POWER SYSTEM

EEE 3233

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

1
 Economic Distribution of
Load Between Generators
• Within a power plant, a number of AC generators
generally in parallel.
• For the economic operation of the plant, the total load
must be appropriately shared by the generating units.

2
 Cont.
• Because fuel cost is the major factor in determining economic
operation, curves like that of below figure are important to power
plant operation.

3
 Cont.
• The inverse slope of the curve at any point is the fuel
efficiency of the generating unit operating at that point.
• Maximum fuel efficiency occurs at the point at which the
line from the origin is tangent to the curve.

4
 Cont.
• To obtain the most economical load distribution between
2 units, we must determine the incremental cost
corresponding to a partial shift of load between the units.
• We first convert the fuel requirement into a dollar cost per
megawatthour. Then the incremental cost is determined
from the slopes of the input-output curves for the 2 units.

5
 Cont.

At a given output, this incremental fuel cost is the

additional cost of increasing the output by 1MW.

6
 Cont.
• In a plant having 2 operating units, generally the
incremental fuel cost of one unit will be higher than of the
other.
• For the most economic operation, load should be
transferred from the unit with the higher incremental cost
to the unit with the lower incremental cost, until the
incremental costs of the 2 become equal.

7
 Cont.
• In a plant with several units, the criterion for load division
is that all units must operate at the same incremental fuel
cost.
• If a plot of dFk/dPk versus PT for each unit is linear, then
may λ be plotted versus PT to determine the optimum
value of λ, where Fk is the input to unit k in $ per hour,
and λ = dFk/dPk is the incremental fuel cost for unit k in $
per megawatthour.

8
PROBLEM 1,2,3 & 4

9
Power System Control

10
 Introduction
• A number of automatic controls are used in present-day
power systems.
• These include devices that control the generator
voltage , the turbine governor, and the load frequency;
there are also computer controls to ensure economic
power flow and to control reactive power, among other
power system variables.

11
 Cont.
• Generator voltage control is accomplished by
controlling the exciter voltage.
• The block diagram representation of a closed loop
automatic voltage regulating system is shown in
simplified form in below figure.

12
 Cont.
• The open loop transfer function G(s) is given by

13
 Cont.
• Sudden changes in the load cause the prime mover
speed and, consequently, the generator frequency to
change as well.
• The change in the prime mover speed occurs when
the generator electromagnetic torque no longer equals
the prime mover mechanical torque.

14
 Cont.
• Thus, the change ∆f in the generator frequency may
be used as a control signal for controlling the prime
mover mechanical output power.
• The change in the prime mover output power as a
function of change in the generator frequency is given
by

15
 Cont.
• Below figure shows the block diagram for a prime mover
generator control system; we assume the system to be
linear, and the governor and prime mover generator to be
first order devices.

16
PROBLEM 8

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THE END

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