b o v e w h a t
i s a u t o m a t i c a ll y a n d n e c e s s a r i l y s o a s e x p la in e d e ls e w h e r e .
In o th e r w ord s,
t h e a d v o c a c y a n d p r a c t ic e o f a s m u c h p a r t ic ip a t io n o f U k r a in ia n s in U k r a in ia n
i n s t i t u t i o n s a s i s p o s s ib le .
A n e x t r e m e e x a m p le o f t h a t w o u ld b e a n o r g a n
iz e d a t t e m p t t o m a k e a ll p u r c h a s e in n o n e b u t U k r a in ia n s t o r e s e s t a b l i s h e d
s p e c if ic a lly f o r t h a t p u r p o s e r a t h e r t h a n o n g e n e r a l in d iv id u a l b u s i n e s s g r o u n d s .
A n o t h e r p o s s ib le r a t io n a l p o l i c y t o e f f e c t a f a i r d e g r e e o f i s o l a t io n a n d h e n c e
r e t a r d c u lt u r e c h a n g e b e y o n d i t s a u t o m a t i c r a t e i s t o d e v e lo p a n e x t r e m e ,
a n d h e n c e m is g u id e d , c o n s c ie n c e o n t h e p a r t o f U k r a in ia n s in A m e r ic a a s t o
t h e i r o b lig a t io n s , s a c r e d a n d o t h e r w i s e , t o t h e U k r a in ia n s a b r o a d s u f f e r in g
u n d e r f o r e i g n o p p r e s s io n .
T h e t h e o r y b e h in d s u c h a p o lic y i s b r ie f ly t h i s :
t h a t s o m e h o w , i f t h e U k r a in ia n s h e r e r e m a in p u r e U k r a in ia n s , t h e y a r e g o
i n g t o b e a t r e m e n d o u s a n d i n d is p e n s a b le a s s e t in t h e s t r u g g l e f o r in d e p e n d e n c e
abroad.
T h e m a in t e c h n iq u e o f t h i s p r o p a g a n d a i s t o i n s t i l l in t h e p e o p le
t h a t s o - c a l le d n a t io n a lis m i s a n e n d i n i t s e l f , t h a t c u lt u r a l p u r it y i s s o m e
t h i n g t o b e s a c r e d ly c h e r is h e d a n d d e v o u t l y w is h e d f o r . I n t h e p r a c t ic a l a p
p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s p o l i c y t h e v i t a l i n t e r e s t s o f U k r a in ia n s h e r e , a r e t r a n s f e r r e d
t o t h e w o r ld b e y o n d , t h a t is , m u c h o f t h e i r e x t r a - in a in t e n a n c e a n d o t h e r a c t iv
i t y i s c h a n n e le d in t o t h e m ir a g e o f t h e s t r u g g l e a b r o a d , r a t h e r t h a n t o t h e
v i t a l i n t e r e s t s j u s t a s r e a l o f U k r a i n i a n s h e r e , n o t t o m e n t io n o f A m e r i
c a n s h e r e . T h a t i s t h e m a in c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s r a t io n a l p o lic y ; t h e o t h e r is
t h e d e lu s io n t h a t b y r e m a in in g p u r e U k r a in ia n s h e r e t h e l o t o f t h o s e a b r o a d
w i l l b e m a t e r ia lly h e lp e d a n d t h a t s o m e h o w in t h e d i s t a n t f u t u r e t h e U k r a in
i a n s h e r e w ill s h a r e v i t a l f e l i c i t i e s in t h e k in g d o m t o c o m e b e y o n d .
The
g e n u in e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a l t a n g i b l e h e lp t h a t U k r a in ia n s h e r e c a n r e n d e r
t h o s e a b r o a d i f t h a t i s t h e d e s i r e i s b y a d o p t in g t h o s e p o lic ie s w h ic h w ill
m a k e t h e m s u c c e s s f u l h e r e a n d t h i s m e a n s c o n t a c t s , id e n t if ic a t io n o f t h e ir
i n t e r e s t s w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f A m e r ic a n s , a n d h e n c e c u ltu r e c h a n g e i s ig n o r e d .
3 . E f f e c t i v e r a t io n a l t e c h n i q u e s
of
a c c e le r a t in g
A m e r ic a n iz a t io n .
N o w , o n t h e s u b j e c t o f r a t io n a l p r o c e d u r e t o h a s t e n t h e p r o g r e s s o f
c u lt u r e c h a n g e , o f A m e r ic a n iz a t io n . W e s h a ll p r e s e n t l y s c r u t in iz e a f e w o f
t h e t y p i c a l s o - c a lle d A m e r ic a n iz a t io n p r o g r a m s ; h e r e w e a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h
t h a t w h ic h w o u ld r e a l l y b e e f fic a c io u s in a c h i e v i n g i t s o b j e c t .
T here can be
o n l y o n e s i i c h p o lic y : e it h e r a n o r g a n iz e d a t t e m p t t o i n c r e a s e t h e o c c u p a t io n a l
o p p o r t u n it ie s , t h e e c o n o m ic m e a n s o f liv e lih o o d , o f t h e im m ig r a n t ; o r , a s o c i e t a l
o r d e r w h ic h w o u ld a d m it g e n e r a l l y o f m o r e e q u it a b le e c o n o m ic o p p o r t u n it y .
T h e e c o n o m ic f a c t o r , b e i t a g a i n r e c a lle d , i s t h e e n t e r in g w e d g e t o a l l s o c ia l
change.
O n e v e r y p o t e n t r e a s o n w h y U k r a in ia n -A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y f lo u r is h e s
a s i t d o e s , t o th in k o n ly , f o r e x a m p le , o f t h e m u t u a l b e n e fit s o c i e t i e s , i s b e
c a u s e o f t h e p e r p e t u a l e c o n o m ic i n s e c u r it y o f t h e im m ig r a n t m u c h g r e a t e r
t h a n in t h e n a t iv e b e c a u s e t h e l a t t e r d o e s n o t f a c e t h e d iffic u ltie s o f a d j u s t i n g
t o a n o v e l e c o n o m ic c u lt u r e , a n d a l s o b e c a u s e , t a k i n g n a t i v e A m e r ic a n s a s a
w h o le , t h e p r o p o r tio n o f t h o s e in t h e r a n k s o f u n s k ille d a n d lo w - p a id la b o r
i s m u c h lo w e r t h a n i t i s t a k i n g t h e U k r a in ia n im m ig r a n t a s a w h o le , s in c e
t h e l a t t e r c o m e s f r o m a p r e d o m in a n t ly p e a s a n t s o c i e t y , w h ile t h e f o r m e r f r o m
a h i g h ly in d u s t r ia liz e d a n d s p e c ia liz e d s o c i e t y .
S u c h a n a d v a n c e i n e c o n o m ic
s t a t u s o f t h e U k r a in ia n w o u ld a u t o m a t i c a ll y d is t r ib u t e h im , i n s o m e w h a t t h e
s a m e p r o p o r t io n , a s i s t h e c a s e w i t h n a t i v e s , in t h e d if f e r e n t e c o n o m ic a n d
p r o f e s s i o n a l s t r a t a . H is i n t e r e s t s w o u ld , t h e n , l a r g e l y b e c o m e t h e i n t e r e s t s o f
a p a r t i c u la r c l a s s r a t h e r t h a n h i s p a r t ic u la r c u lt u r e g r o u p ; i n t e r e s t s m e a n
c o n ta c ts, c o n ta c ts m ea n c h a n g e .
S u c h a p o l i c y w o u ld , in d e e d , m a t e r i a li z e in
t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s d e s ir e d i f t h e y a r e d e s ir e d . I t i s o f g r e a t im p o r t a n c e , h o w
e v e r , t o k n o w t h a t t h i s p o lic y , d e s p it e a ll t h e g lib t a l k a b o u t A m e r i c a n i z a t i o n
a n d d e s p it e a l l t h e c o n c o c t io n s p r e s u m a b ly t o e f f e c t t h e l a t t e r , h a s n e v e r b e e n
p r o p o s e d s e r i o u s l y b y a n y o n e n o r i s l ik e l y t o b e . B u n g l in g w ill c o n t i n u e a n d
m i r a c le s w ill b e f e r v e n t l y a s s u a g e d ; w h e r e v e r t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s n o t e d h a v e
o c c u r r e d t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n t h e r e s u l t o f r a t io n a l p o lic y .
V . A P P R A IS A L O F R A T IO N A L A M E R IC A N IZ A T IO N A N D U K R A IN IA N IZ A T IO N P O L IC IE S P R A C T IC E D O R A D V O C A T E D .
W e a r e n o w in a p o s it i o n t o e v a lu a t e i n t e r m s o f t h e c o r r e la t io n , o r l a c k
o f i t , b e t w e e n t h e t y p i c a l p o p u la r p o l i c i e s ( r e a l l y n o t p o lip ie s i n a s m u c h a s
t h e y h a v e s e ld o m b e e n t r ie d b u t r a t h e r a r e s u s p e n d e d in t h e e p h e m e r a l p e r i
p h e r y o f s e n s e g r o s s l y c a lle d p u b lic o p in io n ) a n d t h e d e s ir e d e n d s .
Put
i n a n o t h e r w a y , w e s h a ll d i s c u s s t h e r e l a t io n w h ic h a c t u a l l y i s b e t w e e n p u r p o s e s
a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s i n w h a t w e s h a l l t e r m d e lib e r a t e o r n a t io n a l a t t e m p t s a t
A m e r i c a n i z a t i o n o r U k r i n i a n iz a t io n w h ic h a c t u a l l y h a v e b e e n t r ie d o r a t
le a s t w e r e o r h a v e b e e n a d v o c a te d .
A n d th is su b je c t, a s th e o th e r s, w e a re
b y r e a s o n o f s p a c e f o r c e d t o t r e a t b u t in g e n e r a l o u t lin e .
1. A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
P ro g ra m s.
T h e U k r a in ia n a s w a s u s u a l l y t h e c a s e w i t h o t h e r i m m ig r a n t n a t i o n
a l i t i e s f i r s t c a m e t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h a t p a r t o f t h e A m e r ic a n p u b lic k n o w n
a s t h e s o c i a l w o r k e r s .
T h i s w a s n a t u r a l i n a s m u c h a s t h e U k r a in ia n w a s
g e n e r a l l y f o u n d i n t h a t e c o n o m ic c l a s s w h ic h , b y v i r t u e o f t h e c o n d it io n o f
l i v i n g im p o s e d o n i t b y t h e A m e r i c a n e c o n o m ic s t r u c t u r e c o u p le d w i t h i t s o c
c u p a t io n a l b a c k g r o u n d , w a s a l w a y s f a c i n g p r o b le m s w h ic h t h e b a r e in c o m e i t
g o t c o u ld n o t s o l v e . T h e s o c i a l w o r k e r c a m e in , i n p e r io d s o f d e p r e s s io n , o r
s o m e p e r s o n a l c r i s i s a n d , a s m u c h a s h e o r s h e c o u ld , a p p lie d s o m e p a l l ia t i v e
t p t h e im m e d ia t e s i t u a t i o n .
T h e r e w a s l i t t l e p h i lo s o p h y b e h in d t h i s , e x c e p t
t h e d e s ir e t o h e lp a n d t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t i f a t l e a s t t h i s p a l l ia t i v e r e m e d y w a s
n o t a d m in is te r e d , m u c h m o r e a c u t e p r o b le m s w o u ld b e c r e a t e d f o r A m e r ic a n
a n d U k r a in ia n - A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y . T h e r e w a s , t h e n , n o a l t r u is m in t h i s , e x c e p t
p e r h a p s in t h e in d iv id u a l s o c i a l w o r k e r . T h e w e a l t h y c o n t r ib u t o r s o f t h e s e
a g e n c i e s w h ic h h ir e d a n d fin a n c e d t h e s o c ia l w o r k e r w e r e g e n e r o u s o u t o f
t h e r e a liz a t io n t h a t t h i s g e n e r o s i t y w a s a c h e a p e r p r ic e f o r t h e m t o p a y
t h a n t o a l lo w t h e s e p r o b le m s t o b e c o m e a g g r a v a t e d .
I t i s n o t u n t il r e c e n t ly
w h e n t h e U k r a in ia n h a s e n tir e ly a b a n d o n ed th e s o c ia l a g e n c y t h a t t h e
s o c i a l w o r k e r h a d a n y s o r t o f p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a in in g t o d o a n y t h i n g m o r e t h a n
p a y t h e r o u t in e c a ll t o a p r o b le m f a m i ly .
T h e p u r p o s e , a t t h e s a m e tim e ;
w a s t o h e lp t h e f a m i ly , t o t i d e i t o v e r a n e m e r g e n c y , t o k e e p i t f r o m b e i n g
e n t i r e l y s u b m e r g e d . I n t h i s s e n s e , t h e s o c ia l w o r k e r w a s a s m a l l h e lp i n t h e
im m ig r a n t 's a d j u s t m e n t p r o b le m , b u t o n ly a s m a l l h e lp .
T h e so c ia l w o r k e r
u n d e r s t o o d n e i t h e r s c ie n t if ic s o c i a l p r a c t ic e b a s e d o n s c ie n t if ic s o c i a l t h e o r y ,
n o r d id h e u n d e r s t a n d t h e s p e c if ic p r o b le m o f t h e im m ig r a n t . T h i s a id in g t h e
e c o n o m ic s t a t u s o f t h e im m ig r a n t , i n s o f a r a s t h a t w a s t h e c a s e , t h r o u g h s o c i a l
w o r k , w a s , h o w e v e r , a s t e p i n t h e r i g h t d ir e c t io n , i n a s m u c h a s t h i s w a s t a c k
l i n g t h e p r o b le m o f c u l t u r e c h a n g e a t t h e r o o t .
A n i m p o r t a n t , n o t in t e n d e d , e f f e c t o f s o c i a l w o r k w a s t h a t i t d e m o n
s t r a t e d t o o t h e r s t h a t s o c i a l w o r k w a s a f a i r l y e f f e c t iv e m o d e o f g a i n i n g t h e
im m ig r a n t 's f r ie n d s h ip a n d g o o d - w ill. T h e r e l i g io u s p r o s e ly t iz e r , t h e n , a d o p te d
t h i s t e c h n iq u e o f g a i n i n g c o n v e r t s ; t h e y w e r e g o i n g t o t e a c h t h e i m m ig r a n t
p r a c t ic a l C h r is tia n ity " b y p r a c t ic in g i t t h e m s e l v e s , M o s t d e n o m in a t io n s f o u n d
i t e a s y t o b e c o m e g lo r ifie d s o c ia l w o r k e r s in a n y c a s e ; h a v i n g b e c o m e b a n k r u p t
in t h e i r o ld t h e o l o g y a n d r e a liz in g t h a t i t c o u ld n o t b e r e s u r r e c t e d , t h e p r e a c h
e r s a d a p t e d t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e s t r u g g l e f o r e x is t e n c e b y t u r n i n g s o c i a l w o r k e r s
o f a s o r t , t h o u g h s t i l l w i t h t h e o s t e n s ib le i n t e n t o f s a v i n g s o u ls . T h i s c o t e r ie
o f w e ll- m e a n in g g e n t le m e n e v e n b e c a m e c o n v in c e d t h a t a g o o d A m e r ic a n "
m u s t b e o f t h e ir d e n o m in a t io n , a n d h e n c e t o th e m , A m e r ic a n iz a t io n b e c a m e
s y n o n y m o u s w it h c o n v e r s io n t o t h e i r p a r t ic u la r c r e e d , im p lic it ly i f n o t e x p l ic i t ly .
T h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s p o lic y h a s b e e n a h a n d f u l o f c o n v e r t s " ; t h e p r o c e s s
o f c o n v e r s io n t o t h e in d iv id u a l h a s u s u a l l y e n t a ile d h e a r t - a c h e s a n d s e r io u s
d is o r g a n iz a t io n t o t h e f a m i ly .
I t w a s t h e s i t u a t i o n c r e a t e d b y t h e W o r ld W a r w h ic h l e d t o t h e fir s t
o r g a n iz e d r a t io n a l a t t e m p t a t m a s s A m e r ic a n iz a t io n ." N o w A m e r ic a n iz a t io n "
b e c a m e s y n o n y m o u s w i t h n a t u r a liz a t io n . T h e o b j e c t o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t w h ic h
s p o n s o r e d t h i s p r o g r a m lim it e d a s i t w a s , w a s s t i l l q u ite t o t h e p o in t a n d
r e a lis t ic . A m e r ic a s u d d e n ly f o u n d h e r s e l f a t W ar w i t h E u r o p e a n s t a t e s m a n y o f
w h o s e c it iz e n s a n d n a t i o n a l s h a d liv e d h e r e f o r d e c a d e s b u t w h o h a d n e v e r
c h a n g e d t h e ir f o r m a l p o lit ic a l a l l e g i a n c e ; in t h e i r s y m p a t h i e s w i t h t h e s t a t e s
w h ic h A m e r ic a f o u g h t , t h e s e p e o p le b e c a m e a n in t e r n a l p o t e n t ia l, i f n o t a c t u a l,
s o u r c e o f d a n g e r t o , o r a t l e a s t w e a k n e s s in , A m e r ic a 's w a r e f f o r t s .
It w as
t o f o r e s t a l l a n y s u c h p o s s i b i l it y in t h e f u t u r e t h a t t h e A m e r ic a n g o v e r n m e n t
s p o n s o r e d a n e x t e n s i v e c a m p a ig n f o r n a t u r a liz a t io n . T h is d id h a v e i t s e f f e c t s
in t h e im m ig r a n t s b e c o m in g n a t u r a liz e d in g r e a t e r n u m b e r s , b u t s im p le m in d s
i n t e r p r e t e d t h i s p u r e ly f o r m a l p r o c e d u r e in r e la t io n t o l a w a s t h e b e g in n in g
a n d e n d o f A m e r ic a n iz a t io n .
M o s t s u r v i v i n g A m e r ic a n iz a tio n " p r o g r a m s "
h a v e t h i s a s t h e c o r e , i f n o t t h e w h o le s u b s t a n c e , o f b o t h t h e i r p u r p o s e a n d
t h e i r a c t io n . T h e im m ig r a n t , o f c o u r s e , w i t h v e r y f e w e x c e p t i o n s , h a s n e v e r
h a d a n y o b j e c tio n in p r in c ip le o r t h e o r y o r d u e t o s o m e v a g u e n o t i o n o f l o y a l
t y " to b e c o m in g a n A m e r ic a n c it iz e n b y n a t u r a liz a t io n . I f h e d id n o t b e c o m e
a c it iz e n b y la w i t w a s s i m p l y b e c a u s e h e w a s u n s e t t le d a s t o h i s s t a y in A m e r
ic a , o r h e w a s n e v e r f a c e d ' w i t h a s i t u a t i o n w h ic h w o u ld i m p r e s s u p o n h im
t h e p r a c t ic a l a d v a n t a g e s in b e c o m in g n a t u r a liz e d . A s f a r a s t h i s c u lt u r e w a s
c o n c e r n e d , t h e m e r e f a c t o f n a t u r a liz a t io n h a d n o s ig n if ic a n t b e a r in g o n t h e
p r o c e s s e s in v o lv e d t h e r e . A l l t h e s e A m e r ic a n iz a t io n " p r o g r a m s h a v e a c h ie v e d
in s i g n if i c a n t ly l i t t l e e it h e r in t e r m s o f t h e i r sp e c ifie d p u r p o s e o r in t e r m s o f
c o n s e q u e n c e s in t h e d ir e c t io n o f c u lt u r e c h a n g e , d e s p it e t h e i r p u r p o s e .
2. U k r a in ia n iz a t io n a c t iv i t i e s .
A s t h e A m e r ic a n iz a t io n p r o g r a m s " h a v e b e e n s p o n s o r e d b y A m e r ic a n s ,
s o t h e U k r a in ia n iz a tio n " a c t iv i t i e s h a v e b e e n u n d e r t h e t u t e l a g e o f U k r a in ia n s .
I n t h e U k r a in ia n iz a t io n s p h e r e , h o w e v e r , t h e r e h a v e b e e n n o s p e c if ic p r o g r a m s
d e lib e r a t e ly d e s ir in g o r a im in g a t U k r a in ia n iz a t io n t h a t is , t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n
- o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e a s s u c h . W h a t w e fin d is a f e w t y p i c a l a c t i v i t i e s o r
t r e n d s in a c t iv i t i e s d e s ig n e d f o r s o m e q u ite d if f e r e n t a c t u a l p u r p o s e , b u t w i t h
a v o w e d p u r p o s e s a n d a c t iv i t i e s i n v o l v in g s o m e p a r t ic u la r is t ic c o n c e p t io n o f
U k r a in ia n is m , a s w e ll a s w i t h a c t u a l c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e ir a c t i v i t y q u it e d i f
f e r e n t f r o m in t e n t o r a v o w e d p u r p o s e .
T h e r e is , in t h e f ir s t p la c e , t h e a c t u a l p u r p o s e o f e v e r y o r g a n i z a t i o n
a n d t h e i r n u m b e r s a s w e ll a s t y p e s a r e m u lt ip le t o e n r o ll a s l a r g e a n u m b e r
o f U k r a in ia n s w it h in i t s f o l d a s p o s s ib le .
T h e se a tte m p ts g o o n la r g e ly
t h r o u g h t h e m e d iu m o f a c r im o n io u s d e b a te ,, s i l e n t w a r , n d r e c r i m i n a t i o n s in
p e r s o n a l t e r m s . T h e a v o w e d p u r p o s e in a t t e m p t in g to s e c u r e a m o n o p o ly o f
m e m b e r s h ip i s t h a t o n l y t h o s e U k r a in ia n s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e p a r t ic u la r o r g a n
iz a t i o n in q u e s t io n a r e g o o d U k r a i n i a n s i t i s f o r t h e i r b e n e f it t h a t w e
w a n t t h e m . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h i s a c t i v i t y a r e s e v e r a l . U k r a in ia n e n e r g i e s
a r e d is s ip a t e d ; t h e g e n u i n e a n d v i t a l p r o b le m s a n d d iff ic u ltie s w h ic h e x i s t i n
r e l a t io n t o t h e i r A m e r ic a n l i f e a r e n e g l e c t e d in t h e p u r s u i t o f a l le g e d o r g a n
iz a t i o n a l id e a ls .
T h e p r o c e s s o f a d j u s t m e n t o r l i v i n g i n A m e r ic a i s t h u s
r e n d e r e d d o u b ly d iffic u lt, i n s t e a d o f a lle v ia t e d . S e c o n d ly , i n t e r e s t a n d a c t i v
i t y in A m e r ic a n s o c i e t y i s r e d u c e d t o a s m a ll d e g r e e ; t h u s U k r a in ia n s b e c o m e
l a r g e l y i m p o t e n t in in f lu e n c in g t h e t r e n d o f A m e r ic a n a f f a ir s ; t h e i r p o l i t i c s
a r e t h e i n t e r - o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p o lit ic s . T h ir d ly , a s a n e p it o m e o f a ll t h e p r e c e d
i n g t h e r e i n v a r ia b ly r e s u l t s a g e n e r a l s e n s e o f d is illu s io n m e n t , o n t h e p a r t o f
in d iv id u a ls a n d e v e n o r g a n iz a t io n s , a b o u t U k r a in ia n is m in g e n e r a l .
W hen
t h i s s t a g e i s r e a c h e d i t i n d ic a t e s t h a t t h e p illa r s b e n e a t h m a n y , i f n o t m o s t o f
t h e o r g a n iz a t io n s , h a v e b e g u n t o g i v e w a y , a n d u s u a l l y a n e w m o v e m e n t a r is e s
to rep ea t th e p ro cess.
S e c o n d ly , t h e i m m ig r a n t g e n e r a t i o n fin d in g i t d iffic u lt t o m a in t a in t h e
v ig o r , s o m e t im e s t h e v e r y e x i s t e n c e o f i t s o w n o r g a n iz a t io n a l s t r u c t u r e , a t
t e m p t s t o p r o p u p t h i s t o t t e r i n g f a c a d e t h r o u g h t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e A m e r ic a n b o r n g e n e r a t io n .
T h e l a t t e r i s g i v e n s e r io u s a d m o n it io n o n i t s o b l i g a t io n s
t o U k r a in ia n is m ; a n d t h r o u g h b i t t e r t o n g u e o r o t h e r w i s e t h e a t t e m p t i s m a d e
t o m a r s h a l i t in t o t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e s e o r g a n iz a t io n s , o r a t l e a s t in t o t h e
a c t iv i t i e s u n d e r t h e i r p a t r o n a g e .
T h e s t a t e m e n t s o f b e n e f it s t o b e a c c r u e d
b y t h e A m e r ic a n - b o r n g e n e r a t i o n b y f o l lo w in g t h e a d m o n it io n s o f t h e e ld e r s
a r e m u lt ip le . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s , h o w e v e r , in lin e w i t h t h e p u r p o s e s a r e n e g l i
g ib le . T h e y a r e o f a n o t h e r s o r t . F ir s t , t h e A m e r ic a n - b o r n g e n e r a t i o n i n s t e a d
o f c o m in g t o a c lo s e r r a p p r o c h m e n t w i t h t h e o ld e r i f t h e l a t t e r a p p r e c ia t e d
o r u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e p r o b le m s o f t h e fo r m e r a r e v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m i t s o w n
i s f u r t h e r e s t r a n g e d f r o m it .
C o n flic t m u c h o f i t b o u n d t o c o m e i s
e x c e e d in g l y a g g r a v a t e d , a n d t h i s in a v e r y r e a l s e n s e . T h e f a m i ly , a s a b a t t l e
g r o u n d b e t w e e n t h e o ld a n d t h e n e w c u lt u r e s , c o m e s u n d e r a d d it io n a l s t r e s s e s .
S e c o n d ly , t h e e n e r g y a n d t h e t i m e c o n s u m e d b y t h e s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n in
n u m e r o u s U k r a in ia n a c t iv i t i e s , m e a n s c e r t a in ly t h a t s o m u c h l e s s i s c o n s u m e d
in A m e r ic a n a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h , r a t h e r t h a n t h e f o r m e r , i s o f im p o r t a n c e t o
t h e s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n i f i t i s t o c o m m a n d a fir m f o o t h o l d in A m e r ic a n l if e .
A n d f in a lly , in t h e t h i r d p la c e , t h e r e i s t h e m o v e m e n t o f m a s s p r e s e n t a
t i o n s o f v a r io u s a r t i s t i c a s p e c t s o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e b e f o r e t h e A m e r ic a n p u b
lic ; w i t h t h i s w e in c lu d e f o l k - s o n g f e s t i v a l s , f o l k - d a n c e s , d r a m a , a s w e l l a s
s u c h a r t if ic ia l o r g a n iz e d a t t e m p t s a t p u b lic it y a s U k r a i n i a n b a s e b a ll t e a m s ,
fo o tb a ll le a g u e s , e tc .
T h e p u r p u s e h e r e , i f w e o m it f r o m c o n s id e r a t io n t h a t
o f t h e s p o n s o r s , is , o n t h e p a r t o f U k r a in ia n s t o a c q u a in t t h e A m e r ic a n
p e o p le w i t h U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e . I n s o f a r a s i t i s a n a s p e c t o f U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e
t h a t i s p r e s e n t e d , i t d o e s a c h ie v e i t s p u r p o s e b u t in a lim it e d d e g r e e o n ly . T h e
p e o p le w h o w i t n e s s t h e s e p r e s e n t a t i o n s k n o w t h a t t h e y a r e p e r f o r m a n c e s ; t h e
A m e r ic a n a u d ie n c e o b t a i n s a c e r t a in a e s t h e t i c s a t i s f a c t i o n f r o m t h e m ; i t , t h e r e
f o r e , d o e s a p p r e c ia t e t h e m , a n d , in t u r n , U k r a in ia n s , b u t t h i s in a s u p e r f ic ia l
s e n s e o n ly . T h is h a s a c o n s e q u e n c e a l t o g e t h e r u n s u s p e c t e d b y b o t h U k r a i n i a n s
a n d A m e r ic a n s : T h e p a t r o n a g e o f , o r i n v i t a t io n b y , A m e r ic a n s o f t h e s e p u b lic
p r e s e n t a t i o n s i s a m o d e o f r e c o g n it io n b y t h e A m e r ic a n p u b lic o f t h e U k r a i n
ia n s a s a g r o u p . T h e s e a c t iv i t i e s , t h e r e f o r e , c r e a t e in t h e U k r a in ia n a g r e a t e r
n a t io n a l s e l f - c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a g r e a t e r s o lid a r it y , f o r i t i s l a r g e l y t h r o u g h t h e s e
p u b lic a p p e a r a n c e s u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e g r o u p t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n in d i
v id u a l f e e l s h e c a n g e t t h e r e c o g n i t io n h e d e s ir e s . T h is t h e n , c o n t r a r y t o t h e
a v o w e d d e s i r e s o f A m e r ic a n s , b u t in a c c o r d w i t h t h e im p lic it b u t n o t s u s p e c t e d ,
d e s ir e s o f U k r a in ia n s , s e r v e s t o r e t a r d c u lt u r e c h a n g e o f U k r a i n i a n s , e x c e p t
a s in d iv id u a l c o n t a c t s e v e n t u a t e a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f a c q u a in t a n c e t h r o u g h
th e s e g r o u p p r e se n ta tio n s.
A m o r e im p o r t a n t c o n s e q u e n c e o f a n u n d u e s t r e s s o n t h i s m e d iu m o f
b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d in g b e t w e e n A m e r ic a n s a n d U k r a in ia n s a r i s e s f r o m t h e a s
s u m p t io n , o n t h e p a r t o f s o m a n y U k r a in ia n s , t h a t t h i s i s t h e o n ly , o r a t
l e a s t t h e m o s t e f f e c t iv e m e a n s o f c o n t a c t, a n d h e n c e o f b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d in g ,
b e t w e e n t h e t w o . W h a t i s e n t i r e ly o v e r lo o k e d i s t h e im p o r t a n c e o f p r im a r y
c o n t a c t s , t h o s e c o n t a c t s w h ic h a r is e o u t o f in d iv id u a l p e r s o n a l r e l a t io n s h ip s
i n c o n t in u o u s f a c e - t o - f a c e a s s o c i a t i o n , a s i t w e r e . I t i s t h e s e in f o r m a l a s s o c i a
t io n s , r a t h e r t h a n m a s s s h o w s w h ic h e v e n t u a t e in a k n o w l e d g e a n d a n a p
p r e c ia t io n o f t h e U k r a i n i a n b y A m e r ic a n s , a n d v i c e - v e r s a , an<J w h ic h t h e r e f o r e
r e d u c e o r e r a d ic a t e w h a t e v e r a n t i p a t h y b a s e d o n s t r a n g e n e s s t h e r e m a y e x i s t
b e tw e e n th e tw o .
O le s
W HAT
CHARM A
N A T I O N 'S
R E S U R R E C T IO N
W h a t c h a r m l i e s in a n a t io n 's r e s u r r e c t io n !
A y e a r , a d a y a g o w a s h e a r d t h e s l a v e 's l a m e n t ;
T h e s a i n t s o f p a s t w e r e s i l e n t in in a c t io n
A n d w o e f u l l y t h e a g e d b e ll t h e a ir d id r e n t.
W h e n a ll a t o n c e a w a v e o f m i g h t s w e p t o v e r
J u s t lik e a s t o r m i t g r i p t a n d t h e n e m b r a c e d a ll l if e ,
A n d lo !
T h e b a n d s a r e h o ld in g o n t o b a n n e r s
A n d v i c t o r y i s s u n g w h e r e s e r v it u d e w a s r ife .
T r a n s la t e d b y W a ld im ir S e m e n y n a
PLEASE
D O N 'T
S IN G
B y L e s ia U k r a in k a
P le a s e d o n 't s i n g t o m e t h i s s o n g , I b e g
D o n 't p e r t u r b m y h e a r t s o p a in fu lly ;
In m y h e a r t m y s o r r o w s l e e p s s o l i g h t l y
W h y d o w a k e i t w i t h t h i s m e lo d y .
you,
Y o u d o n 't k n o w r i g h t n o w w h a t I'm t h i n k i n g
W h e n I 'm s i t t i n g , p a llid a n d a lo n e ,
F o r i t ' s t h e n t h a t d o w n d e e p in m y b o s o m
T h is s a d s o n g i s w e e p i n g a ll u n k n o w n .
T r a n s l a t e d b y W a ld ip iir S e m e n y n a
JO SE P H
D . S T E T K E W IC Z
THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

I.
P r o f e s s o r H a y e s d e f in e s n a t i o n a l i t y a s a p e o p le w h o s p e a k t h e s a m e
la n g u a g e , o r c lo s e l y r e l a t e d d ia le c t s , c h e r is h a c o m m o n t r a d it io n , a n d
c o n s t i t u t e , o r t h in k t h e y c o n s t i t u t e , a d i s t i n c t c u lt u r a l s o c i e t y . 1
T hat
P r o f e s s o r H a y e s p la c e s t h e l a n g u a g e o f a p e o p le in f i r s t p la c e i s n o w o n d e r ,
f o r i t i s d o u b t f u l i f t h e c u lt u r e o f a n a t io n c o u ld c o n t in u e t o a d v a n c e w i t h o u t
a c o m m o n la n g u a g e .
U k r a in ia n is t h e la n g u a g e o f 4 0 m illio n p e o p le liv in g o n t h e la n d
w h ic h h a s b e e n t h e o b j e c t o f a t t a c k b y t h e K h o z a r s , P e c h e n e g s , T o r k s , P o lo v t s i,
T a t a r s , P o le s a n d R u s s ia n s .
N o t o n l y d o t h e U k r a in ia n p r o v in c e s c o v e r
a n a r e a n e a r ly e q u a l t o t h a t o f F r a n c e , I t a l y a n d E n g la n d c o m b in e d : n o t
o n l y d o t h e y c o n t a in t h e b e s t p a r t o f t h e B la c k E a r t h Z o n e , t h e g r a n a r y
o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e , m o s t o f t h e c o a l a n d ir o n , n e a r ly a ll o f t h e o il, a ll o f
t h e s a l t , 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e b e e t , 7 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e to b a c c o , o n e - t h ir d o f t h e
liv e - s t o c k o f a ll R u s s i a : b u t t h e y a r e t h e b o n e o f h e r b o n e a n d f l e s h o f h e r
fle s h .
T h e y a r e p u r e S la v s , p u r e O r t h o d o x : u n t il a v e r y f e w y e a r s a g o n o
o n e w o u ld h a v e h e s i t a t e d t o a d d , p u r e R u s s ia n .
G o g o l a n d T c h a ik o v s k y
w e r e U k r a in ia n s : i t w o u ld h a v e a s t o n is h e d e it h e r o f t h e m t o b e t o l d t h e y
w e r e n o t R u ssia n s.
A n d ev en S h ev tc h e n k o , th e ep o n y m o u s h ero o f th e
N a tio n a lis t
M o v e m e n t,
or
D rahom anov,
its
M a z z in i,
never
a d v o c a te d
s e p a r a t i o n . 2
U k r a in ia n is t h e l a n g u a g e w h ic h h a s c o m e d o w n t o u s w i t h s u c h
t r e a s u r e s a s N e s t o r s C h r o n ic le ( 1 1 t h c e n t u r y ) , T a le o f I h o r s L e g io n ( 1 2 t h
c e n t u r y ) , C h r o n ic le o f H a lic h ( 1 3 t h c e n t u r y ) , a n d is t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e
K o z a k C h r o n ic le s ( 1 7 t h c e n t u r y ) , t h e K o z a k d u m i a n d t h e la n g u a g e o f
S h evch en k o and F ran ko.
B y f a r t h e m o s t v i t a l a n d im p o r t a n t p a r t o f
m o d e r n ( U k r a i n i a n ) f o l k l o r e i s t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e K o z a k p e r io d .
Its m o st
in t e r e s t i n g s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o f e le g i a c p o e m s ( d u m i) a b o u t t h e K o z a k s , t h e i r
w a r s , a n d t h e i r m i s f o r t u n e s in C r im e a n a n d T u r k is h c a p t iv it y .
T h e se e le g ie s
a r e s t i l l in t o n e d b y p r o f e s s i o n a l i t in e r a n t s i n g e r s t o t h e a c c o m p a n im e n t o f
a s o r t o f lu te (k o b za , o r ly r a ) .
B y t h e i r s id e U k r a in ia n f o lk lo r e p o s s e s s e s
a g r e a t w e a l t h o f l y r ic a l s o n g s o f a v e r y l i v e l y a n d s p ir it e d s t y l e in w h ic h
t h e h e r o e s a r e t h e K o z a k a n d h i s g ir l.
A l l t h i s K o z a k p o e t r y i s in r h y m e d
v e r s e s , a n d r h y m e (u n k n o w n t o O ld R u s s i a n a s w e ll a s to t h e o ld e r G r e a t
R u s s i a n p o p u la r p o e t r y ) s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a d o p t e d f r o m t h e w e s t b e f o r e
t h e s p r e a d o f lit e r a r y r h y m e d v e r s e . 3
T h e w o r d U k r a in e h a s b e c o m e a
s y m b o l o f a ll t h e e n c h a n t m e n t w h ic h p o e t s h a v e f o u n d in t h e r o llin g s t e p p e
la n d s o f t h e s o u t h . 4
1
2
3
4
Hayes, C. J. H., Essays on Nationalism, p. 5.

Butler, Ralph, The New Eastern Europe, p. 131 (1 9 1 9 ).
Mirsky, D. S., Russia, a Social History, p. 83 (1 9 3 1 ).
Coleman, Arthur P., Brief Survey of Ukrainian Literature, p. 7.
T h e w o r ld h a s b e e n c o n v in c e d t h a t U k r a in ia n i s d i s t i n c t f r o m a n y
o t h e r S la v ic l a n g u a g e . I n m a n y w o r k s o f h i s t o r y t h e s t u d e n t m a y r e a d t h a t
U k r a in ia n i s t h e s a m e a s , o r a d ia le c t o f, t h e R u s s i a n o r t h e P o li s h la n g u a g e ,
o r t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e h a d b r a n c h e d o f f f r o m t h e R u s s ia n .
T h e
c u lt u r a l v o c a b u la r y o f t h e in d iv id u a l ( S l a v ) la n g u a g e s i s e n t i r e ly d iv e r g e n t,
f o r i t h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d b y s u c h d if f e r e n t in f lu e n c e s , t h a t t h o u g h t h e S la v s
m a y s t i l l p r e t e n d t o a c e r t a in l in g u i s t i c u n ity , t h i s is p u r e l y f o r m a l a n d in
n o w a y c u lt u r a l. 6
I f t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e h a d b e e n s im ila r t o R u s s ia n , t h e U k a s e o f
E m s ( 1 8 7 6 ) w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n s ig n e d b y A l e x a n d e r II, p r o h ib it in g : f ir s t ,
t h e im p o r t t o R u s s i a f r o m a b r o a d o f b o o k s p u b lis h e d in t h e L i t t le R u s s i a n
l a n g u a g e ; s e c o n d , t h e p u b lis h in g in R u s s ia o f a n y b o o k s in t h e L i t t l e R u s s ia n
l a n g u a g e e x c e p t h i s t o r i c a l d o c u m e n t s a n d b e l l e s - l e t t r e s ; th ir d , t h e u s e o f t h e
U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e o n t h e s t a g e . 6 R u s s i a a n d P o la n d h a v e m a d e r e p e a te d
a t t e m p t s t o d e s t r o y o u r la n g u a g e , k n o w in g w e ll t h a t t h e y c o u ld t h u s w in
h a l f t h e i r b a t t l e o f R u s s i f i c a t i o n o r P o lo n iz a t io n .7
T h e r e a r e s t i l l s o m e w h o i n s i s t o n q u o t in g s u c h s o u r c e s a s C o u n t
V a lu y e v , R u s s ia n M in is t e r o f t h e I n t e r io r in 1 8 6 3 , w h o d e c la r e d t h a t t h e r e
n e v e r h a s e x is t e d , t h e r e d o e s n o t e x is t , a n d t h e r e n e v e r c a n e x is t , a L i t t le
R u s s ia n la n g u a g e a n d n a t i o n a l i t y . 8 S la v ic p h ilo lo g y , h o w e v e r , i s d e f in it e ly
o p p o s e d t o s u c h a v ie w , h a v i n g p r o v e n c o n c lu s iv e ly , w i t h f e w e x c e p t io n s ,
t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e i s m o r e c lo s e l y r e la t e d t o S e r b ia n t h a n to
R u s s ia n o r P o lis h , a n d t h a t i t i s a r e c o g n iz e d l a n g u a g e .9
A c c o r d in g to
P r o f e s s o r S m a l - S t o t s k y , t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e , d u r in g m a n y c e n t u r ie s , h a s
c r e a t e d i t s o w n s y s t e m o f p h o n o lo g y , m o r p h o lo g y , l e x i c o l o g y a n d s y n t a x ,
a n d i t s n o r m s s h o w i t s o w n in d iv id u a l c h a r a c t e r a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t e i t a s t h e
s p e c if ic w o r k o f p s y c h o p h y s i c a l f o r c e s o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t i o n a s c o m p a r e d
w i t h o t h e r S la v ic l a n g u a g e s . 10 I n f a c t , e v e n t h e P o le , B a n d t k e , w r o t e t h a t
t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e , w h o s e s e a t i s K ie v , i s a t l e a s t a s o ld a s R u s s ia n ,
a n d t h e r e f o r e i t c a n n o t p o s s i b l y b e a R u s s ia n d ia le c t . . .
K ie v f lo u r is h e d
l o n g b e f o r e M o sc o w , a n d t h e S la v ic P o ly a n i,11 b e f o r e R u r ik , s p o k e n o n e b u t
t h e i r o w n S la v ic l a n g u a g e . 12 T h e h i s t o r y o f R u s s i a d o e s n o t b e g in w it h
t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e G r e a t R u s s ia n s , b u t w i t h t h e L i t t le R u s s i a n s . 13
A m o n g t h o s e w h o h a v e g iv e n e v id e n c e o f t h e e x is t e n c e o f U k r a in ia n
a s a d i s t i n c t la n g u a g e i s B a n t is h - K a m e n s k y , w h o s a y s t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e c o n t a in s a g r e a t m a n y S la v ic w o r d s w h ic h c a n n o t e v e n b e fo u n d
in t h e p r e s e n t R u s s i a n l a n g u a g e . 14
U k r a in ia n h a s p r e s e r v e d t h e o ld
5 Mirsky, D. S., Russia, a Social History, p. 25.

6 Vernadsky, George, Political and Diplomatic History of Russia, p. 329.
7 Although understanding Ukrainian, the Poles even now deliberately ignore
it, responding only when addressed in Polish. See Sheepshanks, Mary, Polands Reign
of Terror, in The Living Age; vol. 3 39, Feb. 1931, p. 621.
8 Order of the Minister of the Interior to the Minister of Public Instruction,
No. 394, June 8 /2 1 , 1863.
9 Reader is referred to St. Petersburg Academy of Science, its famous official
decision Concerning the Removal of the Restriction of Little Russian (Ukrainian)
Publications. St. Petersburg, 1905.
Ukrainian General Encyclopaedia, vol. 3, p. 5 71 (1 9 3 ? ).
(In Ukrainian).
11 The Polyani were a tribe around Kiev from which the Ukrainian nation
had sprung.
12 Bandtke, G. S., Comments on the Bohemian (C zech), Polish and Presentday Russian Languages, in M essenger of Europe, no. 84, pp. 23-25, 118-124 (1 8 1 5 ).
(In Russian).
13 Levine, Isaac Don, The Resurrected Nations, p. 84.
14 Bantish-Kamensky, History of Little Russia, 4th ed., Kiev, p. 480 (1 9 0 3 ).
(In Russian).
S la v o n ic n a m e s o f t h e m o n t h s , w h ile G r e a t R u s s ia n k n o w s o n l y t h e R o m a n
n a m es.
U k r a in ia n f o lk lo r e p r e s e r v e s in i t s p o e t r y a n d f o l k - r it u a l m u c h t h a t
c a n b e a s s ig n e d a p r e - R u s s ia n o r ig i n .,,15
S rezn ev sk y sa y s th a t a t th e
p r e s e n t t im e i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v e t h a t U k r a in ia n is a l a n g u a g e a n d
n o t a d ia le c t o f R u s s ia n o r P o li s h a s s o m e h a v e c o n t e n d e d , a n d m a n y h a v e
b e e n c o n v in c e d t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e i s o n e o f t h e r ic h e s t o f S la v ic
l a n g u a g e s , t h a t i t d o e s n o t g i v e w a y t o C z e c h in a b u n d a n c e o f w o r d s a n d
e x p r e s s i o n s , t o P o li s h in p ic t u r e s q u e d e s c r ip t io n , o r t o S e r b ia n in p l e a s a n t n e s s ;
t h a t a lt h o u g h i t i s a la n g u a g e n o t a s y e t d e v e lo p e d , i t c a n a lr e a d y b e c o m p a r e d
w i t h t h e r e f in e d l a n g u a g e s a s t o f l e x i b i l i t y a n d w e a l t h o f s y n t a x , a la n g u a g e
w h ic h i s p o e t ic a l, m u s ic a l, p i c t u r e s q u e . 16
R u d n it s k y
sta te s th a t
th e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f M ik lo s ic h , M a lin o v s k y , D a h l, M a k s im o v ic h , P o t e b n ia , Z h i t e t s k y ,
O h o n o v s k y , S h a k h m a t o v , B r o c h , B a u d o u in d e C o u r te n a y , F o r t u n a t o v , K o r s h ,
K r im s k y , S a t o t s k y , a n d o t h e r s , h a v e p r o v e d b e y o n d a d o u b t t h a t t h e U k r a in
i a n l a n g u a g e i s n o t a d ia le c t o f t h e R u s s i a n la n g u a g e , b u t a n in d e p e n d e n t
l a n g u a g e o f e q u a l r a n k w it h t h e R u s s i a n . 17
A l m o s t a c e n t u r y a g o i t w a s e x p r e s s e d t h a t t h e e le m e n t o f U k r a in ia n
p o e t r y h a s s in c e b e e n t r a n s f u s e d in t o m o d e r n P o li s h lit e r a t u r e , t o t h e v e r y
g r e a t a d v a n ta g e o f th e la tte r .
F o u r P o li s h p o e t s o f n o o r d in a r y g e n i u s
h a v e d iv id e d a m o n g s t t h e m t h e s p ir i t u a l d o m a in o f U k r a i n e : Z a le s k i a n d
O liz a r o s k i a r e s i n g i n g h e r b e a u t y a n d a n c ie n t f r e e d o m ; G o s z c z y s k i h a s
p ic t u r e d h e r h o r r o r s , w h i l s t M a lc z e w s k i c h o s e t h e w i d e s t f i e l d f o r h i m s e l f
t h a t o f h e r s o r r o w . 18
T h o s e o n l y w h o u n d e r s t a n d t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e p e o p le o f U k r a in e
c a n a p p r e c ia t e t h e r ic h n e s s o f i t s g r a m m a t ic a l c o n s t r u c t io n , a n d t h e a l m o s t
c o u n t l e s s a n d d e lic a t e g r a d a t io n s o f m e a n in g , o f w h ic h t h e s a m e w o r d i s
m a d e s u s c e p t ib le b y a s l i g h t c h a n g e in i t s t e r m in a t io n . T h e s o n o r o u s s t r a i n s
o f t h e s e s o n g s ( d u m i) c a n p e r h a p s b e s t b e c o n c e iv e d o f, b y im a g in in g t h e
a n c i e n t G r e e k c o m b in e d w i t h t h e m o d e r n I t a l i a n . 19
O f a ll t h e S la v ic
l a n g u a g e s , U k r a in ia n i s s a id t o b e t h e m o s t m e lo d io u s a n d a f t e r t h e I t a l i a n
l a n g u a g e t h e U k r a in ia n i s b e s t a d a p t e d f o r s i n g i n g . 20
II.
T h e m a j o r i t y o f o u r A m e r ic a n s o f U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t a r e f a m i li a r w i t h
t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e a t l e a s t t o t h e e x t e n t o f u n d e r s t a n d in g t h e s p o k e n
w o r d , a n d m a n y m a k e a s e r io u s e f f o r t a t b e c o m in g p r o f ic ie n t in i t t o t h e
e x t e n t o f w r i t in g in U k r a in ia n f o r p u b lic a t io n .
N e v e r th e le s s , o n e s o m e tim e s
h e a r s o u r y o u t h p o s e s u c h q u e s t io n s a s , W h y s h o u ld I le a r n t h e U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e ?
I d o n t n e e d i t in A m e r ic a , s o w h y s h o u ld I w a s t e t im e in
le a r n in g i t ?
W h a t s t h e u s e o f le a r n i n g t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e w h e n
U k r a in e i s n t e v e n r e c o g n iz e d a s a n a t i o n ? W h e r e c a n I le a r n t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e a n d h o w m u c h w ill i t c o s t ?
T h e f i r s t t w o q u e r ie s a r e m a d e
w i t h o u t t h o u g h t , f o r in e a c h c a s e t h e p e r s o n s o o n c o m e s t o t h e r e a liz a t io n
t h a t i t i s n e v e r a w a s t e o f t im e t o le a r n s u c h a c u lt u r a l s u b j e c t a s t h e
15 Mirsky, D. S., Russia, a Social History, p. 82.

16 Sreznevsky, I., Glance at the Monuments of Ukrainian Folklore, in Scientific
Reports of the University of Moscow, vol. 6, p. 134-1 So (1 8 3 4 ). (In Russian).
17 Rudnitsky, Stephen, Ukraine, the Land and Its People, p. 168.
18 History and Literature of the Cossacks: Songs of the Ukraine, in American
Eclectic, vol. 1, p. 350 (1 8 4 1 ).
19 ibid.
20 Rudnitsky, Stephen, Ukraine, the Land and Its People, p. 172.
la n g u a g e o f a p e o p le , e s p e c ia lly o f a p e o p le f r o m w h o m h e h a s d e s c e n d e d .
B e s id e s , t h e r e is n o c u lt u r a l u n d e r t a k in g in t h e w o r ld w h ic h d e s e r v e s
c o n d e m n a t io n .
I t is r a t h e r u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t in t h e s e t im e s a p e r s o n g i f t e d a lo n g
c e r t a in lin e s , s u c h a s p o e t r y , m u s ic , e t c ., i s s o m e t im e s f o r c e d , in o r d e r
t o m a k e a liv in g , t o a b a n d o n t h a t f i e l d in w h ic h h e c o u ld w o r k w it h h e a r t
a n d s o u l, f o r c e d b y a s o c ia l o r e c o n o m ic s y s t e m in w h ic h h e f i n d s h im s e lf
t o b u r y t h e in h e r it e d t a l e n t i n s t e a d o f a l lo w in g i t t o f o l l o w i t s n a t u r a l
co u rse.
O u r y o u t h i s le d t o lo o k u p o n h is e d u c a t io n p r im a r ily f r o m t h e
p r a c t ic a l p o in t o f v ie w .
I t is t r u e t h a t s u c h a s t a t e is d e p lo r a b le , f o r w e r e
t h i s t r u e t h r o u g h o u t U k r a in ia n h is t o r y , w o u ld w e h a v e o u r S h e v c h e n k o o r
o u r F r a n k o ? W o u ld o u r lit e r a t u r e , o u r f o l k l o r e a n d s o n g s b e a c c e p t e d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld w e r e t h e y o n ly t h e p r o d u c t s o f t h e u t i l it a r i a n m in d ?
M a n y a r e t h e t r e a s u r e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n h a n d e d d o w n t h r o u g h o u t t h e a g e s
b y m e a n s f o r w h ic h n o c o m p e n s a t io n w a s d e m a n d e d o r e x p e c t e d .
O u r y o u t h , b e in g o f U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t , h a v e , w i t h a k n o w le d g e o f
U k r a in ia n , t h e o p p o r t u n it y o f a llo w in g t h e i r n a t u r a l a n d in h e r e n t t a l e n t s
r u n in a w id e r c h a n n e l, a p o s it io n e n v ie d b y m a n y w h o h a v e c o m m a n d o f
b u t o n e la n g u a g e .
T h e f a c t t h a t U k r a in e is n o t r e c o g n iz e d a s a n a t io n i s n o r e a s o n f o r
s a y i n g t h a t t h e r e is n o a d v a n t a g e in l e a r n i n g t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e s in c e ,
o n t h e o n e h a n d , s u c h a la n g u a g e a s L a t i n i s t a u g h t a l t h o u g h n o L a t in
n a t io n e x is t s , a n d , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s u c h la n g u a g e s a s W h it e R u s s ia n ,
G e o r g ia n , a n d A r m e n ia n a r e a m o n g t h e o f f i c i a l l a n g u a g e s u s e d a n d r e c o g n iz e d
t o d a y , w h e r e a s in n e it h e r c a s e h a v e t h e s e p e o p le b e e n r e c o g n iz e d a s a
s e p a r a t e n a t io n .
N e g l e c t i n g t o le a r n U k r a in ia n c e r t a in ly i s n o t g o i n g t o a id
in o u r s t r u g g l e f o r r e c o g n it io n a s a s e p a r a t e n a tio n , a n a t io n a t p r e s e n t
d iv id e d t e r r it o r i a ll y a m o n g o p p r e s s o r s , t h o u g h in d e s t r u c t i b l y u n it e d c u lt u r a lly
a n d l in g u i s t i c a l l y .
I n m o s t c a s e s t h e t r u e r e a s o n f o r f a i l i n g t o le a r n t h e
U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e i s s h e e r h u m a n in e r t ia , w h ic h i s o f t e n c o v e r e d b y t h e
a g e - o ld e x c u s e o f la c k o f t im e o r f a c il i t ie s .
T o so m e o f o u r y o u th , h o w ev er,
t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f k n o w in g U k r a in ia n h a v e n o t b e e n m a d e a p p a r e n t, a n d
t h u s w e c a n n o t s a y t h a t o u r y o u t h is b lin d t o t h e o p p o r t u n it ie s o f f e r e d t h e m
w h en w e k n o w th e y h a v e n ev er been sh ow n .
T h e f a c il i t ie s f o r le a r n in g o u r la n g u a g e a r e m u c h g r e a t e r a t p r e s e n t
t h a n a t a n y p r e v io u s t im e . I n s e v e r a l A m e r ic a n c it ie s t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e
i s t a u g h t in t h e h i g h s c h o o l, a n d C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s i t y in t h e C ity o f N e w
Y o r k i s t h e f i r s t h ig h e r a c a d e m ic i n s t i t u t i o n in A m e r ic a t o o f f e r U k r a in ia n
a s a la n g u a g e .
B e s i d e s t h e s e A m e r ic a n i n s t i t u t i o n s , U k r a in ia n i s t a u g h t in
p a r o c h ia l o r c o m m u n it y s c h o o ls a n d p r iv a t e ly .
In a n y c a s e , t h e c o s t o f
s u c h e d u c a t io n i s o n ly a f r a c t io n o f t h e r e t u r n s w h ic h c a n b e r e a liz e d b y
b o t h t h e in d iv id u a l a n d t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n .
T h e U k r a in ia n - A m e r ic a n w h o f a i l s t o p r o f i t b y a n y o p p o r t u n it y o f
le a r n in g t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e n o w , w ill p r o b a b ly r e g r e t h is s h o r t
s ig h te d n e s s a t a la te r d a te .
In t h e c a s e o f a d u l t s i t is o n ly t h e m s e l v e s t h e y
c a n b la m e , b u t in t h e c a s e o f o u r y o u t h , t h e p a r t p la y e d b y t h e p a r e n t s is
o f p r im e s ig n if ic a n c e .
T h o s e w h o s e p a r e n t s h a v e c o m e f r o m t h e o t h e r s id e
a r e in t h e m o s t f a v o r a b le p o s it io n a s r e g a r d s o p p o r t u n it ie s f o r le a r n i n g t h e
l a n g u a g e . T h e y o u t h i s t a u g h t t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e in t h e A m e r ic a n s c h o o ls ,
a n d t h e h o m e s h o u ld s e r v e a s a s c h o o l f o r t h e m o t h e r t o n g u e , e s p e c ia l l y in
l o c a t io n s w h e r e t h e r e is n o p a r is h s c h o o l.
T o a l m o s t a ll y o u t h t h e p r o c e s s o f a c q u ir in g a n e d u c a t io n s e e m s
te d io u s , a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t , w it h t h e c o o p e r a t io n o f t h e p a r e n t s , r e q u ir e s
t h e y o u t h to a t t e n d p u b lic s c h o o l.
W h e n i t c o m e s t o le a r n in g t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e o u t s id e o f p u b lic s c h o o l h o u r s , t h e g o v e r n m e n t h a s n o h a n d .
I n t h i s c a s e i t is t h e d u t y o f t h e p a r e n t s o n ly , t o u r g e t h e y o u n g s t e r s
t o a t t e n d t h e U k r a in ia n c la s s e s a t t h e i r c o m m u n it y s c h o o l.
T h e c h ild r e n
c a n n o t s e e t h e i m m e d ia t e b e n e f it o f a ll t h i s e d u c a t io n , b u t t h e p a r e n t s s h o u ld
b e a b le t o u n d e r s t a n d i t s im p o r t a n c e t o t h e c h ild in l a t e r y e a r s .
In m o s t
c a s e s , u p o n t h e y o u t h s r e a c h in g t h e a g e o f s e lf - s u p p o r t , t h e p a r e n t s a r e
s i n c e r e ly t h a n k e d a n d t h e y o u t h b e g i n s to a p p r e c ia t e w h a t t h e p a r e n t s h a v e
d o n e f o r t h e m w h e n t h e e d u c a t io n i s u s e d t o t h e i r a d v a n t a g e , e it h e r in
m a k i n g a liv i n g o r in t h e a b ilit y t o m a k e b e t t e r a c q u a in t a n c e s .
T h e h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t is in a b e t t e r p o s it io n t o d e c id e f o r h i m s e l f
w h e t h e r o r n o t a k n o w le d g e o f U k r a in ia n c a n s e r v e h im in h is f u t u r e y e a r s .
I n m a n y in s t a n c e s w h e r e a f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e i s t a u g h t in a h ig h s c h o o l, t h e
s t u d e n t r e g i s t e r s f o r i t m e r e ly b e c a u s e i t is a r e q u ir e m e n t f o r e n t r a n c e t o a
c o lle g e .
W it h s u c h a n a t t i t u d e t h e s t u d e n t le a r n s t h e la n g u a g e j u s t w e ll
e n o u g h to g e t b y .
F o r o n e o f U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t , h o w e v e r , t h e s t u d y o f
t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e , in a d d itio n t o b e in g a p le a s u r e , l e a d s t o a b e t t e r
u n d e r s t a n d in g o f h is p e o p le , a s w e ll a s t o a n i n t e ll i g e n t e x p la n a t io n t o
A m e r ic a n s o f t o p i c s r e l a t in g to a n y t h in g U k r a in ia n .
T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t t h e c o ll e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t i s in t h e
b e s t p o s it io n t o a p p r e c ia t e a k n o w le d g e o f U k r a in ia n .
I t is in te r e s tin g to
n o t e t h a t e v e n a m o n g A m e r ic a n s t h e r e is a g r o w in g i n t e r e s t in U k r a in ia n .
T h is is e s p e c ia lly t r u e in t h e s c i e n c e s a n d h i s t o r y : in t h e fo r m e r , b e c a u s e
m a n y s c i e n t if i c p u b lic a t io n s n o w a p p e a r in t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e ; in t h e
l a t t e r , b e c a u s e t h e s t u d e n t o f h i s t o r y h a s c o m e t o r e a liz e t h e im p o r t a n c e
of
o b t a in in g
h is
i n f o r m a t io n
about
th e
h isto r y
of
U k r a in e
fr o m
U k r a in ia n s o u r c e s , s o u r c e s u n b ia s e d b y R u s s ia n , P o li s h o r o t h e r n a t io n a l
p o lic ie s , s o u r c e s w h ic h a r e t h e t r u e o p in io n s o f t h e p e o p le in q u e s t io n .
T h e U k r a in ia n c o lle g e s t u d e n t i s c e r t a in ly b e t t e r e q u ip p e d t o le a r n t h e
U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e t h a n t h e A m e r ic a n s t u d e n t a n d h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o v e r
t h e A m e r ic a n in t h a t h e c a n a p p ly h i s k n o w le d g e o f t h e l a n g u a g e in m a n y
m o r e f ie ld s .
I f t h o s e o f o u r y o u t h w h o h e s i t a t e t o a d m it t h e i r U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t
f o r f e a r o f h a v i n g t o e n t e r in t o a l o n g d is c u s s io n a s t o t h e m e a n in g a n d
s ig n i f i c a n c e o f t h e t e r m U k r a in ia n w e r e t o b e c o m e f a m i li a r w i t h t h e f a c t s
o f U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y a n d a u g m e n t t h e i r a r g u m e n t s w i t h a s p e a k in g k n o w le d g e
o f t h e l a n g u a g e w h ic h i s s o w e ll w r i t t e n o f b y e v e n R u s s i a n s a n d P o le s , o u r
c a u s e w o u ld b e g r e a t l y b e n e f it t e d .
O u r l a n g u a g e is a p o w e r f u l w e a p o n f o r
h im w h o c a n w ie ld it .
I n d i s c u s s i n g t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f h a v in g o u r y o u t h k n o w t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e , w e c a n n o t h e lp b u t a s s u m e a n o p t im is t ic a t t it u d e .
T he a d v a n ta g es
a r e s o n u m e r o u s t h a t v o lu m e s m i g h t b e w r i t t e n d e s c r ib in g t h e m , a n d t h e
b e n e f i t s d e r iv e d b y t h e in d iv id u a l y o u t h a n d b y t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a s a
w h o le m u s t b e b r o u g h t b e f o r e t h e y o u t h .
T h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n h a s p r o d u c e d f a m o u s lit e r a r y f i g u r e s o f w o r ld
r e n o w n , s u c h a s S h e v c h e n k o , F r a n k o , L e s y a U k r a in k a , M a r k o V o v c h o k a n d
o th e r s.
In a d d itio n t o t h e s e , U k r a in e h a s p r o d u c e d m a n y m o r e , b u t t h e y
a r e u n k n o w n t o t h e w o r ld b e c a u s e t h e i r w o r k s h a v e r e m a in e d in t h e U k r a i n
ia n la n g u a g e .
In A m e r ic a , m o r e s o t h a n in E u r o p e a n c o u n t r ie s , e v e n
S h e v c h e n k o a n d F r a n k o h a v e n o t r e c e iv e d t h e i r d u e r e c o g n it io n .
W hy?
B e c a u s e t h e ir w o r k s h a v e n o t b e e n t r a n s l a t e d in t o t h e E n g l i s h la n g u a g e .
T h o s e o f A m e r ic a n o r E n g l i s h e x t r a c t io n w h o h a v e m a s t e r e d t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e e x p r e s s d e e p a p p r e c ia t io n a n d a d m ir a t io n f o r t h e w e a lt h o f b e a u t y
f o u n d in t h e w o r k s o f t h e g r e a t U k r a in ia n w r it e r s , a n d t h e y t r y t o in s t i l l
a s im ila r a p p r e c ia t io n in o t h e r s .
S h e v c h e n k o a n d F r a n k o a r e w e ll k n o w n
a m o n g t h e G e r m a n a n d F r e n c h p e o p le b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e m a n y U k r a in ia n s
w h o h a v e c o m m a n d o f b o t h U k r a in ia n a n d e it h e r G e r m a n o r F r e n c h d u e,
in m o s t p a r t, t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e la n g u a g e s a r e t a u g h t in t h e s c h o o l s o f
U k r a in e , w h e r e a s E n g l i s h i s j u s t b e in g in t r o d u c e d in t o t h e c u r r ic u la .
T h u s,
t h e r e a r e c o m p a r a t iv e ly f e w w h o h a v e a t t h e i r c o m m a n d b o t h t h e E n g l i s h
a n d t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e t o p r o d u c e a w o r t h y t r a n s la t io n .
In fa c t,
P r o f e s s o r K ir k c o n n e ll, w r it in g a b o u t t h e U k r a in ia n s in C a n a d a , p r e d ic t s
t h a t u n l e s s t h e r e a r e c o n t in u a l r e in f o r c e m e n t s o f n e w im m ig r a n t s t o c k , i t
i s o v e r w h e lm in g ly p r o b a b le t h a t U k r a in ia n w ill h a v e c e a s e d to b e w r it t e n
a n d s p o k e n in C a n a d a b e f o r e a n o t h e r f i f t y y e a r s h a v e g o n e b y . 21
O ur
y o u t h in A m e r ic a a n d C a n a d a c a n , h o w e v e r , b r in g a b o u t t h e r e c o g n it io n d u e
o u r w r i t e r s b y e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e m s e l v e s in t h e f i e l d o f U k r a in ia n -E n g lis h
tr a n sla tio n s.
S c ie n c e is a n o t h e r im p o r t a n t f i e l d in w h ic h a k n o w le d g e o f t h e
U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e
is in v a lu a b le .
Su ch
i n s t i t u t i o n s a s t h e U k r a in ia n
A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e s a t K ie v , a n d t h e T a r a s S h e v c h e n k o S o c ie t y o f S c ie n c e
a t L v iw a r e c o n t i n u a l l y i n c r e a s in g t h e i r v o lu m e s o f p u b lic a t io n s in t h e
v a r io u s b r a n c h e s o f s c ie n c e .
T h e w r it e r h a s h a d s e v e r a l o c c a s io n s t o r e f e r
t o U k r a in ia n c h e m ic a l j o u r n a ls , t h e in f o r m a t io n p u b lis h e d t h e r e in h a v in g
p r o v e n o f t h e g r e a t e s t im p o r t a n c e in h i s p a r t ic u la r fie ld , o b t a in in g i n f o r m a t io n
w h ic h w a s a v a ila b le t h r o u g h n o o t h e r s o u r c e .
T h e in f o r m a t io n p u b lis h e d in t h e s e U k r a in ia n t e c h n ic a l j o u r n a ls is
i n v a lu a b le t o t h e r e s e a r c h w o r k e r .
M a n y A m e r ic a n s s im p ly ig n o r e t h i s
s o u r c e o f in f o r m a t io n , in m o s t c a s e s t h e r e a s o n b e in g a l a c k o f t r a n s l a t o r s .
T h u s , t h e A m e r ic a n y o u t h w h o h a s e v e n a f a i r k n o w le d g e o f t h e U k r a in ia n
l a n g u a g e c a n e a r n a t i d y s u m in t h e f i e l d o f t e c h n ic a l t r a n s la t io n s , t h e
d e m a n d f o r s u c h b e in g r a t h e r h e a v y a t t h e p r e s e n t tim e , a n d e v e r o n t h e
in c r e a s e .
T h e v a r io u s U k r a in ia n in s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h w e r e s o s o u n d ly e s t a b lis h e d
in A m e r ic a b y o u r f a t h e r s , s u c h a s t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t io n ,
n a t io n a l h o m e s , o u r s c h o o ls a n d c h u r c h e s , n e w s p a p e r s , s o c ie t ie s , e t c ., m u s t
e v e n t u a l ly p a s s in t o t h e h a n d s o f o u r p r e s e n t - d a y y o u t h .
T h e t r a n s it io n
c a n t a k e p la c e o n l y i f o u r y o u t h is f a m i li a r w i t h t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e .
O t h e r a r g u m e n t s in f a v o r o f l e a r n in g t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e c a n b e
m a d e b y t h e r e a d e r w h e n h e a t t e m p t s t o a n s w e r s u c h q u e s t io n s a s C a n
U k r a in ia n c u lt u r e e x i s t w it h o u t t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e ? , I s i t p o s s ib le
t o le a r n U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y f a i r l y a n d t r a c e t h e c u lt u r e w i t h o u t a k n o w le d g e
o f U k r a i n i a n ? , C a n U k r a in e 's f i g h t f o r f r e e d o m b e w o n i f o u r y o u t h f a i l s
to carry o n ? ,
I s i t p o s s ib le t o e x p la in e v e r y t h i n g U k r a in ia n w i t h o u t a
k n o w le d g e o f t h e l a n g u a g e ?
M a n y s u c h q u e s t io n s m i g h t b e p o s e d b e f o r e
o u r y o u t h a n d t h e i r o w n a n s w e r s in e v it a b ly le a d t o t h e c o n c lu s io n t h a t
f o r U k r a in e to liv e i t s la n g u a g e m u s t liv e .
O u r y o u t h i s b o r n w it h a lo v e f o r e v e r y t h i n g U k r a in ia n .
W hen
c h a lle n g e d b y a n o u t s id e r t h e y w ill f i g h t , e v e n p h y s i c a l l y , in m a in t a in in g
t h a t t h e y a r e r ig h t , t h a t U k r a in e i s a n d h a s a ll t h a t i s c la im e d f o r it .
W it h a c o m m a n d o f U k r a in ia n o u r y o u t h w ill m e e t t h e s e c h a lle n g e s w i t h
21 Kirkconnell, W., Ukrainian Poetry in Canada, in Slavonic Review, vol. 43,

no. 37, p. 146 (1 9 3 4 ).
c o n f id e n c e , w i t h o u t h e s i t a t i o n , t h u s
p r o v in g t o
th e
g e n e r a t i o n i s u n ite d t o w a r d t h e g o a l o f a f r e e U k r a in e .
o u t s id e r
th a t
our
W h e n i t c o m e s t o s p e a k in g a n d c o n v e r s in g in U k r a in ia n , h o w e v e r , o u r
y o u th is sh y .
P r o b a b ly t h e . o u t s t a n d in g r e a s o n f o r s u c h a s t a t e i s t h e
r id ic u le w h ic h m e e t s t h e m f r o m t h e i r e ld e r s .
S u c h r id ic u le i s m o s t d i s
c o u r a g in g , a n d i t c o u ld b e r e d u c e d m a t e r i a ll y i f t h o s e w h o r id ic u le w e r e
s h o w n t h e i r o w n la c k o f f a m i li a r it y w i t h t h e n e w , r e f o r m e d U k r a in ia n
la n g u a g e w h ic h i s b e in g in t r o d u c e d a n d s t a n d a r d iz e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld .
O u r y o u t h , h o w e v e r , h a s a n e x c e ll e n t o p p o r t u n it y o f o v e r c o m in g s u c h r id ic u le
b y s p e a k in g U k r a in ia n a t t h e i r lo c a l c lu b s a n d s o c i e t i e s , t h u s g a i n i n g a c t u a l
e x p e r ie n c e in t h e l a n g u a g e .
I t i s o n l y w i t h s u c h a s p ir it o f d e t e r m in a t io n t h a t o u r y o u t h c a n
s u c c e e d in b e c o m in g f a m i li a r w i t h t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e . I t i s n o t e n o u g h
t o m e r e ly h e a r U k r a in ia n s p o k e n b y o t h e r s .
I t i s a b s o lu t e l y n e c e s s a r y t h a t
w e j o in w i t h th e m , t h a t w e t r y t o e x p la in e v e r y d a y m a t t e r s t o o u r f e ll o w
y o u t h in t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e .
T h e l a n g u a g e t a u g h t in s c h o o ls c o r r e c t s
t h e f a u l t s in t h e s p o k e n a n d w r i t t e n l a n g u a g e a n d p r e s e n t s r u le s o f g r a m m a r
a n d w o r k s o f f a m o u s U k r a in ia n w r i t e r s in t h e o r ig in a l w h ile a s p e a k in g
k n o w le d g e o f U k r a in ia n c a n o n ly b e o b t a in e d b y i t s e v e r y d a y u s e .
T h e w r i t e r a d m it s t h a t t h i s i s m e r e ly a s t a r t in t h e d is c u s s io n o f t h e
r o le t h e U k r a in ia n la n g u a g e w ill p la y in t h e f u t u r e o f o u r n a tio n . T h e r e a d e r
i s l e f t t o c o n t in u e in h i s o w n lin e o f t h o u g h t , a n d f r o m t im e t o t i m e a d d
n e w a r g u m e n t s . I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t a p e r s o n w h o k n o w s U k r a in ia n
c a n a ls o u n d e r s t a n d R u s s ia n , P o lis h , C z e c h , S e r b ia n a n d s o m e B u lg a r ia n .
T h u s , m a n y o t h e r f i e l d s o f o p p o r t u n it y a r e im m e d ia t e ly t h r o w n o p e n t o t h e
A m e r ic a n y o u t h o f U k r a in ia n d e s c e n t .
B e s i d e s t h e p e r s o n a l a d v a n t a g e s d e r iv e d , w e c a n b e n e f i t n a t i o n a l l y
a n d i n t e r n a t io n a ll y , b o t h b e in g i m p o r t a n t t o t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a s a
w h o le .
T h e r e i s a v i t a l n e e d f o r u n i t y a m o n g t h e U k r a in ia n s s c a t t e r e d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld . O p p r e s s io n h a s f o r c e d o u r n a t i o n a l h e r o e s a n d le a d e r s
t o t a k e r e f u g e in f o r e i g n la n d s . M a n y o f o u r n a t i o n a l s e m ig r a t e d f r o m t h e i r
m o t h e r c o u n t r y , a w a i t i n g t h e t im e w h e n U k r a in e s h a ll b e f r e e , t o r e t u r n t o
t h e i r n a t i v e c o u n t r y a n d t h e r e f i n d s e c u r it y a n d f r e e d o m o f s p e e c h a n d
o p in io n .
I f t h e U k r a in ia n s t h u s s c a t t e r e d a r e a llo w e d t o f o r g e t t h e i r
l a n g u a g e , t h e i r u n i t y i s je o p a r d iz e d , f o r w h a t b o n d c a n b e s t r o n g e r t h a n
a c o m m o n la n g u a g e ?
S u r e ly o u r y o u t h , n o t o n l y in A m e r ic a , b u t t h r o u g h o u t
t h e w o r ld , f u l l y r e a liz e s t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h i s a r g u m e n t .
W h e n a t t e m p t in g
t o le a r n t h e U k r a in ia n l a n g u a g e o u r y o u t h , in s p it e o f h a r d s h ip s , m u s t b e a r
i n m in d t h e f a c t t h a t n o f o r c e in t h e w o r ld c a n d e s t r o y a n a t io n w h ic h i s
s t r o n g e n o u g h t o m a in t a in i t s u n i t y b y a c o m m o n la n g u a g e a n d c u lt u r e ,
c u lt u r a l r e c o g n it io n in e v it a b ly l e a d in g t o p o l i t ic a l r e c o g n it io n .
O ur y o u th ,
b y s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e s e t i e s c a n f u r t h e r n o t o n ly t h e i r o w n p e r s o n a l g a i n s
b u t a l s o e s t a b l i s h t h e m s e l v e s a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e f r e e a n d u n it e d U k r a in e
w h ic h h a s b e e n a n d a l w a y s w ill b e t h e a im o f a ll t h e U k r a in ia n s s c a t t e r e d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r ld a n d o f t h o s e w h o s e v e in s c a r r y e v e n a t r a c e o f U k r a i n
i a n b lo o d .
THE ASSOCIATION, AS A YOUNG MEMBER SEES IT

By
M ARY
ANN
BODNAR
W h e n w e w e r e c h ild r e n , w e w e r e fo n d o f l is t e n in g t o s t o r i e s o u r f o l k s
w o u ld t e ll u s .
O n ly w e d id n t h e a r t h e s t o r i e s o f R o b in s o n C r u s o e , T r e a s u r e
I s la n d , o r H u c k le b e r r y F in n w i t h w h ic h s t o r ie s o t h e r c h ild r e n g r e w u p .
We
h e a r d , in s t e a d , t h e t a l e s o f t h e K o z a k s o f U k r a in e a n d t h e ir f ig h t f o r t h e
f r e e d o m o f t h e p e o p le .
T h e m o s t r e p e a t e d s t o r y , w e u s e d to c a ll T h e B i g
A d v e n t u r e a n d t h a t w a s t h e s t o r y o f h o w o u r p a r e n t s c a m e t o A m e r ic a .
P e r h a p s t h i s w a s t h e m o s t r e p e a t e d s t o r y b e c a u s e o u r p a r e n t s p la y e d t h e
l e a d in g r o le s in i t s p lo t. A n y w a y , w e g r e w q u ite f a m ilia r w it h t h e w a y t h e y
liv e d in U k r a in e , o f t h e l i t t l e o p p o r t u n it y t h e y h a d f o r e d u c a t io n a n d h o w
t h e y t o i le d a s s e r f s . W e le a r n e d o f t h e p e r s e c u t io n a n d o p p r e s s io n t h e y u n
d e r w e n t u n d e r r u lin g p o w e r s t h a t g o v e r n e d d iv id e d U k r a in e .
W h e n r u m o r s o f a c o u n t r y o f g o ld e n o p p o r t u n it y c a lle d A m e r ic a r e a c h e d
t h e m , t h e y d e c id e d t o m i g r a t e t o t h e U n it e d S t a t e s , w h e r e t h e y e v e n t u a l ly
f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s s t r a n d e d in in d u s t r ia l, m a n u f a c t u r in g a n d m in in g c it ie s . B e
i n g p e n n ile s s t h e y w e r e u n a b le t o p u r c h a s e la n d t o c o n t in u e in t h e o n ly lin e
o f w o r k t h e y k n e w a n d lo v e t o d o . . . f a r m in g .
S o th e y to o k jo b s th a t w e re
o f f e r e d in t h e c it ie s .
I g u e s s m o s t o f t h e A m e r ic a n b o r n U k r a in ia n y o u t h h a v e h e a r d t h e
s a m e s t o r y w it h v a r ia t io n s .
A l t h o u g h o u r p a r e n t s a n d t h e ir f r ie n d s w o u ld
c o m p la in o f t h e t e d io u s a n d d iffic u lt w o r k t h e y h a d a t t h e m o s t m e a g e r o f
s a la r ie s , t h e y f e l t b e t t e r o ff h e r e t h a n t h e y d id in t h e o ld c o u n t r y f o r h e r e
t h e y f e l t f r e e . T h e y c o u ld s p e a k in t h e i r o w n la n g u a g e , U k r a in ia n , w o r s h ip
G o d in t h e ir o w n w a y , s i n g t h e i r n a t i v e f o lk s o n g s a n d t e a c h t h e i r c h ild r e n
t o do lik e w is e .
A n d h a v in g t a s t e d t h i s fr e e d o m , t h e y t h o u g h t o f t h e i r l e s s
f o r t u n a t e b r o t h e r s in t h e o ld c o u n t r y . H o w c o u ld t h e y b r in g t o t h e m f r e e d o m
to o ?
O u t o f t h e ir m u s in g s t h e r e w a s e x p r e s s e d a n e e d f o r o r g a n iz a t io n t o
fu r th e r su c h a p u rp o se.
T h e y m is s e d to o , t h e s im p le c o m m u n it y l i f e o f t h e i r n a t i v e v i ll a g e s .
T h e y w a n t e d to g e t t o g e t h e r w i t h f r ie n d s a n d t a lk , s in g , s h a r e t h e i r j o y s a n d
s o r r o w s a s t h e y d id in t h e o ld c o u n t r y .
T h e n t h e f ir s t o f t h e i r f r ie n d s d ie d l e a v i n g t h e i r w i v e s a n d c h ild r e n
d e s titu te .
H o ld in g h a z a r d o u s p o s it io n s , in j u r ie s a n d d e a t h s c a m e w i t h o u t
w a r n in g o r t im e t o p r e p a r e .
S p ir it u a l a n d fin a n c ia l a s s is t a n c e b e c a m e o n e
o f t h e o u t s t a n d in g n e e d s .
N e w s o f a n o r g a n iz a t io n c a lle d t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n
w h ic h p r o v id e d d e a t h a n d s ic k b e n e f it s to i t s m e m b e r s t h r o u g h a m o n t h ly
d u e s s y s t e m , r e a c h e d t h e ir c o m m u n it y . T h r o u g h in q u ir y t h e y d is c o v e r e d t h e y
c o u ld j o in a n d f o r m a lo c a l b r a n c h .
N o t o n ly w e r e o u r f o l k s s a t is f ie d t o r e c e iv e t h e fin a n c ia l b e n e f it s o f t h e
A s s o c ia t i o n , b u t f e l t s t r e n g t h in u n io n a n d t o o k a d v a n t a g e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n t o
t r a n s f o r m t h e ir b r a n c h in t o a r e p lic a o f t h e i r v i ll a g e in t h e o ld c o u n t r y . T h e y
p o o le d w h a t m o n e y t h e y h a d a n d b u i lt o r p u r c h a s e d a m e e t i n g p la c e w h ic h
t h e y c a lle d a U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l H o m e .
T h e y d is c o v e r e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e
m a n y su c h b r a n c h e s sc a tte r e d th r o u g h o u t th e c o u n tr y a n d e a ch b ra n ch h a d
r e a c t e d in t h e s a m e m a n n e r .
O ften th e v e r y n a m e o f th e b r a n c h w a s ta k e n
f r o m t h e v i l l a g e f r o m w h ic h m o s t o f t h e m e m b e r s c a m e , s u c h a s T o v a r is t v o
Z b a r a z h c h a n ( m e a n in g t h e c lu b o f t h e f e llo w m e n o f t h e v i ll a g e o f Z b a r a z h )
o r T o v a r is t v o D a r a k h iw s h c h in a , e tc .
A t f ir s t t h e y m e r e ly g a t h e r e d t o p a y t h e i r d u e s , c h a t t e r , s i n g a f e w
s o n g s , d r in k a f e w b e e r s a n d g o h o m e .
T h e n e w s p a p e r S v o b o d a , o r g a n o f
t h e A s s o c ia t i o n , b r o u g h t t o t h e m n e w s o f A m e r ic a , o r t h e i r h o m e c o u n t r y
a n d t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f o t h e r U k r a in ia n c o m m u n it ie s in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s .
The
p a p e r p r o v id e d f o o d f o r d is c u s s io n .
W e c h ild r e n r e m e m b e r t h e S v o b o d a
q u ite w e ll, f o r a U k r a in ia n s c h o o l h a d n o t a s y e t b e e n f o r m e d in o u r c o m
m u n it y a n d o u r p a r e n t s w o u ld t e a c h u s t o r e a d a n d w r i t e u s i n g t h e h e a d
l in e s in S v o b o d a a s a B u k v a r . W e h e a r d q u ite a b i t o f t a l k a b o u t f u n d s f o r
v a r io u s c a u s e s in E u r o p e a n d w e r e o f t e n c a lle d o n t o h e lp in t h e i r d r iv e s . A s
w e g r e w , o u r b r a n c h g r e w a n d a s c h o o l w a s o r g a n iz e d , a c h o r a l g r o u p a n d
d r a m a t ic c ir c le w e r e a d d e d . O u r p a r e n t s w o u ld r e c e iv e a ll k in d s o f e d u c a t io n a l
p a m p h l e t s f r o m t h e A s s o c ia t i o n o n s u b j e c t s r a n g i n g f r o m c it iz e n s h ip a n d
t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e t o b r in g in g u p c h ild r e n , g o o d h e a lt h , e t c .
A s w e g r e w o ld e r a n d w e n t o u t t o s c h o o l a n d b u s in e s s , w e c a m e in
c o n t a c t w i t h o t h e r p e o p le s , w h o w e r e n o t f a m i li a r w i t h U k r a in ia n h i s t o r y . O n
q u e s t io n i n g t h e o ld e r g e n e r a t io n a b o u t U k r a in e , w e f o u n d t o o u r s u r p r is e t h a t
t h e y w e r e u n a b le t o g iv e a n y t h in g b u t v a g u e a n s w e r s , f o r t h e i r e d u c a t io n a l
o p p o r t u n it ie s d id n o t p r o v id e t h e m w i t h a t h o r o u g h k n o w le d g e o f t h e i r b a c k
ground.
A l w a y s , t h o u g h , t h e S v o b o d a , o r t h e A lm a n a c o r s o m e o t h e r
U N A p u b lic a t io n w o u ld b e t h r u s t in t o o u r h a n d s w h ic h p r o v id e d t h e i n f o r
m a t io n w e n e e d e d .
I t s e e m s t h a t w i t h t h e la c k , o f k n o w le d g e o f t h e ir b a c k
g r o u n d , a n d w i t h t h e s t r o n g R u s s ia n , P o lis h a n d M u s c o p h ile i n f l u e n c e s t r y in g
t o a b s o r b t h e m w i t h p r o p a g a n d a , i t s h o u ld h a v e b e e n e a s y t o o b lit e r a t e t h e
U k r a in ia n im m ig r a n t . T h e r e i s n o d o u b t in o u r m in d s t h o u g h , t h a t t h e A s
s o c i a t io n h a s m a d e o u r p e o p le U k r a in ia n - c o n s c io u s b y p r e s e n t i n g t o t h e m h i s
t o r ic a l f a c t s .
O n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t c o n t r ib u t io n s to h i s t o r y h a s b e e n m a d e
b y t h e A s s o c ia t i o n in i t s p r e s e r v a t io n o f t h e . U k r a in ia n i d e n t i t y in A m e r ic a .
O n l o o k in g b a c k a t t h e f o r t y y e a r s o f i t s e x is t e n c e , i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t
t h i s p e r io d h a s b e e n a n e r a o f b u ild in g , o f r e a d j u s t m e n t , o f e d u c a t io n . T h e
A s s o c ia t i o n i s t h e s p in e o f t h e b o d y o f t h e U k r a in ia n s h e r e , w i t h i t s b r a n c h e s
a c t in g a s n e r v e c e n t e r s t h r o u g h w h ic h t h e n e e d s o f t h e p e o p le a r e s e n s e d a n d
t h e n p r o v id e d f o r . I t h a s a n d is p l a y i n g t h e r o le o f a n a t io n a l f a t h e r , o f f e r
i n g p r o t e c t io n , a d v ic e , s u g g e s t i n g r e f o r m s , p r a is in g o r r e b u k in g i t s f a m i ly
m em b ers.
I t i s a n a t io n a l m o t h e r , o f f e r in g s o la c e , s y m p a t h y , u n d e r s t a n d in g
t o i t s n e e d y . I t i s a n a t io n a l t e a c h e r p r o v id in g f o r s c h o o ls , p u b lic a t io n s , c u l
t u r a l d e v e lo p m e n t . I t i s a n a t io n a l le a d e r , g u id in g t h e p e o p le t o h ig h id e a ls ,
p r id e a n d a p p r e c ia t io n o f t h e i r b a c k g r o u n d a n d c u lt u r e , l e a d in g t h e m t o a
h i g h e r s t a n d a r d o f liv in g .
I t h a s b e c o m e a s y m b o l f o r u n i t y a n d s e c u r it y .
A n d n o w t h e A s s o c ia t i o n s t a n d s o n t h e t h r e s h o l d o f a n e w e r a a n d
t u r n s t o i t s y o u t h f o r p la n s f o r t h e f u t u r e . W h a t w ill w e t h e y o u t h d o w i t h
it?
W it h t h e o p t im is m o f y o u t h , w e c a n s e e in t h e A s s o c ia t i o n a c h a n c e
t o d e v e lo p le a d e r s h ip , t o e x p a n d i t s b u s i n e s s a n d m e m b e r s h ip , e v e n t o c r e a t e
o p p o r t u n it ie s f o r e m p lo y m e n t .
W e s e e v i s i o n s o f U k r a in ia n c e n t e r s in e v e r y
c i t y a c t i n g a s c o n s u la t e s , w i t h a ll t h e f a c i l i t i e s t h a t a c e n t e r s h o u ld h a v e ,
a u d ito r iu m , s c h o o l, lib r a r y , i n f o r m a t io n b u r e a u , c o u n s e l i n g s e r v ic e . P e r h a p s
e v e n t u a l ly t h e A s s o c ia t i o n w o u ld b e c o m e a s s im ila t e d in to A m e r ic a n l if e , b u t
i t w o u ld s t i l l r e t a in a ll t h e i d e a ls a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u p o n w h ic h i t w a s fo u n d r
e d a n d t h i s w o u ld t h e n b e c o m e in t h e w a y o f a U k r a in ia n c o n t r ib u t io n t o
A m e r i c a n c u lt u r e a n d l if e . T h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s a l w a y s b e e n c lo s e l y r e l a t e d t o
t h e U k r a in ia n p e o p le a n d i t s l i f e h a s b e e n b u t t h e lif e o f t h e U k r a in ia n im
m ig r a n t h ere.
W h a t w e m a k e o f o u r f u t u r e l iv e s w ill a ls o d e t e r m in e t h e
f u t u r e o f t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n .
O u r p e o p le s e t f o r t h o n t h e i r b i g a d v e n t u r e f o r t y y e a r s a g o .
N ow
w e a r e o n t h e v e r g e o f o u r b i g a d v e n t u r e . L e t 's m a k e i t a p r o g r e s s i v e a n d
c o n s t r u c t i v e o n e , s o t h a t w e t o o c a n s o m e d a y t e l l o u r c h ild r e n o f t h e d e e d s
o f t h e s e c o n d g e n e r a t io n U k r a in ia n s in A m e r ic a .
Drawing by MARIA NAHIRNA
'WHY WE SHOULD BELONG TO THE

UKRAINIAN TSfATIONAL ASSOCIATION
By
STA NLEY
P A T R O N IC K
O n a p le a s a n t , S p r in g e v e n in g in M a y , m y f a t h e r a n d I w e r e s e a t e d in
o u r d e n . H e w a s r e a d in g t h e S v o b o d a w h il e I w a s a b s o r b e d in t h e U k r a in ia n W e e k ly .
T h e s i l e n c e o f t h e r o o m w a s b r o k e n b y m y q u e s t io n .
D a d , w h a t d o y o u th in k o f t h is f o r a n e s s a y c o n t e s t ? I a sk e d , p a s s
i n g m y p a p e r o v e r t o h im .
H e la id h i s p a p e r a s id e , a n d r e a d a lo u d f r o m w h e r e I h a d in d ic a t e d :
W h y w e s h o u ld b e l o n g t o t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n .
I t ' s a t i m e l y t o p i c , h e r e p lie d , a n d s i n c e y o u a n d I a r e m e m b e r s o f
t h e A s s o c ia t i o n , w h a t d o y o u s a y t o a l i t t l e c h a t o n t h e s u b j e c t ?
A g r e e d , I a n s w e r e d .
M y f a t h e r f o ld e d t h e p a p e r a n d p la c e d i t o n a t a b l e . A s h e s t r u c k a
m a t c h t o l i g h t h i s p ip e , t h e fla m e r e v e a le d h i s g r a y i n g t e m p l e s a n d t h e l in e s
o n h is fa c e .
W e r e p r e s e n t e d t w o g e n e r a t i o n s . H e w a s w e l l in t h e a u t u m n a l y e a r o f
l i f e ; I, in t h e s p r i n g t i m e o f y o u t h .
P u ffin g c o n t e n t e d l y o n h i s p ip e , D a d c lo s e d h i s e y e s , a s i f t o r e c a ll t h e
m e m o r ie s o f t h e p a s t .
I t w a s in t h e y e a r 1 8 9 4 , in t h e t o w n o f S h a m o k in , P e n n s y l v a n i a . . .
H e w a s s p e a k in g s lo w ly , r e f l e c t i v e l y . . .
. . . A h a n d f u l o f c o u r a g e o u s m e n u n d e r t o o k t h e t a s k o f o r g a n iz in g a
b e n e fit s o c i e t y w h ic h w o u ld p r o v id e f o r a m a n s f a m i l y in t h e e v e n t o f h is
d e a th .
I r e m e m b e r t h o s e p io n e e r o r g a n iz e r s w e ll.
T h e y w e r e fa ith fu l, u n
s e lfis h , v i s i o n a r y m e n w h o h a d t h e u n c o n q u e r a b le s p ir i t o f S h e v c h e n k o .
A t t i m e s t h e i r t a s k w a s d i s h e a r t e n i n g a n d d is a p p o in t in g .
It seem ed
t h a t o b s t a c le s a r o s e n o m a t t e r w h ic h p a t h t h e y t o o k .
O r d in a r y m e n w o u ld h a v e t h r o w n u p t h e i r h a n d s a n d q u it in d i s g u s t .
B u t t h e s e w e r e n o t o r d in a r y m e n .
T h e y w e r e m e n w h o h a d v is io n v is io n t h a t
s a w b e y o n d t h e p a r t i s a n s h i p s a n d p e t t y q u a r r e ls w h ic h t h r e a t e n e d U k r a in ia n
u n it y .
T h a t t h e y h a v e s u c c e e d e d , w e k n o w w e ll. T h a n k s t o t h e i r u n t ir in g w o r k ,
w e h a v e t h e l a r g e s t , f in e s t , n o n - p a r t is a n U k r a in ia n i n s t i t u t i o n in A m e r ic a . I t
h a s a m e m b e r s h ip o f t h i r t y t h o u s a n d a n d p o s s e s s e s o v e r f o u r m illio n d o lla r s
in a s s e t s .
A t fir s t , t h e b e n e f it s r a n g e d f r o m o n e h u n d r e d t o t w o h u n d r e d d o lla r s .
W h e n t h e m o m e n t u m o f t h e A s s o c ia t i o n ' s p r o g r e s s in c r e a s e d , t h e b e n e f it s a ls o
in c r e a s e d .
D o y o u k n o w w h a t t h e y a r e n o w ? D a d a sk ed .
T h e y r a n g e f r o m $ 5 0 0 t o $ 3 ,0 0 0 , w a s m y r e p ly .
C o r r e c t, D a d s a id , n o d d in g h i s h e a d .
A t f i r s t t h e i m m ig r a n t s m a in
p u r p o s e w a s t o r a is e a c e r t a in s u m o f m o n e y a n d t h e n g o b a c k t o h i s n a t i v e
c o u n t r y . B u t a id e d b y t h e A s s o c ia t io n , h is s t a n d a r d o f liv in g w a s r a is e d .
As
a r e s u lt , h e a b a n d o n e d h is p la n s t o r e t u r n w h e n h e r o s e to a m o r e c o m fo r t a b le
p o s it io n o f fin a n c ia l in d e p e n d e n c e .
I n s t e a d , h e s e n t f o r h is f a m i ly , in t e n d in g
t o m a k e A m e r ic a h is p e r m a n e n t h o m e . I o n c e t h o u g h t o f g o i n g b a c k , t o o , b u t
I s e e w h e r e t h e A s s o c ia t i o n s a v e d m e . J u s t t h in k , i f . . . a n d h is w o r d s t r a ile d
o f f in to s ile n c e .
I k n e w w h a t h e w a s t h i n k i n g o f a n d I b r e a t h e d a p r a y e r o f t h a n k f u ln e s s
t h a t h e h a d n o t g o n e b a c k t o U k r a in e , n o w f a m in e - s t r ic k e n , t o r a is e o u r f a m i ly
th e r e .
A w in d o w s h a d e s t i r r e d r e s t l e s s l y a n d m y f a t h e r a w o k e f r o m h is r e v e r ie .
P ic k in g u p t h e S v o b o d a , h e c o n tin u e d .
T h is p a p e r w a s f ir s t is s u e d in t h e y e a r 1 8 9 3 .
Its p u rp o se w a s to a c
q u a in t o u r p e o p le w i t h t h e id e a ls o f t h e U k r a in ia n n a t io n a n d a ls o w i t h t h e
n e e d o f t h e ir o r g a n iz in g t h e m s e l v e s h e r e in A m e r ic a . A n d t h r o u g h t h e y e a r s ,
i t h a s b e e n m o r e t h a n a n o r d in a r y n e w s p a p e r .
I t h a s a id e d u s , t h e o ld e r g e n e r a t io n , t o b e c o m e b e t t e r a c q u a in te d w it h
o u r f e ll o w U k r a in ia n s in A m e r ic a . A ls o , i t h a s e n a b le d u s to u n d e r s t a n d b e t t e r
t h e c u ltu r e , t h e la w s , a n d t h e id e a ls o f o u r a d o p t e d c o u n t r y .
In th is w a y
i t h a s m a d e b e t t e r A m e r ic a n c it iz e n s o f u s .
T o t h o s e w h o lo n g e d f o r n e w s o f t h e o ld c o u n tr y , t h e S v o b o d a w a s
t h e a n s w e r t o m a n y a p r a y e r .
I t c e r t a in ly a w o k e o u r p e o p le , I c o m m e n te d .
I n d e e d i t d id , f a t h e r e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y a g r e e d .
U p t o t h i s tim e , o u r p r o g r e s s w a s r a t h e r s l u g g i s h .
B u t, w h en th e
S v o b o d a w a s is s u e d , i t s t im u la t e d t h e t h o u g h t s a n d a c t io n s o f o u r p e o p le .
T h e y b e g a n t o f e e l c o n s c io u s o f t h e ir s t r e n g t h . T h e y s h o o k o f f o ld d o u b t s a n d
f e a r s . T h e y b e g a n t o h o ld le c t u r e s , e x h ib it io n s , m e e t i n g s a n d s o f o r t h .
And
t h e y b e g a n t o d e m a n d m o r e l it e r a t u r e a n d k n o w le d g e .
A c c o r d in g ly , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n b e g a n t o i s s u e p a m p h le t s a n d b o o k le t s
d e a lin g w it h a v a r ie t y o f t o p ic s .
H e r e s o n e I v e k e p t , D a d s a id a s h e p a s s e d i t t o m e .
I g la n c e d a t t h e c o n t e n t s :
H o w t o E s t a b li s h L ib r a r ie s , H o w t o O r g a n iz e D r a m a t ic C ir c le s ,
A lc o h o lis m a n d C h ild r e n , S h e v c h e n k o t h e A r t i s t , P la y s in U k r a in ia n
t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e m a n y a n d v a r ie d .
T h e s e p a m p h le t s a n d b o o k le t s w e r e s im ila r t o t h e 'c a le n d a r s w h ic h
t h e A s s o c ia t io n i s s u e s a t t h e e n d o f e a c h y e a r .
E a c h c a le n d a r i s a s o r t o f
r e v ie w o f t h e p a s t y e a r s w o r k o f t h e A s s o c ia t io n . A ls o , in i t s c o n t e n t s , t h e r e
is v a lu a b le i n f o r m a t io n o n g o v e r n m e n t, h e a lt h , h is t o r y , s c ie n c e , lit e r a t u r e , a n d
s o on .
I v e g o t q u ite a c o lle c t io n o f t h e s e c a le n d a r s a n d t h e y a r e i n v a lu a b le ,
D a d s a id , p o in tin g t o a n e a t s t a c k o n t h e d e sk .
T h e n t h e r e w e r e b o o k s w h ic h t h e A s s o c ia t i o n p u b lis h e d in t h e U k r a in
ia n a n d E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e s , D a d c o n tin u e d .
T h e A s s o c ia t i o n a ls o b a c k e d
m a n y o t h e r p u b lic a t io n s fin a n c ia lly , s u c h a s t h e m o s t r e c e n t b o o k S p ir it o f
U k r a in e .
B o o k s lik e t h e s e w e r e im p o r t a n t in t h a t t h e y m a d e t h e A m e r ic a n p e o p le
a w a r e o f t h e U k r a in ia n e le m e n t in A m e r ic a .
W e ll, D a d , j u d g in g b y a ll t h e s e p u b lic a t io n s , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n c e r t a in ly
w a s a le r t to t h e n e e d s o f o u r p e o p le , I r e m a r k e d .
I t c e r t a in ly w a s , D a d a g r e e d . T h r o u g h t h e s e p u b lic a t io n s , a n d m a in
l y t h e S v o b o d a , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e m o r e t o b u ild a n d u p h o ld o u r n a
t i o n a l c u ltu r e , t h a n a n y o t h e r s i n g l e f a c t o r .
B y a id in g o u r p e o p le t o b u ild N a t i o n a l H o m e s , b u s in e s s c o r p o r a t io n s ,
s c h o o ls , lib r a r ie s , a n d b u ild in g a n d lo a n a s s o c ia t io n s , i t h a s b e c o m e t h e k e y
s t o n e in t h e b u ild in g o f o u r c u ltu r e .
A s t o t h e f in a n c ia l s id e c h a n g e s a n d r e f o r m s h a v e b e e n m a d e w i t h t h e
r e s u l t t h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n p o s s e s s e s o v e r f o u r m illio n d o lla r s in a s s e t s , h a s
p a id o u t o v e r t h r e e m illio n d o lla r s t o i t s m e m b e r s a n d b e n e fic ia r ie s , a n d i s s u e s
f o u r d if f e r e n t t y p e s o f p o lic ie s t o a d u lt s , a n d t h r e e c la s s e s f o r i t s j u v e n i l e s .
N o w I t h i n k y o u h a v e a f a i r l y g o o d id e a o f w h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s
d o n e f o r u s , t h e o ld e r g e n e r a t io n .
S u p p o s e y o u t e l l m e w h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e f o r t h e U k r a in ia n
y o u t h / D a d a s k e d w i t h a s m ile .
T h a t s a r a t h e r b ig o r d e r , I r e m a r k e d , b u t I ll d o m y b e s t .
F r o m a d e s k d r a w e r , I b r o u g h t o u t a c o p y o f T h e U k r a in ia n J u v e n ile
M a g a z in e , n e a t in s iz e , w i t h a t t r a c t i v e g r e e n c o v e r s .
M y f i r s t r e c o lle c t io n o f t h e w o r k t h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n w a s d o in g f o r
t h e y o u n g p e o p le w a s t h e i s s u i n g o f t h i s m a g a z in e .
S in c e i t w a s t h e f ir s t
E n g l i s h p e r io d ic a l f o r U k r a in ia n c h ild r e n , i t r e c e iv e d a s in c e r e a n d e n t h u s i a s t i c
w e lc o m e b y t h e y o u n g f o l k s .
I t s c o n t e n t s w e r e c o m p o s e d o f p o e t r y , p r e s s r e p o r t s o n U k r a in ia n s ,
c u s t o m s o f U k r a in ia n p e o p le , h i s t o r y , g e o g r a p h y , m o s t e v e r y t h i n g t h a t y o u r
'c a le n d a r c o n t a in e d , D a d .
T h e n s e c t i o n s o f t h e S v o b o d a w e r e p u b lis h e d in E n g l i s h f o r w h ic h
t h e y o u th w a s g r a te fu l.
I n 1 9 3 1 , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n s f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t in t h e y o u t h b e c a m e e v id e n t
w h e n i t p u b lis h e d in t h e S v o b o d a a n d t h e J u v e n ile M a g a z in e c o n t e s t s d e a l
in g w ith s c o u tin g .
T h e p u r p o s e w a s t o fin d a f a r m u p o n w h ic h f u t u r e s c o u t le a d e r s a n d
o r g a n iz e r s w o u ld b e in s t r u c t e d .
T h e s e , in t u r n , w o u ld t a k e u p o n t h e m s e l v e s
t h e r e s p o n s ib i li t y f o r o r g a n iz in g s c o u t t r o o p s in t h e i r r e s p e c t iv e l o c a l i t ie s .
I t h in k t h a t a s p e c ia l f u n d h a s b e e n s e t a s id e f o r s c o u t i n g p u r p o s e s ,
b u t I am n o t su re.
T h e n , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n g a v e u s a p a p e r o f o u r o w n : t h e U k r a in ia n
W e e k ly , w h ic h i s t h e v o ic e o f t h e U k r a in ia n y o u t h .
U p to t h i s tim e , i t c a n b e t r u t h f u l l y s a id , t h a t w e , t h e y o u t h , h a d f a l le n
in t o a r u t o f in d if f e r e n c e a n d a p a t h y .
I t w a s n o t e n t i r e ly o u r f a u l t . P e r h a p s t h e m e th o d o f a p p r o a c h b y t h e
o ld e r g e n e r a t i o n w a s n o t t h e p r o p e r o n e .
W h a te v e r th e c a u se w a s th e U k r a in ia n W e e k ly r e m e d ie d it.
O n i t s p a g e s , t h e y o u n g p e o p le b e g a n a n e x c h a n g e o f id e a s a n d s u g
g e stio n s.
Y o u t h c lu b s , s o c ia l a n d a t h l e t ic , s p r a n g in t o e x is t e n c e . Y o u t h b r a n c h e s
o f t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n b e g a n t o s p r in g o v e r t h e c o u n t r y .
I n t h i s w a y , t h e U k r a in ia n y o u t h t o o k a n e w l e a s e o n l if e .
T h e U k r a in ia n W e e k ly m a d e u s , t h e y o u t h , c o n s c io u s o f o u r s e l v e s n a t i o n a l l y a n d
m a d e u s s t a r t t o t h in k a n d a c t e f f e c t iv e l y in a s o lid b o d y .
T h e U k r a in ia n W e e k ly d id f o r u s w h a t t h e S v o b o d a d id f o r
y o u , D a d .
E x a c t l y , a n d y o u m u s t n t f o r g e t t h e g i f t w h ic h t h e A s s o c ia t i o n o f f e r e d
to i t s J u v e n ile m e m b e r s in 1 9 3 3 , D a d s a id .
I w o n t , I r e p lie d .
I t w a s p r o o f o f t h e s o u n d f in a n c ia l s t a t u s o f t h e
A s s o c ia t i o n .
D u r i n g t h e w o r s t d e p r e s s io n A m e r ic a h a s k n o w n , t h e U k r a in ia n
N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n o f fe r e d a w h o le y e a r s m e m b e r s h ip a b s o lu t e l y f r e e t o
t h o s e w h o w e r e p a s s i n g f r o m t h e J u v e n ile D e p a r t m e n t t o t h e A d u l t D e p a r t
m e n t.
S t ill a n o t h e r g e n e r o u s g i f t w a s t h e o f f e r o f t h e n e w b o o k S p ir it o f
U k r a in e t o t h o s e y o u n g m e m b e r s o f t h e A s s o c ia t i o n w h o s e a g e s r a n g e d b e
t w e e n 1 4 a n d 1 9 y e a r s , I c o n c lu d e d .
Y e s , s o n , t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e m u c h f o r y o u
a n d m e . A b o v e a ll, i t h a s m a d e a b e t t e r A m e r ic a n o f m e a n d a b e t t e r U k r a in
ia n o f y o u , D a d s m ile d . B u t , t h e i r w o r k d o e s n 't s t o p h e r e .
P e r h a p s in t h e
f u t u r e , p r o v id in g t h a t a g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f U k r a in ia n s j o in , t h e A s s o c ia t i o n
w i l l r e a c h o u t in t o m o r e a c t iv i t i e s . M a y b e y o u h a v e s o m e p l a n s a s t o . .
I d id n 't l e t D a d fin is h .
I n t e r r u p t i n g h im , I b e g a n :
I 'v e g o t t h r e e p la n s , D a d .
T h e f ir s t i s r a d io b r o a d c a s t s .
Y o u k n o w h o w p o w e r f u l a w e a p o n t h e r a d io w o u ld b e t o f ig h t o u r
m a n y e n e m ie s . I t w o u ld b e a v i t a l f a c t o r in e x p o s in g f a l s e h o o d , in c o r r e c t in g
w r o n g im p r e s s io n s a n d m is r e p r e s e n t a t io n s . T h e n , t o o , o u r m u s ic , o u r lit e r a t u r e ,
a n d o u r h i s t o r y c o u ld b e b r o u g h t b e f o r e t h e p e o p le a n d r e c e iv e a n ic h e in t h e
H a ll o f F a m e .
N a t io n w id e a t h l e t ic s i s t h e s e c o n d o n e .
B r a n c h e s , a id e d b y t h e A s
s o c ia t io n , c o u ld s p o n s o r v a r io u s t e a m s s u c h a s b a s e b a ll, b a s k e t b a ll, a n d a n y
o t h e r s f o r w h ic h t h e r e w o u ld b e a d e m a n d .
T h is w o u ld b u ild h e a l t h y U k r a in ia n s a n d p r o m o t e g o o d s p o r t s m a n s h ip .
T h e l a s t i s s c o u t in g . T h e s c o u t m o v e m e n t i s o n e o f u t m o s t im p o r t a n c e
t o a n y c iv iliz e d n a t io n . U k r a in ia n s c o u t i n g w o u ld a s s u r e a b e t t e r t y p e o f c itiz e n ,
a n d lik e w is e , a b e t t e r t y p e o f U k r a in ia n m a n h o o d a n d w o m a n h o o d .
T h a t 's n o t h o p in g f o r t o o m u c h , i s it , D a d ?
I ask ed .
C e r t a in ly n o t , w a s h is a n s w e r . P e r h a p s , s o m e d a y , t h o s e t h i n g s w ill
b e a c c o m p lis h e d .
J u s t t h e n t h e c lo c k b e g a n t o c h im e s o f t l y .
I t w a s t e n o 'c lo c k .
D a d r o s e t o h is f e e t .
I t 's tim e f o r m e t o b e g o i n g t o b e d . H o w a b o u t y o u , s o n ?
I ll s i t u p a w h ile y e t , D a d , I r e p lie d .
A ll r ig h t .
G ood n ig h t.
G o o d n ig h t, D a d .
A s o f t w in d b e g a n t o s t i r t h e l e a v e s o u t s id e a s I e x t in g u i s h e d a ll t h e
l i g h t s e x c e p t t h e s h a d e d d e s k la m p .
A s I le a n e d b a c k in t h e r o c k e r a r e fle c tiv e m o o d s e e m e d t o p o s s e s s m y
m in d .
I t h o u g h t o f a s p e e c h I h a d h e a r d a t a g r a d u a t io n a y e a r a g o :
Y o u h a v e s t e p p e d a c r o s s t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n c h ild h o o d a n d y o u t h
to y o u n g m an h ood a n d w om an h ood .
F o r m e r ly , y o u w e r e u n d e r t h e c o n s t a n t
v i g il a n c e o f y o u r f a t h e r a n d m o t h e r . T h e y g u a r d e d y o u , k e p t y o u , a n d m a d e
y o u r d e c is io n s f o r y o u w i t h j e a lo u s c a r e .
B u t n o w , t h e m a t t e r is l a r g e l y in y o u r h a n d s . . .
S u d d e n ly , a r e a liz a t io n d a w n e d u p o n m y m in d .
I t w a s s o m e t h i n g t o w h ic h I g a v e b u t l i t t l e t h o u g h t p r e v io u s ly .
It
c o u ld a p p ly t o t h e m a j o r i t y o f o u r y o u t h .
O u r p a r e n t s c a n n o t g o o n p a y i n g f o r e v e r f o r o u r p r o t e c t i o n in t h e
f o r m o f l if e in s u r a n c e .
T h e y c a n n o t l iv e f o r e v e r . A n d w h o i s g o i n g t o c a r r y o n t h e w o r k t h e y
h a v e advan ced so fa r ?
H e r e w a s a r e s p o n s ib ilit y t h a t c o u ld n o t b e e v a d e d .
O n e p h r a s e k e p t t u r n i n g o v e r in m y m in d :
B u t n o w , t h e m a t t e r i s l a r g e l y in y o u r h a n d s . . .
I t h o u g h t o f D a d 's w o r d s :
T h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e m u c h f o r y o u a n d m e . . .
I t s e e m e d t o m e t h a t i t w a s t i m e t h a t w e , U k r a in ia n -A m e r ic a n s , b e
g a n t o s h o w a g r e a t e r a p p r e c ia t io n o f w h a t t h e A s s o c ia t i o n h a s d o n e f o r u s
a n d o u r p a r e n ts.
A n d , c o u ld t h e r e b e a b e t t e r w a y o f s h o w in g o u r a p p r e c ia t io n a n d
g r a t e f u l n e s s t h a n b y j o i n i n g t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n e n m a s s e ?
T h a t w a s it!
B y j o i n i n g e n m a s s a n d im m e d ia t e ly !
S o m e h o w , I f a n c i e d I c o u ld s e e t h o s e l o n g - s in c e g o n e p io n e e r o r g a n iz e r s .
I f t h e y c o u ld c o m e b a c k t o l if e , h o w p le a s e d t h e y w o u ld b e ! H o w t h e y w o u ld
n o d t h e i r h e a d s in a p p r o v a l a n d s a y :
O ur y o u th h a s aw ak en ed .
W e a r e w i t n e s s in g t h e k i n d l in g o f s p ir i t
a n d a c t io n a m o n g t h e y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n .
T h e s o f t w in d c h a n g e d t o a b r e e z e . A s h u t t e r b a n g e d a n d s t a r t e d m e
o u t o f m y d r e a m in e s s .
A s I r o se to le a v e th e ro o m , I th o u g h t o f th e m a n y y o u th b r a n c h e s
b e in g fo r m e d e v e r y w h e r e .
I f e l t s t r a n g e l y c o n fid e n t.
S o m e h o w , I h a d a f e e l i n g t h a t t h e U k r a in ia n y o u t h w a s n o t g o i n g t o
d is a p p o in t t h e f a i t h f u l , p io n e e r o r g a n iz e r s n o r t h e p r e s e n t l o y a l a n d g e n e r o u s
o ffic e r s o f t h e U k r a in ia n N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia t i o n .
T aras Sh evchenk o
THE
T aras Sh evchenk o
TESTAM ENT
E V E N IN G
D i g m y g r a v e a n d r a is e m y b a r r o w
B y t h e D n ie p e r - s id e
I n U k r a in a , m y o w n la n d ,
A f a i r l a n d a n d w id e .
I w i l l l ie a n d w a t c h t h e c o r n f ie ld s ,
L is te n th r o u g h th e y e a r s
T o t h e r iv e r v o i c e s r o a r in g ,
R o a r in g in m y e r r s .
W h e n I h e a r t h e c a ll
O f t h e r a c i n g flo o d ,
L o u d w i t h h a t e d b lo o d ,
I w ill l e a v e t h e m a ll,
F ie l d s a n d h i l ls ; a n d f o r c e m y
R ig h t u p to th e T h r o n e
W h e r e G o d s i t s a lo n e ;
C la s p H is f e e t a n d p r a y .
B u t t ill t h a t d a y
W h a t is G od to m e ?
A l i t t l e o r c h a r d b y t h e d w e llin g ,
The
June
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B u r y m e, b e d o n e w ith m e,
R i s e a n d b r e a k y o u r c h a in ,
W a t e r y o u r n e w l ib e r t y
W it h b lo o d f o r r a in .
T h e n , in t h e m ig h ty fa m ily
O f a ll m e n t h a t a r e f r e e ,
M a y b e s o m e t im e s , v e r y s o f t l y
Y o u w ill s p e a k o f m e ?
( T r a n s l a t e d b y E . L . V o y n ic h )
are
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d w e llin g ;
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W h ile
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B u t n ig h t i n g a le j u s t w o n t a llo w .
B e s id e t h e d w e llin g p la c e d t h e m o t h e r
H e r l i t t l e c h ild r e n in t h e i r n e s t ,
A n d w ith a d r e a m
A l l s
s t i l l. T h e
h e r s e l f i s b le s t .
g ir ls
and
w a r b le r s ,
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By JOHN ROSOLOWICZ,
( ROSOL )
5*29
*)
CONNECTICUT
: ANSONIA.
200 50 , , .
-. 1,500 .
. 1898. . , 25.
1903 ., . , .
, 1642. . , 1889. . : .
, (Wallace and Son), 1888. .
.
1886. . ;
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11. 1894. . . 23
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nok. . . - . . 1895.
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31. 1904. . $10 .
1% , $10 . ,
( ) $30,000.
24. 1908. .
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1905. , ,
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67. . .
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$50 12 . 1914. .

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$25 . 23. . , .
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, , 5
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$200 $200 .
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22 : , , ,
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,
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. 10.
262 . . .: 1909. .
. . . 15 . . .
1920. , .
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: , .; , .; , .
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: BRIDGEPORT.
100 . 1907. . . ,
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. . , . . 1929. ,
. 1935 . . .
: , , , 2 .
.
25-
2. 1934. . 6
, 390
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).
59 . . .: 6
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$400 .
$800, $100, $100.
. . : , .; , .; , .
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: BRISTOL.
75 . 158 . , ,
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).
390 . . .: . 8 14.
1930, . : , .
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$90 . $168.78.
. : , .; , .; , .
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381 . ^ .: . .19 8.
1914 . , ,
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. :
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. . 4
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$3,276, , : , , ,
$596.09, $243; .
$3,348.97, 50 , $28.
$25, $80. .
. . ....
: . , .; , .; , .
20 , 10.
: GLASTONBURY.
. 28 : ,
, , , , , .
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22. 1914. . : ,
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$37.50, $75 .
87 , $57.50, $27.50.
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1,300. . 1900. . . .
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$145.50, $345.25.
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. : , .; , .;
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24. 1934. . , . .
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.
: NEW BRITAIN.
2,000 . 1889. . , 1895. .
8 ( ). .
9, ( , - .-., . .).
. , . 7 .
6 , 2 . (3 ,
. . ).
. :
1889 . 8 , ,
, : , . 1904. .
. . .
. 1908. , . , .
. ,
.
1910. . : , , 1915. .
, ,
, . 1918. .
.
3. 1919. . .
, ,
, , ., ,
. 8
98 . 19 1919 .
, ^
,
, , -
.
. . ,
,
. , ,
, ,
, , . .
, .
19< 1919. . , , .
, , ,
, ,
. (: New Britain Daily Herald, August 1 9 , 1 9 1 9 ,
The Hartford Daily Courant, August 20, 1 9 1 9 ) . ,
,
, ,
.
,
. .
1926. . $70,000,
, 4 10 . .
, 1930. . .
, .
4 4 - . G 10
.
254 . . . 3. 1907. .
17 . : , .
, . -
. $2,975,
; $504 ( 1917. . $350),
$277.50. . $250,
, $1,350. . :
, .; , .; , .
: NEW HAVEN.
1,000. . 1903.
. 9; . .
1910. ., . . . . . .
. : , 3 , .
: , . G ,
- 3 . 75 . 20-
. ( ).
370 . . .: 16 , 2.
,1913 . . ,
: . $6,698.06,
$449.75, $295.80.
. $3,100, $100.
....
. . . , 127 .
. 1924, 30- . . ., 370 .
: ,
. . : , .; ,
.; , . 29. 1934. .
10. 1934 . . 3. . ,
. . . . .
. , ,
. II. ., . 0. . .
: NORWICH.
20 . , , . 1905.,
, , , . G .
, , ,
. G 15 .
1935. . ( ).
: SEYMOUR.
600 . , . , .
,
. G . G . .
. , . . .
7 , . ( ).
18 . . .: . 8 9.
1898. . : , , . :
, .; , .
$200, . ^ . :
, .; , . : .,
. .
20 1934, . 10.
: SOUTHPORT.
35 . 38 , ,
. ,
. G , , ,
, . .
( ).
84 . . .: . 29. 1916. .
8 14 . : , . . :
, .; , .; , . $560.42,
$128, $31 .
$660.07, $200.
370
. . .,
, .
, ., . . : ,
.; , .; . , . 3.
1934. ,
: STAMFORD,
G 100 .- ; . 1900 . . 1912. . ,
. 1923. . . . . ' . , .
, . 1933. .
. . . .
45 4 . 8: 3 , 2
, 2 . ( ).
350 . . G.: . , |, . 1913. .
^ , . . ,
: , .; , .; , . 18 .
$1,985.50, $351,
$225. , , , .
$2,158.34, $130. , . .
: , .; , .; , .
. .
: TERRYVILLE.
1910 p., . . . 110.
: WALLINGFORD,
54 .
,
. , , .
. iecya .
T^HMH.
. , - ,
.

. . . 14.
1935. . . , 54 . . . :
, .; , .; , . (
).
.
------'-
'---------
D L A W A B E
,
: WILMINGTON.
200 (1,000 ). , .,
1896. .
; . : 2 . . . G., 2 , .
, 1 . . . . 6 2 : , . .
, , , . ...., . ,
. . 12,
. . ( .
).
173 . . .: . 8 28
1928 . , .
: , .; ,. .; , .
$75, $280. . . .
: , .; , .; , .
247 . . .: . 27
26. 1909. : . , .; ,
.; , . $2,755, $1,445,
1 $325 , , . $2,750.
, $30,000; .
: , .; ., .; , .
: '
-------------^---------
370
. . ., , .
ILLINOIS
: CALUMET CITY.
9 . 24 : , ,
. . G 1
( . . .), 1 1 . ( ).
80 . II. .: . .
: CHICAGO.
.
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
. , .
, , . - ,
1892. . , . . , . . ,
,
.
, - , ,
, .
.* , , ,
, , , ,
. .
, ,
, , .
- . 1903.
. - . .
, . , 1902

. ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, . .
.
-
49 . . 1904 .
,
, .
. 3. 1905. . ,
602 . .
, . 28. 1906 .

. ,
, .
.
, , 1908 12 ,
. . 1913. .
- . .
.
.
-.
. ( )
.
. . . . 1903 .
. , 84 . . ., , .
, , .
. . 8
, , ,
. .
. ,
. 6 ,
, ,
, , .
,
^ .

, .
,
, . 1908 .
, . ,
60 , ,
8 ,
, , . . ,
.
, ,
,
. . 50-. ,
,' .
,
.
. 40,000 ,
.
^ .
, ,
, , , , ,
.
- . , ,
. , 6,544
, 4 , 26,176
. , 57% 26,176
. , 50%
, 57%. 26,176 11,456, ,
/ . , ,
- . , - ,
, 1930 26,176 . ,
- .
61 , , , ;

.
, , ,
121/fc%.
, -
22,904 29,448. , 1930
29,448 ,, 22,904.
1930. 36,000 , .
, ,
-
29,448 36,000 , 50 %-
1. 1930. 32,724 . 6%
,
42,551. , 1.
1935. 40,849 .
.
, , ,
, .
.
, .
- 1930* . 64 (
). , , , .
. ,
350 . . ., , .
, , : 7 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 38 , 3 , 46 , 17 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 1 , 1
, 2 , 2 , 3 , 3
, . . ,
, , ,
.
. .
. . ,
, .
.
; , , 3
, . , 50- ,
( . ) .
.
, .
,
, ,
,
. , ,
. ., .
,
. -
, .

, ,
.
113 , 1. 1935 .
,
.
.
, , . , : .
1933. . . . ,
100- . 1. 31. 1933.
, , , ,
. .
, .

.
.
, ,
.
.
, .
0. , .
1,800,000 23 .
. ,
; . ,
.
,
.
,
: - , . , .
- , . ,
0. .
, ,
.
,
, . , ,
. ,
, .
1933.

( ).
:
.
:
.
22 . . (G ood W ill Society,) 11

27. 1935. . .
, : , .; , . .;
, . .; , . . .
33 . . .: . 1915. .
12 . : , .;
, . $1,036, $50,
$25\ . $1,000 ().
. .
: , .; , .; , .
106 . . .: . ^ 1. 1906 . : . , - . 8 .
: , .; , .; . , .
$8,470, (: $500,
[], $100, $600), $750.
. $1,500; , ;
$25. . . . .
, , . .
. . . :
, .; , .; , .
125 . . .: . 16 15.
1908. . . . : , ;
, . $100,
$250, $25 . $75, . $276.12. . :.
, .; , .; , .
139 . . .: 21. 1918. . 13

. : , .; , .;
, . $999, $200,
$400. . $230,
$70. . :
, .; , .; , .
176 . . .: . 22
15. 1921. . 165 . 183.
. . :
, .; , . $2,500,
$150, $125 ,
. $750.
. . : ,
.; , . . .; , . .
214 . . .: . .
220 . . 0.: . 17 8.
1911. . .
, , .
$3,794.80 , $2,027.56 (
,. . $1,214.90, . . . $237.22).
$995. , , .
' $2,144.80. .... . 46 . . . . 139 259.
. . 4950 .
: , .; , .; , .
221 . . .: . 25. 1908.
. . . : , .; , .; , .
$10,286.25, $1,408.65, $1,417.15.
, . :
$2,852.95, - $1,148, $250,
$425, $4,675.95, $150.
, , .
. . 25 , 1909
1934 p., -: 1909 1910
48 , 1911 . 23 , 1912 13
72 . ,
1914 1922, 144 , 1927. 12 .
1923 1935 90 . ,
1926. p., 13 , 1928. . 33 .
1929 1930 22 . 1931.
, ( 1934
) 157 . . . ,
. .
. , :
1914 , 1916 ! 44 47 . 1916
47 , . . 1914
44 . . .
1925 .
1934 66 .
' . ,
, ,
, . : ,
.; , .; , .
252 . . .: . 1. 1922.
. 8 , , : , .;
, .; , .; .
$490, ' $150, $75,
$500, $100. .
: , .; , .; , .
259 . . .: . 16
13. 1909. . : , ;
, .; , . $3,408.45,
$970.40, $1,713.34.
. $980.34. -
. ,
221 . . ., , .
, ....
. 4950 . ., $8,000.
: , .; , .; , . .;
, . .
301 . . .: . 17
5. 1911. . . ,
.; , .; , . $3,000,
$200, $800.
8 . $150.
. : , .; , . .; . , . .; , .
800 .
379 . . .: . 21 1. 1914. .
. : , .; ,
.; , . $400,
$10, $50. $350, $50.
. . . . . .
. : , .; , .;
, .
. . .
40- . . ., 28- 1934. p.,
13 20. .
, , .
. . 3. ,
. .
. . , . . . . , .
, .
. 1,500 .
. 2408 . , - .
.
:, EAST ST. LOUIS.

160 . 1908. p., .
2 . . . 5: , 1
, 2 . 6 , , .
, . . ( ).
284 . . .: < 6 6.
1923. . . :
, .; , .; , .
$580, $135, $30.
, , , .
$385, $15, $50.
, . 308,
. : , .; (.), .; , . . 284 308.
308 . . .: . 16 19.
1911. . : , , .
: , .; , .; , .
$4,000, . $500,
$1,000 ^ . $453.50.
. :
, .; , .; , .
. 284 18. 1934. . ,
, . . .
: JOLIET.
40. , .
35 45 . (. . . .), -
; \, ( , . 111 .).
. II; .: . . 1917. .
; ; , .
: , -.; , .) ., .
. , 308 . . ., , .
: PEORIA,
7 20 . 20 .
8 : , , , , .
, , , 3
. ( ).
190 . . .: 9 2.
1919. . , , .;
, .; , . $534,
$37.50, $154 , .
$370.41. . :
, .; , .; , .
: PHOENIX.
9 . 22 , .
. , ,
. ( ).
: HARVEY.
33 . 20 : , , ,. , , , , .
. 6 . . . .
2 , 2 , , ,
. ( ).
: WEST HARVEY.
35 . , 1915. p.,
. 6 . . . , ,
5 , : 2 , 2 , .
( ).
335 . . .: . 12
2. 1925. . : , ,
, . : , .;
, .; , . $215.50.
$235. . : ,
.; , .; , . .; , , .
.
: WEST PULLMAN.
250. - . pp.
1903 1904. , . (
), . . G 4 ,
. , . G 8 : , , ,
. ( . ).
216 . .: . 10
14. 1919. . , , .
^ : , .; , . .; , .
.; , . $600,
$25, $100 . $1,100.
, - . . 243,
. : . , .;
, . .; , . .; , .
8 .
243 . . .: . 1909 .
. : , .; .
, .; , .
: ZEIGLER.
377\ . . .: . 2. 1928. .
9 . .
, , . .
$55, $23, $19. $36.23.
377 ^ 166. . .
: , .; , .; . , .
8 179 . , ., 19. 1934. .
I N D I A N A
: EAST CHICAGO.
68 . . .: . .
: GARY.
50 . 1911. . , , .
. G ,
.
100,-* . : . . 12 15.
1912. . : , .; ,
.; . , . $2,097, $133.98,
$266 , .
$1,069.84, $75. - . ; 100 . 322, 389.
. : , .; . , .;
, .
: HAMMOND.
60. , 1901. p.;
. 6 , .-.
, : , ,
, , , . G
. ( : , lean , . ).
107 . . .: . 15
1. 1909. . : , .
: , .; . , .; , .
$1,300, $135, $10
. $280. :
, .; , .; , .
KANSAS
: KANSAS CITY.
16 . .
28 . . ( ).
323 . . .: . 21 26.
1912. . , .
, , .
$1,500.30, $169.45, $115.45.
. $575.
. : , .; , .; , .
.
L O U I S I A N A
: NEW ORLEANS.
12. . 1910 6 6 .
: 2 , , . 1934. .
.
. ( ).
M A R Y L A N D
: BALTIMORE.
500 . 8 .
88 , 6 3 , . .
, , , 13 , : 8
( ), 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 . 8 20
. . ( 1918. p.),
4- . 28. 1935. . 8
.
( ).
148 . . .: Up. 6
. 1919. . ,
.
$91, $50, $55 .
$202. . :
, .; , .; , .
320 . . .: . 12.
1912. . 24 . : , .;
, .; , . $955,
$105, $12 .
$200, $200. .
. . :
, .; , .; , .
337 . . . 6
8. 1926. . . : , .; , .; , . $85,
$42.70, $15 .
$111.04. ,
. : , .; , .;
, .
: CURTIS BAY.
300 . 8 1890. .
. * 3 , . . ,
, .
. ( 0. ).
55 . . .: . 4. 1918. .
6 .
., . $867,
$49.50, $210 .
$75. .
. . : , .;
, ; , .
.
81 . . .: .
1903. . 17 . : , .; ,
.; . , . $6,350.20,
$850.25 , . ! $980.
. ,
. . $1,200.
: , .; , .; , .
290 . . .: .
8 20 13. 1913. . . , . 81.
. . . . : , .; , .;
, . $965.50,
$75, $313. $50.
. $700. 8 . . .
. : ,
.; , .; , .
M A S S A C H U S E T T S
: AMHERST.
199 . . .: . 1935 .
: BOSTON.
4,000 . 1880. .
. : , , ,
: , , 6
. 15: , ,
, ( ). 2 , 3 ,
. ; .
1898. ,
1905. , .
555
. * .
,
, . : -. 1914. ,
. -.
. ,
. . ,
, , ;
- .
-, , , . . 1922.

. . . '
. . . ,
, . '
.
.
, .
. ( ).
, .
. . . , . , . , ,: , ,
.
. ,
, .
. , , -
, , * 8 . , .
. , ,
.
1926
. 1929. . , , . :
Office of the Director. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washing
ton. November 16, 1929.
Mr. ^Nicholas Dawyskiba, President, Ukrainian Orthodox Sacred Heart of Jesus
Church, 163 Arlington St., Boston, Mass.
*
Dear Sir: I am glad to advise you, in reply to your recent letter, that all
persons who return their mother tongue as Ukrainian at the 1930 census will be shown
as Ukrainian in the report of that census.
It was at first thought that it would not be possible to include the mother
tongue inquiry at the coming census because of the great difficulty in finding space
on the population schedule; but we have finally worked out a solution that will enable
us to include the mother tongue question, so that the Ukrainians so far as reported
will be separately shown.
Very truly yours, W. M. STEUART, Director.
1929. p. . . , ,
. 22. 1930 .
. 1980. .
.
. , , . ,
, , .
, .
.
1933.
.
. .
( , 12. ) , 0.
. , : , , , . , . , ,
,
, ,
. 17. 1935. .
, 8 .
, , .
, .

. , .
,
. ( ).
-------------------
1930 ,
238. . . . .
,
. , ,
. ,
- .
. .
, : .
:
, , ,
.
.
.
( ) ,

:
The Boston Globe, Nov. 9, 1933. A protest was made to Gov. Ely yesterday
afternoon by a delegation representing the United Ukrainian Societies of Massachusets
against the treatment of the Ukrainian population of Russia by the Soviet Government.
The delegation sought the Governors aid in urging the United States and Mass. to
assist in relieving oppression in the Ukraine.
:
The Boston Globe, Tuesday, June 18, 1935. Attired in old native peasant
costum es, in most cases handsomely and elaborately hand embroidered, the Ukra
inian Societies of Boston marched, bearing sign, 160 Years Ago America Fought For
Freedom, Ukraine Fights For Freedom Today. When the group came to the reviewing
stand on High St., it stopped and faced the reviewing party etc.
,
(....), . ( .
).
238 . . .: 9 . 1921.
. : , , , . : , , , , , . .
$1,954 , , .
$50. ,
, , , . ,
. . :
, ; , ; , .
238 374.
374 . . .: . 16 1927.
. 8 8 . : , .; , .; , . . . . $15,
$50. $45. . , .,
- .
. : >, .; , .;
, . 238. . . . 2. 1934. .
20. . , . , , . . ,
. , . . , ,
. .
- 1932 .
. , .
: HOLYOKE.
40 . . 1895 , 8 ,
. , .
, . , ,
65. , .
: . ( ).
. , 52 . . ., , .
52 . . .: . 15
28. 1905. . ,
, . $1,600,
$150, $200, .
$100. . . : , .;
, .; , . . . ., 30-
, 19. 1984. 28. 1934 .
. 171 253 . 207. ,
. .
52 1935 . 171 . . .:
. . 32 22. 1918 . ,
.
$630, $60, $85 .
: LUDLOW,
45 . 1909. .
. 6 . . , 5 (2
, ,. , ). , 48, , 32 . ( . ).
25 . * .: . 13
10. 1923. . . : ,
.; , .; , ., .
$657.88, $600
8 , . $538.35. -
. . : ,
.; , ; , . 5.
1934. $., , . .
, . -;
. , . :
. ,
.
: PITTSFIELD.
48 ., , ,
, . 6 , ,
. . 6 .
134, 10 , .
. ( ).
150 . . .: . 1.
1908. . 12 . : . ,
, . $3,365,
$935 .
$1,356.58, 300 $300.
. : ,
.; , .; , .
: SALEM.
224 () . . .: 1936.
: SOUTH DEERFIELD ().

100 . , 45
. , . 6 ,
. . ,
. ( ). >
207 . . .: . 10 11.
1919. . , ., , .
. $200,
, $50, 8 .
$500, $125. ,
. . : ;; , .; ,' /
, 253 . . ., , .
: TAUNTON.
14 . . 1904 : , , , 8 . . 8 , . .
., , , . 1922. .
80 , ', . (
).
122 . . .: . . 15 16.
1917. . . : , .;
, .; , . $405.21,
$60, $201.65. .
$100, $2,275, , $125, .
, 14 , , . : , ; , ; , .
M I C H I G A N
: DEARBORN.
2,000 . 14 . ,
. . .
15 20: , , , , .
, . G . . ,
, 1 . . . .
: ,
. ( - . . ).
141 . . . 6 15. 1984. . :
, . 175, , . 292.
: ., . $2.50. , . : ,
.; , .; , .
: DETROIT.
25.000 .
, , . , 20- 1882. .
, 1895 . . ,
, . .
, (). 7
: . 1905. . 8
8 . .
1907. . . . ,
, .
1911. . . . . 1917.
. . ,
.
.
25,000 . : 1933. .
. 5,000 ,
6,000 . 95% .
8 , 25 .
2,800, 330,000 ,
630 . , ,
, . . ,
.
25 , .
. , . . . . 4
. . ., 4 . . ., . . ., 1 , 6 , 4
, . , , . ...., 7 , 3
, 8 (), 3 . , . , .
. .
8 ,
. 1912. .
. . 1916. p.,
. 1927. . , 1931.
. . . . .
.
: , ,
, , , , ,
, 1 , 2 .
2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 3
, 4 , 5 .
. 3 : 2
. . , 1 . . . .
1928. . , 1933. .
, 1935. .

. 1935. .
.
. , 2 , 2
. 2 .
, 5
8 . 4 , 1 ,
. ( - . . ).
, 7 . . .: . 1916. . 22
. : , , , .
: . , .; , .; , .
$3,380, $465.45, $1,262.65
, . $896.57.
, . 175 292 . . .
. : , .;
, .; , . . 75, 175 292
(1933 p.).
' .
. , 146 . . ., , .
. 1934. 11. 1934. .

. , . .
0. , . 300
. : , - . . , . , -
, , .
14Q . . 0.: . 16
26. 1911. . : , , .
: , .; , . .; , .;
. , . .; , . $2,438.50,
$70, $903.50 .
$911.41. . , , ., .
1924. . .
: , ; , .; , .
: 20, 94 146 , ., . 20.
175 . . .: . 28 14.
1907. . . , . $2,525, $225,
$215 , . $1,157.56,
$750, $200. 75 292,
. : , .; ,
.; ,, . . 75 292 . . 75.
292 . . .: . 11
13. 1910. . . , .
, . ,
,
, . . *
. $2,527.54. : -, ; , .; , . .; , , .
75, 175 292 . . 75.
. ,
: HAMTRAMCK.
10 15 . . , , , . 1930. . -
, 1,400 .
12,000, , , , 10%
10 15 .
. . . 1910. .
. 2376 ., : 1917. . .
1928. . . , .
. . . 1912. p.,
1916 . . . . .
, . 1919. . ,
- 0. 1926. . .
2 . . , 1 . , 1 . . , 1 . ....,
(5 ), . . <> 20 .
.
. 50, ,
, , , , . .
1 , 1 3 .
G : . , .
.
: ....,
.
. .
3 . ( - . ,
).
20 . .: 61 21 1918. . .
: , .; , .;
, . $5,770, $450,
$3,000. . $1,785.23,
,
. . : , .; , .;
, . 94 146 .
, . .
. . .
. . : o'. . , . . , - . .
. . . . 8 .
94 . . .: . 15 31.
1916. . : .
: , .; ^ , .; , .
$4,209.29, $927.89,
$1,768.60 . , 25 .
. . $2,964,
$25, $300. .
, 2240 . : , , , . /
: , , , .
: , , ,
. , . . ., $15
. : , .; , . .; ,
., .; , . . 20 146 .
. 20.
. MUSKEGON HEIGHTS.
55. 25 , . . 6
. .
( ).
131 . . G.: 10 20. 1918. .
: . , ., , . . . .,
. ., . , . . $263,
$65, $62 .
$7.50. .
. : , ; , .;
, .
: SAGINAW.
18 . -. 12 15 . , ,
, , . . .
. ( ).
309 . . .: 7 24.
1924 . , .
, 8 . $300,
$15, $10 ./ $160.
. : , , .
M I N N E S O T A
: MINNEAPOLIS.
2,000. 1905. . , 1910.
. 6 -. , , . 13, : . G
. , . 7
, 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1
, 1 , * 1 . G ,
80 . 1
, ( . . ).
345 . . .: . 20.
1925. . 38 . : .
, 8 . . . .
$2,000 , .
$3,800 , , . $50,
$100, $25. ,
.... .
. : , .;
, .; , . 22- 1934. .
. . . .
385 . . .: 22 18.
1914. . : . , 0. , . . .
, . , . . $2,170,
$473.80, $740 ,
, . $4,397.01, $90,
$18, $120.
, . . . . ,
. , . 385.
. : ,
.; 0. , .; . , . 20-
,,. . . ,
. . . ,
. , . . 0.
.
: SAINT PAUL.
6 , .
. G ,
. 5. : 1 , 2 ,
1 . 1929 . .
( . ).
M I S S O U R I
: DESLOGE.
13 . 28 . ,
'. , ,
. ( ).
. 225 . . .: . 3. 1909. . 24
. : . .> .
; 8 , .
$1,885, $55 .
$360. . , . 181 . .
., . . , . 50 , . .
. : , .; , .; ,
. .
: SAINT LOUIS.
350 , 1,000 . 50 ,
. , . 6
(. . ), 1 ,
, 1
. G 1 , 15: , , 1
, 1 . ( ).

. ,
, ,
. . 1803.
15 ; ,
, , ,
. , ,
, , , , , ,
, , .
.
, .
850,000 .
, ,
, .
, , , , ,
, .
, ,
, , . , , , 1830- , . 50-
. . 70- -
. ,
. , . ; 5 .
, . 70- 80- pp.
, 80- pp. .
, .
, , , ,
, .
,
, , , , . ,
, , , , , , , , , .
, , .
, -, , , , , .
, , , , .

, . , , , , . ,
, , , ,
. !
. , .
. 90-
. .-. ;
. : 31. 1901. .
G 220 67 - , $1,154.
, .
,
. 1903 . . .
1907 . $10,000
. , 1871.
p., 1872. . . .
,
, .

.
179 . . ., , .
;
. 15 ,
25 . . .
175 ,
. , , ,
, , , , , .

, . ,
, , ,
. ,
-
.
.
. , ,
.
- ,
.
,
.
8 . . . 117. .
; . 17, . . ; . .
. . . 6 , .
, . . . . .
. . .

, . -

-,
.
. 1917. .
, ,
, .
. , . , , ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
G .
,
.
. , - , , Young Ladies Sodality .
; ,
. .
.
.
. ( . ).
17 . . . 6 25. 1938. . . . : . , , * , ,
. $40, -
, . . . .
: . , .; , .; . , .
179 225.
179 . . .: ^ . 12. 1908. .
. .
. ( , . 18 . $8,288.77,
$1,685.45, $10,092;
, , ' .
$2,548.77.
.
. . :
, .; , .; . , .
. 17, 179 373 19. 1934.
. , . ,
. , : - . . .
373 . . .: 8 , 8.
1927. . : , , .
, , .
$168.82, $498,
$85 , . $291.36,
. : , .; , .;
, . 17 179.
: SAINT JOSEPH.
20 . 1910. .
. G , . . . ., . . , . G . .
150 , , .
( ).
355 . . 16 20.
1913. . : . , 10. , : . , .; , .; , .
$1,450, $175, $150
, , . $2,500,
$100. . : , .;
, .; , .
. ,
178 . . ., , . .
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
: MANCHESTER.
70. 40 , ,
25 .
. G . . , 3 -
, , . ( ),
178 . . .: . 8 17
13. 1908. . , 8
, . .
: , .; , .; , .
11. 1934. . . ,
, . .
NEW
JER SE Y
: BAYONNE.
160 . 1899. .
, , .
(, , , , ), , ,
, , , , . . 1918. .
, ,
300 . 5. 4 ,
4 , 1 , 1 . 2 . . . ., 2
, 2 . P. . 1905 . .
, . 213. . . . 1931. . . . . ,
. G - , ,
. 1918. . .-.
$23,000.
. .
,
6 7. 1935. . 1936. p.,
. . .
, . (
).
213 . . .: . 17 15.
1908. . .
.
$5,835, $650, $400.
. $5,000,
$325. . : , .;
, . .; , . .; , .
. 281 3. 1934. 8 13. 1934.
, .
. . ,
. . .
. , , - ,
, .
281 . . .: . 8
29. 1923. . ,
, . $264,
$125, $118. .
.
: , .; , .; , .
213 281.
. ,
213
. . ., , . .
. , 281 . . ., , . .
: BOUND BROOK.
40 . , .
. : 2 , 2 , 1
. 1 . . . ., 1 . . . ., , ,
. .
( ).
344 . . .: . 16. 1912. . 18
. : .
, , .
$883.75, $25, $55
, . $858.95, $175.
. : . , .; , .;
, . , . ., : 349 , 344
, 332 24. 1934. . 27. 1935.
. ,
. . . . . . .
8 . . . .
: BRIDGETON.
20 . 1907. . , . , .
. G 1 . 1
2 . ( . ).
: CARTERET.
2,000 . 1,467,
, - .-. .
1896. . : , , , , , .
, , , ,
, . : 2 . . . ., 2 . , 1 . .
., - , , ( ), ( ),
, .
1910 . . . .
1929. .
. - , 23. 1934. . , .
, . .
, . .
. , 1932. .
, . . . ,
. : 7 , 1 , 8 . : 1 , 1 .
1 .
. . ( , .
).
209 . . .: . 28 24.
1908. . : , .; , .; , . $965,
. $400.
. .
: , .; , .; , .
342 28. 1934. . .
342 . . .: 29. 1912. . 20
, , .
, . .
$2,483.60, $981,
$133.25 .
$835.79, 8 . $200.
, . .
: , .; , .; , .
209 28. 1934. . .
, .
, . ,
, .
.
/
. ,
344 . . .,
, . .
: CLIFTON.
182 . . .: 16 4.
1919. . .
: , . .; , .
$2,624, $568.26, $1,004.89
. $3,638.04, $72.05,
$554.99. .... . 18,
. : ,
.; , . .; , .
42, 97 182 6. 1934. 10. 1934. p.,
. 42 .
: ELIZABETH.
2,000. , 500.
1895. p., : , , , .
, , , .
10, 5 . . ., . . . ., 2 , ,
. .-. .
10, 7 , 3 . 1
, 1 , 1 . 6 150 .
. , , ,
: 1901. . 10
. 6 . .
, . . .
1902. . . , . 65 . . . 1903. .
. ; . , 1906. .
3,000 . ,
, , .
, , .
. ,
. ,
1926. . , 1925. p.,
$16,000, $3.000.
,
15 1930. .
.
. . .: 1. 1915.
, . . . . : , .; .
, .; , . 11.
$2,246, $245, $94.
. $2,826.35, $86.
, . : .
, .; . , .; . , .
, : 37, 65, 142, 234, 306 . 21.
1934. , 19. , : , 20. ,
. , 21. ,
, . . . . 2. ,
. . . .
.
37 . . .: , ,
15 31. 1916. .
: , .; , ; ,
. $899.25, $154.71,
$85; $1,348.06.
. ; , .;
, .; , . .; , . .
65 . . .: . 1. 1902. 8
: , , . , . .
: , .; , .; . , . $11,250, $875, $598.41.
50 . . $5,064.61
, $200.
. .
: , , . . -
. ,
65 . . ., , . .
8 .
.
, , ,
. . . .
, 37, 142 234.
142 . .
.
10. 1907. . ,
, . $7,836,
$500, $250. ,
, . $3,873.26,
$300.
. : , .; . , .;
, . .; , . .
.
234 . . .: 33
7. 1909. . : , .;
, .; , .,
. $9,570,
$638.92, $687.15. -
, . . (214-216 . ).
. $3,836.12,
$473. , 214
., . . . .
1930. . 1931. p., , 55
. : , .; , .;
, . 3, 37, 65, 142, 234 306.
: GREAT MEADOWS.
80 . 1906. . , 8 , ,
, . . . . . , 1923. p.,
. . . . , 3 , 1 . G .
( ).
143 . . .: 10 ,
27. 1926. . , 8
. $156.50,
$26.25, $500. .
: , .; , .; , .
: ISELIN.
40 . 10 , , . : , , , ,
. , . 366 . . ., . .
2 , , ,
. ( . ).
366 . . .: 1927. . 18
: , .; , .
. $236,
$15, $36. $650.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: JERSEY CITY.
500 . 450 , 150

.
, , , , 1879. .
: , , . . ,
1. 1887. p., * ,
17 . ,
. 1884. . -.
, . , ,
.' 1887. .
. .
. , 1891. .
1892. . 1899. . 150 , 150 ,
70 280 (145 135 ). , -
, -, *
.
. -
35 . - . ,
, 1901. . . ,
,
. 1905. .
,
, .
8- 1914. .

,
1915. .
, 70 . . ., , . .
(
, ),
8 , ;
. 1897. .
, . 70 . .
. 72 . , 1933. .
.

1911. . , , .
1892 p., ( )
. 1893 ( 15. ) . ,
12. 1889. . . , ,
. .
1890. . . 102 .
.
, . , 1900. . ()
. 38 ., , 1894. . . , 245 .,
- .
. . . . . 4.
. . . . . ,
.
. . ,
, 1903. .
. 2 , ,
, , 4.
, () .
9 . . ., , 1 . . . ., 2
, 1 , 2
, , ,
. , , , 2
( ) - .
. . 1 , 1
, , 1 .
2
, 4 , 5, 1 , 2 , 1 (), .1 ,
1 , 1 , 2 , 1 ;
: 4, 2, 3, 7, 2, 23,
, 1 , .
, .
( : pp. 1896 1900,
, * , .
- ).
4 . . .: . . . . ,
26. 1906 . 1918 . $1,195,
$46, . . . $65.10,
$10, $194.50 . $309.53.
. 72 . : , .;
, .; . , . .
. 170.
25 . . .: 25. 1915 .
: . , .; . , .; . , .
, . ,
.
.
, . 32 13 4
. : 0. , .; - . , .;
0. , .
70 . . .: 26 22.
1902 . : , . , . , . .
. 28 1919
. , . 171 . . ., , . .
. , 270 . . ., , . .
. : , , .
$10,682.50, $351, $646.75,
- . $6,176.63,
$319.50, $100.
, 8 . . .
. : , .; , .
.; . , . .; , .
.
170 . . .: 17
12. 1912 . : .
, ; ,
. $8,923,
$814, $1,310 ,
. $2,113 ( 8 ), $23.
.
: , .; , .; , .
: 4, 54, 70, 170, 196, 257, 270, 275 286
, . 1934, . 16, .
. 238 8 11. 1934. .
, ,' . . , . . , , .
. . . :
. . .
.
171 . . .: . . . ,
26. 1936 . .
10 .
, , $48
. 87 , 51 36 .
. : , ;
, ; , .
196 . . .: 42
20. 1919 . , .
, .
$1,180, $123, $900.
8 , . $340, $100.
- ,, :
, .; , .; , .
.
257 . . .: . .
270 . . .: . . 23 14.
1910 . , ,
. .
$6,690, ( . . ) $1,125,
. $4,345.50, $500, $5,970.50.
$2,220.
. $4,515.75. .
: , ; , .; , . .;
, . . .
275 . . .: 6 25.
1923 . .
: , , .
$1,890, $259, $314
. $1,439.92. . : , .; , .
.; , .; , . ,
.
286 . . G.: . 12. 1914 . 15
. $1,650,
$115, $40, $1,146.
. : , .;
, .; , .
.
287 . . . 31. 1936.
, 275 . . ., , . .
. II. .
: LINDEN ROSELLE.
50 , 280 . 1906 .
, . G 2 1 .
6: 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 .
( ).
306 . . .: .
11. 1924 . : . :
, .; , .; , .
$334.92, $35, $40. $753,
$200.
. : , .; , .; ,
. 21. 1934,
3.
: MANVILLE.
120 . 1912 p., .
. G 1 . 5: , 2 ,
1 , 1 . , .
( ).
349 . . .: . 16 20. 1926 . : .
, , . .
$930, $205.75,
$177 , . $836,
$340. .
. : , .; , .;
, .
3 , : 349 , 344 322
8 24. 1934. 22. 1935.
. . . . .
, . .
. . . . .:
. . .
: MAPLEWOOD.
272 . . .: 31. 1935 .
! : MILLVILLE.
100 . 1910 .
. ,
. 347 . . . :
,
, , , .
.
, . . . (331) . . .,
1917 p., , . G
. ( . .)
: , , , , ,
. . 1 , 1
, 1 . ,
.
331 . . .: . . 18
1925 . . ,
.
$455, $100, $25.
$455.
. . . :
, .; , .; , .
307, 331, 347 348 2. 1934 .
13. 1934. , . , .
. . . . : .
, . . . . . , . . , . .
.
347 . . .: 20
9. 1912 . ;
? . $1,105.75,
. , 349 . . .. , . .
, 347 . EL ., , . .
$385.90, $325.05
. $2,010.51 ,
$173. . : ,
.; , .; , .
.
: NEWARK.
, , .
31. 1899 . ,
140 , , ,
.
. ,
. 5. 1900 . .
. . . ,
.
26- 1903 .
. 76, . .
- 1905 .
3. 1906 . ,
. . . .
. , . . 5 .
14. 1907 .
( , , . , .. ),
8 . 249 Court Street sa $17,500.
17 1907 . , . 249
Court Street. . . .
1927 p., , .
, , . 37 Morton Street.
, , . . .
19 1908 .
.
, $28.75.
. . . . . .
2. 1908 . .
12. 1909 . .
.
, . 1911 . .
: . , ; . , ; .
, .
. 180 114 . .
80 , $5,985.35.
. .
(L abor.D ay) 6. 1910 .
, .
4. 1910 . ,
.
6. . 1910 . .
$27. .
18. 1910 . ,
.
1911
, . . 53 Beacon Street.
. . 15- 1911 .
. . . $86.
19. 1911 ,
. .
( , , ) (,
) . . . . . .
. . .
* , 27 . . ., , . .
7. 1907 p., .
. : . ,
. , . , . , . , . , . , .
, . , . , . , . , . . .
. .
21. 1912 p., .
.
. , . . , .
( ) , :
ff .
, $60.
23. 1913 .
,
. 400 , $350 (.
$200). .
19. 1913 . ,
. . , . .
, 55 .
, 1914,
( ) .
1914 p. . . , ,
, , .
23. 1914 . ,
: 100 .
: .
800 , 1,000 .
. . ; . . . .
. , , $70.
, .
1. 1914 .
. . : . . .
$86.43. , ,
, .
1915 . . . 1917 .
$40,000. .

11. 1915 . Y. . . .
. . , . .
8. 1915 . , ,
.
12. 1915 . ,
$265.77 (. $200) .
1916 . 1924
. . , . ,
.
23. 1916 . ,
. , .
21. 1917 175
, .
, $3,630 (. .
$500).
(4 ) 1918 .
, ,
. 3,000 .
8 ,
. , .
.
1918 ,
. 179 Court St.
1919 .
. ( ),
. 1,000 . $141.39 .
1920 . .
$664.10.
4. 1920 . * .
, .
1920 . ,
. .
. 1921
. $170.35.

12. 1921 . .
$227.28; $85,
$76.04. , . .
16. 1921 . $1,424.78.
(4 ) 1921 .
. 2,000.
. , .
.
25. 1921 . ,
$1,000. - . .
1921 . , -
(American-Ukiainian Building & Loan A ssociation),
28. 1923 .
. . . . 1932 ,
$750,000. 1934 . 148
matured shares ( ) $126,000
. ,
. $4,000. (14) $552,090.79
. ( ) :
, .; , . .; , ; ,, .
1922 . ()
.
24. 1922 .
, , $3,335 ( 7- ).
, 25. 1922 p.,
$200.
1922 .
, $1,000.
, 17- 1922 p., ,
$155.90.
.
1922 . $102.50 .
1922 . .
$679.64
( 7- ).
25. 1923 .
.
2. 1924 . .
$106.18.
, 1924 , ,
1923 . $1,100.
.
$200 1925 ,
.
1925 .-. 150 .
19. 1925 . ,
$511.82.
1926 . . ,
.
. ( 229 Springfield Ave.)
.
, , , ,

.
.
(1928) , ,
$800, (1931) $700.
,
$3,000.
. , . .
1931 . , Polish Atrocities in Ukraine ,
$300. $450.
, .
, , >
, .

.
, .
, . . , ,
.
,
, .
8 , .
8 , ; ,
. 240, . . . 1934 Ukrainian Social Club
, .
. .

.
7,000.
. < .. 6 .
- , , ,
, , . G (
). G , .
, , . .
, . G
. : ,
, , .
( ).
14 . . .
27 . . .: . 55 28.
1915 . : , .
: . , .; , .; , .
$12,000, $175. .
$500. . 93 . :
, .; , .; , .
27, 76, 133, 152, 219, 371, 323 359
11. 1934. 5. 1935:
, . *
. : , . ; , . .
., , . .
. .
76 . . . 13 26.
1903 . .
, , .
, $325, $1,150.
. $2,700,
- .
- 1906 .
. 37 . : , ;
, .; , . .
133 . . .: . 24
12. 1908 . : . . . :
. . , . , . , . . $5,036,
$518. $2,000,
$200. .
. : , .;
, .; , . .
152 . . 10 10.
1918 p.: , , . , ,
. : . , .; , .; , .
$862, $190,
$275 , .
() $865.
. . . . 39 .
. : , .; , .; , .
.
219 . . G.: . 2.
1919 . 6 . , , , ,
. ,' .
$1,091, $179.25, $210
. $860, ,
, 179 .
: , .; , .; , . .;
, . . .
240: - 31. 1936 .
: , .; , .; , .
.; , . .
322 . . G.: . 8 11.
1924 . : , , .
: , .; . , .; , .
$223, $250, $150.
. $300.
$200, 8 .
.-. . : , .;
, .; , .
. . .
359 . . G.: . 12 1926 .
8 12 . ,
. $19, $25,
$55. . 67, 219 . .
, 229 , . . ,
.; , .; , . 8 .
371 . . G.: 16
9. 1913 . : , , .
: , .; , .; ,
. $33.50, $76.20,
$96. $59. . , ^
.
. : , .; , . .
^ . .
: NEW BRUNSWICK.
50 . 35 . : ,
, . .
86 8 . 6 2 : 1 . . . . 1; . . P. . G 2
, 1 . ( ).
353 . . .: 8 9 1.
1926 . : , .; , .; , . $64, $40,
$15. $413.75, .
. : , .; , *; , .
: NEW MARKET NOVA UKRAINA.

1927 .
. 10 . .
.
: OXFORD.
20 . , , ,
. , , . 6 1 ,
( ) 3 . ( * ).
174 . . . 45
19. 1907 . : ,
. $1,104.50,
$129, $285 . $45,
27 $5. 8 , .
: , .; , .; , .
: PASSAIC
3 Clifton, Garfield, Lodi, W allington, Rutherford,

Athenia, Singac, Little Falls, Carlstadt.
2,000. 1885 . ,
1895 . 80 . ' .-. .
1- ., . 3- .
, . -,
. . ,
1900 .
: -. .
.; -' ., .
.-. ) .
, 8 .
. ,
. 3 , 6 ,
1 , 2 , 1 , 1 ,
1 . , , .
8 7, , 8
, , , . G ....
.
. 1910 . .
, . 1922. 1917 p.;
. .
1913 . ; . P. .
1925 . . . .
2 .
8 1923 .
, 1933 . .
( : . . ).
42 . . .: . 9 2
1915 . : , , .
. , .; , .; , .
$2,868.90, $207.75, $166.
. $1,437.74, $500.
, .
,
. : , .; ., .;
, .
. 97 182 , 6- 1934 .
10. 1934. . .
. . .
. : .
. , , .
, . ,
. ,
. , .
97 . . .: . 22 15.
1921 ., . , , .
. $1,110,
$35, $120.75. $650, $225.
. , . : , .; , .;
, . . 42 182.
: PATERSON.
100 . 1913 . ,
. ,
. G 1 . 27
. 9, : 3 , 2 , 2
, 1 , 1 . ( ).
64 . . .: . 36 3.
1916 . : , . , , . , . . : . , .; , .; . ,
. $2,200, $75, $125,
$45, $200.75 .
$2,034.57, $94.
. . : , .;
, .; , . .; , . .
26. 1934 . 8 16
1934: . .-. ,
. .
, . . 0. . .
: PERTH AMBOY.
460, 3,000. 1884 p.,
, , , . , 1908 . -
. ,
, , .
15. , :
. , . , . ,
. . . $80,000,
8 . . .
. . , . . . . 3 . . .,
1 . , -
$15,000, . G
, 3 .
21, : 4 , 6 , 2 ,
1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 .
13 . 1 , 3 ,
2 , 1 . ( ,
. . ).
104 . . .: . 6. 1903 . 8 16 .
: , , . .
., ., . $15,650,
$3,600, $1,600
. $2,940.55, $250.
. . .
: , .; , .; , .
8 . 155 168 . . .
155 . . .: 20. 1907 .
3 20 . : , , .
: , .; , .; , .
$6,800, $972, $630,
. $5,536.46, $500.
,
. , ,
. . . . 104 168.
. : , .; , .;
, . . 104 168.
. , 64 . . ., , . .
: 4- , , ; 5- , . ; 6-
, ; 7- , ; 8- , . ; 9- , . .
168 . . .: . 15 24. 1908 p.

, , .
, , .
$5,784, $1,800, $1,800 - ,
, . $250, $500.
, . 155 . . .
. . : ,
.; , .; , .
104, 155, 168 294
29. 1934. , .
, ,
, . .
. , . ,
.
: PLAINFIELD.
372 . . .: .
6 15. 1927 .
, , .
$337.50, $165, $75.
8 . $1,656.43 $450. -
. : , .; , .;
, .
; RAHWAY.
8 . 15 , .
, 1 . 6 2 1 .
( . ).
294 . . .:
8 6 21. 1923 . : , .;
, .; , . $1,021.
$638.86. . : , .;
, .; , . 104,
155, 168 29. 1934 p.; . 168.
: RARITAN.
100 . , , 1905 .
. 6 2 , , ,
, 3 , : , , :
. ( ).
332 . . .: . 14 1.
1912 . : , , , .
, ,
^. $1,096.74,
$81 8 $130. .
$1,447.10 $20. .
$700. ,
. : , .;
, .; , . , . .,
8 344 349. . 349.
: SOUTH PLAINFIELD.
151 , 20 ,
. G : , .
. G . , . . . (
).
312 . . 15
20. 1924 . : , .;
, .; , . $280,
$74.25, $220.
, , , , . $5,000. ,
1934 . .
. . . :
, .; , .; , .
: TRENTON.
350 , 2,000 . ^
, 1900 .
. '
. . . 1903 . , 8
, , 1897 .
, 9 ,
2 . . . ., 2 . . ., 1 . , 1 . . .
, . ....
1919 . ,
. G .
5 , 3 , 1
, 1 .
1915 .
. ,
1918 .
, .
. ,
245 . . . . (. . ).
, . ( :
, , ).
116 . . 16 23.
1922 p.: , . :
, . $595,
$100.25, $275. 8
. $150. , 149 .
. . 116 . , . 245 . . ., 1935 .
. : . , .;
, .; , .
116 245 362 , ., 27.
1934. 8 29. 1934 . ,
. .
.
. , . . ,
. . . .
245 . . .: .
8 4. 1909 . 12 ,
. ., .
$2,180. $75, $360
. $760, $250.
. 1914 p., : ,
^ 1915 . : , .;
, . .; , .; , . .
8 . 116 362.
: WILLIAMSTOWN.
40 . 22 . .
. G , 1 . 1
1 . ( ).
307 . . .: . 7 28.
1924 . . :
, .; , .; , .
$329, $15, $20 ^
. $375. . ^
: , .; , .; , .
: 307, 331 347 , . ., 7. 1934 .
: WHIPPANY.
60 . , , 1908 .
. G 2 , .-, .
2 , 2 , 2 . . ( ).
172 . . .: . 13.
1927 . 7 . : , ,
, .
. $235, $30,
$257 . $275.13.
. : , .; , .; , .
: W OODBINE.
10 . , .
. G 1 . ( ).
378 . . .: . 12. 1927 .
, , .
: . 576, , : 328 . . .:
. .
--------- ---------
NEW
YORK
: AMSTERDAM.
60 , 12, 210.
1895 p., } , .
, 1907 . . ,
2 '
1911 . ,
, : 2 . . ., 1 . . ., . . ,
(Ukrainian Junior League). ,
1930 ., . 1 ,
1 , 1 , 1 . 6 1 .
16 , . ( ).
266 . . .: . 6 15. 1923 p.,
: , , .
: , .; , .; ,
. $179, $551.43,
$115 .
$572.62, $205.01.
$950. . : , .;
, .; , .
: ASTORIA.
200 . 1900 . : , ,
, , , , , , , .
. , , ,
, , .
1 , 1 1 . : 2 ,
2 , , 1 , 1 .
5- 1915 .
. . , . . . .
1923 p., . 1926 .
. 1919 . . ...., 1933 . ,
, , 2. 1933 .
( . , . . 5 . . .
).
5 . . .: . 2. 1915 :
, . , , , . :
, .; , .; . , . 32.
,
349. $2,087.12,
$205.25, $929.60 . : $2,672.24,
$150. , ..., ,
, . .
. : , .;
, .; ^ .
. ,
5 . . ., , . .
: 1. 1926 31. 1935

$4,995.67. 1- .... 15.
1929 31. 1935 $1,802.99.
$481, $25.
.
: AUBURN.
300 . 1894 p., .
,
.
. G ,
, . 283 . . . 2 . . ., 5
. G , :
, . 7 , 4 ,
2 , 1 . , ,
.
, 1932 .
, . ( ).
38 . . .: . 6. 1900 .
13 . : , , .
$15,554, $1,300, $500
8 . , $10,000,
$50, . : ,
.; , .; , .
20. 1934.
3 26. : . ,
. , . . , . ,
.
202 . . .: . :
, 34 13. 1908 .
: , .; , .; , .
$1,551.04, $247,
$237 . $2,000.
. : , .; , .; ,
. 38 283.
283 . . .: 13 15.
1909 . : , ,
, , , . : ,
; , ; , . .
$7,144.94, $879.75,
$1,084.94.
. $30,450, $30,000, $115,
$105, $230.
, 135 ., , . . : , ;
, ; , . .; , , .
38, 202 283.
: BATH.
20 , 100 . , , ,
. . . ( ,
280).
: BINGHAMTON.
150 . 25 . : ,
, . . G .
. 3 4 .
13 . .
1 . : 2 , 3 , 2 ,
, 1 , 1 , 1 . G ,
.

12- 1934 p., ,
, .
15- 1934
. ( . ).
. , 38 . . ., , . .
21 . . .: 23 2.
1915 , . : , .;
, .; , . 1919 . .
$890, $260, $135
8 . $530.
, ,
. 15- 1935 . 20- .
: . , .; , .; , .
: BROADALBIN.
60 . 25 .
8 : , , . .
. G 1 . ( ).
: UNION MILLS (B roadalbin).

300. 1915 . . ,
. G 2 , . (
).
79 . . .
,
$44,
.
.; , .
31. 1931 7 . : ,
.
$15 . $232.99.
. : . , .; ,
: BROOKLYN.
400 .
1900 . ,
. 1900
, .
1902
. . ,
. ,
, 1905 .
-. . , 203 . . ,
1907 8
, .
1908 . 5. . ,
. , 1908 . .
, 325 . . ,
.
.
1910
. .
1912 . , . .
$100, . 1914 .
100-
1 . ,
.
400 ,
3 , : , .
,
. 1913 . 1927 .
,
.
: . . , .
158 . . ; , . 325 . . .; . . , ;
, , , ,
43 .
-. 18 . 4 :
. . , 293* . . . .; . , . . P. .
, . ,
. 310 . . . . , . . P. .
,
, , ; . .
, , ,
.
35 . . , 5-
.
- .
.
2 , 2 , 1 ,
2 . . , 20 , 16 , 8
, 4 , , 1
( 20 ), 2 , , 6
1 . 3 .
- . G
, ' ,
.
-
... ( ).
. 158 . . .: . ^ .
21 1. 1912 . : *
. , . . . $9,580,
$850, $780.
. . $5,200. , ,
. . . . .
203 291. .
. ^. : 10. , ; , . .;
, . .; , .
. , . . , 158 . . ., , . .
22, 203, 310 325 . . . .

1934 . -. . . ,
. . ,
, .
, - . .
. , .
291, . ,
19 4. 1909 . .
$711.41, $100, $73,
$139.42.
. . : ,
; . , . . , ,
15. 1935 . 158.
293 . . .: . 16. 1922 .
6 , : , ,
. $1,045. $50.
. $934, $25. .
: , .; , .; , .
.
310 . . .: 8 ,
23. 1924 . , . .
: , .; , .; , .
$1,403.83, $50,
$100 , . $531.42.
, 50 ,
. -. . . :
, .; , .; , .
.
325 . . .: 18 1.
1925 p.: , , .
: , .; . , .; , .
$4,172.80, $105, $110.
. $900, $300.
, 101 ., , . .,
. . . , ,
. : , .; , .;
, . . 1934 .
. . .
: BUFFALO,
. 1932 .
, 600-
. .
. . '
. . .
100-
.
1882 .
. . , .
- .
1895 . . . .
- ,
, .
. .
, - .
, , , ,
, .
. 1903 p., . , 127
, 4- 1905 . . :
, . .
. 1910 . ,
- . ,
, ,
, . .
. , .
. , , 15
80 .
. . 1914 ,
.
. , .
...
. ,
.
1912 . . :
. , : . . ,
. .
. () . (.
) : . , .-. . .
.
1903 . : , . .
, 50 .
. , ,
. . , 590 .,
50 . ,
. .
, ,
, . , . .
, : , . .,
. . ,
. .
. , ,
.
, 5 , ,
, . .
. , . . , 1905 .
. . .
,
. ,
. . ,
1907 . ,
.
.
, . . ,
. .
. .
1907 , .
. .
. 11 .
: . , . , . .
.
1920 . . . .
. , 12
. . , ,
, .
. ,
, 1931 .
. .
,
, . ,
. , .
, , .
, . ,
20 . , ,
. .
: 1. ( ),
. 2. ,
. 3. .
4. . : ,
. . . ,
.
: 1. , ,
50 . 2. .
( ). 3. . . 60. 4.
.
,
.
. 10
.
.
.
. .
, , , .
25 (, , , , 4 , 3 , 14
). .
.
. . 1911
- , .
. , '
. .1917
. 1920 .
, ,
. 1921 .
- . 1926
, 1930 . ,
- . .
1934 . - . . . .
, .
. ,
,
. ( . . ).
.
6,000 , ,
, .
3 , .
1,500 . G - .
1894 . ,
. 14, 3 . . . ., 2 . . P. . 2 .
, . . G 1 ,
, . 7. 4
2 . G 4 . ( . ).
, , ,
.
. : ,
. . - - (3 , . ).
. 900 . ,
, 50 . 82 .
. 17,
, . . . . 1903,
1907, 1930 . 1918 . $28,000.
3 , 3 , 2 ,
1 , 3 , 3 . G . , .
. : , (),
, . . (
. /. ).
127 . . .: . 13. 1905 . , . 1914 . $1,969,
$720, $265 ,
. $1,068.19, $120. . . P. .
. . : , .; ,
.; , .
299 . . .: . 8 15.
1923 . : . , .; 10. , .:
, . . . $233.40,
$97.68, $715.40.
, , , . $247.95.
. 127. .
: . , .; . , .; . , .
30- . . .: 1924 . 13
. , .
. . $1,929.75,
$209, $117.13
. $1,500. .
. : , .; . , .; . ,
. .; . , . .
: COHOES.
600. 1885 .
. G 7 , . . , . G
. 11: 5 , 2 , 2 , 2
. . ( ).
57 . . .: .
12 1. 1896 . ,
, . , . $3,466,
. . . $168.80, $45, $150
. $2,000, $2,500,
$1,600. .
. : , .;
, .; , .; , . .
15 1934 . . . ,
. . .
: DURHAMVILLE.
20 . 1920 . .
1 . . . . 1
. ( ).
188 . . .: . 1920 . 6 .
: . :
, .; , .; , .
. . . $30 , .
. : , .; ,
.; , . 121 ( , . .)
188 17. 1934 . . . .
, ,
: ELMIRA.
700. 1887 .
. 4 , . . , 1. 1895 p.,
, 2 . : 2 , 3 , 5 ,
12 . .
, 25 . (
. ).
271 . . .: . 25. 1923 .
, .
, . $493.11
, $102, $102.48
, . $488,91,
$200, $16. .
8 , . .
. : , .;
, .; , . ,
. II. ., . .
. , 57 . . ., , . .
: ELMONT FRANKLIN SQUARE.

14 . 1909 .
, . 1 ,
1 , 1 , 1 .
. ( ).
: FAR ROCKAWAY.
10 . . , .
. , . 261 . . . ( ).
261 . . .: . .
: FULTON.
44 14 . 1909 .
. , . G 3 ,
, . : 1 ,
1 , 1 . . . G
. ( . ).
263 . . .: 7 11.
1911 . .
, , .
$950, $175, $450
. $9001
, 8 , .
: , .; , .; , .
: HASTINGS ON HUDSON.
45 . 25 , : , ,
, , , , . , ,
. , ,
, . . . , . . . .
6, 3 , 1 , 2 , .
( ).
. \
6 . . .: . - 25. 1915 .
. : . , ; , .;
, . 15. $800,
$245, $135 . $6,000,
, $230, 2 $700. . .
. , . . . 410
Warburton Ave., Hastings on Hudson, N. Y. : , .;
. , .; , . . 8 12 .
: HEMPSTEAD.
327 . . .: 8 9
18. 1924 . : , , .
$596, $118,
$324. . $1,400.
. , . :
, , , . 27.
1934 . : . . ,
- . , . .
: HERKIMER.
150. 1900 . : , , , ,
, , .
. : 1 . . . ., 2 . . . ., , .
. , 1911 p. G 1934 .
. , , , , ,
, , , ( ).
: 1 . :'2 , 3 ,
1 , 1 . ( ). (
).
'
192 . . .: ., 24 12.
1910 . , ,
. .
$80, $25, $26.25

192 . . ., , . .
. $100.
. : , .; , .; , . 26. 1934 . 15 .
, , , .
.
. . . , .
,
. . . 13 .
: HUDSON.
200 . 1909 p.,
, ,
. , , , .
. 1 . . II. ., 1 . . ., 1 .
. ( ). G .-.
, , . , ,
. 2 .
: 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 .
( : ).
273 . . .: . 9 15. 1915 .
: .
, . $2,306,
$365, $75 .
$1,800, $250. : , .; ,
.; , . , 126
. .
: JAMAICA.
25 . , , .
. G . . . . .
1 . ( ).
160 . . .: . 23 18.
1907 . : .
$3,146.05, $654.79
. $2,493.36. . 8
. : , .; , .;
, .
: LACKAWANNA.
70 . 35 , .
. G 3 , . ,
, , 1 , . 4 , 3 , 1 .
25 . ( ).
149 . . .: . 8 15.
1907 p., 1910 p., 1. 1911 .
: , , .
. $726.50,
$110. , .
.-. . . . P. .
. 1912 137. . .
6 .
: , .; , .; , .
: LANCASTER.
50 . . ,
, < ., .
, , , .
1905 . . . . 1 . . P. . 1913 . -. ,
1918 . . . . :
1 , 1 . G . (
).
. ,
273
. . ., , . .
87 . . .: . 5 1905 . 12 .
. : , .; ,
.; , . $3,250, $845,
$1,675 , .
$2,085.84. , . .
. , . 22 . P. .
. , . : , .; , .;
, . 9. 1934 . .
. . , ,
, . ,
. . . . , . .
.
: LITTLE FALLS.
40 262 . 1904 .
( ), , , , .
, . G 2 : . . . .
1 . P. . G , . 6 ,
, . : 1 2 . (
).
330 . . .:
20 11. 1912 . : , .;
, .; , . $2,436,
$453, $110.
,' . $841.66.
. :
, .; , .; , .
2. 1934 . 10. .
(. 192), (. 121), ] (. 58).
. , . . . 2 . .
' - ; / . , . . . .
. . .
. , '
. , .
: MANCHESTER.
. 1891 . .
. 6 2 : 1 . . . . . . (
).
340 . . .: 10 4.
1925 . . ,
, .
$50, $13, $10.; $400.
. 283 , . . . :
, .; , .; , .;
. 283 , . ., 20. 1934 . 26.
1934 . . 38.
: NIAGARA FALLS.
50 . 25 , ,
, . . 6 1
(. . . .). 6 1 , 1 , 1 . (
).
1
^
!
351 . . .: . 8 18
1913 . ! .
. $1,190,
$265, $85 , ,
. $565.
88 - . '
. : , .; , .;
, .
- . .
.

, 330 . . ., , . .
: NEW YORK.
( - ).
: 15,000 . :
. 1,000 , .
225 , 100 .
50, 11 , 6
, 2 . , 1 ,
.
. 217 6-
, ....,
, 16 , . . .,
.
: ( 1924 p.),
, ,
, . , ;
.
. ,
. . .
(), , ,
, , .
, ,
, , , , , ,
. .
1,000. 300 (). G . 300
, ( ) . G
, . .
3, 3,
-.
- 7, , ,
. 4, , ,
.
,
. . .
,
.
, .
G - . . G .
.
>
, .
.
;
, ; ' , .
, ' ,
. ,
.

- , .
- 1892- ,
1896 . 2628 1896 .
, . . . .
1901- ,
^ (-). ,
"
.
.
, ,
.
24- 1898 . . ,
3 ( ) .
26- 1899 . .
. .
31- ' 1899 . , .-

10 , 20- 200 ,
. 300.
. . .
9- 1901 . . .
16- 1903 . , . 2
.
18- 1904 . . .
. .- , 18- 1904.
1905 . ,
. . : . , 0. , . , . .
10- 1907- . .
. 134 7- . :* . , . ,
. ,
. ,
. .
1907 . 9
: , , , , . . , , .
. , -.
6 2- ().
. , . . :

: , , , , .
13.
1908 . .
. . 14 .
9- 1908 . . , 4- 1908
.
29.
1911 . -.
. . ; , . . , . .
. 9- 1911 . .
, ..
7- 1912 . . .
. 22 7- *. .
1913 . - ;
. , .
1914 . ; -
. 5 .
.
30- 1915 . , 217-219 ; 6-
, . .

.
11- 1916 .
. : . , ; .
, ; . , ; : . , . . .
17- 1917 . .
.
1918 .
21- 1917-
, . .
1918 . . 1.
- .
. 34 7- .
1921 . . . , .
19- 1922 . - . . .
31- 1924
.
1925 . ,
. 19- 1925 .
1926- . .
: . >
... .
23- 1926 .
. .
20- 1928-
.
27- 1930 . 14
.
, 28- 1931 p., 1-
....
.
. .
1896- ,
, . . , .-. ,
. . . 640 6- .
13- 1905 . . 322 20- .
20- 1905.
, . . ,
. , 8 . . . .
.
27- 1907 . , . ,
-. .
120 , ,
. , . , ,
. .
.
15 17 1907 . .-.
76 . .
17 18 1907 . .-. .
,
. .
.
6- 1908 . . .
25.
1910 . , ,
. . , .
22- 1911 .
. 28 7- . .
18. 1912 . ,
-
, .
12 22. 1913 . 62 .
. - .
13. 1921 . . .
1925 . . ,
. . 0. .
15.
1925 . .-. ,
, ,
. . , .
12.
1926 . .
.
1- 1929 . .
. . .
17.
1931 . 25- . . .
. .
20.
1932 . .
70- .
25.
1932 . . -
.
.
26. 1899 . ,
$2.85.
. 8 19. 1900 . ,
, .
8 20. 1903 . , 16 .
24.
1907 . . 27. 1909
1 . 500 73- .
8.
1918 . .
14. 1924 . .
4 600 .
.
1935 .
1922 . . : - . , - . , . 0. ,
.
18- 1922 . 14 . . . .
.
4. 1927 . .
.
24.
1932 . , ,
.
1934 . . ' .
, , , .
20- 1900 . .
26. 1900 . .
2- 1901 . .
7- 1903 . . 1339 . .
, .
. 1904 . . . .
6. 1905 . .
17. 1907 .
. , . . .
1 : .
2- 1907 . .
18. 1907 . ,
, - .
15.
1907 . .
.
7- 1908 p. . .
21 22 . 2- .
4.
1908 . 47-
. . . . . , . .
.
29. 1908 .
. .
2. 1909 . .
17. 1909 . - .
10. 1910 . , 525 72. .
4.
1910 . .
. . . , , . .
21.
1911 . .
. 0. , . . , . .
11. 1911 . . . .
. , , ,
. .
1. 1911 . .
. . 0. , . . .
30. 1911 . . .
, . , . .
.
1911 . .
. . .
7. 1912 . .
10. 1912 . . .
26.
1912 . .
. . , . . .
. , . .
2. 1913 . 40- . .
17. 1914 .
-. .
28. 1914 . ,
100- . ,
,
, .
. : ( . )
(. . ).
18. 1914 .
. . , . . .
21.
1914 . ;
: .
19. 1915 . , ,
.
29. 1915 .
. .
29. 12. 1921 .
, 34. . .
. .
4- 1921 .
1. . .
. : , . , . ,
, , . .
5.
1922 . .
.
2. 1922 .
. .
5.
1922 . ,
.
.
4. 1923 .
. . . . .
1924 . . 7-
. : : . ,
, , , .
16. 1926 . 10- . .
1927 28 . 80800 .
. , . .
4. 1928 . .
18. 1929 . .
27. 1930 . . .
30. 1930 . .
1931 . . (. . )
.
25. 1931 . .
. . : , .
14.
1931 . : ,
; , ; , .
8.
1932 . 200- , .
.
2. 1932 . : . ,
. . .
20. 1932 . ,
.
18. 1932 . - , . .
26. 1933 .
. . - . : .
28. 1933 .
.
3. 1934 . .
18.
1934 . 6 (, ,
, , , ) . . .
22. 1934 .
. .
1935 .
. ,
, . . .
.
17. 1935 . . .
17.
1935 . 6
. . . . 0.
.
, : . , . . , . , . .
.
, , ,
. . .
. .
, .
.
1.
1935 . ....
. , . . , . . . .
31.
1936 . ,
8 . .
, , , , .
26. 1903 . .
11. 1905 . , 28-30
. , . : . , . . :
. , . . , . 16-
1905 .
4.
1905 . , .
150 , , .
. , . . , . .
0. . ,
( . ).
.
19.
1906 . , 46 , .
. . , . , . . . ,
, , . . .
, .
12. 1908 . (
). .
$82.75 . . .
4.
1908 . , . .
, .
31.
1909 . ,

. 10,000 . .
. .
. 46 .
.
4.
1910 . .
. : . , ;
.; , .
14.
1911 . ,
8 , . . .
24. 1912 . . : . , .
, .
23 24 1911 . ,
1910 . .
25. 1912 . 40- .
16.
1913 . . ,
.
15. 1913 . 200 . .
26.
1913 . 10- . . . 134 7- .
, 210 5. . . . . .
.
1.
1913 . 10- . .
. , . .- . . 0. .
22. 1914 . ,
.
9. 1914 . 10- . . .
7- . . .
5.
1914 . , ,
. ,
. , , .
28.
1914 . .
25 .
22. 1914 . ,
. 2.000 . $71.18 .
18.
1915 .
. . .
,
. - . ,
.
1915 .
.
, . , .
.
31. 1915 . ,
. ,
, . . -
8 .
.
10. 1916 . .
4. 1918 . .
.
5. 1918 . .
17.
1919 . .
. . , . , . . .
. . 7- .
. - .
- . . 100,000-
.
5.
1919 . .
.
16 17 1919 . ,
, , . .
28. 1920 . , - . ,
- ,
29. 1920 . ,
.
.
21. 1920 . .
.
9.
1922 .
.
12.
1922 . . - . ,
. .
22. 1922 .
. .
8. 1922 .
8 .
27.
1922 .
. 20,000 .
. 20
. .
. : , , 0. , . ,
- . , , - . .
1922 . ' .
29.
1923 . - 0.
- .
9. 1924 . . .
14. 1924 . , .
1925
. -
. , .
1928 . ,
.
26.
1928 . , , . .
. 7. ^ 1928 .
1929 . . .
29. 1929 . .
1. 1930 .
.
2. 1930 . .
15. 1930 .
, 67 .
15,000- .
1932 . .
22. 1932 . .
26. 1932 . . -.
29.
1933 .
8 .
. : , . , - . , 0. ,
. , . . .
, 204 . . ., , . .
,1 8 . - 1933, . .
. . ,
8 .; .: . , . , . ,
- . , 0. .
. 22. 1Q34 . 40- . .
9. 1935 . Belvedere Park.
. 1. 1935. . . 2,500
; . :
. , . , . , - . .
4. 1935 . ^. .
23. 1936 . .
, , , . .
1896 . ' . . -
, - , . 76 , 5- ,
. .
. . ; (). . , , . ,
^ . . .. .
. . .
1897 . - . .
18.99 . .
.
. , . . . 1900
. ( ). ,
. 14. . 1901
.
1901 . II.
.. 1901 . , . 517 13- .
. .
~
; 1904 . , ,
.
1904 . , , . 339 20- .
. . . . ,
507 13. . 1906 . .
20. 1906 . . 49. .
. 3 ; 1. 1907 . (
). : . , . , . . 10%
. 18. . 181 3- .
1.
1908 . , 10. 1908 .
. . .
. . . 339 20. . (
) . .
1909 . . .
.4. 1-908 . .
. 4. 1909 .
1909 . 8.
. ,
, .
19.
1909 . ,

. .
19. 1910 . .
1. 1911 . . .
915 . $10,000 .
. - . .
1919 . . , .
19 7.- .
. '
:
: 13. 1918 . .
. 217 6- .

,
. -
1918 Ukraine on the Road to Freedom 1919 p.
, , The Case of New Republics Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine . . .
. 34 7- .
.
Amerus Trading Corporation , American Ukrainian Exchange ,
. 7- ., ,
318 , .
(
), .
1920 . > . , 1921 .
.

, , A Plea for
the Right to Live For Whose Pleasure Shall they Die? , .
2. 1927 . .
1927 1928 . - . ,
1931 . - . .
1930 . .
1931 . . . , .
1934 . ...,
, : ,
, - .
*
1897 1914 p.,

. : ,
, , .
--------- --------
, 22- 1934 ., 11-
. . . .,
. . . .
24. : . .
2,000. . .
. . . :
(), () (). :
- , Charles
F. X. OBrien . . . .
. .
. : (), (), .
() .

6- . . . .
46 . . .: 12 1916 . 16 .
, .; , .; ,
. $595, $130,
$100 . $300. .
: , , .
66 . . . 12 14 1904 p.:
, , , , .
: , , , .
$8,816.55, $1,331.85.
. $6,916.14, 84 ,
$200, $300. 50
, ,
. : , .; , .;
, .
69 . . .: , . . . ,
9. 1901 . 15 108 . : . .
, , , .
: , .; , .; , .
$3,073.40, $473.50, $817.32
, , : $1,500, $500.
. : , .;
, . .; , . .; , .
233 . . ., ,
12. 1910 . 65 . : ,
, , .
$955, $600, $800.
117 . . .: 20. 1903 .
16 . : , , .
: ( . ), .; , .;
, . $15,000,
$1,874.90, $60,754.80 .
$1,800. - .
1905 . $25 ., ,
, .
: , .; , .; , .
.
130 . . .: . 26. 1918 .
: , ; , .
.; , . . , .
67 . $8,397.50,
$3,350, : $1,964.36,
$765; $1,165.58. ,
. $5,673.83.
. 14
, . : , .; ,
. .; , .; , . .
184 . . .: 6
1. 1919 . : . ,
.
$200 . $400. :
, .; , .; , .
194 . . .: 14. 1919 . 12 .
: , , .
, . $979,
$15, $150, . $159.
, . : , .;
, .; , .
204 . . . 1. 1925 . ,
. . , .
, . 25.
$216.30, $388.36. $300.
. . .
. . :
. , . , , , . :
, .; , .; , .
37 .
215 . . .: 10. 1910 .
8 13 . , ,
. $1,333.17.
$15, $10 . $355.53.
. : , .;
, .; , .
298 . . .: 10 17. 1923 .
, . . .
, . , . .
$500, $200. . . .
: 0. , .; , .; , .
, 361 . . ., , . .
361 . . .: ,
: , . 143 . . ., , . 172
. . ., ,
1926 . , .
, .
21. 1926 p., 23. ,
. : , .; . , . .;
. , . .; .
101, . 47,
. 148. pp. 1927 1935 (
) $17,594, $3,494.
$389.75, , ,
$3,362.46. $1,433.50,
. $493.50.
. . . $351. ,
; ,
, , , . $4,5589
. , , , , . .. - $17,594.
$105,438.72. -; ; ' 1935 . :
$3,652.36, $2,170,: () $4,626.93,
$1,500, $11,949.97.
, .

, , , .
- .
: , ,
(Ukrainian Development Corp.)
$1,830, 183
. . : 217-219 East
6th St.
.
1933 . . , .
144 . . .
.
: , ; , . .; ,
. .; , .
: OLEAN.
25 7 , 130. pp. 1905 1910
. . .
G 1 , , . . : 1 ,
1 , 1 , 3 . 60 70 ,
. ( lean ).
363 . . .: 27 10.
1913 . : , ,
. . $1,912.50,
$142.75, $637.57.
, . :
$403, $8,000, 250 $80,
$250. . : .
.; , .; , .
: PEEKSKILL.
. , , .
33 . 1904 . . 1905 .
. , . .
. . G 1 1 .
. ( ).
195 . . .: . 15 1.
1908 . : , . , . , . .
. $600,
$300, $245. , .
$6,004, $100. -
, $235. : , ,
.
. ,
198 . . ., , . .
: PO RT JERVIS.
ii 200. 1901 . : ,
, . . 6 3
(2 . . . ., 1 . ), * . 2 ,
, 1 . ( : . . . ).
88 . . .: 23. 1934 .
0. . . , : , ,
. 11. .
198 . . .: . 31 7. 1908 .
. .
, .
$1,290.22, $10, $10
. $499.51.
. : , ; ,
.; , .
: PRATTSBURG.
. . (
).
: RICHMOND HILL (S outh).

10 . 1920 .
. , 2 ,
. ( ).
: RIVERHEAD.
60 , . 50
, , 1907 .
1912 . .
. . , 1924 . ( ).
256 . . .: . 22 14.
1914 . . ,
. $263.33,
$125.40, $258.70. .
$231.75. .
. : , , .
16. 1934 . , ,
, . . ,
.
: ROCHESTER.
3,000. 1900 . , . ,
, . - , ,
, - ,
, , ( ). 16:
. . . 6, . P. . 2, 1, 2, 3, 2. G
- , , . 2:
. . : 7,
1, 3, 1, 1,
1, - 8, 6,
1, 1. 1 , 1 , 2
, 1 . .
. , 2 ().
2 : 1918 .
, 1933 . ,
() . . . ( ).
.
: 3 15- 1908 . .
. . -
1911 p., .
. ,
217
. . ., , . .
36 . . .: . 23.
1916 . 28 . : ,
.; , .; , . $2,375,
$2,000, $265 .
$1,100, $100, ,
303 . : , .; , .;
, .
217 . . .: . 16 15.
1908 . : , ,
, , , , .
$18,228.85, $3,512.10,
$3,326.70. .
$4,862.16. - .
. . .
. : , .;
, .; , .
36, 217, 269, 289, 316 367 ,
12. 1934 . . ,
. . ,
: . , . , .
. , .
.
8 . . . : . , . .
.
226 . . .: . . 31.
1936 .
269 . . .: . 22 25.
1923 . : , , .
, ,
. $753, (
) $2,880, $25.
. $380, ,
$900. . . : , .;
, .; , .
316 . II. .: * 15 8.
1909 . . , ,
. , $8,145.69,
. $1,376.44. , ,
, , , .
$13,155.63. $15,000, 178 $50,
$25, $980, 29,210.63, () $2,900.
. . , . .
. . .: 36, 217, 269, 289, 367. . 102
. : , .; , .;
, . G .
367 . . .: 36 .
1913 . : , , , ,
. : , .; , .;
, . $8,200.45,
$452.24, $379.55 .
$3,700, $250. ' ,
. : ,
.; , .; , .
: ROME.
300. : , , , , , ,
, . " ,
. 3 (1 . . . ., 1 . / P. , 1 . .). .
. 1918 p., . 1932 .
. : 5 , 1 , 2 . ( ).
II.
0 ..
. .
BlIJl 121 . . .: . 10 11.

1917 . : ;
, , .
$1,047, ( ) $94, $250
. $200, $10,
$238. ,
. P. . . . . :
, .; , ; , .
188 17. 1934.
, . .
. 2 . ,
. , . .
. .
: SPRING VALLEY.
50 . 5 6 pp. 1895 1896.
. 1899 . 1911 . . 1912 . .
, . . . . $6,000.
, , . .
: 3 , 1 . :
1 , 1 , 2 , 1 ,
1 . ( . ).
1.6 . . 22. ^ 1911 .
: . ,
., . . . 18.
$697.68, $72, $183.35
. : $1,800, $6,000,
287 $53, $118.
.
. : , .; , .;
, . . 1934 . , . . .
: STAPLETON.
300 . 35 .
, . ,
1 . II. ., 1 . , -
, ,
, 2 (baseball team s). : Light Junior League
Ukrainian A. . . 6 12-
. 3 , 1 ,
1 , 2 , 1 , 4 .
, , . . 65 ;
. . (
).
211 . . . . . 25. 1908 . 14 .
: , .; , .; ,
. $3,053, $124,
$191.75 . $550.
. ,
25 . : . , .; , .;
, .
: SAINT JOHNSVILLE.
10 . , .
, . G 1
(. . . .), 1 , . (
Pan ).
: SYRACUSE.
350 , 1,900 . . . , ,
, . . .
. , 4,000
. , . , , 1887 . , .,
. ,
121 . II. ., , . .

121 . . ., , . .
1890 . 3 .
. , .
. , .
, .
. .
, . . ,
, , . ,
, , .
3 . . ., 1 . , . ....,
( 1925 p.).
. . . 1903, , 1913 .
. 0. , 70 .
G . , 1929 p.,
1933 . $19,500. .
, * G 1
, 2 . : 3 , 1 , 3 ,
2 . 6 2 .
: , ,
. . , . .
, ( ). (
\ ).
39 . II. .: . 13 10.
1900 . : , .
: , . .; , . $4,050,
$660, $92, $130.
3 , . $135, $750,
$150.
, . 282 317. . :
, ; , .; , .
282 317 1934 p.,
, 4. , 35- . .
, .
, .
282 . . .: 3. 1910 .
24 . : , .; , .;
, . $5,598.90,
$537.18, $1,256.
50 . , , , , , .
$12,000, $10,000, 350
$100, $300.
, ....
'. .
15- 7. 1925 . : ,
.; , . .; , . .; , .
39, 282 317 . . . 25. 1934 .
, .
, . , . ,
; . .
317 . II. .: 32 17.
1912 . : , , . .
: , .; , .; , .
$2,729.30, $355.50,
$514.17. , .
$1,555.39, $100. ,
. , . 39 . II. ., , . 282.
. : , .; , .;
, .
,
16 . . ., , . .
.
, 39 . . ., , . .
: TROY.
150 . , 16 226,
16 162, 8 65. 50 .
: , , , , .
, .
: , . ,
. , . , , . ,
16 , , , , , . . P. .
.
: , , ,
, , , .
.
1898 . : . .
. ( ).
191 . . .: . 15
1908 . ,
. $3,150,
$120, $850. .
$5,324.87, $3,959.87, $500, $800,
$65; .
, . 13 57.
. : , .; , .;
, . .
27. 1934 .
. . ,
. , , .
. .
. $158.95.
: IRONDEQUOIT.
289 . . . 13 10.
1923 . : . :
, . $824,
$40, $25. . $305,
$300. . :
, . 7 .
: UTICA.
49 . 1910 . : ,
, , , , .
. .
G : . . (. 58 . . .), . ,
, ,
( 17). 6 . 4
, 2 , 1 , 2 , 2 .
1 .
( ).
58 . II. 0.: . 6
16. 1916 .
. . $1,182, $37, $10
. $700, $10, $200.
. : , ,
.
16. , 20. 1934 .
. . , .
. : .
. . . . ,
0. , . . , , .
. .
282
. . ., , . .
: WATERVLIET.
250 . , , 1886 .
, , , , .
10. . . . , .
, . . 6 .
5 , 6 . . 2
, 1 , 1 , .
( ) . ( ).
13 . . 0.: . 1. 1897 .
.^ . .
, . ., . . . 1929 .
. . : , .; ,
.; . , .
: WESTBURY.
100 .
35 . ,
. 1923 . . . , . 267 . . .
12 , 9 , 2 2 .
.. : 1 , 1
2 , 2 , , 75
. , . ( ).
267 . . .: . 15 28.
1923 . : , .; ,
.; , . $523,
$5, $45 . $663.60,
$835. .
. : , .; , . .;
, .; , . .
18. 1934 . ,
. , . . .
. . , ,
, . , .
. . .
, , .
. ,
191 . . ., , . .
: WESTCHESTER.
18 . , 15 .
, . G .
, . .
4. ( ).
210 . . 0.: 20 24.
1910 . , . ., : ,
, , .
$557, $67, $365.
. $50 $50 .
, . . . .
. : , .; , .;
, . .
: W HITESTONE.
129 . . .: . 1918 .
. , : . , .;
. , . 10. $536 ,
$25 , $50 , .
$500, . : ,
.; . , .; , .
12. 1934 .
.
, 267
. . ., , . .
: WOODHAVEN & OZONE PARK.

50 . , , 1903.
. ,
.
.
. 1913 ,
200 . . . ,
, ,
, .
. . . .
: . , . 200 . . .;
- ; ();
; .
, , , .
. : 1 , 1
, 1 , 4 . : 3
, 2 , 1 Short Wave transmitte:*
Station W2HLO. :
, , , , , ,
, .,
. , ,
. ( ).
200 . . .: ,, 25
. 10. 1913 . 10. 1918 .
, , , . ,
. 2,858.50,
$247.22, $666.74 .
$2,069.39. . 391. . : , .; , .;
, .
: YONKERS.
( ) 800 .
. ,
1892 . . .
. , 1895 . . . ,
. . . 800 .
- 10 ,
-- : , -, ,
. . : ,,G. .
S. . (Greek Catholic Slavish Hungarian) St. Nicholas Church, 189 2
History of Yonkers ; : Philip
OReily, Nas Pohrebnik' ot Svateho Mikoaja Czirkvi .
. , .
' , ' , 20,000 .
. 1894.
-. . .
- . ;Ash Street.
. . .
, . , ,
, , .
. 1898 .
. -
, . .
1899 . ,
. . ; , -,
. -.
. .

, . ,
. 1901 . :
, .
$18,500 , , ,
. . .
,
, .
. ( . 135 331).
6 . , 100 ,
15 , . . . G
; , ,,Ukrainian Junior League ,
; 60 ; ;
. , , .
. ,
, . . ( .
) .
8 . . .: .
17. 1916 . .
. 12 .
, , .
, ,
. ,
1924 . , 25 .
. $3,800,
$325, $295. $6,758.
. . 1930 .
. ., . .
8. 1932 .
. . , . . . ,
10 .,
.
, , .
12 . . .: . ,
1895 . 15 .
.
, 6 ( , . .), 8 12 . . . .
1934 . 15. 1934 p.:
. . , .
. , . , : . (), . (),
. . : . , . . .
NORTH
:
DAKOTA
,
, . ,
, .
-.
.
( , ,
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.
.
, , ,
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. .
, .
. . ,
.
.

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, , .
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145 . 83
( ), , ,
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, . ,
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.
.
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70 . 6
, . ,
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.
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640 , , ,
160 . , .
15 . .
, .
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. .
8 , , ,
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. . 1934 .
100- . 6 , 90. ,
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,
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25 , ()
. , .
, ,
. . .
. , ,
,
. .*
, (Russian)
. : - (Jam es)
* . , $8,000
.
. , .
1928 p., .
35,000 . ,
. $3,000. 1932 .
383,378 4.36 (sq. in.) . ,
28 - . (James Zaharee,
, 13 1933).
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
. 1933 .
, , .
, : ,
, , , ,
. . .
, , .
, , . 1934 . .
: , .
,
: , . 6 34 , .
.
, . , . ,
, . , ja. , ,
. . .
. ,
, . ,
. , , . . ,
. ( ).
: MINOT.
27 .
. . , ,
. . , ,
. ,
. . ( ).
: BELFIELD
Gorham, Billings Co.; W ilton, McLean County
200 .
40 , , , , . . , . .
, 5, 3 2 . G . G .
.
. .
. ..
, , -
. ( . ).

: AKRON.
800 . , , 1900 1911 .
. 7, 2 . . . ., 1 . , 1 .
. . ., 1 . ...., . .
. . . (70 ). G . .
14, : 7 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 1 ,
1 . 1 , ,
. ( ).
180 . . .:. . 295
. '1935 ,. 8 . : ,
.; , . .; , . .; , .
$8. .
. ,
21)
II. U,
295 . . .: .
13 13. 1912 . : , .;
, .; , . $4,340.50,
$373, $313.25,
$243. , . $2,432.74,
$200.
. , . 68 ,
. .
: , .; , .; , .
6. 1934 . 26. 1934 .
, .
0. , : . ,
() . , . . .
: . 0. ( ), , .
. : ^
. , ^ , ,
. , .
: CAMPBELL.
119 . ..: . .
218 . . .: 18 15.
1910 . . . , .
: , , , , ,
, , , . $7,477,
$150, $300 ,
; . $673.42 ,
( ) $2,000,
$85, $150.
. ^ 1935 . .
25 . : , .;
, .; , .
. . . .
, , 13. 1934 . ( ).
: CANTON.
20 . 15 , ,
, . . . ( ).
115 . . .. . . 10 28.,
1917 . . ,
. . $82, $150.
. : , .; ,
.; , .
: CLEVELAND.
12,000 . : , ,
. 40 . .
25, 3 (, ),
- . G 1919 . .
, 2 1 . G
. G 200 , : , 3
, , 2
, , , , , ,
, . 2 , 1 .
2 , 3 , 1 , 1 , 1 ,
. 5. .
. , . 102 . . .,
1902 . - ?. . .
1910 . , .
: . 1934 .
, .
. ( . ).
102
. . ., ,
15 . . .: . 15 13 1933 .
: . : , .;
, .; , . 13, $17.45, 4 $8. ,
. , . :
, .; .; , .
102 . . .: . 8 1902 .
: , .; , .;
, . $10,056, $935,
$650. .
$4,064.80, $164.25. .
7 . . . :
, .; , .; , .
112 . . .: . 9
2. 1910 . : , . ,
. , .
. $700,
$200, $400. .
$200, $175. .
. : 0. , .;
, .; , .
251 . . .: 33 12.
1909 . : , , , .
: , .; , .; ,
. $1,260.50, $465,
$250. . $618.17,
$50. , 2274 7. . :
, .; , .; , .
260 . . .: 7. 1929 .
: , , .
, , .
$15, $20 .
$85. -. . :
, .; , .; , .
291 . . .: .
31. 1936 .
334 . . .: . . 10 18.
1925 . : .
, . , , . .
. . $1,875.36, $10
8 . . :
, .; . , . .; , .;
, . .
336 . . .: 24. 1912 . 25 .
: . ,
: , ; , .
$3,535, $500,
$725. : . $1,445.29.
, . . . ., . P. .
. .
: , ; , .; , .
341 . . . . ^ 4.
1912 . 20 . : , .
., ., . .
$1,214.47, $25, $30,
$35. . $1,308.81.
, . . ., . P. . .
1933 393.
. : , .; . , .;
, .
. . .
112
. . ., , .
251
.,
358 . . .: 1926 .
11 . :
, . $250,
$50, $150. $400.
, . : ,
, .
364^ . . . 26 26.
1913 . , 99 .
: , .; , .; , .
$3,283, $619.72,
$604.82. , . $1,966.67.
, . 15.
.
2280 7- . : , .;
, .; , .
10 : 12, 102, 112, 251, 260, 334, 336,
341, 358 364 27. 1934 . 5. 1934 .
. . .
, . . .
14 ., , .
. . . . , .
. 0. , . . . . ., , . . . . . .
, : , . 336. ,
.
., ,
: LAKEWOOD.
108 . . .: . 15
16. 1917 . : . : ,
.; , . .; , .; . , . .
$786.30, $445.67,
$25. , . $118.40, $25,
$96. . : . .
.; . , . .; , .; , . .
: LORAIN.
100 . 1905 . , . ,
. . 6 4 , 2
(. .), .
3: . G . ( . ).
50 . . .: . 19.
1905 . 15 . : , ,
. . .
$680, $300 , $50
. $300, $50. .
, 34 128.
33 . . : , ,
.
18. 1934 . ,
. . , .
. . , ,
. .
: ROSSFORD.
50 . 1900 .
, , .
.
. . ; 1924 .
. , . 100 ,
,, .
, . ,
, . , . 235 . . ., .
. G 2 : 1
, , 1 . ( ).
71 . . .: 14 .
1934 . . , : ,
.; , .; , .
. .
, 235.
235 . . .: . 21. 1909 . 19
. : , .; , .;
, . $3,456.50,
$608.25, $613,65. ,
. $452.45, ^ $180.
, , , . . .,
. , - . 167
. . . , 0. ,
. . . . , ,
. : , .; ,
.; , .
18. . 167 .
14. 1934 . , . ,
. : . 0. . . .
. , .
364
. . ., ,
3G4 . . ., ,
: TOLEDO.
100 , 350 . 1900 .
, . . G 2 . . ., . .
. . , .
8, : 4 , 1 , 1 , 2 .
. (: lean ).
165 . . .: .
. 13 3. 1934 . : ,
, , , . :
, .; , . .; , .
$5, $80.
, .
. : . , .;
, . .; , . . , .
. 167 21. 1934 p.,
3. 1934 . 29 .
, 500 . . 167 . ,
. . , . . ,
: , . ,
, . .
. II. , .
167 . II. .: . 12 1918 .
. . .
: . , ; , .; , .
$288.46, $77, $132.75
, , , . . $1,388.81, $25.
. .
1928 1931 . : ,
.; , . .; - , .; , . .
: YORKVILLE.
. . , . .
G 3 , . G .
( ).
77 . . .: . . 3. 1903 . 12
. : , , .
, ., .
$4,118, 1920 . ( 1920 . ) $45,
$134.40. .
. : , .;
, .; , .
56 212 , , 11. ,
22 1934 . 56.
: YOUNGSTOWN.
1,000 . 1885 . .
, , , .
, , , , , , .
.
1900 .
.
29- 1906 . . . , . 140 . . .
16 1909 . . .
. . . . 1909 .
. , .
. .
. II. . 1925 . .
.
. : 3 . . ., . . . .,
5 . . . ., 1 . , 1 . 3 .
. 1 , 1 , 5 , 2 ,
1 , .1 . . G 15 .
8 , 3 , 1 .
( ).
165 . II. ., , .
200
. . .,
, . .
, 210 . . ., , . .
. ,
167 . . ., , .
140 . . .: . 25 1906 .
: , .; , .
$1,850, : $250, . $125.
. $635.
. 140 17, . : ,
.; , .; , .
218 ( , 0 .) 230 274 13.
1934 . 22. 1934 . . . .
. . . .
. . . , . .
. ,
. 0. . -
. . . .
230 . . .: . 35
4. 1912 . , ,
: , .; , .; , .
$5,893.75, $534.50,
$280. . $2,500,
$300. .
, . :
, .; , .; , .
274 . . .: .
44 27. 1910 . ,
. ,
7
. $188, $110.
. $675.
,
. : , .; , .;
, .
: ZANESVILLE.
11 . 25 . : , , , . .
. ( ).
279 . . .: . 31. 1923 . 12
.
, , .
$58, $44, . :
, ; , .; , .
.
OREGON
: PORTLAND.
15 , 20. 1895 . .
, . 1 , 1 .
. ( . ).
92 . . .: .
7 5. 1916 . ,
., . $960.50,
$333.09, $826.69. .
$672, $15. . :
, .; , .; , . .
274
. II.
.,
PE N N SY L V A N IA
: ALDEN STATION.
. . .
: ALLENTOWN.
300 , 1,500 , .
, , .
, 95,000 , , .
, .
, , , , , . .

1890, ()
.
. , , ,
.
1899 . -
, . . 33.
, .
1903;
, , . 1907
, & ., , .
, , .
.
1908 147 . . . 1909
. . .
1910.

, . 1912 .
.
. .
, , . .
1912 1914,
, .
. , 1916 . - 500
, .
1926 , ,
.
, ,
235 , 1,200 , 45 ,
. ,
.
1930 ,
397 , 8 . , .
, , .
, .
.
, , ,
(-), , . ,
, , ,
. , .
: 2 . . ., 1 , 1 . . .,
- , , ,
, . ,
, -, -
. , Ukrainian.
. , ; 100 .
. 4 6. 120.
.
.
. ,
147
. . ., , .
: 8, 1,
3, , 6 , 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 5, 3, 3, 6,
2.
: 1 , 2 (), 2 .
G .
:
.
.
.
1919 ,
.
. .
( ).
147 . . .: . 9 .
1906 . 33 , .
.
$8,395, , : , ,
$508.17, $218.34. ,
, . $1,425.42.
. . 803
. . 151 . . . . :
, .; , . .; , .
, . 151, 3-
1934. 8 17. 1934.
. , . . 147 ,
, ; , .
. , . - . , .
. , .
, .
151 . . .: . 24.
1907 . : . , .
: , .; , .; , .
$1,211, $35, $172
, . $1,348.48.
, .
151 1927 . : , .;
, .; , .
: ALIQUIPPA.
80 . , , .
. G , , 4 , .
1 , 1 . 1
, 1 , 1 , 1 . ( . ).
120 . . .: . 18. 1917 . 20
. : . ,
. $2,837,
$175 ( $150, $25),
$315. $800, $2,100, 2 $225.
. : , , .
. . ., : 24, 53, 96, 118,
120, 132 396 3. 1934 . .
: ALTOONA.
32 . ,
. 1906 . . 145 . . .
1920 . -.
. , . G 2
1 . ( ).
. . . 147, , .
145 . . .: . . 61 ,
1. 1906 p. . M. , , ,
, , . ,
. $1,620,
$259, $375 . $573.75,
. : , .; , .;
, . 10. 1934 .
11. 1934. . . . .
. : , . , . ,
. . ,
. : .
: AMBRIDGE.
635 , 3,100. 1903 . .
American Bridge Company,
. , .
, ; : , , , , .

-. .
40 .
.
, : ) . ,
. 276 . . ; ) . , . 161 . . .; ) . , . 121 ;
) . , . 83 ; ) . . , 5 135; )
. . ; ) ,
.
1907 . - , . , 6-
. 235 50 .
, 20 .
, $50.000.
50 . 146 .
( ) . 2-
. 150 .
1922 . -.
. 5- . 150 .
, .
, -. 1925 .,
. 9- .
100 .
, 8- ,
, .
. 276 . . . ,
. 5 . P. . .
, . . 161 . . .
.
, .
: 1 , 10,
4, 1, 1, 2,
1, 2, . 2,
1, 1, 1, - 1, 2, 3, Junior
Senior High School 3, 2 .
: (Association of Ukrainian Alumni and Alumnae),
60 .
: 1. George Washington Ukrainian Citizens Club, 255 .
2. Ukrainian-American Citizens Club, 50 . 3. Ukrainian Republican Citizens
Club, 50 . 4. American-Russian Citizens
Club, 100 . , ,
, The Citizens Federation,
. ( ).
. ,
120
. . ., , .
: 1. 110 . .
. 47 . . , ;
2. . -. . 1907; 3.
. . 1908; 4.
1908 p., ; 5.
.-. 1918 . . ,
; 6. 1923 24
p.; 7. 1933 . , , . ; 8. ,
8 ; 9.
( )
50- -. , 40- . .
20- ; 10. 1934 .
, 5,000 $200 ,
.

25- . , . (
, . 161 . . ).
34 . . .: . 1936.
161 . . .: . 13 22. 1918 .
: . ,
, . $798,
$124, $40 , , .
$653, $800. .-.
83 121. ,
, . 600 . : ,
.; , .; , .
. . ., 27. 1934 .
. , . - . ,
, . ,
. .
. . . . . . ,
. , , .
276 . . .: . 38 . 1910 .
: , .
, , .
$7,507,50, $1,500, $150.
. $755, $8,858.52,
$500. 1918 . 47 . 276.
. ,
: , 2 2 1 . :
, .; , .; , .
.
: ARNOLD NEW KENSINGTON.

250 , 400 . 1903 . .
. G 5 ,
. . , , , , 8
(1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ,
4 ). G , 2 : .
.... : , , .
2 , ,
. ( ).
296 . . G.: . ,
, , 19 21. 1910 .
, .
. $3,662.26,
$85, $75 .
$850.60, .
1916 1924 100 .
. : , .;
, .
. . . ,
145
. . ., , .,
1.
1906 .
145
.,
, .,
15.
1921
14. 1934 . : . .
. . , . , . .
. , . . . .
, , ,
. . . .
: AVOCA.
7 , 41 . , , .
. G 1 .
(
).
326 . . .: . 18
14. 1912 . , ,
. $3,098,
$410, $455.
. $375, $30. .
: , .; , .; , .
.
: BARNESBORO.
105 . 1895 p.,
, . , 3
. 1 .
125 , .
( ).
249 . . .: . .
297 . . .: . . 31-
1923 . 11 . : , .; , .;
, . $120, $60.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: BATH.
20 . , ,
1 . G 1 . ( ).
95 . . .: . 15 .
1914 . : , ,
. $1,500, $100
. . : ,
, , .
: BELLEFONTE.
12 . .
. . 1 . ( ).
244 . . .: . . 29 22.
1909 . . :
, .; , .;
. $975, $180,
$100 . : , .;
, .; , .
: BENTLEYVILLE.
25 . 40 . : ,
, , , , . . .
3 . , .
( ).
109 . . . 1. 1904 .
, , ., , .,
16 . , ., 1. 1907 .
$6,000, $150, $250.
, , . $315.88, $275. . 338
, ., . : ,
.; , .; . , . 8 . 338
, ., 15. 1934 .
. ,
. . ., , .
: BERWICK.
100. . . 1907 .
164 . . .: . 10
22. 1918 . : , ,
, . .
$1,300.90, $50 . $70.
, 706 . : , .;
, .; , ,
, . 333 . . ., 25. 1934.
31. 1934 . . .
. . , .
. , .
. . . .
333 . . .: . 32
25. 1925 . , :
. . . . $25. .
: , . 164.
: BETHLEHEM.
150 . . , ,
4 . G 2 , 4 , 4 ,
1 -, 1 , 1 .
1902 p.;
: , , . 1910 . .
288 . . ., 1914 . . , 1915 . , 1917 .
, 1918 . , ,
. 1929 . . 47 . . .,
1934 . - . ( ).
47 . . .: . 6 25.
1919 . . ,
: , .; , . $179.30,
$11.25, $130. ,
. $337.53, $192.66.
. : , .; ,
.; , .
288 . . . 12 10.
1910 . , , : ,
.; , .; , . $5,203.59,
$206.17, $172,
. $850, $325,
.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: BRESLAU.
350. 1886 . .
, . 2 , .-. ,
- .
, . 20: , , ,
, , , . .
( ).
. . .: . 80
1899 . , , , . :
, .; . , .; , . $1,400,
$15. . :
, . : ,
.; . , .; , . . 29, 48, 99,
169, 223, 278 319 12. 1934 .
20. 1934 . . 99.
: BRISTOL.
25 . 1920 p., , .
. ( 1 . ( ).
362 . . .: 19 9.
1927 . : , ,
362
. . ., ,
. , ,
. $545, ^
$20. $669.67.
. : , .; , .; ,
. 27. 1934 . . 45 116.
: BRIDGEPORT.
80 . ^ , . , .
, . 6 1 ^, 1 ,
-. . ( ).
383 . . .: . 1928 .
25 . : , .;
, .; , . $421,
. . $50.75 , . .. .
$25 .
1933 . . . , . 15 . II. .,
15. 1914 . . .
$1,303.50, $203.50,
$50, , . . ., $75 .
383 . . . . 16 10 $429.98.
$790.34. ,
. : , .; , .;
, .
: BUTLER.
1,000. 1902 , .
. G 10 , . 6
. . 10 ( ,
, , ). ,
. 6 . . ( . ).
: ANONSBURG.
10 . , ,
. 6 2 . ( ).
: CARNEGIE.
350 . : , , ,
, ..G .
3 . . ., 1 . . . .,
. 2 , 3 2
. .
1906 . ( ).
134 . . . ; 16 24.
1918 . : . ,
, . $1,495,
$113, $50.93 .
$525.25, $300. . 220
. : , .; , .; , .
7. 1934.
20. ; 1934 . , ,
. ,
. , , , ,
. , . .
. . . , .
136 . . .: 16 1905 .
. ,
, . $4,418,
$614.50, $282.82. , '
8 . $2,796.26, $120.35.
. : , .; , .;
, .
264 . . .: 31. 1936.
384 . . .: . . 16 22.
1914 . : , .
. , 90 . . ., , .
. , , .
$3,705, $195,
. $75 -- .
. :; , .; , .; , .
: CENTRALIA.
800. 1884 . .
, . 5, . . ,
, . . . 5 .
. ,
. ( lean , .).
90 . . .: . 12 6. 1903 .
: , .
$8,945, $200, $1,800 8
. $235. .
. . . (.) 17
. , ,
. : , .; , .;
(.), . 16. 1934 .
189 . . .: . 15. 1919 .
. , :
, .; , . 8
$25, $100. $500.
. : , .; , .;
, . . 90.
90 . . ., , .
, .; , ., .
. , 156 . . ., , .
: CHESTER.
550. 35 .
. 6, 2 (. .), ,
, , 2. . :
11, 5, 5, 3, 3, 1,
1, 1. ( ).
156 . . .: . 17
9. 1918 . : , ,
, . .
$1,386.50, $125, $325
, . $450, $2,400,
$50. . :
, , .
156, 237 388 25. 1934.
. . , .
, . , ,
.
. , ,
. ' . .
, .
.
222 . II. .: - 22.
1936.
237 . . .: . 15 23.
1909 . : , .; , .;
, . $6,250,
$1,150, $350. $750.
,
388. .
. : , .;
, .; , .
352 . . .: . 1926 . 9 . : , .; , .;
, . $342, $30.
$64. . : , .; , .; , . 4.
1934 . ,
.
388 . . .: 1914 .
. . : , .; , .; , .
$3,000, $500, $220
. $450.
. .
. : , .; , .
, . (156 237).
: CLIFTON HEIGHTS.
. . 1911 . .
: COALDALE.
35 . 8 , , 1910 .
, , - ,
( ). ( ).
201 . . .: . 16 17. 1921 .
, , .
.
$875.92, $26, $18.75 8 . . : ,
.; , .; , .
: COATESVILLE.
200 . . :
, , , (*. . G , , 5
. 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 ,
8 . ( ).
248 . . .: .
2. 1909 . 21 , .
. $2,888.75,
$865, $295 .
$307.79. .
: , .; , .; , .
: DERRY.
336. 1901 . .
. 2 , , , . . . .
( ).
113 . . .: . 14
14. 1903 . : , .; ,
.; . $650,
$150. $160, $3,000. 113
. . . : ,
.; , .; , . .
303 . . .: . 14 29.
1924 . . ,
.
$250, $40, $60.
$65. . : , .;
0. , .; . , . .
: DONORA.
232 . . .: . 10. 1921 . 25
. : , .; ,
.; , . $300,
$200, $300. . : ,
, .
: EASTON.
300. 2. 1906 . ,
. 1911 1912 .
, 3 : 1 . . .. ., 1 . . . ., 1 . . 6
. . , , 2 ( ), .
: 6, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1. ( ).
137 . . .: . 17
16. 1913 . , .
, , .
$3,578, $160, $175, 50 . $494.
, .
. : , .; , .;
, .
: EDWARDSVILLE.
. . 1910 . 50.
: EMERALD.
15 . , , 1895 .
. 6 1 . ,
. ( ).
205 . . .: . ,
45 25. 1908 . ,
. $1,540, $50.
. : , ,
.
: ERIE.
20 . . 8
. . 6 1 , 1
, 1 . ( ).
40 . . .: . 15 16.
1916 . , 8
137
.,
. $167.60,
$134.20, $15 .
. : , , .
.
: ETNA.
15 . . : ,
, . . 1 .
( ).
89 . II. .: . 10 12. 1916.
: , , .
$470, . $10. . :
, .; , .; , .
: EXPORT.
101 . . .: . 15 28. 1917 .
. , ,
. $1,500.22. ,
, . $130.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: FARREL.
285 . . . 8. 1923 .
13 . , ,
.
$695. . : , .; , .; , .
: FORBES ROAD.
16 . 20 .
. 1 . ( ).
82 . . .: 15. 1917 .
21 .
. $1,785, $12,
$10, $163. : , ,
, .
: FO RD CITY.
600 . 1887 . ,
. : 1 . . . ., 2 . . ., 1 , 1 .
. , , . ( $15,000), .
: 3 , 2 , 2 , 1 .
: 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 .
G 3 . ( : , , . ).
63 . . .: - 38
21. 1902 . : , , ,
, . .
$4,000, $2,000, $600.
-. 80 $50.
, ,
63 . *
, , . 187
. 63 .
: , .; . , .; . , .
29. 1934. 8. 1934 .
. . , , . . . . ,
. , . . .
: FRACKVILLE.
110 10 .
1906 . . 6 4 : 2 . . . ., 1 . . . .,
. G -. , .
. 4. ( ).
242 . . .: . 22.
1921 . 14 . : , .
03
. . .,
, .
: , .; , .; , .
$ 1 ,89 9, $106, $2 5 .
. $250.
. : , .; , .; , .
4. 1934.
11. 1934 .
382 . . .: . 9
20. 1928 . . : , .;
, .; , . $10.
$50. . : , .; , .; , .
, .
: GLEN LYON.
75 . 42 : ,
, , , . .
6 , , 3 . 1 , 2
, 1 . ( ).
154 . . .: . 15 25. 1918 . : , .
, . $287,
$16. . : ,
.; , .; , .
: HANOVER (R hone).
230 , : (22
), (25 ), (7 ).
1909 . 60 14 .
$600. , . 1912 .
.
$12,000.
$50,000. : , ,
, . .
.
: . 29 . . ., . . . ., , ,
. . : . . . : 3
, 3 , 1 , 5 ,
4 . ,
. 6 2 . . 1935 .
.
, .
( ! ).
: HAZLETON.
160 . 1885 . ,
, 4 : 1 . . . ., . . .,
. . . G . . . : 1 2 . (
) .
85 . . .: . 1903 . :
, , .
. 26. $3,865,
$350, .-.
$1,250, $200. . . . ,
. 349 , ., . 85 1918 . .
: , .; , .; . , .
206 230 .
5 ,
6 . 22 .
.
. 7 186 27. 1934.
8. 1934. 7.
314 . . .: . .
: HOMER.
20 . 1912 : , ,
. . . G 2 .
( . ) .
19 . . .: 11
15. 1911 . . : ,
, . $50. :
, , .
: HOUTZDALE.
258 . . .: . 31. 1936.
: ISELIN.
15 . , '. 1925 .
. G 1 ( . . .). ( ).
400 . . . 22
19. 1914 . : , , .
: , .; , . .; ,
. .; , . $3,979,
$239.75, $337.35 .
. : , .;
. . .
: JEANETTE.
. . 1910 . 100.
: JOHNSTOW N.
1,500. 45 ' .
. G 7 , 2 :
, , , 4 (, ,
. , 1 ). .
( : , . ).
11 . . .: . 1933 '.
: . , . , . : . ,
.; . , .; , . 14. : $75,
100 $75, $20,
$50. - . .
. . : . ,
.; , .; . . , .' .
300 . . . 35 1. 1911 . :
. . , , : ,
.; , .; , . 25 $8,000
, . . . $29, $45
, , . $157.76,
$300. 1919 p.,
. . .
. : , .; ,
; , . .
: JESSUP.
311j . . .: . 7 15.
1924 . , .
: , .; , .
. : , .; ., .; ,
.
: KEISER (Marion Heights).

. . 1911 . 150.
: KIMBERTON.
32. . 1900 . ,
, . 1 , . ( ).
: LATROBE.
140 . 45 , .
. G . G 2 : 1 . . . ., 1 .
. . . G . G 1 . ( ).
61 . . .: . 17.
1916 . 16 . ,
. $813, $65,
$25 . $6 2
$240. . : ,
. , , .
: LEECHBURG.
. 25 . : , ,
. . . . , . 360 . . .
. 1926 . , .
.
: LINFIELD.
75. 1919 . .
. ( ).
: LYNDORA.
329 . . .: 31. 1925 .
9 , , . :
. , .; , .; , .
. . :
, .; , .; , .
: LUNDYS LANE.
60 . . 0.: 10. 1922 .
. ,
, .
, . . .
: MAHANOY CITY.
75 , 400. 1890 .
, , .
305 , , . ,
. . ( 303), . ()
. G . , . : 1
, 2 . . G
, , 50.
( . . ).
305 . . .: 16
1924 . : . , . , . :
, .; , .; , .
$500, $85, $400.
, , . $125.
. : , .; , .;
, . , .
: MAHANOY PLANE.
300 .
. .
48 . : , , , ,
, , , , , .
8 . .
. .
. 6
, . G 7 4
. ( , .).
28 . . .: . 20
2. 1915 . .
, . $50,
. : , .; .
, .; , . 6
, .
365 . . . . 43 1915 .
: , , .
$3,000, $50,
$250 . $200. 365
.1931 . 71. : , .; , .;
, . , ., . 9, 28, 31, 97, 242, 382, 305,
365 4. 1934 .
: MAIZEVILLE.
. . 1907 . 250.
: MAYFIELD.
185 . . .: . 8
, 15. 1919 . :
, . $2,622,
$40, $50 .
$500, . : , .;
, .; , . . 86
21. 1934 .
: McADOO.
100 , 600 .
. 1890 p., 1891
. , . .
1890 . . .
1891 .
. .
.
2,688 .
.
.
().
.
.
.
1893 . . .
1894 . . . , .
1898 . 1897 . ,
.
1897 . .
, .
: , , , ?
, ? ,
-.
. ,
: ,
! , .,
, , , ,
. 0. , ,
, . 0. ,

.
, . ,
. . .
. . ,
, , , , :
. , . . ,
.
,
, . .
. , . ,
.
,
. ,
, .
$3,000.
.
. 26.
189? .
1900 .
- ,
. ,
.
.
. , , 1891 .
1907 . , , -, .
- , ,
, . .,
.
. .
, : ( ).
1909 . .
, : ,
, :
,
, , , ,
, .
1909 . .
1927 . , .
,
. 1927 . ,
7 .
.,
, ,
.
.
.
. . ,
. .
, . . .
: .
1893 p., , , 1895 p., .
1898 p., . ,
, * . 12
, . 6 .
,
.
.
. , .,
25 . . 1897 . . 1904
1905 . , 1915 1916 . . ,
15 ,
1921 1929 p., .
.
, 1919 .
3 1 .
, . , . . . 7,
.. . . 186, ,
. ( ).
7 . . .: . , : . , 4 . . . .,
1887 . 1891 . ,
. 1892 . .
1895 . . . . 1898 ; ,
.
. 7 . . . 1914 . . . .
,
. 1915 . . 7 , . .
, . . ., : . , . . . , , 50 ,-. 4 0 , - 15.
: . , .; . , .; . , . .; . ,
. . $9,761,
$1,758.59. . $1,856.23.
. 7 . 1915 . , 271
, ., 4 , ($50) . 7.
- .
7 . 186 . 85 27.
1934 . 8. 193 . .
. , .
0.' , . ,
, . .
. . . , , .
0. .
186 . . .: . .
:
McK e e s p o r t .
180 . 50 . .
. 6 . 6 2 .
4 1 . 2 , 2
, 1 , 1 . ( ).
132 . . .: 10. 1905 .
: . , . : , .;
, .; , . $1,765,
$410, $503.50. $300.
. : , ;
, .; , .
3. 1934 .
: McKEES ROCKS.
3,000 . 1898 .
. . 12: 2 . . . .,
4 . . . ., 5 . . . ., 1 . . .-.
1906 . 530 . - .-. 300 ,
45 . . 6
.
, . . . ., , ,
. : 2 , 3 , 4 .
: 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 . (
).
91 . . .: . 19. 1910 .
16 . : , .;
, .; , . $6,315.75,
, : , ,
$918.45, $514.60 , . $2,800,
$200.
. 27 1931 . . . ..
: 258 91. : , .; , .;
, .
. 1934 . 10 1934 .
, , . , . .
. , . , , ,
- . . : . , .
. , . ,
. , - . .
- . , . . .
166 . . .: 10 15.
1934 . : . , , ,
. . $25,
. : , .; ,
.; , .
: MIDDLEPORT.
. . 1912 . .
: MINERSVILLE.
^ 325 . 80-
. ,
.
- 1896
.
-
.
( ,
)
1908 1910 . 1912 . - -
. 1915 . -
: . 4 -
. 1919 . ,
, 1920 ,
.
: 1) -. 232 ; 2) - . 200 ; 3) 80 ; 4) 50 .
(8 10) .
( , . .
8 , . . ),
South Side Citizen Club ( 300 ); .
.
.
,
.
.
. .
: , 1 , 1 , 2
, 1 .
: 1 , 2 , 5 , 16 , 2
. ( . ).
78 . . .: . .
265 . . .: . 11
18. 1923 . .
, .
. $620,
$40.50 . $100.
. : , .; , .; , .
: MONESSEN.
600. 40 .
, 4 , , , ,
2 , . 4
, 1 , 2 . 1 ,
1 . 3 , ,
. $83,000.
$85,000, .
pp. 1922 1926,
. .1933 .
. ( . . . ).
128 . . .: 31. 1934.
338 . . .: . 10. 1912 .
3 32 . ,
. . , . .
$3,635, $764.50,
$250. $635, 35 $20.
$1,065.40. . ,
.
. . . . 128 . 1934. : , .;
, .; , .
. 109, 232 255. . 172 25.
1934 . . 338.
. . . . , . .
: . . . . .
.
: MOSCOW.
. . 1924 . 10.
: MOUNT CARMEL.
208 , 1,700 . 1881 .
, , . .
: , , , , , . , , , .
, .
-. ,
, $90,000. 6 ,
, . : . .
. . ., . . ., . .
.
: 3 , 2 , 1 ,
1 , 6 , 1 , 1 .
.
: 1, 1, 4,
2, 2 .
5, ( ) 6,
.
,
2. 1896 p., .
1897 . . . ( ).
2 . . .: . 1895 . : .
, . , . : . , . ,
. $215. $100.
. : , .;
, .; , . .
: NANTICOKE.
100 . 1880 . .
, , , 4 ,
. 2 , 3 , 1
, 2 , 1 . ( ).
29 . . . ( ):
1899 . 8 , :
, . 12
$3,203, $119, $225, $35,
. $155,
, . .
: , .; , .; , .
. , 48, 99, 228, 278 319
12. 1934 . . '
. , , 99.
319 . . .: 7
22. 1924 . : , .; ,
.; , . $247,
$40, $10. $256. .... . 7.
. : , .;
, .; , . , .
: NANTY GLQ.
90 . 40 . ,
, , , .
. 6 3 . . 2 . . . G
. G , . G ,
: 2 , 1 1 . . (>\. . ).
: NESQUEHONHNG.
* 17 , 11 . - 1910 . :
, , , . .. G 1
. : .-. .
. ( ).
231 . . .: . 9 28.
1920 . : , .; ,
.; , .; , .
. , , .
$970, $10, $135. -
$20. . 57
., . : ., .; ,
.; , .
: NEW ALEXANDRIA.
. . 1906 . 35.
82 . . .: . .
: NEW CASTLE.
74 . . .: . . .
: NORTHAMPTON.
2,900 ,
, : , , , , , . .
1895 , . , .
. 6 , 2 . -
, . 2:
. 15: , , , , ,
. 1 .
( ).
44 . . .: 13.
1916 . 20 . : , .; ,
.; , . $1,869.60,
$146.75, $323.39, $153.75 . $1,413.74, -
, 44 . . ., , .
, . ; ;
. . , , . : ,
.; . , .; , .
(. 708):
( ) : . , , . IL, . .
: . , . , . (.), . -, . , .
(.;, (.), . , . , . , . .
: . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . .
: . , . , . , . , . ,
. , . , . , . .
318 . . .: . 1. 1912 . 28 . : , .;;
, .; , . $1,499.25,
$116.75, $20
. $935.97. . .
. : ,
.; , .; , .
: NORTHUMBERLAND.
62 124 , 186.
28 . G 1 (. . . .). ( . ).
'
357 . . .: . 18 11. 1913 .
. , *
, . $1,566.50,
$100, $1,350 ,
8 . . : ,
.; , .; , ..
cii.
SO
II. ., ,
11.
: OLYPHANT.
800 . ,,
, . 12,000 .
.
. 40
-. .
,
1885.
. . 1888 .
1 : . , , . .
1894 , ,
.
- 80 90
. , . . , , ,
, . 1890 . : ,
, , . , . .
.-. 800 . 300 . ,

, , .
1,000 , .
5 . , ,
, , .
: 1 , 4 , 4 ,
5 , 10 , . 100
. 12 , 2 , 1 , 2 ,
2 , 5 , 4 , 6 , 2 , 14 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 ,
8 . .
1900 .
: 1903, . 1904, 1905,
1913, 1915, 1923. () 1925,
1925, 1927, 1930,
1930, . 1931, Gx 1931, 1934,
1934, 1934, . 1934.
, , , .
: 1 . . , 130 ; 3 . . .,
140 ; 1 . , 80 ; 1 , 40 ; 8
, 800 ; 3 . , 200 .
, .
,
. .
, :
.
. 10 .
1900 1905 . (
, ).
86 . . .: . 1915 .
. . 86, ,
. . .
, . , 6 . .
. . . ,
6 . ,
. $3,164, . . . $102.35,
$10, $50 .
, ,^ $1,200. ()
. . : , ,
. . .
: . , ; . , . .; . , .
. 185 21. 1934 . 8.
1934 . 300 . . ,
. . . .,
5 , (1894 p.): ,
, , , . 1.
. . . .
40 , . . .
.
: ORMROD.
80 . 40 .
, , . .
, . 6 2 . . . ., 1 . ,
- . 2 1. . (
).
124 . . G.: . 38 17.
1905 . : , , :
, .; , . $2,159.88,
$375, $225 .
$824.26, . : , .;
, .; , .
: PALMERTON.
100 , 300 . 1908 . : , ,
, , , , .
. 6 3 : 1 . . . ., 1 . . . ., 1 . . G .-.
, , , 7 (2 ,
, 2 ). . (
).
369 . . .: . 37 ,
27. 1913 . , .
: , , , . .
$3,460.96, $200, $150
, , . $1,000, $50.
.. : ,
, , , ( ).
: , ; , .; , .
. ,
105
. . ., , .
: PARKER FORD.
23. 1919 . .
( !).
: PHILADELPHIA.
( - ).
: 5,000 .
.
.
( ).
() 1902 18-
. ,
. , .
, Point Breeze -
- .
. , - ,
. , . , .
,
. ,
. : . . , . . ,
, .
, , ,
, .
', , ,
23- Callowhill,
. , ,
. '
Point Breeze.
, , , . . ,
23- . Callowhill. . 8 . ,
.
, , , , .

.
( . .). 1905-
,, 45 . . . . ,
2- South St., . 3- .
. , ,
, ,
. . . . . , . 1907.
. 1907 . .

. . 1909 -
,
. ' - 1,000 .

.
. :
11; 11 (
); 4; 1;
. 1; ;
. ; ....; -; . .
; . . . .
: - 84 7 N. Franklin
"St.; , '849 N. Franklin "St.; (S. . .
Roman and Clarissa Sts.)~; 23- .;
. 3 322 Lawrence St.; .
163 . . ., , .
.
; . 7- .;
; (23
) . ; ;
. . ;
; . Lawrence St.;
8 . ,
: .-. . ;
; Lawrence
St; (23 ).
: ;
.
: Taras Shewchenko Dramatic Circle (23rd and B rown);
Ukrainian-American Youth League; Ukrainian Girls Club in Nicetown; ,, Young
Ukraine Catholic Club; Young Ukrainian Nationlists; , .
: St. Josaphats Ukrainian Athletic Club of Frankford;
Ukrainian Athletic Club (23rd and Brown); Ukrainian-American Soccer Club; Ukrainian
Athletic Association of Nicetown; Ukrainian Girls Athletic Club.
: ;
.
: . . . . ;
. ;
.
: . - -
, 815 N. Franklin St.; .
, 1127 W. W ingohocking St.
. : . ,; 832
N. 7th St.; . ; .
.
: ; ; .
.
: , , ; ,
. . , ; , .
: . 0. , , . . . ,
. .
: .-. ( , . . 40);
( , . . 42); . ;
; . . . . ; ;
. .
: 2 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 ,
1 , 1 , 6 , 5 , 2
.
: 1909 .
(delicatessen store 822 N. Franklin S t.).
. : 5,
45, 10, 15, 15,
3, 5, 5, 10, 10, 5,
5, 5, 1, 1, 1, 5, 3,
2, 1, 25, ()* 16.
: 1905. , 45 . . . .
. 1907. ; 1909; .- .
; 1912. ; 1922.
Broad Street Theatre (15,000 ); 1922.
0. Academy of Music; 1922. ;
1930. Metropolitan Opera House (20,000
); 1932. Academy of Music:
. , 0. ; 1933. Academy
of Music , . .
. .
II.
23- (, .)
( ).
: Ukrainian League of Phila., Inc., 1916
, . 324 . . . :
. , . . , , , , , .
, . , . , . .
: ,
, , , ,
. .
. 1917
1918 . , ,
. . 2317 Fairmount Ave. 9,000
, 1925 .
8 $26,500, , , ,
. $43,000.
, (
g )
.
: . , . 324 . . .; . , . 250
. . .; . . ; (Baseball Team)
Besketball Team : Ukrainian Athletic Association; .
. . , .
300 . 150 .
.
. 6 , .
. , , : 2
, 1 , 2 , 1 .
1 1 advertizement artist, , .
. 1934 5 80 , .
. . , ,
, . , '
. , ,
$50,000. , < ,
, . , . 324 . . ., .
III.
NICETOWN.
( /).
, ,- ,
. .
, , ,
, .
, ' ,
. ,
, .
, . , ,
,
, ( ) .
, , .
.
, ,
. ,
, , (),
.
, , ,
. 150 . II.
. 28 105 . . .
. . , :
, , . . ,
.
,
, , *
. .
, 375 . . ., , .
IV.
FRANKFORD, .
450. . 1902 .
, . G 2 (1 . . . .
1 . ), . . , , .2
- . (), .
, ^, , 2 , 2
. ( ).
35 . . .: . 1916 .
28 . ,
, . $448,
$40, $55.
- . : , .; ,
.; , .
*
27. ;
6- 1934. . 45.
45 . . 13. 1903 . 13 .
: . , . , . : . . ,
.; , .; , . $10,765,
$675, $565 , ,
. . $3,669.01, 105 $35,
$75. ,
. .
- . : , .;
. , .; , .
. . . . . .
27. 1934 . 29. 1934 .
. . .
. . : . , , . ,
. , . . . . .: . . .
- . 30-
29. 1934 .
62 . . .: , ,.
8 31 17. 1916 . , , >,
. .
$1,844.73, $92, $105. $302.72,
$50, $157. . 324 24. 1932 *
. : , .; ,
.; . , .
83 . . .: . 22 15.
1916 . : , .; ,
. , . .
$2*000, $460, $390
, , . $1,740.50.
, 83 .
, .
. : , .; ,
.; , .
105 . . .: . 21. 1907 . 14
. : , , ,
. : , .; , .;
, . $4,840.68, $788,
$1,200.90 , , .
$3,171.08, $200.
. . . . ., , . . .
. . ,
$20,000. 105
.
. : , ; , .; ,
. : .
27. *
4. 1934 .
. , : ,
. . . ., . , .
. .
163 . . .:_ . 14 18.

1918 . :. , . ., ,
. ,
. $4,280, $144, $166
& . $1,500.
1918:-~1922 . . . .
. 847 . . .
1902 . :
, .; . , .; , .
239 . . .: . 1908 . 85
. ; . , . , : . , .; , .; . , .
$8,000, $1,200, $1,000. 8
, , , . $2,634.41.
, . . : , .; - , .; , .
268 . . .: . 25.
1923 . ( ) 26 . : , .;
, .; , . $890,
$55, $200.
.
(). : , .; , .;
, .
324 . . G.: 16. 1912 . 27 :
, , .
: , .; , .; , .
$1,634.50, $873.99,
$200.74, $187.
. $1,703.63,
$25.
2309 23 .
. : , .; , .; , .
(. 718):
, ( ): . , . .
(): . , 10. , . , . , .
(.), . (.), . (.), . , . , . , .
.
: . , . , . , 0. , . , . , . , . , . , . , , . , . .
: . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , 10. , . .
339 . . .: . 25 1. 1913 .
: ( ), . .
: . , .; , .; , .
$6,230, $200, $316
, . $30, $572.65,
$350.
.,
. . . .
. :
(), .; , .; , .
375 . . .: . 1927
. 12 . : , , .
., . ; .
$450, $78.
- .
. : , .;
, .; , .
: PHOENIXVILLE.
100 . 1902 .
. .-. , 1 , 5 (3
2 ), 1 . .
. , -
, . . (
).
321 . . .: . 17 20.
1914 . , , . :
, , . $2,055.30,
$375.25, $160.
. $1,600. .
. .
: , , .
).
: PITTSBURGH.
( . ).
1,000 , 5,000 .
60 , - 5 ; , 50 .

, .
1880. 1895.
,2 .3
, ,4
. . ,1

1887
,
1 1901 . 2 . 3 , 1894
. 4 1903 .
- ,
847-9 N. Franklin St., , .
, 96 . . .. , .
.
, , 1888 .
, , . 1890
25 100 . -.
, . ,
.
1SV2 , .
.
, . . , ,
. ,
, . ,
. , !
. . . , .6
, 25
. , ,
, , . 1889
. ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , .
.
,
$50. 1890
. , 3 ,
. . .
. 7-
$11,500. , ,
$1,200, $800 $500.
,
, ,
, . ,
, , (),
, , ,
.
5. 1891 .-.
, . . G
. , : , , , , , , .
. 1895 . . .
. ,7 .
.
, .
.
. . 1901.
.
. .
. . . .
. '
.
. .-.
. . . ,
. 96 . . . .
.-. .
, .
. .
, 8 .
, ,
. .
. 400 , ,
, ,
. $225,000.
5
6
7
,
, . '
200 .
21. . 1870 , 11. 1911 .
396
. . ., , .
. 1895 .
. -, .
,
. , . ,
, .'
: , , . 1922,
, 200 . ,
200 , / .
, . , . ,
. 1933 ,-
20 170, .
.-. . , .
. 1919 , . .
. . . . , . 175
$50,000 . ,
. 108 . -
. , ... 50 .
1926 16-
. . .. , ,
. . .
. 6-
.
. ,
. 80 .
1915 .
.. , .
$50 ,
. 1919 l l - $11,000.
. ,
, . 1931, .
, ,
, , ,
. .
.
1920 ,
.
*
1
,
. ,
. . . . , 1911,
, , . , .
. :
. , -. . . . . $50.
$1,200 6,000
( ) .
1,555 .
, . 1935
.. , . .
, ,
, $630.
1915 .
. 3,000 .
- . 1922 ,
.
4,000 . - .
.
, , . 1923 . , ,
, . 6,000
. 1931 .
. 8,000
. ,
. ,
.
. .
.
. 1917 .
. . , 21. ,
,
.
$2,400. 1919 , .
.
, , . .
.
. , , ,
.
1928, ,
.
.
. ,
. , 1931
, 44 $400 ,
.
. . , 350 ;
. . , 150 ; 250
320 . 1,070 ,
.
. 527 ,
.
.
. 1910 .. . .
. 1918
, . ,
. -. ,
. 1917 1920
, . 1922
.
. :
, , :
, , ,
8 . .
,
. , .
, 20 .
.
.
1920 . 8 , .
, .
. 1920 1928
. $800.
, .
' 1930 .
,
. (
), , .
.
50. , 15 .
, , .
8 , - , .
, . 1932.
, , .
.
. 1930 , 13,650 , .
.
.
6
. 1893
. ().
, . 1903, . ,
. . --
. , , ,
, , .
.
- . . (Ukrainian Building and Loan Association) p. 1921
, , . 1934
$78,000 .
- (United Ukrainian Building and Loan Associa
tio n ). , 1925 , $60,000.
. ,
, , , . ,
. , . .,
, , .
, .
: , , , . ,
8 , .
, , .
: . 400 ;
. 175 ; .
100 ; 70 ;
255 , 1,000 .
, , w 5,000 .
, . ,
, 25,000 .
5,000 , , , 1,000
, . , 330
. $5,000,
: $1,650,000;
$250,000; $100,000; . . $225,000;
. $50,000; . $45,000; $140,000 $2,460,000.
.
, -, ;
.
53 . . .: . , . ,
. 1888 . . , . ,
. . ,
. 1892 .
, . . . 1890
. . . 7 . . :
, .; , . , .
24, 96, 118, 120, 132 396
3. 1934 . 5. 1934. . .
. , . , .
. . - , .
. , . . , : .
. . , ; .
. .
96 . . .: . 38 28.
1904 . : . . , .;
, . .
$6,944, $184.88, $250
. $800. ^ .
. : , .; , . . 30- 28. 1934 .
.
118 . . .: .
. . 1919 .
$795, $647, $150. : . ,
.; . , .; . , .
396 . . .: 26 6.
1914 . . : , .;
, .; , . $1,548,
$150, $480
. $1,768. . :
, .; , .; , .
24
., ,
: PLYM OUTH,
. . 1898 . 300.
: P L A IN S .
200 . 40 . .
. 6 , .
6 3 : 1 . . . ., 1 . . . ., . G 1 ,
1 , 1 .
: 1 , 1 , 1 .
1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1
. (: , , ).
: QUAK ERTO W N.
60. . 1914 . . ( ).
: RAM EY.
4 .
, , .
45 , , . G
, .-. ,
160 . , .
.
, , , ,
: 1 . . . ., 1 . 1 . . . . . . .
, 35 , . . . . , 57
.
. ( ).
227 . . .
12 15. 1920' . ,
. $760,
$28, $45.50. $37.79,
$12. : , ; , ;
, .
: R A N K IN .
42 , 200. 1897 . ,
, . . . . . .,
. . ., 0. . . ., . G , 2
( ). , .
18 0. . .
( ).
24 . . .: . 12 . 1916 .
, : ,
.; , .; , . $3,765,
$150, $125 .
$214, $350. .
: , .; , ; , .
. . . .
: R E A D IN G .
. . 1909 . 50.
: REVLOC.
. . 1926 . 20.
: S A IN T
C L A IR .
200 . 40 .
. 6 , 2 -. , 2
15 (, ).
. ( ^).
9 . . .: . 20. 1895 . : , , .
12. $5,000, $200
. $2,000. 1915 .
, 3 146 . . . 5, 122 12.

, . : ,
, . .
31 . . .: .
. 1922 . 228. . 1931
. 9, 31.
228 . . .: . .
: SAYRE.
132 . 40 . : , ,
, , .
. G , , , 2 .
1 -. 1 , 3 .
( ).
236 . . .: 15 22.
1920 . : , ; ,
., . * , .
$969, ? $125, $20.
* . $847.50.
. : , .; , .;
, .
.
: SC RA NTO N .
: - .
316, 1,612; . 167 , 837 ; 29 , 113 . 650 .
,
, , .
1900 .
, , ,
1906 . , . . .,
1. . .
.-. , . ,
. ,
, . 4- . ,
229 . . : S '' . 123 . . .
20. 1906 . .
? : ,
, , , , . 1907 .

. 7- . ,
. 21. 1907 . . ,
. ,
, .
. 1918 .
. 1927 ().
, . 1928 .
. .
1930 . ,
. 1932 . . .
, , ,
. G . G . . . . P. .
,
, .
( , ). ,
. 1909 .
,
, .
.

.
, - , 1904 .
, . . ., 2
, 5 , 3 , 5 . : 2
, 2 , 1 , 1 , 1
.
. ,
126 . . ., , .
2 , 20 ,
10 . ( ,
, ).
123 . . .: . 18
19'. 1905 . : , ., ,
. .
$2,786, $96, $72
. $250. . .
: , .; , .; , .
5. 1934.
7. ( ). (.
), , . 2, 1,000 .
. . , - ,
. . .: , , . . .
. . . . ., . 144.
. . .: . ./
1. 1934 . : ,".;
, .; , .; ,
430 . 7- . : , .; , .;
, .
159 . . .: . 13 25.
1918 . . , . .
, .; . , . $693,
$25. $165. . :
. , .; . , .; . , .
. 123, 229 280.
1 162 . . .: . 7 25.
1914 . , , , , , , .
$600, $50, $50 .
, .
: , .; , .; , .
208 . . .:
15. 1919 . ,
. $300,
. :
25
:
$100.
.
229 . . .: . 86 17.
1909 . : , .
, , .
. : , , .
.
280 . . . 23 . 1923 .
. , . , .
. $2,469, $191,
$50. , .
$477.77, $200. $80, $60. 280
176 ( ) 280 (. ).
. : 0. , .; . , .;
. , . . II. .
.
: SH ARO N.
386 . . .: .
: S IM P S O N .
40 . 50 : , ,
, . , . 6
, , 1 . . . . 2 . . P. . .
3 1 . 4
. ( #. ).
: S L IC K V IL L E .
6
58 , . . 6
. . . G 3 . 6 . 150, ,
( ).
126 . . .: . 14 25. 1921 . : , , , . : , .; ,
.; , . $3,000,
$200, $150 . $250,
$100. 1924 .
, : , .; , .
: SM OK E R U N .
135 . . .: . 13 12.
1906 . - 176 .
, .; .
$635, ^ $165, $150
, 50 . .
$1,000 $200.
, , . . ., .
. 6 .
: , .; , .; , .
.
: S H A M O K IN .
306, 2,187. 1882 ,
, : , , , ,
.
: ,
, , . .
150, $25,000.
: . 63, $4,000. .
74, $5,400. . 220, $7,073.
. , 150, $2,800; .
(), . 150, $3,000; . , 150. $1,500;
. ., 45; , 64.
: .-. . : .
, (3 ) $250,000.
50, 35.
(). 55. .
. 250.
$1,076.15.
: 18. () 18. () 4. 3. () 3. 6. 2. 5. 3.
2. 1. () 2. ( ) 9.
( ) 5. 1.
() 5.
, . . . .
345.
. , 75, - 35. .
: .
1934 . 50- . 1934 40- . . .
, 18. 1895 .
1905 . .
: -
.
, 6 8
: , (, ), ,
.
( ), ( )
, .
( 8 ) . . .
4 (1- 9, 1906 p.). ( )
.
$1,000.
, , , . . $900.
. (7 ).
2. 1 , 1 ()-.
1. ( : , . . ;
, ).
1 . . .: . . . .
(22. 1894 .) . , 1887 .
, . .
, , .
( ).
(. P. . .). 1901
. : . . :
, .; , .; . , .
. . . 22, 1934 .
. 1934. : . .
. . ,
; .
. . .
. 0. , : (
. . .) ( . . .).
300 .
. . .
: SH ENANDO AH .
50 . ,
, . , - .
1884 . , ,
-
, . 1885 .
1887 . 1891 .
. ,
.
. 3 , 1 . G 1 . . .
( ).
98 . . .: . 22. 1899 .
12 . : , , . : , , . $3,000,
$200, $600 . $300,
. : , ,
.
9, 28, 31, 98, 242, 305, 365, 382 4.
1934 p., 11. 1934. .-.
, ; . ,
. , . ,
. ,
. : .
, .
300 . . , '
. (G. . Gangloff) . . , , .
. , .
: S Y K E S V IL L E .
7 . 32 : , , . . G 1 . . . . 1
: , 4
. 1 . 150 ,
, , ,
. : , .
(2 ), , . (21 ). 6 . (
).
401 . . .: 1914 .
15 . : , .; , .; , . $800,
, 223
. . .,
, .
. $3,000, -
$200, $100 , .
$900. . : ,
.; , .; , . 8
15. 1934. 338.
-: W IL K E S B A R R E .
700 . : , , .
1896 . . 4 . . . .,
5 . . . ., 4 . 6 -. , ,
. 79 . 2 , 3 ,
1 . . 7 , 8 .
g , : , ,
, . ( ).
48 . . .: . 25^ 1916 . 60 .
: , , .
: ., ., .
$2,200, $176
. $98, 207
$325, $71.50. , .
, 99 223 . II. . . , .
: , .; . , -.; , .
.
99.
99 . . .: . 8
18. 1905 . : , .;
, .; , . $7,740.50,
$720, $685.25 , .
$848.99, $160. .
: , .; , .; , .
223 . . ., . . .
.
: 29, , 48, 99, 169, 223, 278 319
, , , 12. 1934 .
20. 1934 . . 8
, . . 100
. . .
. . , , . . . ,
, . .
. . . .
157 . . .: . 7 16.
1934 . . , .
: , .; , .; , . $15.
.
223 . . .: . 26. . 1908-'.
8 34 . . -
: , .; , .; - ,
. $5,632, $394,'
$460. . " . .. $551.22.
.-. .
, . 99 . . . .
: , .; , .; , .
278 . . .: . : .
:
Y ATESBO RO .
27 . . , . . . ,
. 1 . . . ., . . ., . . . ( ).
51 . . .: . 23. '
1901 . . , :... , .;
, . $1,678, . $94.
. : , .; ,
.; , .
.
, 42 . II. ., , II. .
RHODE
ISLAND
: C E N T R A L FALLS P A W T U C K E T .
75 . .
. . 1 . . . .
1 . .... G . 8 ,
1 . ( . ).
93 . . . ( )- .
8 13 27. 1916 . : , .
: , .; , .; , .
$1,219.34, $137.71, $216.45
, , . $2,944.27,
$50, $250, $500. , , . .
: , .; , .; , .
: CRO M PTON.
23 , 104 . 1905 . , ,
, . .
: (. 246 . . .), (. 222 . P. .)
. , , .
. G 6 2 . : 1
, 1 , 2 , 1
, 1 , 1 . ( ).
246 . . 9. 1909 .
15 , , , .
, . . : , .; , .;
, . $2,036,
$357, $165.40 . $625.05, $224.19,
$165, .
, , .
. ^ .
1914 . . Arthur James.
Crompton Co. : , .;
, .; , .
: M A N V IL L E .
181 . . .: . . 7 ,
5. 1909 . : , .; ,
.; , . $3,500,
$500 . $2,000,
$100.
. : ; .; , .;
, .
177 20. 1934 .
28. 1934 . , . . ,
. ,
. . , .
: P R O V ID E N C E .
153 . 4 : , , .
1900 . . : ,
, , , .
. . . . 1907 , :
, , : . .
. ,
. 1919 . . 177 . . ., . 1921
, , .
. .
. . 1932 . . .,
, . 17 . . . . , ,
, . , 5 ,
1 , 1 . 1 ,
1 (). . P .).
206 . . ., , . .
73 . . .: , 17. 1903 .
8 9 . : . , , .
: , , .
$3,892, $760, $1,670.
, . $1,562.
. 1922 241
. : , .;
, .; , .
177 . . .: 8
22. 1919 . .
: , .; , .; , .
$375.35, $137.16, $228.42
, : , , . .
$375.90, $67.12,
, .
.
. 45 . : , .; , .;
, . . 181 , . ., 20
1934 . 28. 1934 . . 181.
: W O O NSO CK ET.
400 , 1,500 . 1905 .
. , , ;
. 25, "
40 , .
. . G . .
. : , - *, - , ' .
: , 300 ,
100 . . . .
G 7 (). ?6 ,
. G , . G (), 2 ,
, 1 , 1 , 2 .
. G 1 , 1 , 4 .
. . 206 . . .
. ( ),
206 . . .: 27 9.
1910 . : , , ,
. , ,
. $9,867.63, $471.08,
$1,000. , , , .
$12,281.52, 784 $350,
$120, $50,
$1,000. , , ,
, .
, ,
, . . . .
. . .
. : , .; ,.; ,
. .; , . .
206 241 (. . ) 12. 1934 .
. 285 6. 1934 .
, . . .
. . .
.
: Felix A. Toupin,
Mrs. Althea . Jencks James F. Rocket.
. . . . .
. .
241 . . .: . 4. 1923 .
8 10 , . : , .;
,. .; , . $650,
$135 ( $110,
$25), $65. .
241
. . ., , . .
$1,866.04 $150 . ^
, , . , . , ... .
337 . . .
. : , .; , .; , . .; , . . 206.
(. 744):
( , ): ,
. : ,
, , , (), ^
, , , , ,
(), , , (.
), (. ), ^(),
, , (), ,
( ), (), , ,
( ), .
T E X A S
: BREM OND.
G 150 .
. .
1907 . : , ( . . ).
: FORTH W ORTH.
G 60 ,
. ( . . ).
: H O USTO N.
G 20 . . ( . . ).
W E S T
V I R G I N I A
: TAM S.
4 . 25 ,
. . G 1 (. . . .). (
).
26 . . .: . 16
. 1915 . . .
$500, ( . . .) $75,
$25. $100. .
: , .; , .
: W H E E L IN G .
250 . 1895 . , .
. G 2 1 . G 1 . . .
5 (3 2 ). G 1 . .
...., .
1911 . . . .,
. ( ).
56 . . .: . 8 50
11. 1911 . : . ,
.; , .; , . $2,200,
$50, $200 .
. : , .; . , .;
. , .
56, 77 212 11. 1934 .

22. 1934 . 77
. . . . .
.
. . . : .
, . . , - , . . :
. . , . , . .
. .
212 . . .:
12 .' 1919 . .
: , .; , .; , .
$350, $100,
$60 . $805.
. : , .; , .; ,
. 56, 77 212.
WISCONSIN
: L U B L IN .
376 . . .: . 15. 1927 .
8 . ,
, . $5.
. : , .; , .;
, .
: MILWAUKEE.
2,000. pp. 1914 1917.
. . 2 : 1 . . . . 1 . . . .
6 . 2 , 2 , 1
, 1 . ,
, .
( ).
103 . . .: . 23 2.
1917 . : , ,
, . .
. . $2,116.50,
: $10, $10,
$50, $205. .
$873.10, 36 $18, $100.
, .
. . 1231 .
. 22. 1928 103 47 .
. . : . , .; . , .; . , .
19. 1934 . 13. 1934 .
. . ., . . ,
. . . .
. 27. 1934 . . .
: THORP.
17 . 22 . 12 , 8
3. . 1921 p., 1926 .
6 . , .
( ).
: WEST ALLIS.
17 .
1915 1920. .
8 , , .
103- . . .,
. . . 1 , .
. G ,
, .
: 2 , , 1 ,
2 , 7 . .
. , ,
, . .
( . ).
W YOMING
: SUBLET.
20 . , .
. ( ).
: FRONTIER.
392 . . .: . , , 23. 1914 . 18 . : , .; , .; , .
$455.76. $295.75 , $20.
. : , .; , .
26 . . ,
. 0 , 2 .
C A N A D A
: TORONTO, ONT.
( ).
. ,
. 1901 , 8 , .
. . , .
1910 . - .
. , .
8 . 1911. . 1914 .
.
. . . . 1927 . ,
1910 p., ,
. . .

.
. .
, 1910 p., .^ 1912
. . , ,
, , , .

, .
49 . . 0.: . 2. 1916 . 16
. . : ,
.; , .; , . .
. ,$207.50,
$25 . $108.47,
$27.85, 2 $10.
, -. , .
, . :
, .; , .; , .
. . : ,
, 1894 , . .
_______ k________________________$
220.35
10 , 1903 p., 3,796 ,
15,129.85
20
1913, ,
19,110
191,877.24

1923, ,
22,423
1,222,523.37
40
1933, ,
30,314
3,472,671.23
43
1936
30,335
4,489,305.96
__________________
49,537.37
. . 1936

$4,538,843.33
!>
. . 1936 .
$3,940,074.94, $298,864.06,
$4,238,939.00.
*
. . 1936 385 ,
21 , 30,335 .

( . : .
. .=. .=. .=. .=).
, 113, 565.
, 358 , 371, 627.
, 12 , 104 , 117 , 131, 181,
412 , 440 .
(. , , 1887), 36,
344,
, 23, 104 132, 314, 320, 349,
412 419, 441, 448, 504 512.
, 46, 137, 138, 139, 218, 224,
334,
335, 336, 337, 434. . 393.
, 34, 36, 37, 89, 42, 280.
, 45, 60, 127, 212, 213, 214, 216,
276,
290, 313, 352, 421. . 127.
, 354, 371, 492, 495,
545, 562. . 355, 357, 546.
, 38, 39, 41, 45, 344, 381 ,
445, 456.
, 355, 356.
, 130, 349.
114, 280, 360364.
(.: ),
, 26, 136, 137, 140, 142.
, 449.
, 1 6 1 .
, 46, . 520 522.
, 45, 54, 136, 167, 214,
276, 313, 330, 421. . 119.
, 34, 54, 55, 56, 77, 409.
, 46, 82.
, , 53, 7 1 .
, 89, 90, 135, 330, 331.
, 91 .
, 295297, 476 .
, 354.
, 135 142, 222, 352.
. . , 136.
, 190, 229, 230.
, 15, 17.
, 354, 371, 358 ,
. 546.
, 426 430.
. . , . 458.
, 88; ,
15 ; , 103, 224, 311, 312, 318,
424, 493 .
, 322.
, 96.
, 11, 127, 135, 167.
, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
279 , 344, 383. . 35.
, 145, 371, 424, 425;
. 431 439.
, 351. . 451 457.
, 1, 228, 229. . 178 191.
. 433.
, , 48, 53, 76 91, 296, 298, 299,
352.
, 219, 308, 334, 385.
, ., 45, 99.
.,. , 46.
, 177, 381 382;

. . , 192.
, 46, 226.
, 255259.
, 316, 317.
, 333.
, 28, 29.
, 346. . 286.
, 70, 109 112.
, 139, 346, 351.
, 4, 5, 46, 411. . 391 395.
, 224, 226. . 395.
, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 225,
343, 353. . 261.
, 71, 176, 370, 474.
, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 45, 66,
148, 151, 195, 197, 211, 212, 257 , 258 .
344, 345, 347, 348. . 41. . 43.
, 352.
, 45, 218, 333, 334, 336, 422
425. . 215.
, 64, 134, 219, 335. . 85.
, 20.
, . 360364.
, 46, 219, 382, 372, 378.
. 319.
, 17, 187, 210, 251, 311, 313, 318,
320, 321, 419, 448.
, , ,
293
, 310 .
,
185, 221.
- , 142, 297, 320.
. . , 219, 227. ., 191.
, , 38, 39, 40, 45, 57, 60,
63, 134, 135, 136, 193, 204, 212, 218,
214, 216, 268, 276, 290, 313, 343, 348 ,
344, 349, 351. . 86.
, 46.
, . . , 245.
, 45, 93, 352. ., 389 390.
, 350.
, 217.
, 44, 46, 277.
, 18, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40,
48, 65, 69, 73, 141, 148 161, 172, 174,
201, 202, 203, 276 , 289 , 309, 310,
312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 330, 333, 421 .
: ).
, 157, 290, 314.
, 328, 329, 421 , 422.
, 77, 399 ;
, 408412; , 401, 402;
, 403.
, , 125 , 200; ,
266, 267, 301, 384 ; . .
212, 213, 222, 223, 248, 299.
( ), 373.
, 384, 386, 388.
, 159.
, 317.
, , 31, 48, 53, 72 76, 133, 148,
152, 172, 194; , 281, 304, 450.
, 46.
, 130, 178 191, 195,
196.
, 346, 354. . 254, 26, 457.
- , 297 .
, 70.
.
206, 224, 315.
, 138, 430.
, 151 , 134, 199.
, 23, 104 , 109 , 301, 412 ,
440 , 498 ; , 8, 9, 22, 26.
27, 449, 451, 493 , 498 ;
, 440448.
, 118, 442 .
, 15; , .
67, 452.
, , 48, 73, 93, 123, 174, 309.
327, 331 (.: ),
(), 38, 89, 124 , 135, 155,
164, 273, 290, 304, 313.
, .460 .
, 402 .
, 135, 193, 213, 225.
, 57 60, 117, 217, 346, 445, 519.
, 163, 167.
, 212, 213, 218, 229, 221,
223, 229, 301, 313, 701 704.
260269. . 169, 435.
, 333, 340, 341. . 420
430.
, 224, 226, 227. . 373.
, 46, 339, 340, 378,
430.
( ), 137.
. 382388. . 335.
, 153, 214, 215, 216, 217,
218, 219, 223, 290. . 153.
, 351.
, 46, 226, 227. .
419;
, 11, 133.
, 450.
( ),
408. . 398.
, 342, 516.
, 117, 199, 362, .363.
, 428.
, 168, 170, 297, 305,
319 377
. . , 2, 133, 139, 193,
209230, 333, 422.
, 45, 64, 65, 195, 196, 211,
212, 213, 216, 258, 259, 274, 290, 326,
335, 420. . 56.
, 11, 172, 420 , 438 .
, 37, 198, 363 (.:
).
- ., 42, 100, 445.
^ 208, 346 . . 380, 411,
457.
, 358, 424.
, 252 , 499 ; , 460 ;
, 498 512.
, . 396 397.
, 356.
, 352, 486.
, 46, 425.
, 217, 218, 299. . 165.
, 221, 223, 224, 226. . 275.
, , 48, 278, 289, 304.
, 46. . 324.
, 66, 68, 89, 122 .
, 321.
, 321.
, 343353, 408 412, 482 489.
, 45, 46, 76 .
, 46.
., 46, 137. . 285.
, 140.
, 46. . 250 254.
, 131.
, , 38, 39, 65,
66, 73, 74, 75, 76, 89, 148, 152, 196, 199,
306, 314.
. . , 207, 212 217, 219,
221 223, 225, 227, 228.
, 18, 19, 34, 162, 166, 265 .
, 33, 40, 45, 63, 113, 133, 136,
152, 213, 214, 216, 217, 330, 332, 344,
348, 350, 351, 421. . 95, 145.
, .
, 386.
, 346.
, 1, 229, 427, 428. .
429.
., 22.8, 229. . 435.
, 354 .
., . 498 512.
,
449450.
, 220, 223, 224. . 379.
, 353359, 491 , 511.
., 355, 356.
, 1, 3, 46, 297, 298, 37. .
1 3, 6 176, 193207, 449450. .
443.
, 318, 320.
, , 3, 105, 106, 416 ;
, 3, 304, 489, 513519.
, 3, 7, 105, 113, 138, 140, 141, 142,
144 147, 176, 433, 520, 521, 523 527;
. . , 213, 215, 218, 219, 222, 224,
225, 227, 228; , 205.
, 38, 39, 47, 73, 76,
98, 154 , 172, 194, 199, 200, 201, 215,
277,
304, 305, 306, 307, 314, 422. 514.
. . , 250 254.
, 26, 137;
, 322; , ,
374.
, 133, 253, 431 439, 489 ;
, 434.
, 1, 46, 224, 227, 229. .
209230. . 427.
, 10, 192, 346, 350. . 240,
382.
, 355. . 497,- 522.
, , 48, 49, 172, 295, 304,
307, 308, 370; . . . , 193, 200,
201, 202, 203, 214, 218, 220.
, 87.
, 134,. 151> 362; ,
430.
, 25, 351, 352. ...
, 33, 48 , 250 , 288 , 321.
, 9, 25, 277, 331, 332.
, 349.
(), 221.
, , 183, 194, 210.

, 143, 147, 225, 226, 230, 299, 308
320 322, 338, 339, 340, 341, 352, 371 .
449.
, 322.
, 155, 199,
, 224, 226, 227, 229. .
429,
, 46, . 399407.
,
, 347.
.
360364.

, 322.
, 322.
, 141, 158, 159, 201, 202
203, 218, 291, 292, 316, 317, 333, 334.
335,
337, 422. . 189.
(), 133, 329, ,437.
. , 221, 225.
, 29, 34, 45, 72, 135.
, 137, 138, 220, 221, 224. .
425.
, 355, 386.
, 523.
! , 143, 322, 352, 370.
375.
, 350.
, 223, 475..
. \
, 350.
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Альманах УНС 1936 - Ювілейна книга УНС

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(). _________________ ______

OSTAP HRYTSAY: THE BULWARK BEYOND THE SEAS (poem ) ______________

Dr. LUKE MYSHUHA: DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN OUTLOOK

VASILE SHCHURAT: ANTHEM OF UKRAINIAN-AMERICANS ________________

DMYTRO HALYCHYN: FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PAST AND

Their beginnings and aims ( 1 7 8 ) . In America ( 1 8 1 ) . Re

MATHEW KOSTYSHYN: THE FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE U. N. A.

NICHOLAS MURASZKO: CONVENTIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL

What they taught ( 2 0 9 ) . Conventions (2 1 1 ) . Conclusion ( 2 3 0 ) .

Number and location of members of the Ukrainian National Associa

sick benefits paid from

SAVA CHERNETSKY: WINTER AND SPRING IN UKRAINE (poem) ____________

STEPHEN MUSIYCHUK: THE DEATH OF AUTUMN (poem) __________________

EUGENE LACHOWITCH: THE MORAL INVESTMENT OF THE U. N. A . ________

DMYTRO ZAKHARCHUK: HOLY NIGHT (poem)

SAVA CHERNETSKY: SOLDIERS OF TODAY (poem) ________________________

MEMOIRS OF EARLY IMMIGRANTS __________________________________________

Dennis Holod ( 2 5 5 ) . Dmytro Kapitua ( 2 6 0 ) . Theodosius Talpash

MIKOLA HORISHNY: IN MISFORTUNE WE GREW (poem) __________________

REV. PETER PONIATISHIN: THE UKRAINIAN CHURCH AND THE U. N. A.

EMIL REVYUK: DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN POLITICAL

JOSEPH STETKEWICZ: UKRAINIAN SCHOOLS IN AMERICA

EMIL REVYUK: UKRAINIAN LITERARY AND ART ACHIEVEMENTS IN

I. Literature: First Ukrainian literary commentators (3 4 3 ).

DMYTRO ZAKHARCHUK: QUEEN OF DREAMS (poem)

LEV YASINCHUK: HOW THE OLD COUNTRY VIEWS UKRAINIAN IMMIGRA

Foreword. Causes of emigration ( 3 6 5 ) . How well has the

(poem) ________________________________ _____

Dr. VASILE SHCHURAT: HOW THE UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN ANTHEM AROSE.

STEPHEN MUSIYCHUK: TO THE PIONEERS OF THE U. N. A. (poem )

OLENA KYSILEVSKA: WHAT OUR EMIGRATION HAS GIVEN US AND WHAT

DMYTRO DOROSHENKO: THIRTY YEARS AGO

Dr. OSTAP HRYTSAY: OF IRON AND S T E E L __________________ _______ _

GENERAL VICTOR KURMANOVICH: FIGHT AND CONQUER ________________

ALEXANDER KOLESSA: P O E M S ________________________ ___________________ ____

EUGENE ONATSKY: BEYOND THE BORDERS OF THE FATHERLAND________

SISTER SEVERINA (of the Order of St. Basil): EMIGRATION IN UKRAIN

MATHEW KOSTYSHYN: FIGHT INJUSTICE (poem ) __________________________

Dr. ALEXANDER SUSHKO:

THEODOSIUS KASKIW: UKRAINIAN SONG AND THEATRE IN A M ER IC A ____

MICHAEL HAYVORONSKY: UKRAINIAN MUSIC IN AMERICA ______________

PETER TURCHYNSKY: HE SHALL RISE AGAIN (poem )

Dr. LUKE MYSHUHA: MATERIAL SUPPORT OF THE OLD COUNTRY BY

MATHEW KOSTYSHYN: THE WARRIOR SPIRIT (poem ) ___________ _________

DMYTRO ZAKHARCHUK: WHY?

VOICE OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION

(Poem, translated by Waldimir Sem enyna) ______

STEPHEN SHUMEYKO: THE UKRAINIANS ___________________________________

STEPHEN W. MAMCHUR: UKRAINIAN CULTURE CH A NG E__________________

I. Definition Of Race And Culture ( 4 9 8 ) : 1. The term Ukrain

LESYA UKRAINKA: PLEASE DONT SING

JOSEPH D. STETKEWICZ: THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE _____________________

MARY ANN BODNAR: THE ASSOCIATION, AS A YOUNG MEMBER SEES IT

STANLEY PATRONICK: WHY WE SHOULD BELONG TO THE UKRAINIAN

TARAS SHEVCHENKO: THE TESTAMENT (Poem, translated by E. L. V oynich)

TARAS SHEVCHENKO: EVENING (Poem, translated by W. Sem enyna) ______

HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN COMMUNITIES, AND BRANCHES OF THE U. N. A.

U. N. A.: MEMBERSHIP AND ASSETS __________________________________________

8The Russian School for

A HISTORY OF AMERICAN LIFE (the Emergence of modern America 186 5

(). ___________

(poem) ____________________________ _

Dr. OSTAP HRYTSAY: OF IRON AND S T E E L ____________ _ _

ALEXANDER KOLESSA: P O E M S __________ _

MATHEW KOSTYSHYN: THE WARRIOR SPIRIT (poem ) ___ _