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( 4) ueo c;, {Om Q q rr {ba;~QT ~rflUJ LDfT a; ~fiu6lJ ~ q LOtb[iJ (!!>~

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(5) UQ) Q~~Q5rr!b8im6lT ~tLJ!DGlJULa-, @j[!51~/tJl,"6TT~LD. 6T-@ : ~6WJ - Cf. ani

8ifT 8;6tf)8) - cr. kaka

(!pe;w - Cf. mukha

(JifT6ifr - kan

8ifTmw cr. kanana

(6) ~fiV ~uSJy># Q~fTtb®1l> i)fJrrQ)JLc# Qa=rr{b®w fl>6lJ{DfTBi fYJ6U rfil sur LLU U L(£JGtr etr ~ LD.

6T-(f;1 : a~rrL_LW < Q~rr(£J (C:{hrrmr(~)) ILfJfT (Ul(JfT@j6'ii) = ru@ < ssa«, C:~rr@ = ~[JfTL_5J. a;flJfT@-G~fTL_LW. ~.(]{Drr : Q~fT@jU4-C:~fTU4·

iQ _ _(iifn{D (m...m{lJlLJ6Tr) = 6'3(f}1. fL~[!J-:!Lf7rT.

(7) m6lJ .!Tn_L@5 Qa= tt {iJBirolr ~6lJ£OfT SiLt t5J rfJ B;8iU ®6Tr at 6tf) ill.

(61"-@) : {h8iUU~ = ~(:!!j=dPluu6isT.

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(8) ~u5]r;rJ; a;~B;a;rrw G1~6M Qe:rr{bCf>6fr 6l1l(£JUL@U (]UfT~

Q a: 6trr 6tf>tIiM ~9i fJ (yJ{h6'61 u5J ~w GYT ~u5J ~dF Q a: tr {b8i€!!J t.b, i

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tOT GlJ6lJ tr LD Birr LLU U i..rr firj) ill.

(9) 9C!!> Q,g:rr[b(Jo;~/l.b 6lJt;JQ)rT J)J QJmfJUJu ULfTmLD.

(10) WL fiJ~iJUJcT QdFrrtDa;mwGUJ6V6UfTW CfLD{bUJ@{lj

Q wfiifiT!)J Q r!1>fT 6i6r@6fT 6YT ~LD.

fiJ QJ tb fD tt 6iJ I fiJ tb 6m {D G to ~ 6lJ ~ fl> u5J y> [!51 f@ ([!j 6tr ~ rrn su U1 {D {5 #i (]Ul)fTUJrfJUJ6MUJfT®W UmrLfT(J8i~WfT®W ~u5JY'~8ifTrf}8)6lT6b6Urt et ro- .f!)J tb, ~ QI tr 8j 6Tr 8j ru!h ~ Q 8) IT ~ L tv rOlf{ tr fiiJ IL fit) 8i ~ r7> u5J y; a-, 8)®~{ljr;r ffiJ (!!J U)fT {Drr@a;rftr UI!D U 4 {b J!)J 65J L.rt GT ~ .f!)J W, Q ~ tDQ fD6M ~ Q!f[Jrfl!6~ (8)fT Gtr s:

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6

"Compare Cymri (Wales). '" J t is stated that the original home of the Cwmry, Cumri or Cyrnry, was in the Southern Hindustan, the Southern extremity of which, Cape Comorin, takes its name from the same root." - From a Historical Souvenir issued on the occasion of the meeting of the British Medical Association at Swansea, 1903 .. Editors."

fiTtDMJ!)J 8>6"6TW Q/UJtDJ!)J eJUJ(!!Jw (Rev. J.L. Wyatt, M.A.) (T.) @(JfT UJ8iJ C!!JLiJ1- rom- t5I bfr mw Uj L1J ( B.A.) ®{lSI ~i) (!!j~~6IDfiiJ)ci> 8i:aJT [!,~ G{DfT 8i®a;.

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IQ_6VLDQJ tt - !!L.6Vl.DfT. f!L6V LD(!!j~6V = c!Ji if> ~ -;1J6U , lLifJ SJJ -;1JfiV.

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~rn$fju urn1/-_UJ U~QJ61J.

u.eotr GlJ ~6iJ = r!Ji tb{lSl 6lJ ®1DfiiJ. 1Q_fiVTT;1J:f!JJ ~6iJ = aT tb {lSI 6lJ ®~6U.

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5:JL~~6iJ.

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6lJLQWrTy5J8;®rfJUJ tEl· t !bLJ6Tlfflr~UJ (~rT8;o;CF/Ji)) fhuSly5J§WGtr6TTmLD. U/{!,i)UJc$ «!jGU{!,iJtb®# UlflJ~~ !!Lt6IG(JrruLf~ @rflLJ (Harmonious Sequence of Vowels) c;,UfT~t6J6lJ (QUfT 4f»+@QJ)f ~{l5Ju51Gl5)~ (UJ.f!)J+@61>6lJJ (yJ~6"6J UJ Q $fJrr LfrQ usn y5J c!1i61fl6iJ ILGTT!lP.

g 6TJT ~iJQ; ~c: r;r G) CF rr6b @LClQJtbJ!)J",LOUJfToU Q 6}JGiJ(JGl1.f!)J Q IF tt GiJ Qlal8iUJrr®w. {DuSJ y5J ~ t.b @o~~6lW(j)J.

&rr : Qurr~ (~y;>~~) - QUUJrT#G1IFfToU. (.dP/./!)J) Qurr~ roU16lfliffi# QCFrr6lJ. QUfT~ (Q1~GTTUJGlJ) - QUUJG(J#o:LiJ. QUfT~ (G"El~wtb~ 8iGTT ~!lJIlIr) - 651m6JTGlUJ#5w.

Li1flJG1LDrry5J8i6Yflru f{LGTr()(T 9@mLD @@mLD uwmLD 6T6lffWLb 6TmrUrr@jUrrLl1I-[b(!!Jf ~6lJdr ~QJfr dPl6lJrTr!JiGfrf ~6iJ6lJf!Jl ~® ~ru UQ) 6T 6MWJ tb 6)J y>8i®&6fr &JblJLDfTu5I ®r!i;c9i6lJrrw.

(9) {DWI y5J6iJ fftGl5J&@j{l5JuUfTlLfffiJ @jp5JuQurr661UJfTllJ (yJg,GTTmQ) t5I {Dr;, uut y5J o;61f}GiJ G'1 CF rr 6lJfOlJfTlU 6lJ y>riue;6b.

&rr : ~IJ "'17 - 6lI{DUJCFf {Dc!1iflic!1i - {lj~ (eu.), tL& - {f>fJ6YTrrf CF6TTULf - saliva, QCF8;c!1ic$ G)a;c$8i - L.cachinno, V.E.cachinnation.

(10) ~ UJ 6iirQ W fT y5J # G'J CF rr tb Ch rotr U Gil) 6lJ tb {l5J {b @j C8 QJ rT ~ uS) y5J ~®di'lli6iJ·

(yJ8;®61J Gh.DfT y5J r!li6'lfl ~(yJ6TrW 8iL_@ GUI m rt # QIF rr{b8iGYflGiT dPll1J-8i~ ~u5J y5J 6"6J (f!ju U 4P C!J>c9i§:JUJ LDfT 8)8; aiQJ~ 8;8i~{lj8>8i tfP.

(11) 6T@8iI!J>lirnLDU QUlLltT&(!!9W udr6"6fGr;rrrmr;ru G1UUlrT 8i@!jWf ~rflUJ QWrTy5J8i6YfJ6iJ ~uSJ ~#G~fT{b8)6YfJw Qwrry5J GJuUJJtUUfTu5J®~~6iJ.

u~mL~~uSJ JPrT Q/fTWJTQJ QJGlJ(]6lJfTfJIru5l(!9{6{D6IDw ~<iilJft {1ifTrotfJfiiM ([f>fT~W ~ar) QUUJt;JfTQ) fPC!!> UJY;>6U>WUJGTT6lf>6lJUjW1 et @(]a;rrGtr a;61f16!r QUUJrT8iGYTrrru ~® eutm ~61TmQJtLfLbf LDiJu5JGtr QUUJr;rrr6iJ ~® LDfT~QJ61TmQJlLJLbf @rfJUJW GUUJr;rrr6iJ fj>rT ~~L61TmQJlLfLb ®¢1~iJC!!>/J~C:6U· ~QJ'7 /!Jl QJrrWJT6U{l5J6*5I[b®# ~flJtA~ e:rrwflJrrw. @6iJQJGYT6'lfc!hG1r (!:fJtJjw c!:p{lj{b ®wrfJ!DfT" '9 (]6lJ(l UJ G {Drrw p51 UJ~6lJ.

~ffiJ8iJ6lJ~iJ6iJ lLWiQff 6lJrrr;r {DITL QUUJrT &61f/ruf Sunday, Monday, Tues .. day, Saturday 6TQg~W {6fTW®W {Du51{puG;)uUJrra;rotf!w Q LDrry5JQuUJJt UU rr u5J cg,J;516trtD6lfT.

Tues 6T W u.:fJ zeu s 6T roirr u iJ W LD.!f)J QJ LSJ- QJ l.D tt 8j 8> <!Tn..fD U U (f;J $1 {!J!!J. @mQJ CP6lf>tD(iUJ Q§6lJ6lJfTtU C:CFC:UJrr~ orwWlw QUUJrT8j~GYTcF Qa=fT6b6l)rr~w G'1urr®'ii1TfT~w ~~il®8;~6irr!Dw. zues 8J(]t;T8;8)U

·

urr 6UrT QRflTT

1 I

Qu®~Q1htiJQJtb. ~afJ a;8irr ~u5JlP!DfTL_l1I-6iJ uS18iuuYJffil 8irrfil)~~ c: (;)t) a UJ ®L!J-u5J ® 1>fh6'5nt. ~ Ql61f)f}" UJQJ ~ n- er ~.ff)J {hu5l Y; j$T Q) 8i 6tr 8n.J!)J W. UJQJ61fTW 6T v;ig U ~ 5)G" Jig, {DrT I· '9 m Q U ILJfr s;~61r ~rotT.f!)l. UrT~4-UJ~8;®W ~a[Ja;8i LDWG1fT@8;®W 8iUJ6Uw6kr fiJ~~LDfT u1J C!!Jm~.fM w. $buS} YJ@cii@)w 5]G" a;a;®8i®t.b U61) U y>r!i;s;6lJ y;>8i8iffiJ S;6lr r;, u rr gu6lJ tt uS! ®~~fPJ w @tiiJ®Ji $QJ 6'6f} Jic$1h ~J;c!fj6r1.

@ su i> fl, ~ 6iJ GlJ y;> r!iJ 5:J UJ U ~ ~ IT f} r06>" U Q u UJ rt 8)@9W 1h ufJ Y> U QUUJrT a;61fJGM QLDrr~QLJUJrtuurr 8iC:6lJ u5l®8;liI~tDG'5f.

I. Aries (ram), ii. Taurus (bull), iii. Gemini (twins). iv. Cancer (crab), v. Leo. (lion), vi. Virgo (virgin), vii. Libra (balance), viii. Scorpio (scorpion), ix. Sagittarius (archer or bow), x. Capricorn (the goat .. homed = shark), xi. Aquarius

(water .. bearer = pitcher) xii. Pisces (fish).

(12) {huSJ ~ru C!:fJ~v/o C:QJ tb J!)I6l>W8; ®@UJ~ 6lf)LO.

(13) .p;uSJ y;, GQI [b.ff)J mLD UJ®4 c!Ji C;h,rr oU6UrT W t5J~G)~ fT L_@# G'1 ~ fT [b8itJf rr t61 ®di{h6U.

(14) QrfF rr{bQ[DrTLrflGiJ 1hu51y;'#G'J~ fT v;ig (!P6mfD @UJ6Uurru5J@fhthGlJ.

U6isr~'7~(SI6T~~w Qgrrdr(!j)Qf)[D uj,C:~rr(f;J @CT~@ ar!FtT!h{h~ 6Trn um{h8> rg,p5} U u:9irr ®w. eui.: Q uitr ~ u5J6iJ gJQJ rr {liCF W «t Girr ~Jl.b (yJm{D @w!iJ6lSla;J;® LDfT{DfT6"5r {!jfT ®w.

(15) ~uSJ~ 9L6lJd> (9J;:DGiwQLDrr~ ~tiJ6lJ8;® tfJtb!DGU.

~tbl QlOlT (b\ Ul!D QlJ)1T ~ V? 6UQJ IT A') ln5 (!)8r. air IJAIT rfaJ am

(1 ) ~ uSl ~ ~ U Q) G QJ Jl)J t€J ~tfHiU 8i gfJ ob LD 8; a; firr UI rfJ Jl;.:!»

C:::UfTm~LD.

1fJ u51 Y> ® tDJ uG) u rr Gl51 tKJ m ovuSJ Gl5I @d> ~ a u tr 4)1 th, ~ 6lJ) ~ {6J Rl su t6J c;6!®!f,1fjGUfT ~Lb, LJrDWrr{EJrrnOtJlL~k.-6)®tA{hC:UrT ~w, U@jQs:"dr~m6lJu5J roJ®t:61D(lUfT /9/w, Q1hrr®t61QrHil)t6JG6J®{h~ C:urr ~LD(8)i.J u[buQ)

, r!F LDUJ rID a;GYf16b, ® LD rf1 ~fT L..l1I- ~ 6isr !!)J w wei; r!Jj 6fT 8iJ l-P 8;@jW c: LD tb@jW QJ L8;®LDfT 8iU t.1J rfJ {6.{(JJC": U fT u5J ®Ji51 Girr {D~ It.

(2) ®PS! uG U fT fi6} t61 ~HilJ u5I §J» Lb ~"' q !El5rJHil.,,1511JJ/ Lb t51 rfJ th ~ LDrr!A fJfr ~6l1 tb 6Ul [D ~ '-4- U 6lfl LUJ rr Cf, 8; Q ClifT ~ @, u GiJ GQlJ!)J G<FfTtD8)67f)t;;fT ~~LD~Jbl8;Q8ifT~ Lmw.

(3) UJrfJ th~aurrm wJio;6iT eyJ6lJ#Gr!FfT{iJ8)G'tf)QT wfDt64J6'Bi L_@U 4.{[J1,JQ IF IT tD8i6n61T ~ 9, 8iJ j, Q CJi IT ro6lsT Lm us.

( 4) tlJLU (D) GlJ U U tEl 6tJ)6l) t2-.Jiim 6lf C!:P ~66J UJ 6lJ {b {D tt 6iJ 2L.!J)J U 4 {i, i) rfl £i;.fJI, ~~6'6T tr G1J :lLr!F a: rfJ U L/ ~ i:J rf1 !fi$hGm Ln.

&" : (]fhfTmOi - Pers. tawus. Gk. taos, L.pavo, A.S. pawe, E. pea-peacock. nr-nri-Inqf) - A.S. coc, E.cock. ~.C:{5fT : fljrr-[DfT6lJ-{5fT8;@j.

]2

(5) G)u®WUfT{b QCFfTtba;Glr aUfT6't51 We§1L 8:]6ID~6l/ (yJ~t061U1 (!pm pJo;6'ffJ Gb iI rfJ ~~a> LD.

(6) ~6l)QLDfTySJu5J Gt51Q>Q)fT~ QQ/fT~8)W C:$DfT~t61romLD.

(7) fYJ6UG WfT ySJ u5J 6lJ9ia;6m" /J i)urfl6ir .!J)J W (] 6lJ.!J)J U LL @ru#J S;6nTW fiT@~uQutbfDrnLD.

( 8) Q u rfI a tu fT 6m t;T LD iJ ~ ~ 6iJ 8) tt t;T fii?friT W tr s; J: Q c!F tt tb s; ~ ""

• •

LDfTfDpJ6lJ·

u6l.JtCU7UJ~ (Polynesian) ft6lJCJj6lf/6iJ Q;1it5J (Tepi) 6T~QfDfT(!!J 6lJ!p 8;S; (!JJ tfrr GlT .{fJJ. .d!JI ~ ~ U L!J-, dH f7 ~ ~ Q u UJ '7 tt 6lJ !t» ~ {lj tffi U tt 8) LDfT6lI tfJJ eu ®~ tffi {D Q a: tt tb c$6lfl<iJfTG UJ QUiUfT W WfT {b{61 6))J (EJfiI v;ig {D ~ IT. @QJGlIYJ8ic!hW Q tnrotT 61fT tt U L.5J rfI a;e;rr r;6J ~ W ZL6fr GTT ~fT Lb.

6lJL QLDR' ~ L6\)5 (!pIliATQU)rr~wlT 5 QPlq.wrr AlUl

QLDrrySJt$6'IfI~ @UJ6iJ6lfluUJ{6IUJrr ~ U6'OrT, 6lJLGWfT ySJ m....6VCIi <!:P fD~Q LDfT ySJ UJ rrt6l ®8;8)6lJrrQ LD~.!J)J r$®~ 8i16M {DfirT fr.

9L Q) ~ 6iJ (!:P ~ fit) tt QJ .f!JJ a {h fT ar {61 UJ iJ ® If, i) UJ Q LD IT ySJ 1D t£/ a y;> . ®wrfl ffJ tt LL1l-ViiJ ;2JuSJ ~ @jp5luQurr v;6] {Klrn6lJu5J~C!!JJf,plJu rr ffJl UJ rf} ~~ LD a, 8) ti!rr , ~ Lui] rfJ 8; a; tr , G'J 10 filrT <!Ii mn L W , ~ ?_;·IL.D rfI r9; a; tt (!JJ {lj 66J UJ

@LffiI8iL«?jW, ~~<!FJfJrn~u5I{b U1rf]th~ LDc9;a;w 8iLJTfJW gmw 6l1L ~~UJrr !EC:fJrruurr (yJ~6l51UJ ~LriiJ8iL_®W Qa:6M-{D{h(fs;jJ Q:{brf1 !jJ 6tr!D g». ~6O)d'JffJrn6lJu5I tb UI rfI Jf,~ LD8;aJ6lfJ 6!T Q totr ySJ 8:/J61T, ffUa fJ GrffI uub ~~6lJ.f!Jl ~iii)UJW fiT~.!J)J 8lLflJUU@W ®@Wui>::06'G)QJ.

U rt 6iJ l1I-8; 8i L{h U rr rfil OJ rfJ 6lJ, .{!U (J r;T ~ UJ ~ @ru 5) rfI U fT 8i (J ea dU rfJ UJ Lb a ~fT ffi p5J uS! ®4iiJ <OM!D /f)J. U tt 6VLf/-8;&:!6ls7 @J LU tt 8iffiJ 8lGYf] 6V Ul rotrr ~ UJ Lb (Finnish) gm~t.h ~Gt;T~UJ QwrrySJ fiillY;>rfu@j6lJgpW, aTrofllJl-UJW (Swedish) GL~UJLb (Danish) (JjJtjlJ6l5IUJ QLDfTySJU,6YflroiJ 1hu5J~# Qa:rr{b8i6lr @®UU~W, QesfrLDfT~UJ~iJ~ro1r~ g}ru QCFfTtD$,6Tr ~rfJUJ @W8>iiJUJ Q ion ySJ #Q CF tr {iJ8i61r U!ruQJ {b{61 {b(:!!J e!:Pfil)WfT tLJ w thuS! (gui® Q [D(l!j8>aiWrT lLf uSl (!!Ju U ff» LD, ~L (] LIT UlC IJ ~rt t!Tn{!5J u5J(!!Ju u.fPI t1J @8i Q CF;rr roir 6lJ)c$a;®# a: fT tii&T J!)J 8)6TT tt Lb.

~rfllll<9Q CF tiiM!D 1Jju51 !)<tG'J c!F tr [baiGYr LiJGtr QJ('!JLDrr 9)J eyJQJ 67llr!JiUJ:

(1) ~ rf1 UJ rflw (!p ~ (] 6'6T rr tt @ LD rfJ !D rr L '-9- 67Sf1caM jJ)J L5J rfl [h.tf;/ au fTfi5TGurrClrIJ ~LwQc!F~ !D6lf>6lJ.

I£rr:
fhu51Jj> QjL(i)Jl;i}IlJW Gw 6lDQ)1U tr tfllUW
• •
{DfT~ rnw~ me
• • .
{DrrLD ~LD wrr, we
• du, tu
~6"M f!JIl vayam tvam

.

u rrGlJ n QRIT IT

13

•

~LD

ye, you eart, es

yuyam

.

asl

(2) ~rf1UJn- ~!hilUJrr6l1ltb® QlC!!Jc!:p6M ~mL8;a;rr6l)~~tb

G'J a: m!D Q) QI r ~ 6iJ (it) .fg cg ED c: 17 c: U) m fjlJ UJ tr rft UJ <9

Ga:W!D6tJ)QJ.

&rr :

Ilfim!J)ILI" tfllIJtD atma

•

~~LDIT

.

ammos

•

(DrT 6lJ fTUJ

C:6lJ LUJ~~g,C:GlIn~C!!JLh(Lf)

.

navis

yetis

zingiber, zingiberi

nau vasthra

.

snnga .. vera

(3)

. .

iren, eisen ayas

~rf]UJfr ~~iJUJrr6'5ltb® QJ~{DUJ<OJr ~6iJ~gu flrny>UJrrrflUJw 6lI IT t6J~rr a;# G> a: m- [Dal6l.l.

8)rr :
{hu5Jy, C:wA>QJUJrr tfllI.J tD Ilm$PUJfftflUJtD
8)ut5J ape kapi
• thermos, formus, warm ghanna
@®LDLD
d!JIC1iW (LD~I.b) ego, lch, Ic, I aham
~fT( tE1fiiJ) sta, esta sta
ullJ- -U~-ilJi) •
wes, WIS, was vas ~J61ULJ : (1) ~1Jr9;®, odHfJc$c!hW, ~fJ~~t.b, ~Q)iJ{hWI ~fil)j,{h8)W, ~f7~i) ~6Uthm{h (!JJ~fi6JU1 G::06isrGa:rrtDo;6D)GfT C:~fTJ,~ar, ~tT ~fiiJfil)gp ~rr 6T~~W ~® G6lJtT J:Ga:rr6iJ ~QJULfU QUTT®mw ILl ~ rt ~ f!JJ QJ It» Q ~ ID1fJ QJ tt @jLb. ~ (!!) 8» t!h GtT, ~ (f!J (i'6JT t1J, ~ C'!J arr ~ (YJrjj661UJ (Q1L_) Q§rrtb8i~w ~QJGQJrflQfJwC:!D t5JID/A{bWQJfT@jw.

~riiJf!iJ6'5TW UQ) QJL Q~~ QCFrr[bCT>ro1r ffla" fY>Q)~~w.

(2) a;uy = LlJIJ8i5JmGTr. a;ut..1JGiJ QJrr!J>6lJgp QJut51. "C:8ifT@ QlrrYJ ®fJ ffiJ@j" (LDt;T J5JUJ~. 13) 6T roV IDrr It Q 1bfTQJc9irr LJI.iJ UJ(!!>w.

(3) @j® = QQJUUW, G)6lJuu~~rrroU G{DrrwJ!)Jw G)<fhfTU4fi1TW. ~6lfI, ~~QJ~())JfTrn ~~rf1lLJ6iJT. rt!>® = U!Qlu4· ®®p;!, ®<!!JiJ8i 8ifT!f,~6Tr, ®®i)QJfTfJW 6T~W1w QCFfTtbr!h6lf)6TT GEDfT 8;(f!j&. "®®6l/r!uQ8i~6lJW tffi£D6MfT ®WGLD" (SILrf}. 5) 6TrnfDfTrT Q1hrr6iJo;TTUUJUJrt. ®®:i;~6U G{!jrr6irrJJ)J{hfio. @j@uuJ!» (r!!J®~~. ®®-SIL(!9. ®@LDW-ZL(!§UJW.

(4) ~CliW = ~fiiJt051LJ.b, ~6iJ6lJfi08iLb, fi3@, o!LQr, LQf(01TW, (fDrrw). ~.afbfT : ~CliW = ~6iJ6l11LLb, ~QjGlJ6Uc$W, ~c$UfJW ~m-~w

14

• • • • • • •• • • •

HLW = fLLLj[DLD, ussa u». 1L~+~L.D = HLQTrotTLD-HL6YTLD. gJ_61T61TLD

6T6M.f!)J Gurr @wu@Lb. ~8iLh 6Trm~ L.b {DW1y;,a=Qa:rr6iJtQ5)6l)(lUJ. [Drr6kr 6TW~tiJ Qurr®Glf1ru QJ!J>rfiJ51~!r G1JLGlLDrryS1UJrrrflUJrT. ~WL1Jrr 6T~~® G><!ffT6lJ6lJ>6lJ, ~iiLDG6JfU~, ~1hLDtEJG'il.l1hmtlJ QJJ~~UJ Q {hfT LtT a;6'ff16iJ {DtiM m esr ci; ®{l5J c$9) 0lJ fP rID(r!!J~6lJ a; tr 6"5rrr 8">. ~ 9)W (9)

•

LJIDLD.

c: LD~H;UUJ fT rf7 UJ Q LD rr yS1&61F/6b r.!::P~fil) fT QJ ffJl s!h ~ 6lJ) LJ) Q UJ tr C!!J~ LOU QUUJIJIT 8i QJYJffiJ5JUJ4Jl me 6T~UfDJ. min, me, mee (yJ~rotUJ (]QJtD!f)JQ)w Qu tDflJ QUUJrt a;6ir me 6T 6isTu~Qf]dr jJ)J a{DfT6V'jWGwQUJfTyS1UJ ~8iW 6T~u~~v;lrrJ!)l C:{hfT6M£l)rr (Historical Outlines of English Accidence. P. 127). go 6Tw~Lh GU/61J>6Mu1Im ~[D~1D9)rrQ) QJLf/-QlW 6lJ~8ia;[bff)J. ~{Dtb®u ui).urr 8) wend fiTGirruiJr;;kr ~fD~{h8)fTro 6lJl1I-6lJLDrr ~UJ went 6Tm-U gp Qly>ffiJ@jQJgp Gu fT(ii&7JD~ ~CliLb OTWU f!J/.

(5) sta 6TWW/W Q~fTQ) esta 6Trofu.f!)J GLDaJQ)UJrrrfJUJ/JiJob Qly;r!v@jQJ4J, UmrrrnL8;8irr6lJ~iJ6iJ <JWQiT(1LLfT@W ~6'ivan._6U (School) 6T6M.f!)J Q r!F tt 6iJ ~ Lh ~ uS! !J> It tEl ~HilJ t6J 6151 @!h {h ~ iT (if Gtr U 6lJ) {h J; c!Jj fT L._ @ W. {hfT6lf = @LW. ~fTc9;® = $16lf)6l). {JjrrJi@ju tJll1I-1h:2ioU OT~~Lb 6lJlP9;® C:!D fT J;@jc!1i.

4 rfI, 4'7 Lb or al~ t.b !D8itT iJQ U UJ rt 8i61r ~rfJUJ Q LDfT yS1 a;61fJGvvQ)6lJrT Lh QJtj)ffiJ@jQJ!D}w, G>1hrr6iJblJrrrfJLUrT ~Lh ~u5J~tT a,®WJ®!hih G'l1hrrLJtmuJi a;fT L(~llh.

Lfrfl~6b = 6lJal6Tf ~ru. L. spira, Gk. speira, E.spire. LfrfJ = 6lJtQG)6TTIh~ ~Q)fiUlP ~C!!J5JUJ ~6'lD£P. ~.C:!6fT : thread, from thrawan (d<;), to twist. LJrfI~ob = LD"'~iJtb u~1DfiiJ, 6l1IG7TffiJ®~6b. L. prehendo = LJrflQa;rrGiT. E.prehend - apprehend, comprehend etc. LJrfl-LJ" (QI.) = 6lI6l»GTf!A~ LD~Q), Cl&fTLmL. LD~ourrtb @Y;;UULL_ [hairr. ~.(J{ljrr : Cl8ifT(JI + aJ = Cl&fTLaJL. C:8ifT@ + ~w = Cl8ifTLLLD - Koshta (Skt.) = UJ~~ @!!,li;>t6::D (J Clirru5l6iJ.

6lJLG'lwrryS1uS1tb Cla;rT~L_ 6T~Ua>{D, (Ja;fT (uer) bT~ui:Jr;;rf/6krjJ)J U1 !DtA~fJrr CliO; 9"n..f!)J QJ /!JI G'J u tt ®!f, ~rr /fJ/. ~.gp G> ~fT @6lIW 6T ~ !OJ Q U tt ®6i'r u l11-~ Lb c: 8i rr L LW ~ 6lJfiU 4JI G) eli tr LLW tOT 6lr ~ w 1DuSJy>aQ~rrQ)615I6Isr ilrflGu. G8ifT@ + ~w = Gle;rrLLw. <D>8irr@ + ~6i> = G&fTLlJI-fiiJ.

4rfJ + ma- = 4rf1m~. Ljrfl + ~tb = LffJW - E.borough, burgh, LJrfl - bury. (Ja;rrLJlJw = ~t;f<FGlrrLDmm-, ~fJ ~!Dc$rt. (y)fb(il)fT6lIgp ~fJ CF6irr Q QJ 6tr 61T ~ ~ ~ dT !J)J W u m 8iQJ rfJ ~ ~ J!)I W ~{ba;rr J; 8i 6T (g> tEl om fit) LDfTL/Ji)6b ~oiJ6lJ~ ILUJrTJ/;f6 a;LLL~~6iJ QJi'!A~rrw. t51G&TLJ ~!P u5I a; QJ UJ fJ to tr tlJ 6lJ IJ1- 6lf LD tt {1518i c: 0; rr 6l111J» J!)J U U tr u5I Jb J!)J _. 9· a!6 fT :

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SLQ)-Lrt-~[J6i>= ILfiU&QD&UJrrtb ®d;/p~dJa,g;tb{D ®¢JUJ6TrGTT a;6l>, to. ~[T6iJ, §jI. <ijlV-oU, Ili. f}fJ@!Jf Q". Cl'7fT iJ».

1L6Tr 61f1£DrfiJ@wrr JI)J ®"D~~ W 9®QJ65)~ §JJ6U>6TT j,~6b. ~ffiJf!iJ61iTffiJ (r!9.Jj,gv ffiJ8i(!§Ql/ &J.r;r rrW1 <!!J/J~6i> C:QJ6W@Lb.

SLQJ-~GiT-IL6lf1. tLW-~Qr=8i1..ttrnLD. ~m- c::J)I61f1= ®tJ,':!pw ILJJ)I ULf61rtOrT (iF I <:: ~, @jw68, QJfiisr@. ~6'If1- QJ. ~6'6l.

ILQr-SLotfI=8n_rftUJ uoiJaQl.[!)J 8i(f!)mJ, us., & .. , 1JjI. 1L6lfJ; Q~. 1L6'6J. SLGlfJaLUI - ~~. ~.C:!6rr: ~rotf1- ~~.

IW! fiJ = 8n.lt6l'>LD. an.rf7 UJ m~UJ {bs;®6'5J, et c!:p.J,{Drr~, c!fi@, ~m6lJc!:ptfrr, ~([!ju 4 Q £6(!!JcglFlGiJ, @jU16l1IT LDL8ifiULD ~ !f)J8;<?!>ffil8i(!!J619, UI.!f)JrnLD.

50

, . , . .

L61T 616fT ,§J)J(J) •••

®i>/!)ITiJ, (]9)rr~gJU!, ~~UJ~~, QJ®~~,. 9J§!!U18io;mTQ)rTtU (W~). ~ 51 9, <!n@i>i) (uS! W ), iJ§!l ~ ci; 9j GTr tr , I1§!! ~ 9, 9) rr i!JI, till@8i9)rrtil (G {ljffiJal(nu ), 91§!l g}&9>fT rT (Q!D6U), IJ§!l i18i81rT 6U (tfJfT tiRT ), ~ €iJ# J Lhu tr, I}§1J UJ /J~a>1J (~fiJJrnfJ), fJ.§1151~./!JlT tb £DfJU I t1§[! U! ii Q {lifT Vililfr 6'6>L., !H!! ~ i.J UrTtOID6lJ, ZWlg}U4@, ~~wGiJ6l51Q)8j, ~§:Ju5J6TT Q;lTtU, zmIU1(yJ~rnQJ, 9>6'IT @ G ru rT (!JJ ~ roJ UJ en. L._@'# Q CF tt {ba; Gtr G;) rjj tt 6fu .[f)J Q {D rt L L QI~8;a;ITW. Q!Do:~{A m{DUJ§Ww (!jJ{D~ (yJ~6iJ [ffir$W{6{D @LW U~mL~ ~uS1Y;>8;(::LD.

fJ§!!i'1-QJ.@}t!Fg]

ILcotf1 - ILGYfJ UJ tb = ZLi;.,fK::u tt tb an.rfJ UJ tJ_.liJ rT 8irnfiiYTlLfQ>LUJ &IJ 111-. ILtOtf1- 2L~rt (Q/{Da;t..b) M. uhir K.ugur, Tu. uguru, Te. goru ((]8irr(!!j).

• ••• • • • •

1L.6TT - g}_@!>= LDIJ ~6"6)t}j{D 4J 6"'5lGlT &(§!jw 4@· 1L@!jf!j ~6lJ = Lf@ QJ rr 6lJ

:f!UrnGYT 8lt!JiU U@~6lJ. llL@!j-llLc!1i-. w. ZL@!Jw4.

tL6Tr - ~m=l. 6lJ tr uJ. ~roYr~g;J rjj~ = 6ll rr J!d,!f)J;2j6lJ

2. CJifT~. ~firr®iJ~ = LD(J;WiJUJU QutdlrTlJI-tT ~~iLJw 9irr1D~ QJ 6lf) 8).

1LQr= ZLGir~LI.b. @LW, 7 ~L.b (]QJtD.!J)I6lf>LD 1Lf®4, ZLWrotff@c$@jW LD6JTW, tR®w eyJy,8i)q G)a:"'§J}Jw u!D61)QJ (Snipe). K.,M ~Gtr, inside.

aLGTT - .R-QrGlTW, tLQrGlTrT6M (Snipe)

1L61r(§W 1Jj[[(TfJ!Jw (&)Q)u. 10 : 117)

6lJff 6IJ6fTwoir IL 6ff6ITW 1§(1)Q)UULiJlILD (~rf18;(~.7)

lL6fferffi!JIw 6lJ6l5JlllffSJIW fiT6lir€lllflli (Jt!hff6ll6r@ (®!D!Drr. @!D. 85: 1) Q~. 2L6lJGlJrT(!p, &. fL"'6lJdiJ~.

IL.m- ~,"wtb- 9Lww= 1L61r61f1®J;~w LDGTfW.

1L6ir@'5~6lJ = 8)®f!JJ{b6lJ, f;J~w~~6iJ. ~GiT,,"6b = e;®/JffJ/. 1L.6ir-LQr@j. '!!"Qr@j~6b = tKJ~OfT~~Q>. S!..6lr@j = t1§!!lPrt!J· ~fp@j{b6v = (6lJ.) i1UJfT~~{bQ).

J!6irpJ61J6JT /J..{6ffli} lLj6irgr (!JJ@(§W (~®Qlrrg.. 5: 50) 461f)~6lJT uJiJ&UJ (!pJjJ&) K:5fTlLCfld>y. urruSl.7)

ILGtrG'fTfT(JTW = SLLwum~UJlTwQ) 1:L6lrWL8;s;LDrraJu urr@t.b UrTL@.

~6ir- 1L61r6'1fJ= !ffiQJ~~tb«!jtOtr6tfJ(f!r9ir:!!Jw Mrom@QJGlf)8). us., !!Jl. ILW61f/,· Qfj. ~6v6l5).

t:LQr -ILGTf 61f = ilL6lr 6'1f1®{A~ ~ U u ¢1~6lJ. g"LGTT 6lJ- Z2_JifTGllQu= gu uu rr 61r. 4iJ.f!..GTT6l// &., Q{h. fj)6U6l/.

~i1T~ = @ ,. @rn6TTUj.rrw UJfTy51tOirT ~.w®.

, . , . .

.iL67f 616M WCD ...

.

UIT6UITmTrT

51

I •• •

lL6YT!h~ = ,2_LULL_QJ6'4T.

u6iJ6I5l61JaT t6 C:t!b '46TT &Q(TQ)Q)ffW <!.®Q9lQJT!D. 61)

~m-rt ~6U = ILL5I6lf)GYr ~~6b, @j6lOLflj"-', (Je;rr !IJ~GU.

1!-ViYT Lo4 ~6iJ = LJ fh~r;r /J ~L._l1I- a 6lJ L~L 6'5Ifit)ffiJ~c!liJ; 8iJw U'_' {hvW. 66J&wwrr Qj6fTWL/lJj'; (a,QSlIb23)

• •

ZLomm - 1L6lflW 6lJ, Z1..6'ID,," r!.F-!Fru.

Z!.@!j- IL@- ~@$1JGU = {ffioo::Jjtmfh a usesrtt cJ; S;rT a;ii f!J mGTT /J~GiJ .Lo; 8i. IL@,· gu.g}§J] L.. (ud)

•

g}_(gJ-1!LYJ GlJ- :!LtpQl6lf[ .

.!L<!!5 - iL.@j. 1L@ji66U= tL 6tr GtfI@thQ{DIT@®1h6lJ, or f7 ii ~6iJ I g, ~ f!J/ ffJ6U , !i1~.!J)J ffJ6tJ I IL~ fr pj6V I a {btllrlJGU I @j6tf)61J~6U I Q 8i@pj6U/ ,fF tt ~fiu.

HL@j-.LQ)a;, 1!L61f)8i~#j6U = !J_GTrViYT@iJ/tJl~6lJ, uil~~~. &. ugu.

JQ)QliJfftiJr 1J)JG1J&,$~ ;iJWf/}JD/b &m6lll!TUJffJf/ (UQUTG6I(9. 97)

.!L@j- (.!L8iGTr)- dP/8J6Tr - ~a;{p. ~r!hIP1hru= GlOrn;tiM@1DGU 8). agal (d)le;~). ~9JY> = 1 ~8iy5J. 9». agaJ (~CJj~).

6Q)QJ61)UJtLfw @@4jJJ$5 Jbc!»ifJffW {~®6lS1Q)QT. ~®JD($lJu. 17} 2. @jGYTw.

J,; JD6T)c!f5}1i (§#~ID QJ&JjJ (Qu®LbuITQur. 108)

~8iY>- ~CJjy5J. CIi. agalu (~8i@), QtJj . .J)J8iL{D (agadta) ~8iY;;,7rm = ~8jGly;>fi6J .JJ/Chffrr - .dJ)/8i@=1. ~GiT.

QlJ(!jJ,rb Cl5ffL L tfbL"I-6ir c:!!JI61JL&lL,j~JiJ (Bafnny. ~8;t$QrCaJ. 57> 2. Qlu5JJ!)J. QJfj. a, (j)Ju Lj.

c!!JI&Lffp-ntt <@)JDGlTr. 936)

3. £6@.

wjJUJ&@ GlbfftiJ (~rrtyLDrr. s:651. 6) 4. ~@6l/@mfjl)6'f)LD.

c:!PI&@/fJ tumi WffL@LiJ ,t!)GiJQ)ff~ (JDfTQllq... 2) .dPI6J<01r - (~,g;mr) - ~t!h6'65fl = 1. fLLL/!DW.

t!b@,$~"u5J6iJ dJlt!b6IJ6fJ JDt8t!W. &/i&lJb 4P;GIII!fJ ,!D~& (uwGlLDrr~)

2. llLLLJ {!J~C: ~rr(J;J 8n1.!I-UJ 4 {D!6fT IT.

3. dJ)/8i/DrTLfT5IUJ L.D(!!J~@Q)tb. ((!!jLfT)

4. Q pj6UQlUJ6U.

c!9I&GIIfJu.5J6ir &liT)!14!T~1.iJ 611&i&lJ!!lIw ~rfla:LOU. @lQ)(le:.8)

52

~8){purnu - ~8iU~U. Te. agapa, K.agape. v>.(J!6rr: (8)~urnu - G8Jumu.

~a;Lh = SL6Tr, lrL6irG'ff1LW, @LW, G3@, LD([!j{DW, ioemb, LDIT IT 4 , 8Jrr wfi5J 6isT u w, ~ 8)uQ u rr (!!JroYr, ~ 8J[fJfT ~ .f!)J.

us. ~c!JjLi:J, ai. ~Q9i (age).

• • •

~8)W - ~a;LD4 - SLfii1T.

~8ifJ t.b = LD®~tElQ)~.:fJ/T rT, gl§!J rT. (UJ ffiJ.) .fL@j- (1L8)Q»)- ~QJQ)- .dJIQJ~=l. utifrGlT Lh.

dJ¥QJQ)ff Q($rr6in(]p;1T uSJ6TJeUJff QlblT6irCJl)ff <YWtD. 187) 2. 6l11mfii1T tEl Q) W.

QWQ)Q)Q} 6l5J@,mIb§Ptf QIOITIf)/W (LDQ')Q)U@. 450)

3. @jwth.

lLQJQ; - ILQJWp5]= tBttt616(f)W.

QJfftiJt5~"'Q)&(§tb ILQJ6irtOl&~W" CGu Ut5JQ&ff6irIJ1lW (S. I. I. ii, 5 21 ) 1L6116Gf1~fh6iJ = r-Ft;TLDfT ~Q.l

• •• •

ILQJ6t) - J!LQJ.f!)J. S!LQJ.!J)J ~fiiU = r!1i1J ~fD60

ILQJ!J)JII @JJ'&&l (8QJ8). 966)

J!LQJ J!)J - ILQJ tb J!)J (t.5J.Q)].) t1Joll tb.!J)J {D6lJ = 8i-(I c$a;8- Q r!FtU rp;Q). fj)6TdrQetil (§@j) I1j6JJIPp)/lLj6lliJr L@,rDBL{ ~c$Lb.3)

• ••

1L611.f!)J - 11§!1.f!)J. 1l§11!f)J fDfit) = &(1 #j{DQ).

W., &. Z2§1!.!!)J, Q~. Il§l1 ®.

~.!f)J- f1§[[tD.!J)J· Q~. t1§!1LL, &. I2§1!LGL, 411· ti1ILt.q.... 82§!1dJ.f!)lfDGU= ~~9i§ GGFUJ{D6iJ, QJrrrt~~6b, LD. lJ§!!iJ~,· WlJrrLI.JI-. 'f}/Jf!U.

IL 6lJ ru - (9:LQJ dr .f!)J ) - zmI fiir .f!)J . I"l§tl roifr Jl)J {Dru= u G1r v;rr ~iJ 6lJ dP/6U QJ ~ @j¢Jt6J6iJ ~®fD6U ~6iJ61J ~ {DfT L®{Dru, tEJrn6l)Q u!J)J $lj6iJ, t61~Q)t61!f)J.Jj

•

/lJ/1fJQJ.

~ ar.fJ)J - Z!§1l W p5] (c$ 8i W Lf ). 1:l§(l66r JT)J - ~ tbfD tb = tKJ 6'6> Q) c: U JI)/. !D. Sl§1!6kr~, (;)16· ~W1.

ILQlru- IL6lJQr -$LQJQT &tb=1. ~t;Jasr w6fr)aTu5Jrokr IL_LLJIDw,

ILQJ61T&t6 ~66Tlbff& "QJff@r6i1iJ6ITIT6ir (IQJBl. 243)

2. umQTw (t.5JffiJ.)

3. fDLrr c$w (tSlffiJ.)

4. dJlt!Ii¢J.

ILQJ6TT&riJ &6l1irt!llltD IJ)JQjff&&L ef)o:QID6ir <®LDV. LSlu. ~®QJrr®. 32)

, _ , . .

L61J 616M §l)JW ...

.

U IT Gl.UT 6m"fT

53

• • •

ZL,", - c2_~ tr, ~~, ~fiilm' 6lf, 1:!§!J6lfJT, ~6m l.!I-.

ELm-,. - i!§Il L_@ (ljl.mI.). - IJ§l!LLW = 1. ~~t5J8;~8J. 2. Q.J6TTWfT{)M lLbBTGlJ (nutrition).

W1l L_@-W1! LLfJ-=l. l!§1! L._(];'JLiJ !!L~6l/.

2. euetr usn fill ~ruQ) t!JI QI SJI6lJJ)J /J!YJ W g}_~ 6l/.

3. ®y>!hm{h8i~ ~L@Lb a:ffiJ(f!j.

4. a= rfiJ ® c: u rr~!D ®'76UGlltrnGYT UJ.f!)J U LJ (Adam's apple)

m_w - (m_~r;;rr)- ~6l)L . .2..6DL~6i>= ~L_®6IDQ)~6U, 6'5IrfJ~6U, U1Wi>~6U.

9L Glr - asn ~ -.1!§!1 m Qf = Q fJ tt tin eq, Q {h tt tiJ G1J ' JIL fi(f) (;l)6lf, U ;fJ filfT y516lJ ' u rjj~ y51 If, {h c: usmt, ~mfi:;;'UJ tr /J{!J e;rr.ffJJ q g {po

• •

p6T1 ~!f)J 1fj6lJ = ®6"(f)L~6l).

c$ff#LUff C:wIT1§615 ~QJJIJ)J 6l1J6IT t6&(!JJw <S)ruu_ 6 : 37 ~®Lb) Il§!!m-~Y;;f W1!~j,{hQ, = 1. ZLL@6mQ)~6i.>, U{hQfTy51~6lJ. &I@6'5Jfb,m~ uJPw ... 1Jl1I1P151P (LDmGUu(Bl. 174-80)

2. ~ rfJ ~roiJ, U>61_>fT:9)"-'.

{iJ66bTC!§JJ>~tpJ JblTpJff li)liV!TGlJ61flJ.J (®!DGiT. 650) 3. cYJi)fr {h6U.

9in-tbtb (§JP~!PI# Qc!Fffrfi6lJGUIT6i; (6QJ8). 1742) 4. [DfT J!)J ~GU ( UJ rli.1J

~Y>- ~8i. ~.C:~fT: &rrfj)=<!hrrer. Q~fTm- Q~rr6TT!T- ~GYrrT. G{hrrtfrrQ{hfTw. Q{9fTGTr - G'J[DfTth- G)~fTUJ- G{DfT IF. C:~rrw- (]f6fTtlt- (]f6fT.

ruJ1 !P - ZWl y>Q)=~~Q) 6>.f, {hfT.!!)J WrT .!J)J, !!L ~ 6lJ6l/, !h rr {b!D W f 1!1§!! y51 ~ = ~(!!jQJ ®uu rr 6JT as: f!)J (UJ tfiJ.), 11§1! Y>""'/J~fiiJ= u ~fi5f y51 {h6U, c: c!.F fT rt ~GiJ.

9L61r - tfP~ -~~@. ~@@):;:OQ, = !pAl6TT QJ y51UJ rrlilJ: iJ!6.{!JJ tjj6U.

• • • •

9fii1T - fj}GfT - fP",61T. fP~OfTQlfTlLl= 5 rr6ln61T6lJfT UJ.

~6ir= <gj)L_(J)J. ~L@;?i6iJ= 6U)8JmUJ~ 4JJmGTT &@j,," ~@~"'.

• •

~GTT = ~L67J) L= §JJ cO(f)QT.

~@®- ~~8;(!!j. ff}@®~6i>=1. U1Jf,§P~GiJ. 2. ~@J;@jU Gurrro !Cw{h61J, (]~'7fT~"'.

6JJff'; ~Q; (]unj5Q; fj)(ijJ&QJ (!jJ66r!J)Jw.

C:/Dff4w ",m@(1)J.J)U.'I'J) (JetUu_p.b Qun(!!; 6fT (Q~rr 6\>. 800)

54

, . , . _

SIL61f 616lfT g)JW •••

3. [6GYr;!lGU Gurrrb 8lrr6UfT~ !DL~1D6iJ, blJ~iJ1- Ga:<Oi>~;9J6lJ

§}.G[6rr: Q!D@-tbL_ aitbtJJrnUJ !BLll1-6fiJLLfTm- 6T~~Lb 6lJ!pc*~8i uub G{DrT ,9;@8i.

4. ~@8i9> (!J>5lf>{DuSJ6iJ [DL"~6iJ.

fft@®- fj}~j,(r!!j- 5l@,9;8iW- fDmL, QCF~6lJ' [!jL~((iO)~, QJrfiGIDCF.

~ @®= tffi 6lJ ib , c: r!J) tr u5J 6iJ (!JJ {b r;;6l UJ QJ dJ {l5I ~ tfP@riil a; tr 6N QI fJ {it) tt .!J)J

• •

~6lJ6lJ ~ 8)6'5lfT 8)®.

jbn($J tSlllJ-J5/Dn";- t!F(§ @(!JJ6f)t$5 (Enz~liI- <!b1 GiJ. ~(!!>LDQ)Q). 3, GlSlw rr) a8irru5JQ6lJfT@(:!!) = C:c!hfTu5J~mLmLD GlJ(J6UfT JI)J.

fft@@j- §>@ffil® - ff}@ffiJ a:,GU= ~@rfiJ8ifTu5J ®8;~CJj.

9@«!J- ~@m,g;= 1. QJ~'-9-.

lLuQUIT QLUIf(!JJ6TJeG Q/li61hrt!J)lu (LJJDLD. 116) 2. QJ6IDLq- Qlrflma:.

QU(!!;niJ&u5J{iJ QflJlT(!R6IUh (Qu®tburr~. 64) ~@rfiJ(f!j - ~@ffiJm& = 1. tE6liJTL &i16IDL8i~. 2. WrdrTLU/D06>L, C!:PChu4.

9w -96'1fJ· ~6'If) ~tOiJ - f!JJ6mGYT 8i(:!j6tr ~6iJ6lJ §P uvirr 6TT ~§JJw W61f)tD~6i>. 9G1f1- fj1~-9~fJiroU= LD05)!D~6lJ, iEffiJ@fDru, (IfT ~GiJ.

9·(]!Drr: UJfTUJ'PJviu = LDm!D~~' &i1fD:t{hGi>·

9~-"tiJ. rgj). C:{h tt: QJ~-QJfTtiJ. fPt.i.J~roiJ = C:QJm6UGJUJfT~{D6iJ, LDf}'r5J e;rrtiJ u(i;) u tt ~~~. 8ifT GiJ Q/fi6I 6'6)wG)UJ tt ~ ~Gu.

t}tUfil/-fftGlJ-fP= ~61fJ6lf' Q 0: GiT.f!)J fJirfiJ@j~di, ~~ 6l/.

~61r - a!.@- ~t!Jj~ (U/ ffiJ.)

i2-(};J-IL@rn6lJ= ~ t!h~, tC rt tffi6lJ)Q)· ·

~@-82§!!@= 4Jlfilf)mQJ~, QJ~.

f!§U@- I1i'll AlL= Q!6e:6DJiir ®J!)J 8i8iJAlY;.

IL 6Tr -I!. (!§ -IL (!!) 6l/ . IL ® QJ ~ Q) = ~ m fJT Ilt (hJ Q c!F Q) ~ r:b 6i.> , e!:P t.q-. 'ii51

• •

6tS)a;fY,UJ-QjJ~~6lJ.

IL@Q/= f/JIAlG'1TG !6@e;, (yJ{b.JJ)J Lb, JDtibJlJfT lb. fP.C:{DfT: E. through - thoroush, thoroughly.

'-IlLJ6lJ6IflmUJ IILj@QJ C:,lDffcim&lUff (a; LDUIJrr. ®Q)@Q)!D. 26) @iDIBifT.f!).I Lh 8)fT Ll!/-UJ Q t!F rr {balQ GfT 6U6lJfT tb, $DI a>GTT ~ {Dfiv, ~ r;;IDQT J; ® rtJ a; (!!j 6lY1, .gp G'6) GTT , ~ em GTT J; (!!!J L_ Q q '" i1J ru , ~ 6lf) er uiI ~ dr JJ)J Q/ @ ~ 6iJ , {/JJ"' QT YJ@ ([!J 6l/ ~ 6iJ ~ UJ UJ Q U (!!J® a; (!!J /J §JJ t!Ji m GV tLJ W

.

u rr 6lI IT !OmIT

55

~ (Q)J {iJ p5l ~ !il67J> GTr U Lf a-, a;~ 61T lLJ a LD Q s.n ~ @ f) G cr Q ~fT L_rT LJ {b {15J@{h1h<OV 8jfT ~ 0>.

~6'IDGlTQUJ~WJW 'uGirG1TGhn~~w fjj)c!i;®w.

51 GU GJ r!F tt tb c!h 6Tr ~ fii!:f5fl6lJ m 0> u5J tb Q u rr (!!j@!J6m rt ii f!J Lo. d/)/ QJ tb ~ {D ~{6I~6U a6lJ~@Lb.

67- ®: @j~L~6U =1. f[)J6r)6lT c/J~6lJ - (u®uG'JUfTC!9Gb")

2. /lll~6'fT{h~6lJcgUfTQ) a{Drr6l/J!)J~~6b - (~~u Qurr®Gfr) .2 __ 6iT - m_~ (~.G6)J.)

• •

:?L~- g?_~~;.

!!J_Grr-~rt-!!L(!!rfQ_®W-g"L(!!jWLf-~(!!jULJ- 9L@UUW= Q6)JUUW.

9L(f!)W- !!L@u5l. 1L([5W- ~®(yJ- lJ_(!!jWW= Qruuu w u)Ja,9) flL#5K~QJ6\f)w. (61J.6lI. 91)

lL6irmc(B 6lJQDa)

IIfT!!)J : {ErrGurrb6J®uu./lJl/ C:~fT!J)J : 0;'. '9 # G~fT J!)J(Jurr6l5J(!!juu_gJ; ( r!J'j.j5 ~ rfI c!::p (!!j ffiJ 10m <Jj a;{b !D rt 6rj)!j) ey:> ~ 6l5J UJ QJ [b pSI r;;M 1L Gtr '" (£I G a tt g)J 6Tm U LJ(j;/LD) lFQj){fJ: QJ (frtW}!J) LJ)fT (yJ~G61 UJ611 [b1)5J6iT !!LW w (f}I; 8i6lD6T1 : g {b{!jrT LlViVrT QJJ~6'6I UJGlJ {b{15l ~ lJ_ G1r 61T@ ,* ~ rfliFI Q!D 6iJ c$t.D4 (!JJ1hv;6) ILl QJ {iJpSJ ~ 9L6Tr Gff ® ,. u@u 4 : ~QJ~r;r .f!PQJ ml7 cYJ~66J UJfOll tb p5) ~ m_6fr61F(£J. (G'!<!frrru: 69)

~Lh

1!L{b8iW - !!Lrudi (~.aQJ.J

~"'-'- ZL6UrT. !!LW-ar6U- ar6iJ6lS1= c?)J(£JuLj.

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~urr6iJ ClifTuJ~ ClifTlQUW ~.c!:p. 3874. fhI.(yJ. 7725{j)~ C/jrrm-rrG4fJILJrT @®ULJ~C:1hrt 6l1>Q1.JiiJ(!!Jtf,~QfTrt. 7296{j)GiJ 8irrwrrQrr ~fJ stremres:

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ULW = §~f f/6lf)6lJ, UfTuJ. ULW-ULro1j=urrliJ 8iLUJ-Ul a~rTtOO?rfJ. "ULQJG{lJpSJ" (i'®filJfT 5. 43:3).

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(~®uaurr. (F!6. 616trrn6YTii· (YJ,j). 4).

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QJ L_W-QJLt6~$D = 6lJ Li'~IFu5J iWv/rr6JT ~, QJL9)fTrb.IJ)J· 6lJLdJ6"ID~~~ = QJL6lf>QJ. "&LJtt6G~rfJ 6lJLtf,rn~j, fhUJu/' (ClifTr8UJUL/, @(!!Ju~. 384).

aL,j;rpJr;T LDL.JliJ 8lru = 6lI La> 611 (i)Gl.trT.) fL~i1 t;T W = QJ Lci1®. LDLffiJ8i6U = cm_{bJ!)JQJ~C:urrQJ lL61JaleJi UJySJBi(:!!Jw ~ ySJj,~. ZJ_j,{hfJ W = QJ LJi~ iW 61r6YT 1l§!l ySJ rffi~, 6lJLrn6lJ (t5J rt.J.)

U fT rfI r;;isr Q rjj ~ (YJ ~ fii6T u5J ~ W QJ L 6m QJ c: u tr r;;ir fD ~ 61fI a rjj tt W !)J C:LD~W, ~rfJUJrT 6lJ@6ID8j8;@5 (YJ{iJu LL_ u6'i5rmLth ;fJuSJ ySJru8ifiJUJW C!-PtDJ!)JW dP/ySJlLJmr@ au fT~mLDUJfTGiJ, ~~~uu [bt6JUJ @fiiI)c$~UJc!ii ®p5}UL/W @{Dth4UUL_L~.

Q/ L QJ to(J16U ® 11) rfJ £1j rr@ (!jJ@®(_if)6tr6MC:fJ 8) rom- (j)J J5t LiJ- a; r$ U u L_ LC:~~W, ~~rjjU u{iJ{l5JUJ ®pSlULJW~ @tb6m!DU U<OCfrn6?f>L jpfT~ 7 ~w lDfTtbf!JfT~L!l-6'6T~fT~ i'QJfT8)fJC:w. 6T~W1LbI 6lIL61f>QJrnUJ (!jJrjjlOtr (yJ.pJPJ alriilfrT L6lJ6iJT pju57!pC: ~ 6T Gtr U rjj!b®, ~ _fMa6lJ G U tt fhJ UJ IF fT ar {!J tt Lb , 6J Q 6'5T raf] Qr , @ tb rn !D UJ p5l Q)} UJ ru r!J) rn 6lT OJ al mr L-

a W4ill tt L_Lrr C!!> LD c::m 6'(f) ~ 17 ~ t.b J!j/T tb!D tt ~ LSt- a ~a UJ ~ pSI c6 {h4WT rt. 8JfTr!FIbii (Gassendi) 6Tm~L.b t5JQr;Tc§8!JUJ dPI{lSI6l1IU1~rrrt 1627@GiJ ~m{hJ,9)~T(f;1 ~;fDtb® {, QJLQ)JUf-UJ6U' (Aurora Borealis) 6T~ jJ)J QUUJrfJLLrrfr. @m.!J)J c!)/uQuUJfrJ;® 6lILQ6lJrr61fJ QIUWC:fl) QUfT(!!Jw Q8ifTGtr6JTUU®~rffi{D.{g. ~rjj~ roWG1T 8>8iw.

~"A luminous atmospheric phenomenon, now considered to be of electrical character, occuring in the vicinity of, or radiating from, the earth's northern or southern magnetic pole, and visible from time to time by night over more or less of the adjoining hemisphere, or even of the earth's surface generally; popularly

called the Northern (or Southern) Lights " g<iii>r f!)J <)f®~!f> ,gu~{D

~ iliI u;, 6lJU G U [J 9)fJ C!J>f!j~ u5J [b ITn_fDu U L__(i)1rotr 6YT :{f)J.

{DuSl,puQuUJ(!!Jw @Gl)~~CillU (;JuUJ®w, 6J[D~{hfTY;> (yJ[b.!J)Jw Q u tt (!!JQ 6Tr tt j,~ ®/J{h6U (I,fT 'iililrr s:

c6J 6lJ 6lJ 6ml a; IT QJ L J, 8iI tb u af1 LD rn Q) QJ 6ID fJ tLf Lb QJ L c: LD tb ~ 6iJ a LJ) m 6lJ UJ tt ~ UJ fT Q/ m (J Il.J W , IE tt QJ ~ a; IT U GlJ i1J 6"6) <!F u5J iW (JJJ rtrr ett d!)/ a,a;rn r;r {D rr@(I,GTr GT ~ 6lJ fT QJ {b pSI §W w, au a: u u@ W Q LD tt ySJ a; 6"ID ett

Q UJ 6U (o1J fT ffiJ G 8j L_ t.: OJ 6fJT , ~ tb Q us fT ySJ ~ ~ {l5J a 6lJ (] UJ !f> <J) 17 tb

UJ flJ U U fT Q UJ tt 6l5l iJ {h 5lS) Q) <!i> s. m-r @ " ~ ~ tb ® di rf!j Wi y> et rW g)J Q U UJ rf} LLiI-® 8> c9iUU IT Lb.

• . 1"l _O" ,IT.. • 1"1 rf') dr.!J)J " Itrl ' ('1)

~ LD - ~ WI - 7. {h foOIl ~ LD. P WI u» Igyr ( ~I C!!J <!1) \J) r!J) tr . 167 ).

2. ~ljt5J6ifTmLD. ((FffiJ. 81).

·

Urr6Urr6lrnTIT

77

~ u5J + ~ = tjjuSJ (p ({lJ ro4fJ 6"ID W UJ tt s; y> 8) (J ~ 6m;fl 8i Q 8i rr 6lhrr L GI LD tt ~ ). ;fluSJ Y;; - ;f!ju5J yah.

~u5J~~ ~6'<ffJ~LDroUJUJLiJ ~uSlY'u u~urrLl1I-~ ~IT6tf)wrrnlLllLfw G{1jrT cii$J,

"~~fiirf)LDlLf JElrGIDLDlLJ[5 ~u5JGy!67iT Q)fT®w." (10:580) 6T6MfDfTrT UlIiJa;fil) (yJ~QJfr. ~Qj(illJfJmr(f;JJ.iJ QJ~uQurrC!!JC:6lT UJW{l5Jfh ~u)JJP 61~~c§ Qe:rr6iJ~6M C:6lJfruG'JUfT('!J6lTfT 81fT.

Q,g:fTQ"iV~wu4LiJ, Qa:WLD'lLJW, @UV8;8)~ Q6lJrr@liJ®w, eJ6lI6lf>8ifl, Q ~rr6mLUJrOtf)LDth~ [hfT~QJm8)u u rrQ1/ 6isT @wC35'5TrT61f>c!TUJw, G'1urr®rotf)ru8;8irDm'(y)W, ~ {lJUUfT 8i dJ./8iuQu rr®L_(j)I6lSlfDc$@w, @ 6ir OJ 6b) ~ ~@ 6l1J UJ 6lUitrr u UJ UJ £JJ t.h, ~u5J ~ roM @~ 6tf) wm tu lLf Lb ,. QUfT®~QLDrr~u urra;8)@!>w ~IJUJUJ~ JP!T~w ~{lJJDfT£VJw G LDuJ u Q u rr (!!jGir !$T iJ)l W {ljuSJ y;u u ~ U tt LL.!J-W a {fJIT rOtf>wrnUJ ILJ t1J, BirrL_@w.

~ 8i U Q u tt (f!) L_ (j)J 6tf)!D 8i61fl Gtr @oom LD m UJ JPI8i n- ~ c: ~, LD rr ronfJ ,9) 8i GlUT ~81fr UJ rr rOtf)6lJ lLf Lh U fTllI-UJ t5J 6tr a Birr rnQ} up)) u rr lfJ-, d!)./ f)6iJ ,

#}6n!fJ6lJff6ir L{6dTp;p5k;V6If)6V# #/P;f!JW U6Vtb~QlJ)6ir #Jjbml5 '4tir~w IL 66JpJ6lJff6ir lLlUrTW#tb 9in.L 6lf1 6lfTffLilffil5 Q6JJff e6r f1t1.Jb/bJJ5lyfl6ir

{[)1m f!J6lJfftll IJ)J 61>fJJ!b1b 6TJ6l!T(]LUIT .

6TW!J)J (~®c$(]Birr. 20), {Dill UJ{Duurr~ FF(fjIurrL_~L8> ®{l5JUUfTai~ Q ~rf1 <051 /J 1/jrr Ir.

~(!!JwLJOi dhrrfilJ/Ji)roiJ, Q6110m U tt QPthG"6lUJ {fJrrwQJ6"IDaiu U fT a;Q;@!J6Tr (yJ~\iv @1Jum- '-~ IhfilluurrGiJ LD(!9Lurr OTrn~Lb aifil)6O)QlUUfT6l.Jw, a;66!uurrroSJv;f;r iJrf/urr6U urf/urrL60 6T~~W i)rfJurr6l.Jw GfDfTw{l5Jm. @ramCF, fDfTL8iW, LD®~/f)J6lJW, a=~LDUJGb, a;liiOC)T_8;®, aimUJUJw, 6J(J ~ t.iJ, LD~ {lJ, Q Will uQ u tr C!Jj6Tr (y)~G"6l UJ UtOU ~6G1{lJ81 a>~6lJc9i@t.b ~ {l9 ~ UJ6lJ8j@!jw u Jb {l5J UJ .J!jJT tb jJ)J J; Q;~ c9;8)rr~ J$T 6lJ8i@!Jw; ~ Wfiilfl us, ~YJ®, G/{Drr~mLD, C:~fTGiJ, G'5J®!A!!Jl, @6G1UJ4, yG1J~, ~rntp4 6T~WJLiJ ormr611m8J 6lJriNU UJUJ.§JJJw (]::DfT~ {l5J t61@i;{D6V C:6lJ~@Lb. Q to tr ~ lLf Lm @6IDc!FtLJW [h tt L9j(y) W @61fl,"",818iUUL._@, @UJ6lJ @mc!f /9fTLc9iW OT<iiM~W (yJiJ~uSJ~ Glly>cii®w ~{bUL__L1J-®1>1h6U Grumr(Slw. !B~~~~ c9: Qa:rrtDc$@!jw (]u:rt th~, ~u51 y> QUC!!>6)JGlTW

Qutbp5]C!!>{hFD~'

m!!!ffia;u5l6iJr6OJLD 6lJ6U)a;

Q!D @tCIT - 6'61 m IJ ~~ Q c!F til UJ J; ern. '4- UJ 6"tD {D !B LL!J-::6 fbl # Q CF uJ UJ LD @UJGlJLf·

LDUJ- - (JPUJrb~ G CFUUJ IT./!JJ arwwrru51 ([58>@)W C:a: tr WU 6lJ.

78

W!D@; - Q ~ tiJUJ a6lJ~ li/-UJOlfl1D LD{D~/JJI 6l1J@f!jW.

/!;l uJl ~ - U r!Ji §W Lb fbfT ffiJ ®~GiJ ~ruQ) ~ /!JfT #,$ rff/6lJ)6lJt61oiJ ril®di~QJ· (®tDGTr 605)

~ffirruli 8i-t:.(B - 1 (!PQrr6U>LDtUlUJ6U (1) QP6MmlLl8= 6H':"@

$!)611 = (!pw 6'5f) G1J)6l)u5J §W6lr GTT. ZL = (lLW6NfT! = tLCl{ljrr!)

1L':!p - ~ G ~fT ! (ZL!6C: {Drr .' tL ~rr ! fL!h{h" l). lL§JJ = (ljJ~6af}mQJui] ~mv;rr I/J/.

tJ_~ - 1J_ c: $hfT - Z1_ G1DrrGh" - n: c: 1hfTtiitf1 = (t:L6iJ6llI LiiiJ6i.» (!:pro-~6"5JfiU u5J Ljji)GiJ.

W11ffiJ((!) = (!JJ~~mQJt&GiJ, (yJwLJ

lLriH@j = (yJffi~m6UlL1JGiJ.I g>_ffiJ(f1j - ZLffiulifT.

( !l§ll ffit® - g}_ffJ ffiJ8itiiW - lLriiJ a;mr - (1!JfiJ&6irr) - tLtiiJ ffil ~ - SLriu ffi/6'M W = lLruruJ LW; lL6lJ6lI fT .!J)J).

lL~'" = (y)~Cii?JfJ mQ)ui] ~Qr <OfT. (1L!h:fj + rilLW = ZL£h~ LW) ~wm = QPGM~6ID6lJu5JiWGtrlifT, J!L/J{h6ID&UJ.

tJ_6lJ - tLQJ~ = (JJJ~ @tbUQJfIiig, lLolJ - ILQJ - 8L6tf)GlJ = (!jJ6M JEltbum(Q)J. ®p5}uLf : M!1 er m-u.:fJ (yJ~{ba;fTrou~f;JQ) QuUJ®w (;)uUJG";r #r!F(yJw @!J{l5JuL! 6'6J mfiMQUJ~ (F (ljJLDrr ~ UJ or L@# Q c!f rrQ)Q)fT 8l f01J y>ffiJ5J {b.f!)l.

(2) ~AflQD6\lU Quwir

UQw6llLD

~W ((!JJ~fJJ JElmQ))

lPTw (@t;Tau-LfTW t61Q)6l)) t8w (ryJw{Drrw t616tf)Q})

(lp6inAflAl6\lU Quwlft6iJr ~tbfllAlLDWIq.

9®O)w UArQ)lD

• •

~fiST - ILQT,

• •

~LD - ILLD

, .

jJjJT fiR - .!§J fiM ,

tRdr - rKl6bT,

• •

!Dff UJ - JDlLD

!Cth - t61th. ((yJ.~fT.)

~td1U'-l : (1) eyJfillILU ujltbGluUJrT&@!Jw (;}{D@(yJ~ViiJ ®!)J5JOUJ a 6lI{b J!).I m we: UJ [b® Lb. C!:PrlitDairrQJu U LIr 8;6"tJ)o;U u iJ!DQ U UJ rt {hfT ~ ~fT W et WUfiH. Ul GisT 4 J)l6'6)QJ {b[bg,L@i.J QUill r;T rruSl~.

·

U IT QJ IT 6'GN IT

79

(2) ey;ro6JLu u~!DQulUrta;61f}~Lb, ~a;(Tru.!J)J ~®Q)l.DmluUJLb wc!J)(Tr;;/] 9)J u~6mLlJmUJlLfw ~6m"rT ~~w.

(3) JErorn, !ELl; 6Tr;;N~Lh @®G)UlLJrTaJ@!jw, @ru-JJ)Jw QffJ~wrrL_(£Ju u y;;ffil ®ISJ- LD8>CJj6Yr QJ IP 8>~6iJ g}_6ir 6TT ea.

( 4) t8 ill 6T m u {h~ a fiilJ {iJ jJ)I6'lf>wUJ l1J- (ij)J fl)r9;C1i{iJPJ.:!Jl.

( 5) !C tOM IE Lb IE ffiJ 8i 61r et tDfsrWl W (!}JuG u UJ®w, (!pm!ri] UJ, @y5J {hG ~fTcoir §)~(]~rr6N, 2J_lLlrttiJa~rr~ ~8:tGUJrr(£W)fJcii @)p5}$c$ ~6'fTuQujJ)JLb.

(ii) (y>6irr6lJfl6tD6\) QWIT (!!>QDLDUQUWIT

IE ~ - IE ({bIT rof;r 8>rr Lb tEl 6ID6V )

~.G!Drr. ~wUJ~ - fEwUJ (9i61f>L8;(r!J61DflJ)

IE 6TGtr~t.b QUUJrt (]QJ{b.!J)/tOIDLDGUJrurrW®uu~, dJ)/.{b1 t6~ 6T~~W GUlLJrflcJn i)rflurr ~6mG1J m_(Dw-rr ~~Lb.

(iii) (!p6irr61Sf1m6\lU uQr6IDl.llU Quwrr

(v) QP6irr6llfl61D~ UQn-AlLDU QUWIT

IE + @rt = tEu5Jrr

= JE611J(r (@6Uc!i;a;mru C:UfT6l5])

= £firt (Q{ljfT®fh1hru)

IE 6T~@Jl.b f}<!!Jrrnwu QUUJr;J Lfl-wrr r!J)U uwmLDU Q UUJrt ~mLDr$9)8i 8l(!!J$J, ~filI!r ~~~LiJ ULrTr9;m8jU QUUJ@j9; G'!a;rruu t;J8ilJ G5J(!!jj;J GUJtbr61, !6u1lrt erea ~~LlJ/J~tiiMlr @<rnL8;8)rr6lJ~$J6Urt. {bw <u~~Lb G!F fTGU U 6lJQJ «!5 U u tr rfJ ~ L 6lJ!pci> aJrb.ff)J u au tt G5T 6m waUJ ~ th tD@jBl 8irrfJr;;m-w. !Ew 6TGNWc§ Qa:rrru61f>6UU GUfTliiMa{D tErr 6TViMuffdW ~i> a ~ fT6ID ~ Ji ®p5} {i;~6lS) 6V1lJ W" @QJ{b.!J)J61r U] 6irr ~ gu IE rt 67 W a QJ (b JJ)J G{)) LDPi ~ rfJ 4 G 8irr (oTniifTfT (Q1j) LDtmUJ UJ t1J J (] {D tt r9>@ja>.

,mu5Jrf J 6lfJrf jPffGir "'(!JJ6lJ1T ILlQ}QUflJff

tOT ~ WJ W JPlT {bu fT65J~; IE rt et rm- ur;;m~lLJ~ c: e: rT thtlJl8; (8)fT W6YT tt mLD [DffiWJT6UfT rfJ~ Q LfJfT ySJUJ rrr;T tt ,LUT ~u1JtffimLD6mUJC:UJ 8)fT L@Lb.

80

(3) (YlfiirQDID (5rr 6\l(Y>tD ilLQPtD)

gwJ ffiJ® = (y>~Tl-l. (1;,611 riiJa;mr - 1)611 riuaiC] ~ fT rt = (YJ6fnG 6"5T tr rr.)

•• •

(yJr!hLD = QPcm LJ I r:!lirT cr 10m" LD.

(l_j)CJiW - (yJ8)rT - (!JJr:!lirfJ = Q ~fT L8J8iW.

(!JJ{TJ~ - (yJro-, G;fOrT La; r:!JiW , ~ u: Cf,rr IJ (ji'ffl" W. ((lfJ~~ = (!jJ~4J6J §)JJ6Tr W6l1m -r;/rr - !IP ).

(yJ~J!P - (y)~~~r (!fJ~ mrfh,

( C!:P {h~ rfJ- (!JJ[h$t rf} = (!fJ~tb 81 {b{!5lru8;a;W)

• • • •

(!fJ~ - (!:fJ~ LJ· (!::PW - (yJ6"5T.ff)J.

(!JJ~ = QJJ~~ - (yJrQ())~QJffi = (Y)dT(l~rr6ir. 8)L<ii1fW.

(!jJ roM uri) LD rn UJ 8; ® pSI ,9; (;!9 r9 Q r!F tt {b a; 61r I (!::P W 6lJ tt UJ tt <m" 1L tJD L UJ- [b OJ pJ8;®W U8ifJ LD9)'7 (!jJrflj6lJ6lJrT uJJ®U U.flJJ aiQJ61f/ ci;8j~ {D8;a;!PI.

(4) (Y>~6in'QJ)U)

(IjJ ViM r;wfJ c.: ~ ~ 6U m QJ 8J 8) U Q u.!J)J 6lJ ~ U} {D [iJ tjj Q u tr ® 6TT tt {fJ 6lJ fT 6lJ , (l_j)roMmLlJ8J 8l®~i) 6iJ (yJ{h6irr mWc9;8i®!>:ffP iJ a {fJrr ffi {!51 {b gu .

• •

(!jJaiW = ~rQl5)6l)t;W)LD. (yJ8iLD - (!pa;~LD - QPairr6mLD.

(!JJ8iW - (!JJ<JjrT - (YJ8lrfJ = ::Dmwm LD.

• •

(!jJ8JLD - (!jJt$(iM - (y)8lrQ(»w = p>6l>Q)6m LD.

(!JJ® - (!:jJ8;® - (!JJ8;$J UJ l.b (eu.)

(!:P~ru - (!fJ{lJ~ Q)LD. (yJrpJ6M - (yJrJjr;6J = tf)6tJ)6l)Qlw. umL~{lJ6'IDfil)6lJ~. U6mL(!JJ{hroJ C:a:rn6MC':P'Pi~ 6T~U~ U61S)L~~rnQ)6lI6N G'JuUJrT. (!jJ{DroJ UJfT rt = U61lL;f,{DrnruQJ It (O)J ySlu5Jwrt

( 5) (lpt616lDlD

C!fJ~ U/ flJ ~{DQJ ar t5J ~ t5J!D th fhQ} 61S) 6?fT C:!D rr c9i 8) (!JJ i) UJ61l6"5T fT ~ 6U tr 6U, (yJv,V6IDW8; 8i ([!j~~ GU (!:P ~ 6UlW8; r!n@/J 6 ~ a {D fT 6irr {l5I tb.f!)l· ~ uj iJ LI, (~~UQJ) uS/(E!Ji/UJrr6iJ ~{!5I~ QJr;,Tllr~G6Jw, (!p~mLDu QUUJrr ~¢Jm<iilJ'4w (:!!){!5IJ;Q!5w.

LIm" = Ua>YI~LD.

(y>&W - (!JJ8irt - (!JJ8irfJ = umy;mw, ~y>Lb. (!pa;rf/ - e!jJrfI = ~y>Lo, ~y>Q61l®§JJ, U6lly>a>LD.

C,yJGlirflrrnLD = au fJ ¢J 6lJ .

C!::P ~ - (YJ §Jj6mUJ. (!JJ /fJJ - (yJrpjrr rt - (YJrpjIT rfJ = <!Pi' UJ a;~.!J)J I (y) ~6ID to, C!::Pi/rt ,§~.

.

urrQ.HT ~TTT

8]

(yJ§JJ - QP6ID~ = UYU!iJ(;)8ifTQ)Q)"'. (YJ~~ - (y)GlSl1DUJru = ufj)diJa;rr(£J. (ljJ.:flU - ~ - e!::Pu 4,

. ,

QP.f!JI - (!P§lQ/6lJ = umy>~LDUJrrflJ u@~rr6"(ff~.

QPffJJ - c!:p~rT - QPWfr #51 = e!jJlJ4' (y>{b{l5JUJ Q)J~GYTGlJ·

QP fbi = ~u UJ6'(ff tt ~~ LfT®W ~{l5JGlJ· (yJ ~ - (yJ ~ 8;(!!j = dPI {l5J6lf. (!P§JJJ;®~{D~~ = LDc$61fJJt 2:L0t)~UJru{l5JQJ6IDL:;fj6b, gUU6lf)L_~6l>.

(!jJ ,{!)J6lJrotr = (y)fijG ~rr6tr I ~ {l5J~a-r.

(!j) §JJ - ((yJ~f!jJ) - Qj)dJ9)J· (!JJdJ JJ)J ~6iJ = (yJ~ IT ~ru.

(6) QP6isrftlUDJU4

m_~~Lb = (yJf/or ~Gir 6lB ill C!:Pti> iJ rflQ; G)o;rr L..../Om L.

J!L{h(£J = 6lJrruJ)w (yJ{bu®~, ZL1h@ (iL1h{P) - ~1blP = JQ_~(j)1, l!Lr7J@ au tt t;;W!D Jd, ro6I ~lP·

gp ~ = UJ fT ~ m 8;®, (!jJar~~fh!!JJ;®ffiJ 61S) CIi, j£)J ~ 8;61fJ8i = gp ~ UJ IT@UJ 61f>C1i. (Jblj,ilJ = G>!fJi>~ - Q~[b{l5J.

l§J~6b = w~G1J)Lu51~ (!PtDUfT8iw.

(y>c!1)W = (!fJo;~i) Gil (y:>~ !C ~ llI-®a;®w ryJ8:, ®I eyJ8; ®w QJ tt lLJ W aa= rT Ii>~ e!Pc§€i1 (m uzzl e), eyJ<§UJlL/ W $~ 6"(ff (!JJc9 Qa= IT!AiD (y)8i61f> f7 , (!j)5,6"<f}fJ ILl Lb G [.6{bp5J ILI~ c:~ IT {h.pj (yJ8iW (face). (yJ8iW - (!JJ8iw.

®J!)J 8i Q; IT 8i GlJ ViJT ® w dPI o'b t6J m w;w lLf u5I rfl8i~ ~ L UJ ILL 6l5J W (yJ ~ 4 {D i> ~ ru (!JJ a; (!JJ Lb I C!:p a; t. i) 6lsT (l_JJ fiiisr 4 (lJ ~ iJ GiJ eyJ ~ ~ lLJ W. e!:P~U1u5JGM (!p~ Lf fD~~6U eyJc9>(t!!jw ~®:f,:!D6iJ Clirrv;m- s: u fDmQJu5'J6iT fYJc9U18i(f!j eyJ8i«!j ~rufil) ffJJ ~fil)@j 6T6M {lJ Q u UJ It. LD8;8)61r c!:p8iW 1D6"ID6"lu61m (y)coir4£D/Ji/Q)J ®uu~.

(!JJc$w - (!JJ8i1r = e!jJ9J@j. (yJ8)rT - (!JJc$rf} = epciiUJ rn ~ '-9-.

• ••••• ••

(yJ8iLD - (yJ8i. (!JJ8i~'fhfit) = tyJ8)o;rrGU LD6W~~lh ~C1)rr~Q).

(!pOl - C:LDrr - GLDrrUL/ - ClLDITUUt.D.

. . .. , ..

(yJOlW - (!jJ8irT. (yJC1)rr ~GU = LDfiim {DroID $V .!§J C1)rr ~6U.

(!JJ9)rT - ~8)rt. C':P8iIT - Clwrrrr.

(yJ8iW - (y)8irT - (!p8i~t;T - (lwrrml7. (yJC1)QJrrtiJ - (]wrT6lJrnu.

•• ••

(yJ@j - (yJlh@j - fYJ$® = (yJ8i(!!JLD ~.f!)JuLJ, u{D61S)QJUJ6lJ®,

fYJ8>® - ((!fJrID@) - ey;r6J9Jrr = e!j)8;@j $~L ~rfJ.

(yJ~rrrf7 = c!pw GIDai QJ~v;rrUJ6iJ.

(!JJ fA ffJJ rfJ - (!}J ~ ~ rfJ = (!jJ W ~ Gir ""' UJ Q 8i fT L m L lLJ Qr 6YT ~ U U YU.Df}' W (~~ LiJ-WfT ). (!JJ~ ~ rf1 - (!JJ{h~ rfJtOID8i.

82

®t61 U LJ : (!p8>W fiT6ifrWJr§ G)a:fT6b6l5J~ dPllJ}- 'c!:p®' f}TroM g;J W, ~~~ (YJeiig; UJ LDfT rom 6T@ii:{!JJ '(!P' 6TrW.I!)J W ~ tjj[b®w fILuiJ rt [DfT U}-UJ tr W./l2l , ~' 'iT tOfu W-fl.iJ m_u5J IT 67 ~ .f!)J Lb ~ [l5! '!i6U aQJ~@W. (!Pc!Jj~ 6T W'iPJ ffiJ s. G6) L U au tt 66J 6lJ lSI- 6lI dJ 61f) ~ (!j) + 8j 6M et ~ .£!)J t5J rfI Ii ~ . ' (!jJ , (!JJ~QWrTL_@ (Prefix) 6TGrrJJ)JW. a;w 6Tcro-U~ C:{brr~@;2jmfiVci> ®tr5J r$~L.b 6'51 6l)tQN #Q9 fT6U gm!)J W, (!p8)tOir 6T ro U fbi G{DfT ~ LU ULL':!p aurr~{lJ GlJfTG)G)UJ8; ®[l5!J;®w QUUJrT 6T~.[J)JW G;)urr@~{ljrru 4 @!j8i fiV tt r!1) a-, cm_.Q)J 6}) rt QJ L_ J!)!T 'u rt rr . (!JJ 9) W 61 roM ~ ~ GJ c!f IT 6U QJ L Q WfT ySlu5J §W W (yJ9)r/Jrn fljr$ ®{l5J cii® Q LD6M jJ)J w, r!hm et ~ ~ c§ Q<!FrT6iJ~w aJGU 6T~u{!Jm iJrf1C:uQUJ~ jJ)Jw ~pSJ~~Q8)fTv:irr$. 8>6iJ~~ru G$hfT~@;!h6iJ.

(y) c9i Lb 6T ~ W1 Lb Q CF rr 6iJ 6l.J L_ G LD rr ySI uSJ 6iJ 6lJ fT rrn l1J a; ®[l5! Ii {lJ [b ® 8; 8) tt fJ tim' w, U {D 67f) QJ r!Ji L® ey; 8; ® th GlJ rr UJ Lb @ m rmr £i; ~ ® u u if,iJ LiJ , ~6lJ i>pSl6M 6lJrT UJ tt W ~fil)® e!fJ8;~ 6T ~.[[)J ~ fii6) Jj)Bi8iuQ u.!J)J ~@)la /1).

(7) Qp!i>u®~

(yJ8>W gJ_L_ 6l5] r;;isr c:!PI6lJ Q) f[)l ~f;a'H;V t6J ~ (!JJtD U «!!j i) UJ rr ;fJ6lJ rr rob I (yJ c$w 6T~~<§ QCFfT6lJ filL-W, QUfT@WCfj~~ (ljJ{bu«!!;i1~UJUJriiJ ®{l5Jc4®w.

ilL 66) fJ (yJ c$ W I ~ tOrr> {D (yJ c!J) tiJ I ~ W C!::P Ch t.h, au fT rt (YJ 8i Lb , (y) 8i 6lf ~ '7 (yJ8>rfh 6lS)6l.) , (yJ8iLD~ LU Lb, (!jJf1i6l51 UJ Q u UJ iT airn6'IT a 19fT c$ ®a;.

(ljJr!hW - QjJ8iuy = (yJfiikr LD~LUt.b, QP~6WUU@~.

(yJ8">W - (!:p8)6W - (y>8>6ID6"5T - GLDfT6tflW = g fr r!h61fJ~ c!:p~661 LW, .dPIQJ {iJp5Jrn(yJ{I/;Jrov@ii.ffJJ 8;8i61r 9~ p5}QlIJ ~, (yJ8)U LJ·

(!:p8>W - (yJ8)rT - (!JJCf)rf] = C!P~ 4!D Lb.

C!-P/h:!l1 - (!JJ!hf;J = (yJw {DfT rnOlfT.

(YJeoM - (yJCiW>w. (Clurrn- (!JXi6')(o6T - War front)

(!JJeoM.f!)J - ((!profiT {D w) - c!:P{bflJw. (!:pw.f!)J + @6b ' ey;6&T [l5! GiJ.

@rffiJ, ® 611J [h ~ ~6iJ6lJ t§J on.rfJ UJ Q u tt ® Gtr 8l6Yf] ~ (YJrDu @jj;J ~ UJ 8; @J[l5!a;@!jc9 Q IF it {iJaiGTf fT Q/6"6T :

@j6lOW - (9)rr~w = JDl~ (QJLrrrr8;9>rrL(£J QJYJ 9; ®) . .f!)Jfirr - §J/T tiJ = ~ ~.

~i:I = JPl~.

(~roirr) - ~~, ./W6tf>61iT.

(!JJr;;r;, - (!J>d) I (yJ~6"6T.

.

U IT 6l..l rr 6'O'OT IT

83

I?!!a;rru 11Bi''':'(1) 2) @6iJr@jDaSlUJ6U (1) <:1DITQr!OJ~6\)

~ro&rtDJ~~J1Jl ~mQwJTwg)J ryG7;rQJ(!!j{!jG6V a~rr~J1)J~6Urr~~~, (YJ~ fii6lW8; r!h®~{i;l6iJ G {lJrr ~ !J)J fhtb 9)®1h:J!J U U1!D {6{lJ!I». 9® Q u rr C!!>rorr et rti1~<!FuJJ6iJ a 1brr~ tDJW1w. ~f!j~ (YJ8Jcj,~~ a [DrT 8;c9i d}/§JJ QJ(!5[b ~Gri)!F ~{Dtb® (yJ6M~LDUJfT~6U a;rr~$. ~~6lfTrrGlJ, a~JT6irjJ)J~~GlJ QjJr!h<8Q r!F tiJ ~6iJ 6T ru![)J CTn..!J)J Lb 6lJ y>B;fi{S)8ilLJ Lb, a!hIT 8; ®8J.

(!JJ~(jilfJLD 6T~ u.{M (!jJ6iTmrr r!1iVilJ~6fT @tOIDQ)mLD~UJUJw, (Y)~~!D~ et m- u gu ry;6Zrr fill (J!jw ~UJ 8;8i::f,fiIDfDlLJ tb, ®tDJ B;@jQWro- a6lJ.f!)J U {T LtDJa;··

tLW6Q)W 6J1)6rJ6M6lJ;b P(!!;/b/b QWff#UJffGl{b §JJ/w

(LD~. 26; 82) ~®~~6i> = a~rr6ir .Q)J{DGlJ (!!L.(lQJ.IFrT.!!2_rOIDf7).

I!§!IlP6J5J6OJ6IT llj(0tb/PI 6lJ;:b~L@W (616Uu. u~6)Lb. 52) (@.~rr) g}_(!!j~/bl = QGlJ61f1UUL@ (~®wu~GlJ~r;T;)

9L([!j~.t!P = ZL®8>(8)rr~@ (~I.SJ-U1rr IT a;(§ !66b~rr (l!jm(J ). 1fL(f!);2J{D61J = a;:brr ~ .!f)J ~GiJ, (!p~6TT {h{Jj6lJ, 9L®QQJ(6)I>~Q).

1L(!!j = <l1hfTtD{lJw, QJL1I-QJW, ~L6b, ULq-~LD, Q~uJQld ~6mQ), fj)fil1tUJw, ~6'l1I UJC:Q/m6UUJrr~ g~Q~rryS/GiJ, ~I.!I-GlJGlrGYr ~af1 uQu IT (!!J6Tr .

•

1lL(!!J - ZL®6lf - t:L(!!Jf4!I LD.

9L(!!juulSJ- = fYrT IL(!!j66J~ uL!I- (copy) UJfTgr Gurr®G1r, uliJ-UJfTm {D<OlffJ uQ u tt C!!JG1r, ~6lJf} uQ u rr (!9g,. (artie Ie ).

1L®uu@~fii> t:L®J;®rnQ)~6U 6T6irru~, ILLWUlroirr QJQT!TctfiJ {DGYf It ,# ~ 8i6l>G1r ~ @jtDJ ~®t1J 6lJ y>$8jfT .f!)J8iGlr.

ZL(!9uC:urr@{h6lJ = LD~Wrr6G)GlJuSJ§lJJm-GYT ~~C:QJrTrT 1LQ961lltb®w ~QjQQJfT® (yJ~{DUJrre; ~® LD~i)f)/J~~ f?1!»~GU, ~fitJQJ~ ~® w/Ai) r;r d;iIrokr t§)661QJ Lq-Q)QJ U Qu (!!J8;@j~Q), w!hilfJ w au fT6U <B1GisrmfD wro-UUfTLr8 Qq:ri.J~oU. 1!..®(JQJ{iJ.!!)J{lJQ) 6TQru~Lh ~4JJC:6lI.

tL@ = f)® 1h~u1Jma: GllL!J-rolf· u~, UITL([;1, GWL@. G~rrtb!D Q)ma;rtmUJ8; @)tDJ8;@jLD tEJ!Dw 6lJGi6r6WW c!p~UJ Qq:IT[b8i~Lh, ~~6 QJQ)c!J)61DUJ8; ®tDJj,~6b r!hrr6WOi.

£-(!!j - fL([!>6l/ - 1L®4 = GUUJrr <l6lJtDJ!)Jmwi61Wiir QJl1I-6lJrrQT FF JJ)J, 11.. f;1J~LlJt6J Qrr QJ I.!J-Q/ fT 6lfT Q,fF rrru;

~8j~~UJd;m{D C:{DfT8;8) GllyS/ .[pfT~W ~lhtb@j C!P~i1U1 ~roiJ8imgr c: [[lfT 8;CJi8= c!F rr rr 4 Jjff §JlJ LDfTQT c;, ~rr 6Ua;rT uUJ UJ/Ji16iJ, 1L®4 et ~ u gp ~n ~@Q)ci;o;6m' ci; ®tDJuJ LfT 8)8; ®tDJJj8)UULI1I-®UU~6JffT iJ).Iw, J)/!fJ.I Pi u51 yS/w j, Cf,filfU !h c: ~ tr Gil tDJ UJ G 1D rr m-.!J)J G) ~ tt L@ QJ Y; ffiJ 51 6lJ ® t1J Wf) 'lJ8= Qa:rrGU6UfT ~G1)fT §JlJw, ~S!Jl ~UJ {ljuSJ Ji;# Qq rrru fiTrotru~ f)([!) fj Q_ 'II c: ~ tr dT J!)J fD ern QJ 8; ® {l5J 8;@jt.b c: QJ .!J)J U ou Q IF rr dJ (Jj@!Jw

_ I

'''', '

84

!L r!J) CT ~~ {lj G UJ W W :?L a; IJ a LD rr ~ fii5T 6W UJ G UJ ~ W !L8i (J tl>w rfJ m u a UJWlw (!jJ{ljjJ Q 8jfT~Tllf-®#i~ru a;rrmr s:

!L(!!j - (iL®w4) - d)f(!!Jw4. ~®w4{h6iJ = G~rTr;;fgjJ)Jtliru: ®®ii~6iJ = G::orr rn- !J)J fl)6U ;

&(jJafkiTfPJ QLOfT@4(f!jL6ir e§@tifbfT6ir <G6!JI>rrUJ8jLj. 72. 4) (®(!!J) - 8i(!!J = (!jJ{lj{b Q u tt ®61f}GiJ a {hrr6frr .f!)J W c;, u tt (!!j6lr. ,gNotfJ rT j,flJ6U = (l flJrrrotT jJ)J {lj~.

~~6M - !D6W6"5T. !DmtilfT~6iJ = a{ljrr~J!)l{lj6U. jJ)J {lJ§W {lj6U = a;!DrT {b JJ)J619 ~~ 6iJ.

Jd.1h{hru = a;1>rT ~ .f!)J {bGlJ. Q u fT UJ-ii~<OlJ = c: {lifT ~ su fDfiiJ• (yJ~ bP~~6U = C:{brrr;;lg.[!)J {lj6U

(}jYoGHi1T .J,{lj6lJ = a {ljfT~ !!)J {ljru

(!jJp5J fh6lJ = G {DfT VilfT .1!)J {h~

!i)# G) <!F tt tb 8i Q 6'1T 6U6lJ tt t.b (!jJ ffi 6lJ (!!J{D roU ~ 6iJ fit) §JJ (IjJ ~ {lj 6ir@{hoO 67 6M UQf)flJaUJ aQJ tt uQ U fT ®wrr 9,8; Qa;rr6ffi LOID6lJ 616?u u:f!jJ ~ .f!Pm ( tJj'iirr ) , (!pGYr ((lpL(J;1 ) (}jJ rJ!j 6l5I UJ Q CF tr {b8i61T tt 6iJ lL ~ t;J U u (£un. ~Gtr 67 rn- ~ w .dJ)/l!J-_ll5J~W.!J)l OJ !Dffi~ .!fJI®~1!J 676irr ~ w G CF rr ~.@JJ W, ryJ61r 6T6iJT~W ~UJ-u5J~v;ig.f!)J UJIDJ6{h (!JJL@ 6TW~W Qe:rr6iJ~w~ (!;P~ {ljGTr ~{I>6~Hil)8; ®p5} j,{ljGi> Cf,fT t:iiW s: G {lifT ~ .[f)J ;!D6mW ((yJrotr 6lJ(!!){lj~6V) ~ ® {l5J 8i ® t.b, ll?_ ® ~ {h Gi> 67 Qr ~ w ro5J 6l» fill q G'J CF IT 6iJ 6lJ L Q LD tt ySI u5J 6lJ QJ y;> ffiJ Cf, rr (ijlf) LD 6W UJ UJ t.b r n: ® QJ Lb or GifT W Lh u tii6'rT LJ u Q u UJ rf} ~ i)rftUITW ,. eg,u' 6T~U~ LDL(])Jt..b .dJ)/i)GiJ QJYJffiJ®,fJ~6lJILJW, C:{DfT 8;®8>.

(2) j)6TJ QJ)U)

tf)@ QUfT(!!>fOTr Cl{ljrrwpSJUJ !KJrn6U ~{lJ~ !i),,"WU(!96lJLDrT{D6l5Jm, Cl{DfT6W£DtD 8)(!!j~iJru !i)6lTmLD9; a;C!!J~~~ C:{DrrrmtDJtb.!J)l·

( i) ~6lT ~ L1J (tfJ61S)tiV~i)a>tii"CRfT)

aLQ>Q)rf} = fb61fJrt. (9L6l5ltt) - ~ro6Jfr. @6l51fr~~6b = ~tafJrti>~r/o.

gJ_@ - (lJ...®w4) - dPI®wLj = QLDrrL._(JI. ~(!!JwLJ~GiJ = C:{!jfT~jJ)JfbGiJ, (yJ6lf)W /J{!jGU. .dJ)/ ®wL/ - ~ (!!)U u tb = (y)6W6ff t.4>®w tD 61>9".

(@jco1T) - Q8irr@{h§JJ = {liGYfJrt. @jW - Q8i@ - Q9i@(yJ -. Q8i@(IjJ{b60 =

• •

(!fJ r;;rnw ~ {lj su.

®@ - ®®® = ®(I]j~!!J.

;

®@ - @j (!!J~ §JJ - @j(!!J{!1!JI = Q {D ~ 6'5H)lfT, U IQ6) 6lfT (y> tD ~ UJ 6lJ {iJ pSJ 6M

@~ro5l 6(J)6lJ. i(.J ,~'

I.; i

((f!J@!A§P) - a;®[i,:ffJ/ = LlJf;T8;8Jm.!J)J (C3a;rrmLLf)6tf)Q) QJy>8J@"',

,

85

®® - ®@WLJ - ®C!!JW6?fJU = Q~6iTm6M, U6'6>ffi (yJ~Vi6lUJQJtbpSl~ tSJr88i.

( CfT6l5J Ir) UJroJ fr = :fhgf} fT. ~ 66J rT /JtjjbU = ~v;yfJ fr ii{DGlJ. ;pro- - /I)J~rT - ~gfJrt .

.fPl®LDL/ = um6"5TuS16&r @WLDLW. ~ffiJ® = um~uJJ6&r ~6TTffiJOjrruJ. JPl® - {f6@j} - [DfT® = @,""mLD.

JIJltOtr - !fJI@ - ~ ~[h/!J/ = @G"'ffWLJrr8;®. JbllPrnlJ = ~(iiJf tbutt r!!® .

•

.fPlmViJr = ~ (!!JL.D4. Jbl6mm- - ~6lJ') 61fT.

JfJI@ = ~fJtfJrt. Q{DfT@ = @6TTtbU1c9&.

~® - (~.!f)I) - {D.!J)J - {Drr.!f)J - {Drr[b!f)J = @mwuuS/rt. ~rr .f!)J~6iJ = (J1fjrTw.!J)J {hGiJ. {DrT.!J)J = (yJalG1T, @G1Twut6Jfr.

LJroYr - (t.iJrffr). Lfrfrr = @wriiJe;iJlr, @61TmW.

gL_6*6)L_ = @GYTrfiJ8i~iT. gL_fimL - LiL_mL.

(Lf®) - g - (lurr - C:UfT~f/J/ = @tii1Triu~m6TT.

au rr t!.ffJJ = U(i)5TffiJrt!J(!]j~!bJ. au rr~.{fp - au tt ~"'~ = UtOrTrIiJ ®®~4U. QUfT~6iJ = .dJ)J(!!Jw4. Gurr~6iJ - (Jurr516iJ = dP/C!!JwLJ.

41DGU = ~@wLf'

(yJf!rr - c!:p6'~)(0fT = ey>m6TT 8;@jW a QI IT {h6lfJ tT (YJ{hG61UJm-; WI] 8;r!1i~ .!!)J.

(!JJ ® ~ ~ = @GTT!5 ~ 6'1f1 rt, @i1TQQJ.!J»Lb'-l. (!P ®!h:{!JJ - (YJ® tf, {D W = Qa;rr@!hgp.

(!JJpSl = ~61fI It. (!jJ{!SI {DwU = BfirfJ It /Jffl>6lJ. cYJ®fJW = gu6Jf/fr.

(!:fJ®f/rr - c!p®6TTLD = dJI([!jLDLf· CYJ®6rr - (!p~Qr - (!:p51611'w = ~C!!>wLf' (!JJ!iJf/rr - QjJUJJjJ = ~(!!JwLJ· (!p5J!jJ - (!jJ~Y>t.h. (yJ(;D)e; = dJI(!!jwLJ.

GJwfTc9i® = ~(!!jLbLJ. QWfT8;® - G'JWfT&C!!J6tr = ~@thLf.

(YJL@ - U1<9&' (YJL@&CIifTuJ = UJr89i8;&lTtU. C!J>L@&®®Wmu = §J!f)I ~®wmu.

QjJ& = UlS8i (U611rr).

(yJL@ - GJWfTL@ = ~@WLJ.

• •

(yJrpj6TT = ~ (!!JLDLJ.

@ffiJ®r!i; S;rrLL_UULL_ Q~lTtbt!J)G),,"fiiJ6lJrrw, (yJdT Q/@~6iJ J/GiJ6lJ~

., . ... . .

(!:p6'6T {D61T ~ ~ Q) fiTfilU ~ f!jJ 0; ®~.6lf) ~ ~ l1J-U u m LUJ rr OJ r!fj

G8ifTfiBTLR>6lJ. (Shoot, bud (YJ~fi6JUJ ~ffiJ5J6t)q QqfT{b8i@!JL~ @QJ{bm{D ~uLJ (J!DfTJ;~o;J.

86

(ii) j}6TJ Alto (jlUJrfaJ ®~6lD61RJr ) !:!_(!!) = ai(!!) (Embryo).

(®6ir) - @jYJ - (!!JY:>6lJ = @6'fT6mLO, @j!.ptf,m~, @jL_lif-. ®Y'6lJ - ~YJ~ =

• •

®~fD61J)~· @jLL!J_.

®Y!GlJ - ®YJ® = @GTT66>W, ®y;tb6l})~· @jy>(!!j - (f!jY><'hW = @~6'fT<§6¥J' ®JP - @j!J>!6m~. (@jrDtr) - ®LliJ-.

QCfjrr@{h~ = QS;fT@!Aff»(]urrtOiirfD UJ8)Gi;r ~6iJQ)~ Lf)Q;61r. (§6l)8; Q airr @{h§;jJ ~6ig ~ t.b <OlJ ~J;61f)8i G!DfT Ji®8i.

®(!!) - 8i(!9 = @jGU, (yJLGlS>L, @jYJG6I, ®L-l1I-.

t!Dff56TJjlJ& $@6lIw (&}ruu. Birn .. : .. &l. 52)

. "

ai(!!J - 9)(!!Ju4 - dh(!!jUULD.

®® - @j(!!J~~ = ®y;Q)J. ®®rt!J = 6l1J6lJffiJ~6tr ~LllI-'

•

®®mw = @jLlJI-.

®§P - (@5~Q)) - ®~A>6lJ = LDy>mw. @js¥JQ> - (8)~Ql) - 9)~G6I = $iJt61UJ§JJ. Bi{!i6151 - 5Jc!Fm:J = G)a>69rmL&@j@Jar. (8)$li@ - (8)<!F6U) -8i#~ru = UJ <§!Jr9J8ifnU ).

• •

LJ<ii1T - LJ C!!J = ®Y! ffJtOm{!i.

LJ61r - t5J61r = 01 rotr mw, UJrotr m 6YTrn LD UJ!J)@j.

1561r UJ6ir6fT#llilT(JW (~®GlSl®~. 14, GDlwrr. uBi. 94).

UJ6tr - UJroirmm. UlGir - L1m = a;(!!j. r$(!§Ualur9i ®y;>mJ, @6YTmw.

DL UJpcit!iJ (,[>rrGUlq.... 20).

( 4 f!P) - LJ ~GU6lf - LJ {DQJQJfikr, 4{DfiiJ66J. (!::pfJiJ - ((y)~) - (!::paf1 = UJrT6lS>6lfT Jia;w.!f)J.

(!JJ66fiILf6IJL& &6lJ6fTW (JUITGIJ (.mwt:6lQ)QmT 360)

(!jJ6Yr - (yJfi6>W = @QT6lDLD. (!p6r>61TUJW = ~Jl)JQJ~. (!:pQ)tOTfUJrTm = 8?J!f)J (!!jv:>!fi6lf>{!j.

(yJw - (!PL(£l- G>wrrL._@ - QWfTLrrnL- QwrrLQ)Lu uUJ6l> = ~J!)J

•

UUJ6lJ.

(yJW - C!p(!!J - (!jJ(!!j~ = @QT~LD. @6'lJ>6YTC§Q-r" C::5GlUfTGlrT. (!JJ®® - (!jJ(!!j8iw.

C!:p{l5J - w{l51 = ~ {l51 UJ ~. 6U}filJffiJ5Jw (r!j" '9 ' g}QJ 6l1Jouriv~Qrr G umr. 6'61fiOriiJ~w ~iJ6i.> G) U6"6frU rr6U JIf., dJr u "i15IflJJ<9 ~ {l51 1D"u5J@u u ~fTGiJ" l.D{l51 {6rr® ~W~W @GTTGIDwuQuUJtT8jQr g}Q) GVI61Jr!iJ5Jm-

Q uroifru rr6tf>6lJlLfw .L6lRSTtT /J~w.

.

urrQJIT6m'IT

87

• •

(!JJ® - WS; - W8)6l/. uss. - LD8ifilfT J LD8iW.

(!jJ!PI - «(JJJrpj6U) - LDfljQ\J - LD1hmQ) = @WalLDJ @j!J) ~. (!jJrfrr - WGlr - LD~v;rr Gtr = @m~ (96isr J ro8 fJ r;;tr.

LD6lr - LDYJ = @Vi'fT6'4>WJ (r!!)y>65i.

LOUJ6lJrEl @UJ6l/W {iJ61T6IJl1JU QUff@6fT (Q~rrQ). ZLrfl. 14)

wY;> - wY!61/ = @wmLDJ @jy>6VI. LDY>6lf - LDtpQJW = @rnw<§wJ 6'3fJw. wy;; - LD~rnQ) = @G1Tmw, !DIP - LDrrrn~ = @m6tDw.

(yJrtrr - Q)J fiftr - Q)/GlT 6lJ = @fii1Tmw.

6'6Ifiirr - Gll/6'fT IT - @WfiGlWJ CYJ{btDfTfi4H.D.

6'5l GYT rt - 6'5J 6YT rfJ = @mQj)UJ. 66l "" - 6l1I6'6l y> - 661 ~ y>~ 8i = @mrnLD. G"6J6m y! - Gil61$) L = @6YTt.b U fDtQlf)6l}. <IDI 61f)L - 6UJ L6mfilJ = j}filn6YT@)6irr. ro3r;r~.

( 3) lDL-6I)l1)

fiTGlJQJfilJ)8i Uju5J rfi6JT ~~ iW W @G1T6lSlLDu516iJ .d1JI pSI UJ fT6?j)LD t..& J;§J®u U f!U @UJtb 6lf) r!J) UJ fT {D fit) fT 6iJ, @G1Tm WO; OJ ®~ iJ 6b LD L m LD& c$ ® ~,gv dJ a Ihrrrm pSI tD.!J)J.

LD!f) - LD~ - WL - LOI I h = @W"6lSlW, WLfimL.D. LDL. - LDLULj = LDLUUW = @GTT6?f)WJ LDLrnLD. LDL - LDfiIDL - LDalLrnw.

@® @mmrrt6J.$llw, G)u~UfT6iJ ~rilfTUfT66)~L.b LDLW u5'J8Ja; ~rrt!hci, 8iC!!J~uu(j)JGlJ1fJfTfio LDLQlf}'QJ LDLt66lf)~ (aU61f){h, ~a>!J» (yJ ~ ~ UJ Q u UJ IT 8),," fLUJ IT ~ a> 6W u5J iJ» L.b J W!f, iJ eyJ@ (yJ ~ 6'6l UJ QUUJtTdiGlr ~o~pSlm~u5J§JJJwJ Glu~urrm6l)8J ®p)I&& GQJ@£hsfDQITo

@w 6lDLDt61a~c: UJ o::4JI Yl®W g) tDt6iJC!!JU u.pjrr iiJ J Qj)®~ LD{hGlJ LDLLi> <!:p~v61UJ Q9 tt tDOJoir .J)/ Jj)6lf)c!hU,_f W SL6b1JT rT ~~QJT.

(4)4etA>U)

et ffJJfiil/~ c: ~fTGiT !DIUJGl/L6!sr 4 ~rrnwlUrrt61 @&@jWrT1/JfiUfT6lJ, c: ~rrQu tDtD a;®{iJ j;I Gi.> 4 ~ 6lSlLDB; (Jj(!!>/J!IJl ~ c: {lirr ~ {l5I {iJ.ff)J. §> ® LDfT 6WQJGir tfP@ 8iGlJ6UJ {fI eeeous /J~ ~ c: a= rt fA 11> IlU QJ ci; s;/JiJ iiJ Lf if» uut ,,",QJdr or rn- U U@~~HiUUJt.b, ~® 8)(!!jGfi1 (YJfh6'tr (!J>{D[iJ Oimr@ t.5J U/-&8iUULLQfL6irT, Lf!f)J 8;8i(!!J6UJG UJ6rjf U U (j)Ir;fJ~)(iiUUj LD c: {6rr a,®8i.

(<!!j~) = Qr!JifTj,{hW = 4~filnLD. @#Qa=fT6lJ @QJ6lJl1I-6l11wiJ @w.!J)J Q rJj§JJJ ffiJ $Jru wL@Lb 6lJ YlrIiJ 51 6lJ (!!jBi1 fibT!D ~.

GJCJ)rT~~ = LJi'UJ. (8)fTli~o;rr = LJilfDfTtiJ.

88

@~.!J)J ~uSJ ySI~ 6lI y;>ffiJ@jLD Qll1I-61f (J)6lT rrQJm : ®,gu - (®@) - 8i@ - r!J)l!/- = 4,gpmUJ.

CE"I-WQ)tTU t5J6lidrlIJ- (6QJB;. 2739).

(®([;1) - (Qo;rr@) - Ga;rr@ - (]a;rrL8iW = 4.tPJ6IDLD• (]8JfT(E) - Ga;rrl1l- = Lf.{f)/6'lflW, LJ/J~rT~L .

.!DI.fIJI orGil"WJw fDuS/ ~ .dPIl1I-uJ]~6M(]{lJ !Vf lDmw 6T6kT~ W rOll LQII rrGiJ $I rfI £h§JJw!p.

LJ.:ffJl - 4 §JJ m LD 4 i!JI - 4 ~ r9;(f!) - LJ!§J 8; OlW. LJ gp 6lJ fib = 4 i' ~fT uJ fh i:tC!!J£hi)UJ t€JQ)w. LJi'fr = 4!!pQ{D6U·

4~C!P",6i> = LJfi,JUJQJfTGurr[iJ C:uar~oiJ, LJilorrLD = LJiIJlvw)LD, LJ/!JlcJ Gc!FtiJ iJ.

(!JJ6Tr - (LDm) - Lf)~ - wYJ6lnGU = @GTTrnw, Lf~mLD. Lf)!J'm6lJ~a~m- = LJ ~~G {ljro-.

LDYJ - (Q/V;J - 6lJ~Y; = 4~"H.D.

QJ6If)UJLD§JI /PIt!Dlh..f (uiflurr. 11, 66)

•

6l.Jfii5) y; - ~i1}fiim IjiCF aT = 4 lIP m LD.

6Jj6l)fI)59PJ 6lf}67J6TT/b1$ (Qu®t.OurrQ\rr. 280)

(5) U5QDU)

LJ /!J/~LDlLJ trsa cy;6iT u ®QJ~fi,J6iJ I dPI fljfTQ/./!Jl @61TWU C!(6)J ~~ru, u u1J fr u J: mq 8)Qruo; 6lf)Lf)UJ rru5l ®u u ~fTru, LJ.fIJI6'Ol LlU;; &®tJ;i1 GiJ U 8itm wa; 8)®/J~j, (]~rTQrr[!51{b!!)J. UCfialLD Qt!FySlUQ)U8; ®{l5J8i®LDfT ~G'l)rr6iJ, LJ.{f)JmLDt#Gl~fT6iJ tLLtb GlCFySlumuUJLD tLfiWrT ~t!JlW.

ILL6\) G'la:ySI t1JurruiJ®/J;'D~fiUU 4 tfdu4§JJ Q6lJ~{l5Jc:!9~:1hGU fiT,*,u~ LD'7L/. 4~ 61ATWlw G>c!FfTGlJ @uQurr®6Tf)6iJ QU(!9Lburr~Lb LJar et fiikr .!W fi,J rfI UJ W. Lf t!Ji- U 4 8i Q GlJ Glrr ¢'J ®~;'Ii 6b = LD 8; CJj 6ir ~ L 6iJ Ga=ySlwurru5J®/Jfl>6lJ. LfIlP - Lf9r - LJ8iuLJ = tL'-{bGa:ySlUL/.

LJ8i - U8i - UcfiQDLfJ = 44J1AlLlJ, @W6f»LD, QWQr611LD, u#mq ff)!Dw, Q<FySlW4·

LJ ~GLD@&m8iU "U&G>LD~8;®" tOT6lr1"{DfT!T &l1J-UJ ~rr Z!..(!!j~i' fJ diJ c$~mrQffnlr (uLL!J-fifTUUrrm6lJ, 166.)

uar - U<F~ - uc!Tmo: = U&fi6>£[), us:JUJ Qurr@tOfr. U8TmLD 8i6BT ~ &5J~ UJ tE1!D L/) rr .pjtOcJ rr GiJ, 8i om- ~ 8i8i} ~ {Ii rr u5l ®:!t ~ m 6l) U uc#Q,g:ar¢'J@~fl>6iJ ~drurr.

u<!F8iLLbLJ = @G'fT~~ ZLLW4.

U#& - u#~L!J- = (]G1lGlY!t!t8)ITWtD ur!FmS:UJrr8l# Q~ujUJLb anL_@. g 06) LD J; e; tt '7> 8j fT tiJ 8i ¢'J r!Ji Gir Q u @ WU IT i)JJ W u J: m s: !KJ flJ LD fT t6l ® u

.

UffGUIT6mIT

89

u ~ fT sb, U 8T Gm l.f) Q: Q a: fT 6iJ <!F 6"ID to UJ tt ~ LD i.J Q U tt ® (;;~)(Off /J {!j [iJ {lj /l)J . u#rna:QQJL@ uci~w u#s:rf/liJ uQ:~a: QGlJ~Q6muJ U5fiG)CF~ cjj~mf rt (yJ~<ii6I UJ QJ 6P a;(!!!>a;aiQr @c9i a;(!9~~ i.J u!b {l51 UJm. U #6m a: et tiiM ~®Q (F rrGU, !!L~G5J r;;ir if ®!A1fjfT tffi",61J6"lnUJ J; ®{l51 di{D6UGU rr6U, QWfTySluiloiT it®~~rr tEJm6l)Q)UJtLfw ®[l518i®w. @L8;8)tTUC:UdF& Ur!F0IDr!FuGU5& ~muu®w.

'" . ..

U9i - U<!F. ua:{lj~6lJ = Uc!Fma:UJfT ~Q), U<!F - UCF61T - Uc!F~mL = U8irnLD.

UGf - ua:ru - Uc!F6lJ)6l) = ug}UJ Gurr6ir6bf}!D~ C:1hW6U, UlF6lJ)6lJ - UUJ6"ID6lJ = C:~LDGiJ.

UOi - UfTr!IT - 'UfT9W (moss). urr8i - urr8?J = tstratb, uct6"IDCFUUUJJ!)J. UfT8i - urra=QJW = UQ:@W GUJ{bV6lJ~.

VOi - (vil) - (uuil) - 61S>u. rnUQS)LD = U&fimLD, @W6lS>W. G)LDftT61S>LD, dJ)ft!b(T fiJt${l7iJ !BCDff{/W".~tiJ (Q~rrQ>. 54)

ra>u - 6mU~~ = U8i6'6>W. mu - 6lS)UU16U = @fiiIDw8rn, ~.f!)JGlJ6ifr. mUUJGlJ - 651uUJrn-.

• • • •

fiiIDUUJ~-UUJ~-UUJ~-Uc!F~

6mU - ~U~ - rnu;?><ou = ~uUJw, ®y;t05J.

~u - U t61 rt = U #6""6> c!FUJ fTVi5T 4 <ou Q c!F IJ1- GJ9JrT L1I-. uuSJ rr u 8: firj'UF mu rfjj 8n.YJ

• •

bT6VU~ Qly>9i(f!j.

m u - u UJ.f!)J = u Q: m c!F U u UJ .!f)J , t5J {D U UJ .!J)J, U lLJ J!)J ,. 6TWU~ QJY;>&®. uUJ.!!)J - uUJp5J = uUJ{iJ{lJwmw.

(6) QlOAr61DLO

@wmwuS16iJ et 6iJ Gl/ uiI rf/ILJ Lh Q WW6WLDUJ rruil (l!ju U {ljfTGlJ, @ti1rrnw81 8iC!!J~iJ6iJ GWW6l»LD& 8iC!§~~w (lfDfTW !J)Jw. @j~m(jl) = GWrirtrnLD, G> wtOiTG) LDfT ySI.

wJj) - LDYJLDfPULJ = G)WQrrOllW. LDlJ)moo = GWQr6lf)LD, G'lLDd-rQwrrySl, LDY; J!)J.pj~ = G'J wm-mwUJrr lhiU.

•

U UJ 9)J LJ,g: ~ t!F

WYJ - LD~ - LDL - WI 10 = GLDOr6J)w. muUJ = U&6mLD, @6TTmw, GWQrr6lS>LD. mU~LD = UCli6"6>W. @W6lJlLD, GlwGVfiGlw.

rnuUJ = GlLD6U6V. fiGluUJu 61f>UUJ - uUJuuUJ - Ulf)uuuUJ.

mu - esn.nutr. mLJUJrr~~6iJ = UJ.[!)lmwuu(f;J{h6lJ, :ffJJWLJii~{h~ ~ tt rIiJ r!Ji C!P L!J-UJ" QJ fT J!)J Gl LD 6ir 6ID LD UJ fT ~6iJ , UP tii&T 4.f!)J ~ 6iJ. m U lLf ~ =

• •

.!!Jl66T LJ LD.

(g~ru. urr. 3 - 4

90

m!!.&fTtJti 8iL@ ...

(7) (!pm Jjm6'rfl 6)J<!!J)f).ro

a fh fT ~ {15J U1 Q u tt ([!j 61r QJHiM Qf1 tt 8i ~ ~ @ QJ ® ~ oiJ (yJ~ {D61r GYfJ

•

QJ C!!J{lJfiOfT ®LD.

~[h/!Jl - f!JIIhiJ = c!:p6M~W6'lflUJ ruu1J.![)J. i61tAi) - Q{lJfT!fi~ .

.f!JJC!!Jj,!fJl t$J6lJ = (yJv;W :2J6ir (!!9{b6lJ. QJuSI J!)J ~ ®~~8; Qa;fT~ liI-<!!>J;~ flJ f!JJ fiT~U!!Jl Q{lJWWfTL@ Qly>ci;f!!J.

( :lJl coTr) - {b6rr.

46lS>L;'{lJQJ - (yJw ~Gtr~~6b, mffiJ(t!!)}fJGU.

cy;rrn6lJ = (yJ6?rr ~~ 6'1fJ U1 WIT rt Lf. (GJ LJ)rr~a;) - G) wrr«t!J5I = (y)m6lJ.

(8) ~<!!>$66U

6lJrT6mJP ®6mGlJtD ~ ~6mQ)8; @j6trH;u~Qr@9{D6'iJ fiTGW g)J W I Q ~m 6m6lfT U67»67fT U rr6n61T 6'5I@rpjfi6)Q)u U rrmr;rr ~Gir@9fh6i> 6T ~ .fl)J W, Q!D'" 46U 8ii) rt FF~ fh 6WGlJr$ s;iJ rt ~6ir @~Q> or 6kr .f!)l W CTn.!J)J QJ It. LDfJ <§Q <F ll/Q Q;rr l1I-aiW 0; tr tiJ ai~C: UJ IT L!l-C08;(c!!)W c: u rr §JJ L1J 8;8)m ~QJ {b61fJ {lJ U u {15J16;:66U, ~6lf)QJ Q 8Jrr@8;,g; ~6lJ tt G 8ifT 6TrQJ fDJ Gu rr~ ([!j16~()l)rr"'; ~ m QJ 81fT li.J j,,ff)J 8; c$~ ~ "~HilJ U U 6Var {b (!!J{lJ 6lJ ~ GU(;tJ ~ u ru m r;(8)rr@~$h6iJ 6T~Urt. ~~QTrr6i>, pj~@!Jpj{b s;(!!J{ii@6iJ :9i(!!j~Jb o;@~tfJ/ u t51 !D!6{lJ /j)/.

• • ••

rfD6TT - <fJ@ - {brrfT - ~rr - $h. ~rrrr - {DfT.

rjj6Yr 6Tm ~ t.h G516m6"M {!j(!!J{h[b Q u rr ®GtfJ~ {D(!!J er m- ~ iJ rfl th§JJ I cff)J ~~ (J LJ) ~ W I et ~ rt LD~!D 651 (is) ~ 6l1J fiiJ 'Iliff!r ' ~ 6U6lJ .:fJJ '~rr' «t ~ .!J)J Lb ( rfD tt f7 tt fiifr I {DIJIT tffi ), 6J QJ 6iJ~ 6Wrn t6J 6U {brr er r;;ig .!!)J W , ~!D t6 ~ 8irr 61J 6l116U)V)5fu5/6iJ '{b' 6T 6"lu .!J)J W ({!j{h{Drr Gil ), iI rft [t,tf)/w GrT ~.

UJ Chf7 Gl LD tlJ u!/ (D rr o;/> i) rfI UJ tt rfD (jj'ff c$fJ Q LD tiJ u1 {b J!)J ~ UJ tb Q IF fT tb <Jj Q"" w;UQ)rTl.D, Qu fT ~Q/ rr eli @&f7t0"8tbfDQJfTeIi/J iJ rfJ 8:1 W /Dfii51.

6T-@ : aiGtr - ~® - 8;fTfr (8i([!J6"6>LD).

~~ 6mwrnUJ ZL~rr j,f!Jl W ®® .fJ)I@ LtC!!> (!j)@ (!P{D66JUJ c::!)JL!J-8iGtDlTroU GUrT W, ®ru JPl6U 46lJ ry;6U (!JJ~66JUJQJ {b{!51 fikT i) rf1 u rt 6"5T @jGTr .fPJrotr 46W (!JJg,. (!JJ{lj6'6JUJ6lJ!b{15J ~~ J!)J i)rfl !h{hfi6)6lJ(] UJ.

a;6iT - c!h@ - c$rrrT 6T6lsr~t.b ~rfJ4 Gurra,{DarfD ~6tr - ~® - tpJrrtT et Qr u ~ W, c!:p @oj, i) rflLj t&1 ~lfHilJt61 iJ» W, ~ ® ~fiu ~ m ~ fill ®:2i 6U 66J ~gr6lS)UJ ~/J/!JlcoYr GTr ~.

• • ••

QJtOff - QJ@ - 6lJrrrr - 61Irr - QJ - GllfTfT - QJrT.

~(l!jt.iJu6WL/Jm~r$ ®{15J<i;®w ~rrl7w 6Tru~Lh Gla=fTQ), tpJrTrT or 6iJT ~ W iJ rfI U iJ1- UJ fT <!Ii U t5J !D If, {lj 4JJ. c$ L Gil {h (!!) th U fit) Q u rr ® rotr

" • 0 ." ( • 3

c!liL[Duoo [DfTf)LO 4flJLD. 0).

·

UrT6lJIT6m'IT

91

:[L UJ rT i) rn ~ u5J ~ Lb ~ UJ tfu @j$l Q) fiim' III rr w ~ o~ !1SJ ~ 6m u5l ~ zb, 01 m 61nGYr ~UJ ~ GUru ftJJ ®LllI-om UJ Fr-~ ill #5 tt UJ, @jeGmOlJ #561r ~w ~6iJ61).:fJ 8)rruf~Lb LDf7iitmfJu C:urrroJ(!!Juu~rr6iJ, ~fTUJc$®~ ~Grr~w ",m.!J)J c:;,uUJfr. ~® Gu6WT@ OJ61rGIDGYT Gu{b!DfT6U, ~QJirT LJ ® Ii> fh 8)<$ @tb® dPI ru ru gp 8j VitfM GlJ ~ @j4-8; @Ij 'ffl ® UJ 61r 6ID ett tjj!h ~ ~fTCh8; Qj®~uu(£1QJfT6Tr. W8)U QUjJ)J{DGU ~®~6U 6T~Uu®t.b.

LjIJ.Jr&J"h QWQ)ffc§ &6IJ/O QI1J6iJriJ)/ LOIT ~ I6JblOlTfir f8>L.Ou. gLrT14&rr6Uirr. 28) t5J ro- mw G) U gJJ GlI iJ 6lJ {hrflu {Dfi; m {hUJ It ~ @QJ rT ~ om ~ Il.J ffiJ a;6t) ~ $l ®ii{D6lJrr6iJ I d)/Qu;al®6lJ®e;®w {hfT 6TroiTu,gJ QUIT:ffJl u GUUJIJ tttb. ~u5JW1w, [0f06ig{Drr@Bl® ~tiJ, ~fTtlJ ({!jw + ~ti.J) (!JJ~6l5JUJ {h~u G U UJ rt $GTr QJ y;rfiJ®~6lJfT ~ t1J, UJ 6tr mw al UJ th a {hfT tb.f!)J6UJ U U6lJ~ ~r6 rn~ c: UJ UJ tt {hQ)fT ~ W, {hIT 6T 6ilT u:fbI Q u ®wu rr ~ t.b 1h{i;6lD{h6"6>UJ(] UJ @{l5'Ici;®w.

?3rr~fT - ~rr~rjjrr = ;{h!hmf!jt61~ {h!h6IDtjiUJrrBilUJ urrLLGirT. {hrrtjjrT - 1hrrro~.

LJ @j~ fh ® ~ r!i; ® u 01 Gir OIDtOfr m UJ ~ ~ (!!Ju QJ Gtr {h rrQ U1 Q-r J!)J Lb, LD~QfTGfil8;®U LSlGtr (;tf)mrnUJ ~ ~(!!JUGlJ ru ~!h6"6>{D G'I UJm J!)J w, c: QJ.gu UffLp5JUJUU(JJW. ~~6m{E {hC!!>6l1~ G51dJ~ t$16'6lQJ; {Drrtll {h@QJ§JJ OJ GiT 61S) 6fT !ffi Q)6l).

(9)QP!i>Q~

jJ)J {h iJ)J ~6iJ = fYJ{blTn..f!)J {h6U I sn.!1SJ ~ G {!j fT LffiJ«!JrfDfio.

J§J {h 061 U LJ @j{h6iJ = ~ 6frr 61fT ~ t!ln.J!)J c: QJ ~ er rofrr.J!)J an.!D u a U fT ® Lb I Q U tr (!!)6'tf>GYT # (;)a= tt Q)cOt5) rJJ G {Drr LdiJ ®w ~ iW ~iJ.

§Jff ~ = (y)~ 6'51 (£18i®w Q a= uj i). ~ #Q s: til iJ G) a= IT'" UQJ rT, .f!JIT §JJ - UT ~ fitT, 4»T ~ QJ 6lsr. J)I r;r IF (!!jw 8i IT ;fiQ) ® W ~ (!§QJ G> '7 tr (!!JQJ rfJ 6m L q G)9Q>QJms:o (yJoirrm {l5J 6'6I/J1D!ba;rr 8) 6'5J@8i®w QCFtU $lOUJ I (yJ~var (YJ{ljfiv I ~!!U fOT~UUL_L/!)I. UJar4 .d#I~ Qa=tiJ$l 6T~WlLb QUfTitJlu r Qurr®~Q) 6lJy>ffiJ8i~ {DQ)Q)UULLftjJ. 8i~6mQrr ~4P' ~ffilQj1liGtr i!JlT ffJI (!JJ;7j66lUJ6lJ [bmfD c: {Drr 8;~o;.

_tiITJJBsn.:.(B - 3) C!P,fbQlHl>611W6i>

~UJ8is;~i16b (yJar~!DiW8;® ~@dJrpjf!J QPtbQa:QJ6lf· (yJAT6fT.{jJ , ~L~~ t$1t!h~6l/Lb U/GisrgrJf)l ~I ID GUUJtT6lJW c:ti®w.

ry;{bGJlFtiiU6l/ I $6rrGm Q6"oUilJ,lWw ~61rGTTUUL(fj>q GlO:6UQ) ~w fiT"' r ~®QJAUli~D·

( 1) (IpAr $&6TJ61T6\)

(i) r!JjfT tbfiln fD eyJ8;<!hrr ~ Lb QJfTUJ n iW W ;7jrotr 6TTGU

92

tL til - m_ u5J fr. 2L u5J rt ~ ~ G1J = &# aT ruJ@rfD G1J. e!fJ # c: s: :Q_u5) rt {D tr I.J1- tLf w m...u1J fr tffi61DQ)8>@j ~mLUJrr G1T (yJLDrT ;2j"-'fT ro" ~ ~ !!LuJI rT er m U U LL_I!JI. "!!L6irC:W GUfT~rrob ry:;#8i-, QQJ,,'lfJ(]UJ Gurrwrr6b Gurrt!TaT" 6T~~W u y;>GJ LDfT!fJ m UJ <] {5fT 8i@j8i. !!Lui! m (lUI LD 1:Luil rT um uUJw fiilI LJD!T 6lJfT fr I5J 1J fT~ ~ 6T m!J)J r!Tn.jJ)J ;2jm6lJ1lJ ffiI &rrmr 8). g}_til~ ~6U = (!::P~ ~6ir 6lT rob, Q~ ~~ffPf!jv;iJ·

& tt th rn £D !!L Iiftr rotfI @ U u.:!» W Q 6lJ 6'ffJ 661 (616lJ ~ Lh q'/, 8iJ ILl ~ fJ ~ @w c: ~ rt {! rfD <] f!j e!:P 8: ~ tr uS! ~ w, u5J!h G 6lJ 61fJ U U 6m L UJ tt m !!Jl W 'eP~ 6'5J ~orr U U §JJ th GlQJ,,", uJJ@QJC:fhUJrr :!D6l51 ~, e!:P~ & 1Lu5I rt uQ U QT U U L L /fJ}. ' e!::P 8: 8i- 6'51 ([;J {lj fill' 51 W WI W QJ y;> $ ® th ~ 8; 8i tt (J 6m tb U tbp5JUJC:~.

ZL{h/lJ/ - !!L{!J iJ = c: U&wG u tt t!P eu tt tU6lJ!fJo> 8ifT tb6'm!D~ ;fJ~ ~QJ pjrT cr,a; c9i@j{DUU@t.1J G c9i fT U Jd,!fJ Gi1 9!_LU 8;c9iW. G a;rr U kJ,/JJ.

S2..,rbfo/ (!P/b6V1T (YJ,rb§JJ6lJefl C%/DIT6irp5J orm-U/!Jl G'1{hfToUClifTLllSIUJW (t5/p:JuUJUJiiJ 1).

ZL f/J iJ uiJ 66J ® [f,4JJ er @uuuu@Li> 8) tr tb 6"6l flJ a-, ® p5J 9, @ljLb !!L 10 rr ~ ~ et w~ ill 6lJ L GJ§ rrGiJ, ZL.{/)I or ~~ W ~ lSJ- 6*alUJJi Q OifTr0tf6r l.!J-(!9u u,g» a;Gl} ~ 8; 8jiJ{h 8; 8) f!Jl.

fLffifo/u5l6iJ C:{bffQrg)/W lLjbff6lfT 6lJeflut5JjlJti>~ UT~U/!Jl <J{ljuSJIDfT {Dw (6).

/!Jl w(!JJrfDGlJ = f!jJ9;@j QJ !fJUJfTuJ8i err /bfm{D/J $6Gtr@9~6iJ.

~ (J ~ffJl ~6iJ = QJ fT tUQJ!fJ /J ~UJ SifT {iJ06l{D GlJWmLDUJrT tiJ.# Q<!F ~1>4JJ flIoiJ (Cough).

(yJar(yJ&/J~6iJ = ®!DL6'OlL 6'5I@~oiJ.

&Jar - ~&. e!P8i~6iJ = ey;#m§ ro5J@$6oiJ, ClwfTuuLi> tiJIJI-i>{D6lJ.

fYJc!h - &J8:9r. fYJ8T - e!:P~8i - fYJ@~ = ryJ8;®, ry;8;(!!J<rftrrorr (!:p8)uu®i) (muzzle).

e!:P~r!Jr~Q) = ey:>#8i G'5I@<$JGU/ (lLDfTUUW UJ4-~~GiJ.

fYJc9& - ey:>~aiJJ)J - e!P<9@I!)J = fYJ~liJ tCmrL ~6UQ)~ fiTA>~lLJt.b (JLDfTUU W OJU/-J;5)a,JD fiT6"6J ,. Q {DW~fTLLfTrT ~{DmQfT fYJc9GCFf£!

fiTQrutr.

&Jc9& - tyJr§6'6l/F = IBmrL ey:>Ji@j ~6iJ6U.f!JJ (!p8iLh.

~®6lJQr ~Gln6TT ~~ J; a;al6JT ~~ {ffi61J)61JuiJ6b ~al(J tAffJI fil/6'6Ir}jfT tiJ &J#8i 6l1J IJI .. Jii!fr , " fYJc!Tr e!jJQ 5 6tT!J)J ~61f)6TT 8;9:/ {DfT roirr" et W u rt. ~QjQ6lI rr6l518i @jtDJ ULJ ~uQUfT6l5IlLJW aiL c;, Lrr6l51lLfw SifiUt:h~~fT®W.

.

urrGlJrr~rr

93

(yJc!J) - (ljJfiJ, cYJ81ii~ru ::: &j~6"G)Y!iJ{lj6U, Ch~W ::h~Q), @Gf>6Yr ~'Ii~' Q w6l5l ~6U.

QPmuurr !)J'liQ) ::: @GID61TUUrr .1J)J{h~.

(ii) 51T!DA>!D5 61D5Wrr6\> ~6'iT6Tf6\)

11§1J !f)/ ~ 6U = QJ tr UJ fT VilJ ~.gu ~ ru c: U fT 6iJ Q a; rt Gb 6U 6'isT gp ® ~ i) UJ tr tb

• •• •

aJrr !DGrj)!D {h fh6YT@!Jf[>GlJ.

9>6lJpj6lJ = 8irTdJ!f)J tfjl6tfJfDtb~rr[baUfTtb u®iJ~fiv, !J6t1i>~w = g>6'1T~ru . .f!Jl (!!; I> f!jJ - gu (!!j ~ ~ = IJ§[! ~ 6lfHilJ 8i ® (!!J ®, gu ® i> iJ c: U tt ~ !D G;2}fT{brnU$ (!!jfj)GV (Bag-pipe). /fJJ(!!J~iJ - ~iJi' - @~i'.

(iii) 61!D Qurr®m561f)6TT8; t$1J6\) 61D5wn6\> ~m6TT6\)

,2_~~J; ~Gi> = c!:p{bQ ~ iW diffP rpjviv, 8irT 6lJrnolJ (yJw {lim ~t}J()iJ. #JQJ6V'461)I5~1b CJ<!bIT,riJ cilbVcilhW (s;Wu. e;,rrrT@8>. 9)

• • •• • • •

~!5~f!j6lJ = (!J>G'5T {hG1f@f!jGU, ~W~~Q).

~!h~ - iLr.@8i - c2_c§56V = 9L{5~uu@Lb {hfTLIl5Irnc!F.

• • • •

~fiNW~ru ::: tLID~~Q)·

(~~~ - ZL!f,fiJ ::: {!j61rtOtfliJ ~Gtr61fJu UfDc9J(5!jw {hLL_rTt;;M).

,,6ft ffiJ~{hGiJ = 1J6YTr§<FGlJ rr([Y{h6iJ. ~ c1;@){h6V ::: !J6l1 «§CFQ)fT LC£lpjru.

Q CJ) IT y)J fh ~6iJ = C!P W Pi Gir @!j;9iQ). LJ 6"Cf) LU U 6lJ 6lr CJrL6U iJ C:;:o tr ® 8)6lJ d>§1 Gir 6fT LD mr ~H;m Uj W , t81J" ~ su ~ LSJ- LD 6ffi m 6m '4 t.b , (YJ fii6T ~6ir~~6iJ Gr!1ifTy)Ji>~roiJ ~rmuu@w.

ar ~@{h6U = 6'5J [J fiVfT~ (!:P~ ;?}61T @!h2)6U ~GlJ6lJ tlJl Q ~p51 :t1hbV.

( !!p v/rr) - ~ ~ . ~ G1r (§Ej {h ru 6T Qr ~ W 6UJ rn ffi (tp {lj 6lJ tt GlJ ~ (!j) 6irr {Drotr@!j{DGID6lJC:UJ ®tDI iJ 1D4U·

.t!JT 6icrr@ ~GU ::: ro5Jw $®~ @ rfI ~UJ (yJ6M ~6ir~ {hGU, 9ill! rt ~ <05IrovffiJ rnr!]) (!:P [b Q CF §JJJ ii!!Jl ~ ru I t07 QJ GlJ 6ID W (!JJ ~ {h 61r@9QJfljJ G u tt GiJ fft@ 6))1 G'6lrn(] t.OOJ ((iJ 6lf ~<iiiJ.

,guT 6iu(£J - fb~@· .::w mrLrr6l1lGYT 8;@j ~mr Lrr6'J1J6lT ~® 6Hti5T U U@fhG1J

JPl rhf!Jl ~GU = i' rf7 ~UJiJ ffJJT ~(£J {h<iiiJ. ~ tb§;jJ - Q {fJfT [bffU· ~ ~~ fTGl1Iw ci® Q {!5 rr ~~ tt 6l1! IQff ci>® 6T fii7JT fDlJ W u@Lb.

• • • • •• • • •

JPflI5J (!!j - jpJT 8)(E!J . .JW 8) ®~6U = (yJfiiOT rjiG'fT f@!jfh6V, fli6YT ~fliru.

j;pJT61f {lj6U = $J rfJ<imUJ~ gJr~@~GiJ, {E6lf>(J (!P~ @m{lJ{h:Mu u rrliJ# 8TffJGU .

.I6fT till - rb GlJ " "t8 fiilJ tr {h "U w" (W6Yv{hfT rill. 140)

94

(~) - {C. {C~1D6iJ = ~o1r~lDGU, (D),g: SJJ~/!Jl{b6iJ,

!BUJrr~ = 8iUUGGUfTLLf/-, tCUJfTQrr - J£8ifT~ - ws;rrfiiM. £Ba;rrw - tCa;fTLD~ - wa;rrwr;;!r.

(2) ~M'"

(JQJ~ L1TQ6lJ~.f!)J ~GtrGlT UU LL_ Q u tt ®Gir !Ec!i;a;uu(,_L~rr rpj6l5l6tr, ~m- r;;tT {iJa;®1h./!JI tC ,9;a;tb 8)(J!)$h<iln ~ii ~@s61 UJ~rr @jw.

f!L/J~~6iJ = 8)yS/~~~, t5J;@j~6iJ.

~ 1>:ffJl - ~ ~.{fJJ . ~t>:fbI {DQJ = ~ coiT @?j ~"". fP~~ 61S) QJ ii ~ 6iJ = ~ 6Tr 61fl

• •

6lf) fill ~rJj 6lJ.

~.tI» ffiJ@jlD6V = ~ fT G 6M {lJ Gtr ~ 1D 6iJ (1D. 651 .) 51 gp 8; @j ~ ru = ~ C!9 Q u tt ([!J6l>W I> t7Jf/rr@!JtJj6U, ~® (t!Jp5J u OJ LL U UJWJ ci;a;rT 8i ~Girra>!D~ ~~ 6lf1 6lf)Qldi~"'. (t51.ro6J.)

f}.:1JI ffiNJi6WQJ/J~6iJ = QJ yS/u5J ~ Lb ~ra>!D !D@6l1I§JJJLn 1!LGTT GTTQJ tb~!D ~(!!j LffDLDrr8)/J ~6iT61fl 6O)QJ~~QJ.

f}f!JJ ffiJ® - 'f) ffJI c9;«!J ~ 9./!J1 d;8iW.

Q8Jrr~ - 8iyS/. 8iyS/rjj6U = IBffiJ«!J$6Q). 8JyS/ii:9Jfiu = !Ecii®;2iru. ~® Q~rr~Ch u5JtOafl6kr.!J)J @rnQ~TrT @ Q ~rr 61S)8j61J)UJ tE 8;®~GiJ au tt (b @j6WtD{lJ6l>·

(.ffJJro-) - r}:J61r. rfl)6Tr(!!?:2J6U = tEJi®s!DoO.

ffJl t;J - i!P{D. ~ £DiJ{lJfill = !Cci;«?j~6U.,gp!D - f!Jl fDG1J - ~ {DGfiI = u {b.ff)J $a;li1UJ6lJm . .{!JJ!D - fDJ pJ8J8iW = :XJJ {!J6lJ fT!bQ U J!)J W G8@.

9.C:~rr : ro6l@ - 6'3@ = u{b!f)J 66J(j;J6rf)a;UJfTtD Gu.!J)Jw C:urf7wuLb. /JJl{D8J8lW or~~w G1CFfT6lJ QP~()l)fTQJ!DJ G3L~LC:UJ @){l5J~{D~,. Ulw, ~ Q) ~ u c: U tt roM C:!D 6'5J mr ~ ~ 6Tr "" ~ t1J @ fiitrr u th ~ uJ J; c!J) U Q U JJ)JfilI![JJ LDfTr05T (J)lwQ) i!J ~ffiJ{!iJ~ th fLm 6fT ./Dl W G1 U!J)J6lJ t!U LDfT 8)4

r!h ® ~ U U@G'lJ{lJ tt m- ) c: 1D 6lI ® fiit) 8i~ 6m {D 9; ® p5J rji {lJ!/JI. 6iv ru IT 8; 8) Lb tOT fiiiff ~Lb QJ LQ a: tt 6iJ 8rQJ IT (:fLUJ fJ /Ji) iJJIroir 6lT §)I) 6T W Wi Lb U@ji)UJLSJUJ fT a;u L5J tDtf,i) (f!Ju U ~rn;tJ, dJl6lS> {D @$[JQrn-rr@ LlJUJ8;®QJ ~ iF rfJ UJrm J!)J. C:ull6lJ@Q)a;ffijaJ@!JGYr aTQJtTGrurr a;w 6T~uQ1hrr~ (DrT Ch8i 8n.(Du u(f;1{hru r!hfT ro6ru 11i. 8iQJ fr or w WJ c9 Q ~ rr 6iJ615JGtrr c: 6lJ rt u G u tr ®~W' G LDtD Q ~ 6lJQ)/ UJ 6l5'IfiiiJ 'I!..UJ IT flirb' U rf!ji) u5l tb e;rr ~ 0).

•••• ••••••

/!)nTr {lJ{hfiV = @jumu lFnJi;rr {Dm{l>8i an..LlJI-tD ~G1T~{lJ6lJ.

J!JI~~~6U = tE,9;®{lJ~J ~yS/$~oiJ, ~G8I~flJGiJ.

,@6iT66I6V lPI~ci@tiJ fb6idr&6J5)6I)//5 61J6ir6ffW (GfiljDrrW8) y. 46, 4).

QJ00lliITd; grf)1f;/5uC:uw 6T66rjJ);Plf)ffP; Qt!b6fT 6116lJUJff6V emab lPI~uC:uw ()(~6iJ (®!J)GTr. 1158),

·

urrQJrr~rr

95

(jJ)ff) - $, !E~~6b = tBJ;®{hW. t8~~fTrT = ~[D[t,~rrrr. (jJ)/Tr!u(t!J) - ~riu@). J$T r!i;@j - !CJ;®.

(3) ~6iTe~&\>

i!J riff @!J:fJ(i1J tt QJ fbl @j i) i> {h ob. J)I ~ (y) 6M G w tr #, ~ i> fJ)J Gtr@!J1DiJJl W Gl.DC:~rr9,$)i> §JJ6Uf@J'.pjj)JJW 6TW @®QJm<!Ji::h~. GLDamrrc!i;®w G u rr,gp c: LD {b tD1 m!F lLJ Lh ClP m p5J ~ !F UJ tt !iJ 6'5J (jj16lJ ~ tt 6iJ c!JI ~ 6lJ W (YJ6fir (l9<rndFulJW U tt dJULL C:~.

~a;~~6i> = ~rrGlJ~v;iJ· !!!_81""'~1h6b = ®il/J'#3Q)·

@i) ~~6lJ = ~rr QJ ~Q) ~ ~fT 61frr@ ~6iJ, 8iLI>rf!jroU, 8n.~{hrr@~6U. @ji) - «!Ji)6tfl fJ = {lirr G5J 8: Q a= GlJ §JJJ W ~fiVffiJ ®

t!!il.;PflJr6.I @#fot6SlJr5.J 61U.6&@W (®!DGIT 269) ®iJt>{h6lJ 8iLii~olJ (QQJ6U§)JJ~~)

@Ji1 - ~I>~ - <Tn.~~m.

ffJlroTr@:9Jru = @j@ ~ $!fJ6lJ. ff)I tfrr at ru = c!Jn./J~dr.

f!J6Yr - ~6ir6lf1 - §J6'If} = Dw6Tf)6l1I@w !Err /JilQJ",6lJ, g]{b!DG1fGlJ· !fJltOir - ~6TrwLb = ~61fJ. ~r;;yf} - ~uSJ.

(gur~(f;1) - ~rr~(£J. {hfTmr@~~ = ~rr6lJ1h6b, ®~.j,rf!jGiJ~ (J}LiJ{h6lJ·

" {h tr til 6T L L IJI- ;f6 IT ~ L1J- w rr GiJ ® L_ Lq- U ~ rn- tt !D UJ- ~ rr ~ (j)1 tb " 6T ~ u.f!JJ U JPG! LlJrT ySI.

rf!jrT mr(EJ - ~rr r;;fu L6lJ ib = CTn~ffJJ.

{hrrmr(J1 - ~rr~L.8itb = 24 or @/Jt/Jl ~~UJ ~6YTm6lJ;t, -pjrr(;;ilrTl.!J-~ G.!FGU ~ t..b ~ L!J-<J)61f>61T c!i; Q c$(f rom L Qa= tUtLf6Yr.

§JI@c$@9 (Q~.) = {hrr(i;m{~I.

(~6lJ) - $hfTGl/. ~rr~GiJ = ~fTdM@{bQJ. ( 4 ) Q~6Yfl~~

G ~GYfl ~ ~QJ treu /!JI 9w m!D ~Qr G1R (y>~ est tt 8) tOT tD1 ~ roO ~ 6UQ)!!U @(;);?j6U. {8rnlJ /J Q rf!j6lfJ a,®wC:u fT!bJ ~ §P J!JJ6lf/ ~ ffJI""' UJ rr c!Ji~ ~Qr 61fJ 6l1J@~QJrrQJ, fDl6lr@!J1htb a;®~il6iJ Q1DGYfI/J~tb c$C!!J~~ u t51!Dth~~·

(L@);?;ru = (y) 6kT §I 6ir 6ffI WI (g> ~ 6iJ ~ UJ th tbI {h GiJ. ~ @j dJ ~ Q) (UJ . Q)/.) = ~ {J>ifU;'[J6U r §JfT G1J ~6U.

~6lfJiJ~viu = ~WJ roJ@~6b ({h.Q)f.); ~gf]c$~rotT # £i1 !hf!J~Q) ~ QfD~iJ~GU, Q~p5I~~ru, @a>pJ~{hQ), ~{h4J1~6iJ (U1.Q)J.).

~6'IfI - Q {htOlfl. c;, ~61fJ ~;!DQ) = ~61f] ~GYfJ UJrnl1# €iJ!6ffP ~6iJ; LDtOUrT, ~ rfJ ~ (y)~66JIU6lJ tD6"ID{Dtl ~ {iJ!DfiIT QIfT tlJ/J .fflfT 6lJ ~6iJ.

96

:t£!dfT~e &L@ ...

Q ~ 6lfI - G,) ~pSJ. Q ~ pSJ ~ ~6iJ = gu GYf] ,ff)1 sir fOIfI 651 @cffjfib, ftU rirr@!J{hGU/ 6'6!fJ 6'6Jw rrru ~arrn!D (YYiiirr(] m tr J;~ # a;~(EJ~6iJ ~6iJ6lJ!!» gp6Yr 6TT # Q CF UJ'fJru.

f[JJG1r@!J !6~LrnUJ~ Qfh{!5J£D6IDL OT~UrT. "15p5}/DliTJL /.D6TJ(J,$c!b666T uSJrfJUJ ~8iLb. 224)

/bff6lf4 (J~p5}li(§ Wfflir (Y!DLD. 259)

gr6lJ~6iJ = QfJj61fJ~~bUt [j)6?J){D~~6U1 51~.f!)J~bU.

~QJrr05TW = [j)6"6l!D8J®W LDaly> I GfJj{l51.4<E!Jw Lf)G1f)!J)f,~61fl. ~ GlJ6U - /fPfiilJ6U. gp6lJ §J2J fh6U = gpQfl iJ {D6lJ t Q {DG"1f} j,~6iJ . .&f»6lJGU - ffP6lJ~Q) = f!jJ6lfJ. jf)JQJ~fiO - it6lJ 6lS> 61).

~6lJ6lD6lJ - jf)IQJ rr GmGlJ = ffJJ 6lfJ t (f!j:9ic!hU GJ U (!!Ja;®

~QJ6V - !!Jl6lJ.!J)J. :1JjQJ.!J)J {htOlJ = LD6my> /PT 6lJ;?jQJ (r7J.~.) /lJlQJ.J!)J - §JJ6lJ tb.[f)J· ~QJ tb.!J)J fhr;;U = ~ 6lJ{lJoU (Ul.GiI.)

• •

:!» QJ.!J)J - ./!JlT.[!)J. IIp QJ!D.!J)J - fMl {D IJ)J.

4lfT !)J{hGlJ = W6"6)Y;>i>4UorfI G6J@.pjQ>. /!JlT.!!)J - ~{!Jiu. 4iT[b.f!)J - .:fPfT£D{!J6V. ftVl {b .f!)J ~ 6lJ = U 10 rn fJ ILJ in LD ~ m UJ UJ 11 UJ rf} 1h 10 tb ® 8; CTn_ (iU I> 6m {D c!:p tiilrT 6'51 tr 9J QJ tt rfJ t6l m!D 1h ~ 6b t LD mr 60) ~ QJ IT rfl u5J 61f) flJ::b fh ~ t U ySJ # Qa:rr{b8)m6TTU ufJuLJ~GiJ. ~{DQ) = LD~y>j, fbi""', UySJ#QCFfT6U.

/!JfT.!J)J = U ySJ #Qa: rTGiJ. ~QJ./fJIT J!)J = U ySJ u4·

~~6M6U = ~Jl)J ~6lJ~fiV.

IE iT fh~QJrnG1JmUJ Ji @jpSi :i>~ifJ®/J ~ 6iu 67fTbU et v;lsrQ tDrT ® Q r!F rr'iiiJ ~ 6i5r ~LDUJ tt ~ t.b r G:J ~PSJ 8;9JU u(j;Il.h fJ® 6lJ6m8iQ, 8)rniJ Q 1hGU et Qrr!J)l Q u UJ rt Qu tbpSl®uu~rr ~tb, f!jJGYr ~Qrr 6"Totr~Lb FFfJlSi-r!JiL@jW Qurr f[JQJrT 8>1> jf)J6lJ 6T~Q{Drr® C:6lI®mr6lf)Lf) !W!~8;9)UU@W.

u !D6m6lJ8Jm LJ~ rt 8: UJ C:GlJ6m6TTu5J tb ~ {Du u rr 8iblf W t t5J {lJ G6l16m6YT,g;6'ff1 £D Q u tt ~ 611 tt 8i Gl/ W , $l> W ZL L Lb L5J 6af] tOirr .f!)J GJ LD Q) 66J {!J ® en 6'5HilT ~ 4»T 6l/6lJi)filfT rr6lJ, ~6lJ{bpSJ!D®rJJ 5f6lJ 6Tar ~ w QuUJ(!!)roW LfTuiJ{b.!J)J.

1!V16l/ - ~6llI.

!!JIT6lJ - ~QJGiJ = @!D®, @fD~~rTGUfT~ 6T@~(]8jrT6iJ. Pen fiTQ-r~t.b ~ffiJ~Q)# Qt!.FrrGl>~Lb [j)JiBirTfJG1JlJTW u{bpSJUJ<J1h' L. penna, feather.

H!_® ~6lfJ ~ GlJ 6T 4i"M ~ @j Q e: rr {ba>rtrr! (!:Pth6lJrrQJ ~ QPw 51 rf,,ff)l;?JQ) 6TW(J{D Qurr(!§6YrUL(6I, t51wLJ UJt6.J!»~6iJ "'W~W GJUfT ffPu Q u tt <!!J~ 6fT gL.tiim rt i> it QJ ®~ m- {D6lfT. tB ~ L c$rT Q)ci; c9iL.U L51 eatt GiJ dPlfiJJ(bpSJm (!pW6lJ)W8; o;®/J~ [j)~ J!lI LDOlDflJ!f,/tJI G5J LL~. @~ .f!)J Lb Q ~G'1f] i>1h6lJ Q)J 6m6"OT QPtOirr6liT W p5J C:6lJ J!)J LJ !D~~6b t5J9iy>fT 6lDW 8)fTmr 8),

.

u rrQJ rr QRSI'rT

97

(5)QP!DQ~~

iJUJ{brn8iUJfTw Ga=6lJQQJiUQ)fTW CYJ{i)l;'a=6t>C:QJ.

tD/w@!j{hQJ OTWU~ 9® Q/lfi4>[D c!pQgC:QTfT,g-,~~ ~rT6l/~6bi (yJ[b QCF6lJfOl/ UTQrrU.{!JJ G!6@&U Qa=6b.iW~' i)1JI Gc!F6UiW $V'" QefF ~~!tP ~6iJ ~~UJ iJ[TGOr6tS>LlLItA ~C!Pfil/tlJ.

aLtll{hQ) = cYJQu Qs:oi.>.iW~Q), Ga=ru.iW:66lJ.

I'LtU/J~GiJ = Qa=~~~~6U.

tLUJ - 9tU. fPti.J$Dfiu = GlF~d;fDJ{hQ)·

ILUQUtrtU @(!JJ61U6 <YlDW. 116>'

~1i.J - GTUJ. fiTtiJ~ffo = ~Lb6J)uci Q6iJJJiig,J~ob.

fiTtll - E!J - 6;T6lJ. 6J6l/fD6U = Ga§J)1~.{f)J~6iJ, .{J)ITdv@~fiiJ. 6J 6lf - E!J 6lI6U - &J"QlQ)6iJr.

6J~Ql = J)/wmu6 G>q~/JtJ»~Q;. OJ = fiTtiJ~6U, c:1PIwL/ .

•

OJ6l/ = J)JwLJ·

et til - 6Tu5J66T = fiT tUlLJw GQJLtT ®'-9-. 6T uJI~ - 6Tt6J6lfT6iJr.

@6V1, 6T tiJ~otr - 6Tt6I6lf1'ar - 6Tu5I6irr 6Tar.f!)J LDrr Lb.

gtlJ - 6TuSlGb = W!D6lJrf1®!h.J!)l ortUtLfw wi)fiiJ.

~rrna;~6iJ = G)a="-'.i"W$li-U, lL.m8i~~QJ = Qc!F5J)JiJ4»{hw. £L6m8) - ~6ID8i. clJI6lSU."'/J~6iJ = Qc!F~j,!t»~6iJ.

~8i;?j6iJ = QqiJ»I>/tJI~6iJ. §>&{6m = Wl.hfTLDQr, ULClr!JirTLt.q-, UIJQJ~· 9c!h - fP#&· fj}ci:&~Q) = GqSJJ~6{D6iJ, gdlr@~6iJ.

§;J fJ -j;{hGlJ = au tt ~6iJ (fIj.651) Gs: SJJ /14» $lJ6U, ~ mr@~"-', [DL{lt!/Jl ~oiJ ( L~.ro5I.)

,tgr;r - f!)lr;rtlJ - !tP'JJj;~rr - ,gpIJJh~rolrr = (;)<FiJJll>4P(JQJfT66r, !6L_I>~C:QJrrw, Gun- .!J)JUUfT~, ~Q)'1)QJQr.

~. (]!6rr. 417 - LJ'7W - 4f]'th~fT - Ljf7f,6,-,(lQsr = c:!IJIfjlFW. (&rT6lJ6lJGirr), 6'5J mr~'7 s:6tT.

§fJW = Qurr .!J)JU41 ~mQ)mLD.

f!» IJ - /£Urnf}" = ;:l}6lS)QJQJQr, UJ {b [lJ1J IF t;;irr.

QJJ~ - (yJW~{D6lJ = (!J1{bu@~6iJ, Q56iJ.iW~QJ.

(JjJfItr - ((!p(J;J) - r;;VJ@. Gl1J@I>~6iJ = (yldJ G'/5j)JJ/J/!lI1[JvU, ~ftlJU4{hfiiJ, roB/(j)J - G5J~L. - ~6IDLuJJ6i> - 6l':J7mLu5Jrurr~.

tOB/(f)J - 6l1J(f;Ju4· fi5lmL = Qa:6lJGlJI G8"GUQ) 1L~{lj'76l/.

98

JW.&rr IJ 8 DYC@ ••.

(!:p6Tr - ((!jJtU) - (c!:pUJ W) - 6l1J U1 W = (!:p{bGJ (F ~~fl)J ~GiJ I Q a: ~ /Jt!;l ~ru 1 (QJ GlJ ~6b 1 §Jffrom-@~6iJ.

6'61 UJ ffilG'1 a;rrGtr - m1I UJr!iJ(] 8irr61r = 6]"6lJ6U, LDj;J U(]U6lJGlJ.

6'6J UJ ffiJQ8ifTW@!J{IJ6U = LDfT@ ®i)roID(J (yJfD~ UJ 6'51 ruffiJrna;/J ffJ/f61f5r i1I-# Qa:~~/IJlfD6iJ, C:1Dal]"rrL@~6i>, :!iT~(J;J~6lJ, 6]'6lJ~~.

'G{httu61 UJffiJQ8irr~L U~:!IJ' 'iTm-~ W ~ffiJ®g)J ~{iJjJ)J U UJ rfl6lJ U QUUJ6"6>t;J G[!jfT c1;®c!h.

(6) 6l5161>11614 (et@a®)

6l1J roID fJ 6lJ ~ GiJ 6lJ:f!JI c: QJ a;w 67 W u.gu , ~u LJ c: ~ rr 8; ~ 8= Q CF tt 6U.§JJJ t.D tL[D6lJu uGirru fT ®w. §)fiJir{lJm Qr!FQ)6l>6lJ:/> ~~ UUL C3QJc!Jiw ~a-r.!J)J Q CF rrQ)6lJ (!:PI11-UJ tt /tJ1. LlJfT L._@ QlG"iM L9-6l>UJ65i L& ®~G"6)t;T 6l.lrom- Lq_l4 W J ~ j;J rn '7 Q/6"5rr L!J-6nl UJ ~ L WI iJ6lJ ~ '4-lLJ Lb, ufl iJ 6lJ ~ l!.J- 6"0) UJ v;5J L U Lf6"IDr$fii)Jmrl1l-UJ t1J I LJ~8iQl~TlJI-mUJ6Ul L ~UJ ffiJ~ (Motor) 6l1~rtsl-UJ W J (]QJ8)wrr a;# Qc!F6lJ §l>J W. §)C!I]" 6lJ~ l1I-6'6lUJ fiT@d;§I8; Q a;rrGir61f1 ~ Lb I r:::!JI{D~ GlWGM GO:Gl)Q6lJfT(E'i 'fPuLJ C:{DfT <4UJGUJ ~{D~ 8i@<§Qq6l.)6lJ G6lJc!1iW 6TaTUU@LiJ.

~8)C:6lJ1 ~UJr!iJ®Lb QUfT(!!Jrotr ~~!Drru5J~th U~QJfTu5JW1wl ~~6mfDQ)lL ~wQ6UfTm.f!)JW ~®Q5GlJ~HilJ6'6IL ~wQWfT® G1 r!F6lJ 6lf W (!j)w Q 9 Gl>6lJC: ~ c: QJ sub er 6M U U (J;J8iJ 6tr fD ff)l. ~flJGU tt ru , (!j){bQ~6UCiilJ grn-u ~ ~UJQJU fT6?lT Qr!Ffil)GlQJW J!)JW, ~® Qr!FQ)66J~ W ~ 6tr Q W fT ([!j Q CF GlJ 6lf C!:P {b u @QJa{IJ c: QJ 8i W er r;;irr g)J Ln I J)f {l5J {5.:!Jl GJ8ifTfiftr ai.

ro5Jrnl]"6lJ 6T<OWUIP ~® 65JmwViIDUJ (YJ~i1ii Q~fTLr5J~ (yJ~~ (!jJ L1J-- U u m 1D '4 tb I c: QJ sub er m- U f!J/ 9 ® 661 fi6) f05T Q t!r tIJ {D [b r!b ~ ~ ® ®{l51 u OJ LL_ 8lfT61J;hiJ tD«!)rfi UJ 6>lIrnrm 63 ~/J~~UJ LiJ, ®tz5l a;~w.

(i) 6\)511 AT511 QQJIlIQD5

??Q) - ~Q)Q61J61JT = ro5JrnfJGlI rr $. ~tiJ - 9uJGUlW = 6l1J~fJGlIrrOj.

l~pifT @~iiJ = GUJrnfJ $fj6lJ. ~t;/tr - ~6W - ffPmrmL = ~@B;8)rr",6lI6~r. .:f§IromQ6"m"6M4ii.J = 66Imr;r ~Gi>.

:{!U~firT ~6iJ = G'5I 6IDt;J ~6iJ.

I!JIQJ6lJ = tOBl Uff>(J Glf I ~6'JJ §J)J {li6lJ = 66Jfmr;T ~tOU. Qurrm - Qurrr;/rrQrorrar = 651mfJQJrr OJ.

(!::pG1r - (yJ6iJr@ - LD~@. LDmr@~6U = mJ61f)fJ!h~ Qt!r6b~{li6iJ. &L!iJU61JL ~efluu L06idrLq. (Y,IDLD. 6)

( (yJrotr) = ((!jJtU) - (Jj)UJGU = G Q/ suott ai rgp@w £iJ.!J)J Q)/rur!u® QJ~8i.