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Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.
7 1
1
“tvif;tdrf.rl0g'”
(1) ppfreS af ompmayvGwv f yfciG &hf aSd p&ef
(2) tm%m&Sipf epfreS o
f r#wdu k zf suf&ef
(3) 'Dru
kd a&pDawmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf
vufwGJ aqmif&Guf&ef
(4) jynfol jynfom;wdk h.cHpm;csufudk wifjy&ef//
odk “zd
h wfac:tyfygonf”
Edh kih fih Hah h&;/vl
h h h rh +ah h &;/pD
h h ;yGg;a&;
tawG;tjrif aqmif;yg;rsm;
a0zefa&; h aqmif rS h h h h h ;yg;rsm;
h h h h h h
uAsm/0wWKwdk/umwGef;/yef;csD rsm;udk
rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGmh h ay;yd h h h h k hE
h dkih fyh gonf
h h h h //
pmrlrsm;udk(15)&ufae h
aemufqHk;xm;jyD; ay;ydkŒ }uyg&ef
&Spfav;vHk; arwW ta&;awmf m&yfct H yfyyHk}uD gonf ; 22 // ESpfjynfh
txdrf;trSwf opPmjzifhay;ydk hygonf//
2 Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.7
2
tvif;tdrpf um;
rmwdum pmrsuEf mS 5
acwf_ydKifcHpm;rSk(uAsm)
wdik ;f jynf&J t
h ysKd pif =unfatmif 8
r+yD;ao;aom rsKd ;qufopfwkd &h J h tcef;quf h h zsmyHkvHkeDOD; 9
uAsm
ausmufbv D ;l eJ h yef;yGiu
hf av;i,frsuEf mS at;jrESif;&nf 11
b,fvckd spvf kd h b,favmufcspo f vJav armifpdk;csdef 12
avmui&Jukd zefw;D =ujcif; cifarmifvGif 13
vufcsi;f wGv J kd h zd;k oHn
k 14
8888 &mZ0if Myu Tsaw 15
*sLvdkif cef;'gatmifcrf; 17
cGyfa'gif;aoG; xGef;+idrf; 18
tvif;tdrf umwGef; AZY 19

pum;ajymcef ;
vGwv
f yfciG uhf kd xifovdok ;kH wdik ;f raumif;bl; 0if;az 20
olwkd t
h jrif olwkd ph um; ud&k +J idr;f / udak tmifo&l jrifh 87
pmzwf c ef ;
vlxek J Eh ikd if aH &; eENwifah qG 55
88 rsd K ;quf a usmif ; om;rsm;.
trS w f w &pum;rsm; 21
Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.7 3
2 3
8888 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;txdrf;trSwfpkpnf;r+
,Ofaus;r_okd h OD;n$wjf cif; aZmfaZmfatmif 32
OuUX 2 udo k [ D wifah qG ESihf awG q
h akH r;jref;jcif; 39
cGyaf 'gi;f wdk &h J eh 'd ge;f wifjrifah rmf 44
Armjynfu t&d;k wGeo
f u
H sL;&ifo
h nft
h cg cGgnKd 50
EdkifiHa&; / okw / &o aqmif;yg;rsm;
rsKd ;qufopfvkd q h =kd u&mrSm &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 58
ppfu|eaf cwf ,ae v h il ,frsm; armifpdk;csdef 61
tcsKd vh ol m;um; tdak v h h *h % k af jymifav h h h &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 64
twdwo f rdik ;f udk jyefveS w
f thJ cg vlxpk ed 0f if; 66
*syefujrefrm bmbmbdk;bdk; 75
aea&mifatmufu tEkynm aejcnf 80
usaemfpOf;pm;rdaom tydik ;f tprsm; rif;rif;odef; 83
t"rRjyKjcif;onf Oya'r[kwf a&S ah e OD;armifarmif 91
0wˆKwdk
om;trdEpS af ,muf xl;wifh 96
tcef;quf EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:
p=um0VmxJu'dik ,
f mvufwpf (18) rd;k ajropf 100
bmomjyef tcef;quf
tdraf jrSmifavSmiftrd f tcef; (33) armifarmifvwf 105
tcef;quf EdkifiHa&;tawG;tjrif
'Da&jrifo
h pf jroef;wifh 112
tm%modr;f awmfveS af &;aumifppD pftyk pf w
k &m;cH}uD;rsm; "gwyf rkH sm; 122
88ta&;awmfy}kH uD;ESihf wqufwpyfwnf;tm%m&ppftyk pf k "gwyf rkH sm; 124
4
tvif;tdrpf um;
awmf v S e f a &; ta&;awmf y H k w ck jzpf a y:vm&onf qd k o nf u m;
ta=umif;w&m; oufoufrJhr[kwfay? tusdK;w&m;rsm;a=umifh ta=umif;
w&m;rsm; jzpfay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf? urBmhordkif;rSma&m/ jrefrmhordkif;rSmyg
xif&Sm;pGmawG@jrifEdkifonf? wdkif;wyg;vufatmuf +Adwdo# t*FvdyfudkvdkeD
u|eb f 0Y tzufzufrS tjrwfxw k f zdEydS cf sKyfcs,+f yD; tkycf sKyfaeaomumv 1900
jynfhESpfrsm;wGif wdk;wufaom acwfynmwwf vli,fawG&J@ vlr_a&;}udK;yrf;
aqmif&Gufr_rsm;rS wqifh EdkifiHa&;toGifaqmifvm+yD; EdkifiHvGwfajrmufatmif
}uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? ausmif;om;rsm; uvnf; udv k ekd D ynma&;pepfukd 1920/ 1935/
1938 ausmif;om;oydwf wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh tHwkcJ@=u onf? wqufwnf;yif
vlxv k w l ef;pm;tm;vH;k yg0ifcahJ om 1300 jynfEh pS f ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk qifEu J$ m
t*Fvyd u f kd wduk yf 0JG ifc=hJ uonf?
xd k r S w d k @ Armtpnf ; t&H k ; }uD ; . t*F v d y f t cuf Armtcsuf
aºu;G a=umfoaH tmufwiG f ocifatmifqef;OD;aqmifum t*Fvyd u f kd vufeufuikd f
awmfveS Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? od@k aomf vufeuf udik af wmfveS af &;wGif tm;ud;k rdc&hJ aom
zufqpf*syefvufatmuf (3) ESpfwmwGif &ufpuf=urf; =uKwfr_rsm;ESifh
&ifqdkifcJh=u&+yD;/ zufqpf*syefudkyg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif
wdkif;jynfrS armif;xkwfEdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf zufqpfrsdK;aphum; jrefrmjynfwGif
oaE<wnfusecf hJ avonf?
t*Fvyd w f @kd 'kw, d t}urd f jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm+y;D qufvufu|ejf yK&mrSm
AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESifh zqyv tzGJ@tpnf;}uD; OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif
vGwv f yfa&;twGuf }uKd ;yrf; aqmif&u G =f uonf? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf
vuf&;kH &nf/ ESv;kH &nf wdu k yf rJG sm;jzifh }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G af ecsed f 1947 Zlvikd v f (19)
&ufae@wiG f wjcm;acgi;f aqmif }uD;rsm;ESit hf wl tm%m&l; vlowfaumifw@kd .
vky}f uo H wfjzwfru _ kd cHc&hJ avonf?
wdkif;jynf. rsdK;cspfxdyfwef; acgif;aqmifrsm; qHk;&_H;cJh&+yD;/ AdkvfcsKyf.
Edik if aH &;vrf;a=umif; wdu k yf JG ay: Yyif 1948 ZEM0g&v D (4) &ufae@wiG f jrefrmonf
urBmt h v,fY vGwv f yfaom jynfaxmifpk Edik if t H jzpf ay:aygucf &hJ onf? jrefrmwd@k
vGwfvyfa&;onf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; touf/ aoG;/ ac|;rsm; ay;qyfum
5
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; . OD ; aqmif r _ a tmuf w G i f pnf ; &H k ; pG m yg0if q if E G J
Edik cf ahJ oma=umifh &&Scd jhJ cif;yifjzpfonf?
vG w f v yf + yD ; acwf w G i f u m; tm%m& zqyv tzG J @ tpnf ;
twGi;f wGiaf &m/ Edik if aH &;tif tm;pk/ wdik ;f &if;om; tiftm;pkrsm; twGi;f wGiyf g
olwvl igwrif;ESihf tm%m+ydKif=u&m q&marG;/ wynfah rG; t+ydKif}uJ=u&m
vufeufuikd f ppftyk pf k ay:aygu}f u;D xGm;vmcJ&h onf? Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;u
ppfwyfut kd oH;k cs tm%mvk=u&mrS ppfwyfonf Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk rsm;udk
jyeftoH;k csum ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd wnfaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf? xdrk S Adv
k af e0if;ESihf
taygi;f tygrsm;. ppfwyfvw l ef;pm;onf wefc;kd }uD;xGm;vm&avonf?
od@k aomf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; acwftqufquf jynfoal &S@rS
&yfwnfcJhaom ausmif;omxkonfum; ppfwyftm%modrf; tkyfcsKyfr_udk
jyif;xefpmG qef@usiu f ef@uu G cf ahJ v onf? xd@k a=umifh Adv k af e0if;ppftyk pf rk S
ausmif;om;xkukd t+idK;xm;rkew f ;D um 1962/ rwfv (2) &uf tm%modr;f
+yD;csed rf yS if ausmif;om;xkukd jyif;xefpmG owfjzwfErdS ef if;um/ vGwv f yfa&;
ordik ;f 0if ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttH}k u;D udyk if Zlvikd v f (7) &ufae@wiG f
azmufczJG suq f ;D ypfco hJ nf? od@k aomf ppftyk pf [ k m or*~taqmufttHu k o kd m
azsmufzsuf zsuq f ;D ypfEikd af yr,fh ausmif;om;xk. cGyaf 'gi;f pdw"f gwu f ukd m;
azsmufzsufEdkifpGrf; r&SdcJhay? 1963 or*~ESpfywfvnf v_yf&Sm;r_/ 1969
u|e;f qG,t f a&;tcif;/ 1970 wuUov kd af &$&wk/ 1974 OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;/
1976 r_ikd ;f &mjynfh ESihf tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;rsm; ponfh ta&;awmfykH
wdkufyGJrsm;u ppftkyfpk. rqv ygwD tm%m&Sifpepf wkefv_yfcJh&aom
ordik ;f pmrsuEf mS rsm;yifjzpfonf?
Adv
k af e0if; ppftyk pf . k rqv ygwt D yk cf sKyfro
_ nf wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f
taxGaxGt=uyf twnf;rsm;/ ygww D iG ;f r+idro f ufrr_ sm; ESihf urBmt h vnfrmS
tqif ; &J q H k ; Ed k i f i H b 0 a&muf c J h & +yD ; 1987 aiG p uU L zsuf o d r f ; vd k u f & m
jynfolwdk@t=uyfwnf;qHk;b0 a&mufcJh&onf? 1988 pufr_wuUodkvf
ausmif;om; ta&;tcif;wGif &ufpufpGmypfcwfajz&Sif;&mrS ausmif;om;
zke;f armf/ pd;k Edik w f @kd aoqH;k cJ&h +yD; wuUov kd af usmif;om;xk rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfum
rqv ppftyk pf u k kd &ifqikd f tHwak wmfveS =f u&mrS 8888 ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk
wwdik ;f jynfv;kH yg0ifqifEEJ$ ikd cf =hJ uonf?
xdk 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rS rqv ppftyk pf . k orw (3)
6
a,mufukd jzKwcf sEikd cf hJ onf? Adv k af e0if; ppfwyf txl;wkev f y_ uf m ppfwyftm%m
vufvw $ &f rnfukd a=umuf&@HG +y;D 1988 pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@wiG f jynfou l kd
ypfcwf/ owfjzwf+yD; wdkif;jynftm%mudk xyfrHodrf;cJhonf? jrefrmhajrum;
aoG;v$r;f cJ&h onf?
ppftkyfpk 1990 jynfhESpfwGif a&G;aumufyGJ usif;ycJhaomfvnf;
wwdkif;jynfvHk; tjywftowf tEdkif&&SdcJhaom a':atmifqef;pk=unf
acgi;f aqmifonfh trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyuf u kd m; ppftyk pf k *wd*0wfysuu f m
tm%mv$aJ jymif; ray;cJah y? 8888 ta&;awmfy}kH u;D udk OD;aqmif wdu k yf 0JG ifcahJ om
88 rsKd ;quf ausmif;om;rsm;udu k m; zrf;qD;/ owfjzwfrr_ sm;jzifh acsre_ ;f cJah v onf?
ppftkyfpkonfum; acgif;aqmifydkif; vlomajymif;vJcJhaomfvnf;
ppftm%m&Sif pepf udu k m; qufvufuikd pf u JG m tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf
&ufpuf,kwfrmr_ aygif;pHkjzifh jynfoludk zdESdyfaeqJjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsK;d pkrsm;udu k m; rsK;d wke;f owfjzwfaeqJ jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sipf epf w&m;0if
jzpfay:wnf+rJa&;twGuf 2008 t"rRtajccH Oya'udk jyXge;f um xdOk ya'udk
tajcjyKv#uf 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;y&efpDpOfaeonf? &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk OD;aqmifyg0ifolrsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD vdkvm;olrsm;udkum;
rw&m;zrf;qD;/ tusOf;csxmcJhonf? ppftkyfpkudk qef@usifolrSefor# +zdKzsuf
cHc=hJ u&onf?
ppftkyfpk. wrsdK;om;vHk; ppfu|efjyKa&;onf &Spfav;vHk; ta&;
awmfy}kH uD;. yef;wdik f r[kwaf y? wpfygwt D m%m&Sif pepf zsuo f rd ;f ypf/ rqv
ppftpd;k & tvdrk &S/d 'Dru kd a&pD &&Sad &; 'd@k ta&; onf 8888ta&;awmfy}kH uD;wGif
jynfolwdk@ aoG;ESifha&;um wdkufyGJ0if awmif;qdkcJhaom tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiH
ta&;yifjzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pD tESpfom&ryg/ vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wr_r&Sdonfh 2008
tajccHOya'ESihf vlxv k w l ef;pm; t&yf&yf vGwv f yfpmG yg0ifrqifEEJ$ ikd of nfh 2010
a&G;aumufyo JG nf u|Eykf w f @kd pnf;vH;k nDnw G pf mG yl;aygi;f wdu k zf suf wGe;f vSe&f rnfh
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;. &mZ0if aºuG;yifjzpfonf?
rw&m;r_ukd rnfo@kd yif qef@usiw f eG ;f vSeaf pumrl w&m;r#w.?
tm%m&Sirf eS o f r# usq;kH ap&rnf?
tvif;tdr&f aJ bmfrsm;
7
acwf_ydKifcpH m;rl uAsm
wdkif;jynf&J h tysKdpif
&ifom;-
rrSnahf o;wJh
tysKdpif
t&Sifr?
u|eb f 0 a&mufro hJ m;
arG;zGm;r,fw h ikd ;f jynf
pd@k z@kd E@kd &nf
rif&h ifrmS
rwnfapeJ@?
&ifom;-
rrSnahf o;wJh
tysKdpif
t&Sifr?
om;tdrf
wHcg;0
zGifhyg?
Ed;k =um;wJw h ikd ;f jynf
om;oaE< wnfyap
aiGE@kd &nf =unfyap?
Zmenf&ifaoG;
arG;wJah e@?
u|ef eJ@ u|eaf pmf
aq;=ua[h?--?
=unfatmif
rSwcf su?f ? opPmr*~Zif;rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?
8
acwf_ydKifcpH m;rl uAsm
r_yD;ao;aom rsdK;qufopf(1)wdk h&J htcef;qufwdkufyGJ
1920 'DZifbm 5 &uf
udv k ekd D jAL&du k &uftyk cf sKyfra_ tmufrmS
&efuek f wuUov kd Of ya'
oydwaf rSmufa&; awmfveS yf rJG mS
“,leAD mpwD tufOya' ysupf ;D ygap”
“qm&,f*su D &ufa'guf jyefomG ;”
aºuG;a=umforH sm;eSihf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;&Jh
trsKd ;cspw f phJ wd f
wd@k ..... tav;jyKw,f?
(2)
1930 atmufwb kd m 30 &uf
vlceG f ajrcGef o\ar"cGef
tcGe}f uD;rsm; zdEydS t f m;a=umifh wdik ;f jcm;e,fcs@J ukd
awmfveS w f u kd x f w k cf ohJ nfh toufpeG o hf mG ;
v,form; olyek f
*ÏKef q&mpH acgi;f aqmif&@J
trsKd ;cspw f phJ wd f
wd@k ..... tav;jyKw,f? (4)
(3) 1945 rwfv 27 &uf
1938 'DZifbm 20 &uf Armh awmfveS af &;ordik ;f rSm
udvk ekd v
D ufyg;ap&J@ w&m;rJrh _ tkycf sKyfa&;udk zufqpf&ikd ;f e,fcs@J
awmfveS af oG;eJ@ oydwaf rSmuf awmfveS f wdu k x
f wk cf =hJ uwJh
ra=umufw&m;eJ@ tHw&k if; rsKd ;qufopf acgi;f aqmifrsm;
twGi;f 0ef&;kH ud0k ikd ;f ocifatmifqef;
t&dik ;f rdp>m jrif;pD;ykvyd w f w k af tmuf ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifp;kd
jym;jym;arSmuf t&du k cf &H ocifA[de;f / ocife/k ocifvaS z
*syq
f ifaumvdyaf usmif;om; ‘udak tmifausm’f &J@ .............
toufpaw;ay;cJh .............
rsKd ;csppf wd &f w
dS hJ acgi;f aqmifukd wd@k ...... tav;jyKw,f?
9
(5)
1962 Zlvikd f 7 &uf
wuUov kd f or*~ rdik ;f axmif+zdKcGJ
aoG;ajrus vlowfyJG ta&;awmfykH
1974 ckEpS f tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;
aoG;csi;f csi;f eD&J ta&;awmfykH
urBmu h vk or*~ twGi;f a&r_;csKyf
OD;oef@psmye v_y&f mS ;r_wu kd yf JG
rdi_ ;f &mjynfv h y_ &f mS ;r_ aoG;ajruswu kd yf JG
rs;dk qufopfw@kd &@J acgi;f aqmif
ausmif;om;rsm;&J@ OD;aqmifr_
(6)
1988 =o*kwv f 8 &uf
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyo kH rdik ;f rSm
wygwD tm%m&Sit f pd;k & jzKwfcscw hJ hJ
rsKd ;qufopf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
&Jabmf rif;udEk ikd f (8)
&Jabmf udu k =kd uD; 2010 rS onf
&Jabmf rd;k oD;ZGef pwJh tem*wf 21 &mpkopf c&D;rSm
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk ta&;awmfyo kH pf
wd@k .....tav;jyKw,f? rsKd ;qufopfw@kd &@J tcef;qufwu kd yf rJG mS
(7) awmfveS af &; tiftm;pk
2007 pufwifbmv 18 &uf pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf _
a&$0ga&mifta&;awmfyo kH rdik ;f rSm yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _
ukeaf ps;E_e;f usqif;a&; ppftm%m&Sif jzKwfcsa&; vufwcJG sw d q
f ufr_
awmfveS af &;rS rsK;d qufopfacgi;f aqmif vlxek iS hf wom;wnf; jzpfaer_
t&Si*f rB&D eSihf &[ef;ysKd rsm; armfueG ;f opf b,fvx kd ;kd rvJ
&Jabmfxifausmf wdu k yf aJG ysmf igw@kd ..... tav;jyKzd@k apmifah e+yD? ?
'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;
wdk@..... zsmyHk vHek OD ;D
tav;jyKw,f? Zlvikd /f 31/ 2010(rd;k rc tifwmeufr)S
10
ausmufbv
D ;l eJ h yef;yGihf uav;i,frsufEmS
ausmufbv D ;l rsuEf mS
ol@toufrowfyg
a&SmifusOfyg.
vl&m0ifatmif *wday;
bmoma&; ckw;kH vkyf
ppf&mZ0wfaumif rsuEf mS ,kwf
aumufusppf Of;vJ rsuEf mS ykwf
zdEySd f Adv k u f s rsuEf mS pkwf
jzKwford ;f xm;&rJh ae&m
ordik ;f jywdu k x f rJ mS
&moDawGom tvDvaD jymif;
ppf&mZ0wfaumif rsuEf mS rajymif;
romacgi;f xJtxd o,faqmif uav;i,frsuEf mS
olw@kd u, kd w f ikd f ,laqmifomG ;? pmoifcef; pdu k cf if;xJu
rdbarwWm ysK;d cif;xJu
yef;yGirhf suEf mS jzLv$oef@pif yef;uav;rsm;
awm&dik ;f ajrrSm zdEydS o f l vSpH yG zf sm;rSm zl;yGihf
vrf;ab; jrufawmawGxrJ mS ausmif;om; tcGit hf a&;
jruf&ikd ;f ajr&dik ;f awGxrJ mS rdbq&m tcGit hf a&;
&Si;f oef@ jzLv$pmG yGihf vlxak wG&@J tcGit hf a&;
a&mifpykH ef;yGiu hf av;rsm; awmif;qdk toufaoG; ay;qyf
t&d;k om;qH;k zl;yGihf odumQ }u;D jrwf wefb;kd
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tm;vH;k &J@ &5% ausmu f oabmwl+y;D wJh aemuf qENc, H yl JG usi;f y+y;D rS jyifqifv@kd &r,f
qd+k yD;awmh wif;usyx f m;wJt h cgrmS aemufq;kH usaemfw@kd jyKjyifv@kd r&awmhwt hJ qH;k /
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'abmifxrJ mS ajz&Si;f vd@k r&wJt h qH;k rSm usaemfw@kd aoG;xGuf
oH,akd wGe@J ajz&Si;f cJ@&ygw,f?
tcka&;qGJaewJh zGJ@pnf;yHkuvnf;yJ 'DvdkrsdK; wzufowf a&;qGJ+yD;awmh
jyKjyif&cufvSatmif wif;usyfr,fqdk&if h h h husaemfwdk@ 'DrSm ydkqdk;wmu 74
zG@J pnf;yHrk mS wke;f u &5 &mckid Ef ;H_ qdw k m (100) rSm (75) yg? usaemfw@kd 'Dae@a&;qGaJ ewJh
zG@J pnf;yHrk mS vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,u f &5 yJ&w dS hJ zG@J pnf;yHyk g? &5 &mckid Ef ;H_ ausmrf jS yifv@kd &
r,fqw kd m vlxu k b,favmufyJ jyifcsijf yifcsi/f Edik if o H m;awGu b,favmufyJ
jyifcsiw f hJ qENy&J &dS dS jyifciG rhf &Sb
d ;l ? ppfwyfu, kd pf m;vS,f axmufcrH _ &5 &mckid Ef ;H_ ausmrf S
jyifv@kd &r,fqw kd m[m usaemfw@kd Edik if o H m;awG&@J qENukd vH;k 0 vpfvsL&_xm;wm
jzpfwt hJ wGuaf =umifh 'Dvo kd mqufomG ;r,fq&kd if tvm;wl aoG;xGuo f , H rkd r_ sKd ;awG/
ayguu f rJG r_ sKd ;awG xyf+yD;}uHKEdik w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd xyf+yD;owday; xm;wmyg?
usaemfw@kd zG@J pnf;yHu k kd usaemfw@kd u, kd w f ikd f Edik if o
H m;awG&@J qENe@J qH;k jzwfay;
=ur,fv@kd usaemfw@kd 'g aqmf=ovdu k w
f mjzpfygw,f?
24
rif;aZ,s
“'DEpS rf mS &Spaf v;vk;H ESpyf wfvnfe@J qGr;f uyfyq JG +dk yD;

usaemfw@dk vkyw f ,f? t&ifw;Hk uawmh }uD;}uD;us,u f s,f rvkyjf zpfcb hJ ;l ?
'Dvv dk yk &f wJh tay:rSmvnf; tawmfyJ ESpaf xmif;tm;&jzpfrw d ,f? aemuf+y;D
&Spaf v;vk;H umvwav#muf &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;rSm wcsK@d awG
&if;ES;D ay;qyfc&hJ wJh olawGtwGut f cktcsed u f srS tuk}d uD;wk@d utr#ay;a0
a&pufcsEidk w f ,f? tJ'h vD nf; auseyfEpS o f rd rhf &_ w
dS ,fæææ?
“aemufwcsuu f 'DEpS &f pS af v;vk;H ESpyf wfvnfae@rSm tv$m
aygi;f pkH tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f pk/H vlwef;pm;aygi;f pku H vlawGtukef vm=u
w,f? ygwDqkd'fua&m/ wkdif;&if;om;qkd'fua&m/ ausmif;om;qdk'f/
vl i ,f q k d ' f / jynf o l q k d ' f tuk e f v m=uw,f ? wenf ; ææ
tm;vkH;&Spfav;vkH;eJ@ ESD;EG,faewJh/ 8888 ay:rSm t+rJwrf;rSwf,l
wrf;wae=uwJh vlawGtm;vk;H vm=uw,f? tJ'aD wmh wzufu=unf&h if
t&rf;=unfE;l zk@d aumif;w,fæææ?
“'Dae@ tuk}d u;D wk@d usi;f ywJh 8888 ESpyf wfvnfae@rmS tuk}d u;D wk@d
taeeJ@rSmvnf; tawmfu h dk cHpm;&w,f?tJæckeuajymwJh tcsuo f ;Hk csuf
ayghaemf cHpm;&wmukdvnf; tukd}uD;0rf;omw,f? tm;vkH;wkd@vnf;
tuk}d uD;wk@d a&pufcs tr#ay;a0ovkd om"k ac:ay;=uyg?
usq;Hk av+yD;aom 'Dru dk a&pD ol&aJ umif;awGtwGuf om"k
ac:ay;yg?
wrf;w trSw&f twk,al y;}uygæææ?
25
aX;ºu,
G f
“1988 ckEpS f &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfyu Hk dk usaemfw@dk jrefrmEkid if rH mS jrefrmEkid if H

'Dru dk a&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; ta&;awmfyt Hk jzpf Ekid if oH m; tm;vk;H uae+yD;awmh yg0ifqifEJ$
cJ=h uw,f? tJ'h rD mS jrefrmEkid if [ H m orkid ;f opfwckudk zGiv hf pS Ef idk cf +hJ yD; pepfopfwck twGuu f dk
usaemfw@dk Ekid if rH mS tawG;tac: awmfveS af &;w&yf jzpfc+hJ yDv@dk ajymvk@d &w,f?
'gayrJh tJ'h u D mvrSm usaemfw@dk qDrmS ckid rf mwJh tzG@J tpnf;r&Scd rhJ a_ wG ckid rf mwJh
pnf;&k;H a&;tiftm;/ ckid rf mwJah cgi;f aqmif r&Scd rhJ a_ wGe@J twl/ 88 wke;f u wu,fvx l k vkcd siw f hJ
yko H ¾efopfwckqu D dk wu,fad wm u h saemfw@dk rajymif;Ekid cf ahJ o;yg?
'gayrJh ajymif;vJEidk zf @dk twGuf tajccsEidk cf w hJ ,faygAh sm? qkyd gawmh wpfygwD tm%m
&Sipf epfuae ygwpD Hk 'Dru dk a&pDpepfudk ajymif;vJay;&r,f? wHcg;ydwf pD;yGg;a&;0g' uae+yD;awmh
wHcg;zGihf pD;yGg;a&;/ aps;uGupf ;D yGg;a&;pepfudk ajymif;vJEidk &f r,fqw dk hJ 'Dpepfyo Hk ¾efudk ajymif;vJ
jcif;[mawmh jzpfc+hJ yD?
ajymif;vJr,fqw dk hJ tajctaeuawmh aemufjyefqw k v f @dk r&awmhb;l ? 'gayrJv h @dk
tckvdk tcsed x f u d dk usaemfw@dk jrefrmEkid if rH mS 'Dtajymif;tvJ[m wu,freS rf eS u f efuef rjzpf
ao;wmvJæ´”
“ 18 ESp=f umqkw d hJ umv[m Ekid if w H Ekid if &H J h tajymif;tvJtwGuf wu,fudk
vkaH vmufwhJ umvyg? wu,fwef;om wkid ;f jynfwjynf&J h tem*gwt f wGuu f dk usc&H rJh
wm0efawGudk pkaygi;f usc=H ur,fqw dk hJ trsK;d om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;[m wu,fwef;tm;vk;H
u &nf&, G =f uw,f? wu,fvyk af qmif=ur,f qkv d @dk &&dS if 'g[m wu,fvaHk vmufwhJ tcsed f
yg? tcktcsed rf mS usaemfw@dk jrefrmEkid if &H J h wu,f tajymif;tvJtwGuu f dk bmawGvt dk yf
aevJæ´ wlnrD a_ wGudk b,fv&dk mS rvJ æ´
usaemfw@dk wkid ;f &if;om;awG&@J v_y&f mS ;cJ&h wJh uGjJ ym;aewJh uGjJ ym;r_awGudk b,fv&dk mS
26
ud_k yHK;csdK
“ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm usaemfwkd@EkdifiHu jynfolawG[m zdESdyfr_/

wm;jrpfr/_ uef@owfcsuaf wGatmufrmS ra=ureyfe@J &ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;cJ&h +y;D
'Drauseyfcsuaf wG tm;vk;H [m 8888 vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_}u;D tjzpf odoo d mom
ay:ayguv f mcJ&h w,fæææ”
“ra=ueyfcsuaf wG/ wm;jrpfyw d yf ifra_ wGudk &ke;f uefaz:xkwjf y
ovk d u f w mygyJ ? ol w k d & J h &if x J r S m ES p f a ygif ; rsm;pG m rsKd o d y f c J h & wJ h /
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmrsKdodyfxm;&wJh rauseyfr_}uD;ukd wcJeuf xkwfaz:
jyovku d w f hJ yG}J uD;vk@d ,lqygw,fæææ”
ud_k yHK;csdK
Ekid rf vJqw dk hJ trsK;d om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf vufawG@usus
wu,f ajz&Si;f Ekid zf @dk 'Dru dk a&pD tiftm;pkawGrmS vnf; wm0ef&o dS vkd
wkdif;&if;om; jynfoltiftm;pkawG/ ppfwyf tiftm;pkawGrSmvnf;
wu,fu h dk wm0ef &Syd gw,f? 'gawGudk usaemfw@dk wu,f&atmif
vkyaf qmifomG ;zk@d &Spq f ,f&h pS f &Spaf v;vk;H ausmif;om;awG taeeJ@
vkyo f ifv
h yk xf udk w
f mukd
qufvuf vkyaf qmifomG ;zk@d udk tqifoif&h aSd e=uw,fæææ?”
aX;ºu,
G f
27
*sifrD
1988 'Dru kd a&pD v_y&f mS ;rlqw kd mu u|eaf wmfw@kd jrefrmedik if H

tajymif;tvJwckujkd zpfapwJh umvtydik ;f tjcm;oufouf r[kwyf eJ @J
urBmhordkif; a&pD;a=umif;rSm ajymif;vJapwJh umvtydkif;tjcm;wck
jzpf a ewmud k ; Asmh / jzpf a ewJ h t wG u f 'D j ref r med k i f i H w G i f o mrubl ;
urBmeh ikd if t
H oD;oD;wGirf mS yg u|eaf wmfw@kd 'Dtxl;ojzifah ygAh sm ta&S@wdik ;f
edkifiHawGaygh?
aemuf ta&S@Oa&my pojzi hf edik if aH wGrmS 'Dru kd a&pD awmif;qdk
r_awG jzpf+yD;awmhwurBmvHk; twdkif;twmeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;rl}uD;
ay:aygufvmw,f?tJh'Dawmh u|efawmfwdk@aemufrS 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;
rlawGjzpfwhJ edik if aH wGu 'Dru kd a&pD &oGm;+y;D awmh &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D
wedkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmeJ@ toufawGay;qyf+yD;/ aoa=u+yD;awmh
aoG;eJ@ac|;eJ@a&;ae&wJh jrefrmedkifiH[m ,ae@ tcsdeftxd bma=umifh
r&ao;ovJ qdw k hJ tcsu[ f m tawmfukd pdw0f ifpm;p&m aumif;w,f qdw k hJ
tcsuw f ckjzpfw,fv@kd u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f ,f?
bmjzpfv@kd vJqakd wmh 88 rSmvJ ay;qyfcw hJ ,f tckvaJ wmuf
avsmuf ay;qyfae&wkef;yJ tJ'gu tJ'D&J@teSpfom&[maygh/ tJh'DteSpf
om&[m u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf 'gtaumif; qH;k wckukd vkyaf y;aew,fqw kd hJ
&_@axmifu h =unfrh ,fqw kd hJ u|eaf wmfw@kd tJ'h v
D kd cef@rSe;f vd@k &w,f?
bmjzpfv@kd vJqakd wmh 'Dru kd a&pD tJ....u|eaf wmf em;vnf
xm;wmuawmh.... r*~if&Spfyg;udk rusif}uHyJeJ@ edAŠmefr&Edkifovdk
'Drukd a&pD usiphf Ofukd rusi}hf uHyeJ @J 'Drukd a&pD r&edik bf ;l qdwk hJ t,ltqwckukd
ajymcsifwmyg?
28
'Dae&mrSm xyf+y;D awmh tav;teuf ajymcsiw f mu 'Dru kd a&pD

azmfaqmifay;ygr,fv@kd ajymaewJh 'Dppftm%m&Sif ppftpd;k &[mvnf;
'Dru kd a&pDusiphf Ofukd wu,fusi}hf uHz@kd ol@rSm tpDtpOfr&db S ;l //
r&d S w J h t wG u f v nf ; 'D r d k u a&pD e d k i f i H u d k v nf ; razmf b l ;
tvm;wlyJu|efawmfwdk@ twdkuftcH tiftm;pkawGuvJ/ 'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;pkawGuvnf; 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd tm;vH;k nDnD !Gw! f w G ef @J
ydik yf ikd ef ikd ef ikd u f si}hf uH tm;xkwef ikd zf @kd vdak eao;w,fv@kd u|eaf wmfjrifw,f?
tJh'gbmvJ qdkawmh u|efawmfwdk@wifrubl; 'Dtypftcwf
&yfpJxm;wJh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pk tzGJ@tpnf;awG aemuf+yD;awmh
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkawG/ u|efawmfwdk@u 'Dwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawGeJ@
zG@J pnf;xm;wJh edik if u H ;kd As? tJh 'Dawmh (MAJORITY)) awGu;kd As/ vlenf;pkawG
ayghAsm?
tJh'Dawm h'Dvlenf;pkawG tygt0ifu|efawmfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pD
v_y&f mS ;aeolawG tm;vH;k [m wnDw!Gwx f eJ @J 'Drukd a&pDusiphf Ofwckukd
wnfaqmufz@kd vw kd ,f qdw k mudk tJ'gukd odz@kd
ta&;}uD;r,fv@kd usaemfxifw,f?
tJ'D 'Dru kd a&pDusiphf Of&@J teSpcf sKyfu bmvJv@kd ar;r,fq, kd if
( DIALOGUE)) yJAsm? 'di k,f mavmhyJ wu,fjy\emwpk pka0;/ qHak wG@/
qHk;jzwf/ ajz&Sif;wJh 'dkif,mavmhwck ay:aygufzdk@ vdkaew,f? tJh'D
'dik ,f mavmh ,mOfaus;rl jiif;y,faeor# umvygwv f ;kH [m u|eaf wmfw@kd
edik if rH mS 'Dru kd a&pDe@J tvSr;f a0;aetH;k r,fv@kd u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f ,f?
tJ'h aD wmh 'dik , f mavmhqw kd m ,Ofaus;odraf rG@whJ vl@tv$m
awGu toH;k jyKwehJ nf;vrf;wckyg? 'Dru kd a&pD&@J teSpo f m&vnf; jzpfw,f?
tJ'h gukd wu,fvufcH usio hf ;kH edik zf @kd twGuu f kd ,ae@teSp (f 20) eD;yg; 'Drkd
ua&pDvy_ &f mS ;rl@udk &ke;f uefvyf&mS ;ae&wJh u|eaf wmfw@kd jrefrmedik if u H
ppftpd;k &aum/ u|eaf wmfw@kd 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkawG&,f/ wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsK;d pkawGyg 0dik ;f 0ef;}udK;yrf;zd@k vdw k ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f ,f?
*sifrD
29
udkjrat;
uwW & mvrf ; awG u d k wl ; qG v S e f = unf h v d k u f r ,f q d k & if

jrefrmedik if aH &;ordik ;f rSm pGe@f vw G cf w
hJ hJ ausmif;om;awG&@J aoG;pufawGe@J
jynfEh u
S af erSm trSeb f ?J
'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm wdwdvif;vif;eJ@ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
jywf j ywf o m;om; ajymcsif w mu ausmif ; om;awG [ m
awmufavsmuf jrefrmedkifiHa&; ordkif;avmurSm 1920 up+yD;
ausmif;om;ta&; twGuf wpfckwnf; vkyfcJhwm r[kwfyJeJ@
trsK;d om;a&;wm0efukd usaemfw@kd ajymcsiyf gw,f?
tvm;wlygbJ ,ckusaemfwdk@awG[m udk,f@&J@ykcHk;ay:rSm
usa&mufaewJh jrefrmjynfol w&yfv;kH vdck siw f hJ jynfou l wdu k &f u
kd f
rJay;+yD; jynfou l ud, k u
f =H urRm ud, k zf efw;D csiw f t hJ wGuf a&G;cs,f
xm;wJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wGu wqift h pd;k &w&yf zG@J pnf;+yD;tkycf sKyfwhJ
'Drdkua&pD ppfppf tpdk;&w&yf ay:aygufvmatmif 88rsKd;quf
ausmif;om;rsm;taeeJ@ rqkwrf epfaom vH;k veJ@ usaemfw@kd &do S r#
usaemfw@kd ud, k pf rG ;f / Om%fprG ;f &do S r# tm;vH;k usio hf ;kH +yD; }udK;pm;oGm;
r,f qdw k mudk 8888 "dXmeftjzpf wdwv d if;vif; usaemfw@kd ajymcsif
ygw,f?
30
tHhbG,fausmf
useG af wmfwkd h taeeJu h awmh &Spaf v;vH;k qdw k mudak rhjypfvkd h r&ovdk usew f u hJ saemf
wdk &h hJ movement awG / u|eaf wmfwkd h tm;vH;k =udK;pm;cJ&h wJh revolution tajctae t
&yf&yfuv kd nf; 'Dae&mrSm usaemfw@d u k revolution qdw k hJ pum;vH;k udk oH;k &jcif;ta=umif;
t&if;u / usaemfwkd h (r q v) udk awmfveS f ykeu f efc=hJ upOf tajctaeuwnf;u revolu-
tion qdw k phJ um;vH;k udk oH;k cJw
h myg? 'Duae h 'Dtcsed rf mS usaemfwkd hrevolution [m qdw k hJ
pum;vH;k udrk oH;k ygb;l ?
'Dae h 'Dtcsed rf mS trsKd ;om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;qdw k hJ taetxm;rsKd ;udk oH;k wJh
tajctaerSm usaemfw@kd udk vl&mroGi;f wJh yHpk rH sKd ;cHpm;&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd quf+yD;
}udK;pm;oGm;ygrh ,f? usaemfwkd h taeeJu h awmh wdik ;f jynfukd +idr;f csr;f pGm ul;ajymif;a&;qdw k hJ
tpOfajyr_twGuf qufvufjyD; =udK;pm;oGm;OD;rSmyg?
tcktrsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd wpfzufowf =udK;pm;aewJh etz tpd;k &taeeJh b,fvykd J
vkyv f yk f usaemfwkd h taeeJu h awmh wpfzufowf qdw k mudk vH;k 0 vufrcHEikd yf gb;l ? tJ'h v D kd
vufrcHEikd af yr,fh usaemfwkd h taeeJu h awmh 'dik , f mavmhjyD;awm ah emufwpfck (tqifajyEdik f
p&m) ajyap&m ta=umif;awGukd usaemfwkd h qufjyD;t&if;cH =udK;pm;OD;rSm jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Dae@ usaemfwkd h ud, k w f ikd u
f vl t h cGit hf a&;awG csKd ;azgucf aH e&wmudk
usaemf w d k @ onf ; cH a rwW m xm;ygw,f ? bma=umif h v nf ; qd k a wmh wpf r sd K ;om;vH k ;
tusKd ;twGuyf g?
'gayr,fh aocsmwmwpfcu k kd ajym&&if 'Duae@h trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd usaemfwkd h vufrcHyg?
'gukd ajym0Hoh vdk jzpfay:vmr,fh tusKd ;qufuv kd J &J0phH mG cH&yJ gw,f? t&m&mrSm
wzufowfqefrt _ ay: usaemfw@kd vH0k vufrcHyg? bma=umifv h qJ akd wmh &Spaf v;vH;k &J@ tajc
taeZpfjrpfuu kd wzuowf t"rRajz&Si;f r_ukd vufrcHwhJ ordik ;f rd@k vd@k yg?
31
aZmfaZmfatmif
,Ofaus;odrahf rG@aom vl@tzG@J tpnf;qDudk OD;wnfomG ;ae=uwJh urBm}u;D rSm&ufpuf
&kid ;f pkid ;f / ,kwrf mr_awGudk vufrcH=uawmhwm[m vluw dk efz;dk xm;r_/ vlom;tcsi;f csi;f pmemwwf
r_tay: wnfryDS gw,f? vl@orkid ;f pmrsuEf mS awGudk jyefveS =f unfv h u dk &f if tepfemcHra_ wG a=uuGJ
p&mawG/ ay;qyfcrhJ a_ wG xJuygy?J qifu h w J ;dk wuf jzpfpOfawG[m 'Dtwkid ;f ygy?J
urBmo h rkid ;f pmrsuEf mS rSm wkid ;f /Ekid if eH @J jynfoal wG toD;oD;&Scd =hJ uykt H ay:rSm Ekid if w
H Ekid if H
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aumif;cJ&h if tJ'h w D idk ;f jynf/ vlrsK;d /Ekid if o
H l Ekid if o
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tkycf sKyfjcif;eJ@}uKHawG@ cHpm;=u&+yq D &dk if tJ'h D wkid ;f /Ekid if rH mS vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;Hk edru hf somG ;+y;D /
vlr@_ tedÏm&kaH wG[m wpwpavmif+rKduaf ewJh awmrD;ukd ta0;ujrif&ovkd ajcoHvpHk mG eJ@
jrefqefveG ;f +yD; 0ifa&mufvmwJh twd&'kuQ tukov dk w f &m;awG jzpfvmapw,f?
ArmhEidk if o
H rkid ;f pmrsuEf mS rSmawmh“1962ckEpS rf wfv(2)&ufae@ræ S ckEpS æ
f v(æ)&ufae@
txd Akv d af e0if;eJ@ taygi;f tyg ppf0g'aD wG tkycf sKyfco hJ nfv@dk ææ” wa=umif;xJyJ a&;vku d &f if
usaemftxufrmS ajymcJw h o
hJ rkid ;f pmrsuEf mS wck jywfjywfom;om; a&;vk@d &ygw,f?
trdwidk ;f jynfudk ppfreS w f hJ wu,fah pwemw&m;eJ@ aumif;pm;apcsiw f /hJ omwlnrD #
qk;d wlaumif;zuf trSew f u,fwu,f arwWmapwem tjynft h 0&Sw d hJ 'Drudk a&pDtpk;d &w&yf
ay:xGef;vmonfhwkdif jyefvnfwnfaqmuf,l&rJh pdwf&Snfonf;cHpGm oabmxm;}uD;}uD;
&Si;f vif;&rJah &;&mawG[m ESp(f 50) pm temwjcm;/ aq;wjcm; rjzpfz@dk awmfawmf}uD;ukd
32
*&kpu dk =f u&rSmjzpfw,f?'ga=umifh tjyeftvSeef m;vnfr/_ &kid ;f yif;ulnrD /_ oifyek ;f acsra_ wGe@J

ukpm;=u&if tJ'h t D csed u f p+y;D orkid ;f pmrsuEf mS aumif;w&Guf uAŠn;f xk;d I a&;xk;d Ekid yf gvrd rhf ,fv@dk
,k=H unfygw,f?
q&m}u;D '*kew f m&m&J h 1990avmufrmS a&;cJw h hJ “ aysmah jymif;jcif;eJ@ oefprG ;f jcif;”
qkwd hJ aqmif;yg;av;ukd trSww f & owd&jcif;eJ@twl jyefpOf;pm; cHpm;rdygw,f? yk;d }uK;d av;wrsiê f
&,f/ nGwaf jymif;wJh }urd af v;wacsmif;&,fe@J pkpnf;xm;wJh av;tdraf v;wck? 0g;ukd aoaocsm
csm oyfxm;wJh jrêm;wacsmif;æææ? tJ'h gawG[m aysmah jymif;wJt h &mawGe@J zG@J pnf;xm;wm
jzpfayrJh av;tdrx f u J dk jrmê ;xnfyh pfvw $ w f thJ cg vk&d mta0;eJ@ xkwjf cif;cwfEidk yf gw,f? csed o f m;
uku d cf sed qf ypfvw $ w f t hJ cg vk&d mta0;eJ@ xkwjf cif;cwfEidk yf gw,f? csed o f m;uku d f csed q
f ypfcwf
wwfr_ twwfynmawmh vkyd gw,f? rmausmw,fqw dk hJ t&mwck[m ol@xufrmausmw,f
qkw d t hJ &meJ@awG@&if usK;d ysuo f mG ;wwfygw,f?
Akv
d af e0if;eJ@ ol@taygi;f tygawG tm%m&l;oGyrf /_ rku d rf pJ mG usi}hf ucH rhJ a_ wG[m &Spaf v;
vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D rSmpkpnf;wJ/h nDnw G w f /hJ jynfow l &yfv;Hk &J ah ysmah jymif;+y;D oefprG ;f wJ+h ird ;f csr;f
pGm qENjyzGichf swu dk yf rJG mS ppfbv D ;l &J rh suEf mS zk;H uGmus ajrccJ&h ygw,f?
1990 arv (27) &ufae@rmS ygwpD Hk 'Dru dk a&pDa&G;aumufy}JG u;D uko d w l @dk &@J wpfygwtD m
%m&Sipf epfudk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D usi;f yay;cJ&h w,f? tJ'h t D csed u f t"rRxyfrH tm%modr;f +y;D tpk;d &
jzpfvmwJh (e-0-w) OuUXjzpfwhJ Akv d cf sKy}f u;D apmarmifu vGwv f yf+y;D w&m;rsw ê wJh a&G;aumufyJG
jzpfap&r,fqw dk hJ ol@tawG;/ol@todw&m;eJ@“a&G;aumufyrJG mS tEkid &f wJyh gwu D dk tm%mtyfz@dk
Oya't& *wday;ygw,f? +yD;&ifusaemfw@dk ppfwyfppfwef;vsm;jyefr,f? tajccHOya'a&;qGJ
wmusaemfw@dk tvkyrf [kwb f ;l ? cifAsmwk@d bmoma&;=u? usaemfw@dk orkid ;f w&m;cHtjzpf
rcHEidk b f ;l ”vk@d ppfwyf&@J &mxl;t}uD;qk;H acgi;f aqmifwa,muftaeeJ@ ajymcJw h ,f?
tJ'D tusKd ;quf&@J aemufrmS Adv k cf sKyf=u;D apmarmif[m &l;oGyo f w l pfa,muftjzpf
usepf pf0g'aD wGu, kd pf m; axmufvrS ;f a&;rSL;csKyf Adv k cf ifneG @&f @J jzKwfxw k o f wfjcif;ukd cHc@J &
w,fr[kwv f m;// Adv k af e0if; tarGcH usepf pf0g'aD wG[m tckcsed t f xd jynfoal wG&@J qENjzpfw@J
1990 a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd vdrv f nfvn S jhf zm;r_trdsK;rsKd ; jcdr;f ajcmuf+zdKcGrJ t _ zHzk kH &ufpuf=urf;
=uKwfr_ toDoeD @J a&SmifvaJG e=ujyD;/ ppfwyfwpfwyf tm%mwnf+rJEikd af &;udk tywfwukwf
}uKd ;pm;pdwu f ;l ,Ofae=uwke;f yg//
'gawG[m Adv k af e0if;av@usihf arG;jrLoif=um;aycJ@w@J ed*;kH rvSw@J zo J ;kH csyuf pm;enf;
awGyg// 'DrmS wify=J um;zl;cJ@v@kd rSwrf w S , f , &Sw d @J ta=umif;tcsuaf v; wckuo kd wd&rdw,f//
wckaom npmpm;yGrJ mS tvHeD ocifp;kd &J@ pum;yg// Adv k af e0if;[m zJo;kH csyo f rm;wJ@ ,ae@vuf
33
&Sd ppf0g'aD wG[m Adv k af e0if;&J@ t&dyu f akd wmif reif;&Jb;l wJ@ om;wynfah jr;awGyg// 'Dvakd ecJ@w@J
Advk af e0if;vnf; wrvGeb f 0udk vufcsKd ;a&vd@k &wJ@val vmufe@J b0ajymif;cJ@ &jyD;ygjyD//
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy=kH uD;[m (18) ESpaf wmif&cdS @J yg+yD// b,fvakd jym&rSe;f rodw@J
a=uuG0J rf;enf;p&mawGe@J jzwfausmv f mcJ@&wJ@ umvwpfcyk g// rae@wae@uvdyk gb/J / rSwrf w S &&
&Spaf v;vH;k ae@ra&mufcif wpfywfavmuftvdrk mS wqif@pum;wqif@ eJ@ 0g;&Hyk ifawGrmS 0g;yef;
awGyiG @f aewm wtm;yJw@J wdu k w f ukd q f ikd q
f ikd f oli,fcsi;f awGpak ewJ@ tdro f mG ;wJ@ae@u olw@kd jc&H @J
w+cHausmrf mS &Sw d @J 0g;&Hyk if oH;k av;&H&k w dS ,f// [kww f ,fAsm0g;yef;awGyiG @f aevdu k w f mazG;vd@k av?
0g;awGyiG @f wm[m rif;ajymif;rif;vGJ jzpfwwfw,f jynfysuw f wfw,f wJ?h 'gukd oli,fcsi&f @J
taruu ajymwm// xyfajymao;w,f// om;wd@k o=d uvm; “*”i,fo;kH ck Oo#px f /k / ouU&mZf
888 ckEpS rf if;=u;D od[ k efbmG ; vufxufrmS tif;0ysucf @J b;l w,f/ om;wd@k ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
awG a=unmxm;wJ@&pS af v;vH;k [m 0g;awGyiG @f aewJ@twGuf jzpfEikd w f ,f h h w h @J //
tJ'rD mS wif usaemfw@kd oli,fcsi;f &J@ tarudrk av;pm;bJraeEdik af tmifjzpfrw d ,f//
oli,fcsi;f taru txufwef;jy (yifpifpm;) wpfa,mufjzpfw,f// tJ'n D uoli,fcsi;f awG
(8888) twGuf rwf/ ZGef ausmif;om;vyf&mS ;r_ tawG@t}uHKawG ajymjzpfc@J =uw,f//
1988 ckEpS rf wfv (13) &ufae@rmS &efuek pf ufrwuUov kd xf u J kd rqvppftpd;k &&J@ &J/
vHx k ed ;f wyfawG 0ifa&mufp;D eif; t=urf;zufra_ =umif@ pufrw _ uUov kd f yOPrESpaf usmif;om;
udzk ek ;f armf usq;kH jy;D udpk ;kd Edik yf g xyfru H sq;kH cJ@&r_/ ausmif;olausmif;om;awG 'g%&f mtajrmuf
trsm;eJ@ErdS ef if;cH&r_ owif;udk ausmif;om;avmu/ jynfoal vmurSmowif;qd;k jzpfc@J &jyD;
awmif;qdk qENjyr_awG[m wuUov kd af usmif;awGrmS jzpfay:cJ@ygw,f/ rwfv udzk ek ;f armfusq;kH
wJ@ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ usaemfu wwd,ESpf (ordik ;f ) ausmif;om;yg/ tJ'w D ek ;f u bGEJ iS ;f obif
cef;ra&S@rmS pk=u/ RC (2) udk toGm; jynfvrf;r=uD;ay:rSm/ tif;vsm;uefabmifa&S@ ta&muf
usaemfw@kd ausmif;om;aw (G 3000) avmuf&w dS ,f// vHx k rd ;f wyfawG 0ifa&muf&u kd ef uf+y;D t"rR
+R zdKcGi;f jcif; arv (2&)&ufae@ bke;f armf oj*dKvfr@J ae@rmS &efuek w f uUov kd 0f if;twGi;f usaemfw@kd
pkpnf;qHkjzpfcJh=uw,f// ausmif;om;xktm;vHk; reuf(9) em&DavmufrSmwif (1000)
ausmaf vmuf pkrad e+y;D /bek ;f armfukd ae@vnf (1) em&DrmS }uaH wmrSm o+*Kd vrf ,fv@kd a=unmxm;
jyD; tJ'rD euf (8) em&Dcef@rmS wmarGoo k mefrmS rD;o+*dKvfvu kd =f uw,fv@kd owif;&cJ@=uw,f//
tJ'DtcsdefrSm &efukefwuUodkvf&J@ RC a&S@rSm usaemfwdk@w&m;yGJawGpae+yD
ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ t&Sed u f pkd wifaeyg+yD RC &J@acgirf ;kd ay:rSm w&m;a[mcJ@=uw,f? tJ'v D ekd @J
bJ RC &J@ tay:rSm wd;k wufaom wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;tzG@J (wwz) udk zG@J jzpfc@J w,f//
tJ't D csed rf mS tif;vsm;vrf;/ wuUov kd &f yd o
f mvrf;/ jynfvrf;rawGrmS vHx k ed ;f wyf(1)
wyf/ olw@kd aemufrmS ppfwyf (1) wyf 0dik ;f xm;=u+yD;/ jynfvrf;ray:uae toHcs@J pufe@J (1)
34
em&DaemufqHk;xm;jyD; ausmif;0ef;xJu xGufay;zdk@ a=unmaeygw,f// usaemfwdk@u
ausmif;0ef;xJrmS ud, k @f tvkyu f kd qufae=uqJ/ wcsKd @vnf; xGuo f mG ;=ueJ@ &Sad ewke;f (wwz)
aumfrwD0if r,k,ak rmf (Oya' t"duausmif;ol) u “eifw@kd a,muFsm;awG r[kwb f ;l vm;/
xrde0f wfxm;=uygvm;” vd@k atmfajymaeawm@ wcsKd @vnf;awGa0pGmeJ@ &Sad ewke;f / ppfum;ay:u
toHcs@J puf&@J jrefjrefxu G af y;=uzd@k qlnaH e=uwke;f ausmif;om;xkxrJ S qH;k jzwfcsuw f pfcx k u
G f
vmw,f//tm;vH;k pDwef;+yD; ausmif;xJrmS wywf ywftav;jyK+yD; tjyifuckd sw D uf=ur,fayg@
wywfrjynfch ifrmS yJ ppfwyfu 0ef;&Hv#uf vHx k ed ;f awG twif;0ifa&muf&u kd Ef u
S f ygawm@w,f//
'Dvekd @J emusirf al ygi;f pHu
k kd cHpm;=u&&if; vHx k rd ;f um; tjym}u;D udpk ;D um usaemfw@kd wawG
tif;pdeo f ;D oef@axmifo@kd a&mufc@J =u&w,f/ &du k Ef u S n f iS ;f yef;cHxm;&vd@k aysm@acGred ;f armae=u
wke;f aemufwae@ xd;k ESu/f &du k cf wfoaH wG/ atmf[pfqn l o H aH wGe@J aoG;oH&&J J 'g%&f myvyG ud, k f
pD vlawGxyfraH &muf&dS vmygawm@w,f// &efuek af q;&H}k u;D u vlawGe@J AvDwuf+y;D jyefvmwJh
rGwpf vifvrl sKd ;awG trsm;pkjzpfw,f? olw@kd ajymjycsut f & ausmif;om;awGukd t=urf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f
r_awGukd rauseyf=uwJ@ t&yfo/l t&yfom;awG[m odr=f uD;aps;&H}k uD;udk rD;&SKd @umcsw D ufqEN
jyr_a=umif@ zrf;qD;eSyd pf uf cH=u&wmyg// tJ'rD mS awm@ i,fao;vd@k udw k ikd rf yg0ifc@J &ayr,fh usaemf
tazvdu k v f jH yovd@k jrifc@J ocd @J &wJ@ 1974 ZGef tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_/ 'DZifbmOD;oef@ta&;tcif;
1975 ZGef tvkyo f rm;ESpyf wfvnf ta&;awmfykH aoG;pGe;f r_/ ae0ifr;D +ird ;f nrxGu&f rm&S,af vm
Oya'awG/ jynfoal wGukd zdEydS &f ufpuf ESrd ef if;r_awGukd ydrk kd em;vnfwwfvmw,f//
'Dvekd @J 1988 ZGev f ausmif;awG jyefziG @f jcif;ESi@f twl &efuek w f uUov kd f (yifr) rSm,ck
jynfwiG ;f ESi@f jynfya&muf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG[m Edik if aH &;tESpo f m& tjynft h 0eJ@
ZGe f ausmif;om;vyf&mS ;r_}u;D udk o,faqmifEikd cf @J =u&if;/ jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;
'Drf ukd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_ tpnf;t&H;k (rup) udk zG@J pnf;cJ@=u+yD;/ 8888 ae@ukd jynforl sm;ESi@f twl
o,faqmifEikd cf =hJ uw,f//
(9/ 8/ 88) &uf/ (10/ 8/ 88) &ufawGrmS rqv ppftpd;k &&J@ &ufpuf&rf;um;pGmypfcwf
owfjzwfErdS ef if;r_awG/ aq;&H=k u;D / ql;avbk&m; pwJah e&mawGrmS aoG;pGe;f cJ=h u&+y;D ausmif;om;xk
taejzif@rqv ppftpd;k &qef@usiaf &; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ ydpk wmrsm;jzef@a0umausmif;om;
tiftm;udk jyefvnfppk nf;v#uf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf w&m;0if
jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD (&efuek w f uUov kd rf sm; ausmif;om;or*~) udk (24/8/88) ae@&ufrmS pwif
zG@J pnf;um/ (28/ 8/88) &ufae@wiG f &efuek w f uUov kd f (yifr) &Sd ausmif;om;or*~ jrufcif;jyif
(Adv k af e0if;wd@k ppftyk pf k 1962 ckZeG v f ikd f (8) &ufae@wiG f azmufczJG suq f ;D vdu k af om ae&m)
rSm pepfwus tcrf;tem;jzifh zG@J pnf;taumiftxnf azmfcyhJ gw,f//
'Dtcrf;tem;rSm usaemfu tcrf;em;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf +hJ yD;/ OuUX rif;udEk ikd /f 'k
35
OuUX(1) udu k =kd u;D / taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; rd;k oD;ZGe/f wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;(1) 0if;rd;k /
wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (2) atmifEdkif wdk@tm; wifajrSmufwm0ef,lcJh=uw,f/
Edik if w
H Ekid if rH mS +ird ;f csr;f a&;ZHk y&0%fqw kd m &Syfd gw,f// 'D+ird ;f csr;f a&; y&0%fawGxrJ mS vufeufe@J
ypfcwfowfjzwfzdk@rajymeJ@ vufeufudkifjyD;awmhawmifr0if&ygbl; ppfrufjzpfyGg;aewJh
umvrSmawmif oufqikd &f m tm%mydik af wGtaeeJ@ apmifx h rd ;f &w,f/ umuG,&f ygw,f//
ArmEdik if &H @J jzpfpOfrmS &efuek pf ufrwuUov kd /f &efuek w f uUov kd t
f jyifuckd sw
D uf=ur,f
ayg@// wywfrjynfch ifrmS yJ ppfwyfu0ef;&Hv#u v f xkH ed ;f awG[m ynma&;y&0%f/ aq;&H}k u;D qdw k hJ
use;f rma&; y&0%f/ a&$w*d b kH &k m;/ ql;avbk&m; qdw k hJ bmoma&;y&0%fawGrmS ppftpd;k &&J@
ypfcwf&rf;um;r_[m v@, l Ofaus;r_/ vl@*% k o f ud mQ awGukd csKd ;azmuf+y;D olw@kd tyk cf sKyfra_ tmufu
e,fajrrSeo f r#ukd ppfajrjyif/ ppfwvif;vdk oabmxm;w,fqw kd m xif&mS ;ygw,f//
aemif qlqyl yl v l yk &f if ppfwyfqw kd m aoewfuykd pf&if rd;k ay:axmifrypfb;l // wJw h hJ
ypfw,fqw kd @J vl&rf;um; vl,w k Af v kd af e0if;&J@ wdik ;f jynfuakd =ujimajymt+y;D / ausmif;om;xkawG
jynfo h v
l x l ak wG=um;rSm (ud)k edik jf refrm&J@ oD;csi;f [m rd;k xHvscH yhJ gw,f?
“urBm@ra=ubl;....igw@kd aoG;eJ@a&;cJ&h wJah rmfueG ;f awG....awmfveS af &;....
'Dru kd a&pD wdu k yf t JG wGi;f rSmusq;kH aom....a=omf ol&aJ umif;wdak &....
tmZmenfawGaewJw h ikd ;f jynf....&J&aJ wmuf 'd@k ArmawG....”
(8888 )jynfoal wG[m or*~awG/ nD!w $ af &;wyfaygi;f pkawGukd zG@J pnf;edik cf =hJ uw,f?
Auorsm;tzG@J csKy(f ,m,D) udak wmh rqv ppftpd;k &uae+y;D ausmif;om;or*~ zG@J pnf;
jcif;eSihf ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; wd@k twGuw f uUov kd q
f &m
rsm; or*~OuUX jrefrmpmyg armuQ q&m}uD;OD;pHwifrS wqifu h rf;vSr;f cJah omfvnf; Auorsm;
tzG@J csKyf(,m,D) rS rqv wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf wnf&Sd aeor# umvywfv;Hk ausmif;om;
or*~onf vGwv f yfpmG wnf&aSd eEkid rf nfr[kw?f ausmif;om;or*~ zG@J pnf;ay;jcif;udk vufcH
vdrrhf nfr[kwf jynforl sm; vdv k m;awmifw h v#uf &daS om'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH u;D Y jynforl sm;
eSit hf wl vufwGJ aqmif&u G of mG ;rnf jzpfa=umif;/ A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzGJ h Auorsm;tzG@J csKyf
(,m,D) qdjk yD; a=ujimcsuu f kd q&m}uD; OD;pHwifrw S qifh tJ'h t D csed u
f rqvorRw a'guw f m
armifarmifxH jywfom;pGm jyef=um;cJ+h y;D ? jrefrmedik if 'H rD u kd a&pD ta&;awmfy}kH u;D twGuf Auo
rsm;tzG@J csKyf (,m,D) ABFSUtaejzifh ordik ;f ay; trsKd ;om;a&;wm0efukd ausyeG pf mG qufvuf
xrf;aqmifc@J =uygw,f//
tJ'Daemuf EdkifiHawmftwGif;rSm jzpfysufajymif;vJ jzpfay:r_awGeJ@rqvppfwyfrS
t=urf;zufI EdkifiHawmftm%modrf;,lrnfudk }udKwifodjrif cef@rSef;od&Sd=uI Auo
rsm;tzGJ@csKyf(,m,D)udk toGifo¿efoHk;rsdK;cGJum wm0ef,l=uzdk@ pDpOf=uw,f/ /ajray: Y
36
Edik if aH &;ygww D &yftoGijf zifh “vl@abmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw”D (DPNS)/ ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m
ausmif;om;or*~rsm; tzG@J csKyf (ABFSU) wd@k jzpfjyD;/ usew f zG@J rmS xdik ;f jrefrm e,fpyfa'o
oGm;um a'otoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESif@ yl;aygif;um ausmif;om;wyfrawmf
(ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D (ABSDF) udk azmfaqmifc=hJ uw,f?
usaemfu ABFSU rSm pnf;&H;k a&; A[dak umfrwDOuUX tjzpf a&G;cs,w f m0efay;
cH&jyD;/rif;udkEdkif OuUX/ udkudk=uD; 'kOuUX/ twGif;a&;r_; ndkxGef;wdk@ ausmif;om;tvHudk
qufvufviG @f c@Jh =uygw,f// 1989 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v D (7) &ufae@rmS ae@rmS wuUov kd af umvdy/f
ody`H/ tajccHynmausmif;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD;wdk@rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; (2) OD;uspD yg0ifum Auorsm;tzG@J csKyf ( ,m,D) udk uspv f pfpmG zG@J pnf;cJo h nf?
'dru kd a&pDa&;/ trsKd om;a&;/jidr;f csr;f a&;wm0efrsm;udk jynforl sm;qENEiS t hf nD OD;vnfrokef
xrf;aqmifc=hJ uonf//
1989 ckEpS f rwfv(13)&ufae@rmS bke;f armfEpS yf wfvnfae@tcrf;tem;udk &efuek pf ufr_
wuUov kd af usmif;0ef;xJrmS ausmif;om;/ vli,f/ tvkyo f rm;/ v,form; tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;
ESihf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS tiftm;rsm; pkaygi;f nDnw G pf mG jzifh usi;f ycJ+h y;D Edik if aH &;awmif;qdrk r_ sm;ESihf
bke;f armf ESpyf wfvnf &ufowWywfvyf&mS ;r_ tjzpf/ udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;/udak tmif'ifw@kd EiS hf
twl/ vli,ftzG@J tpnf;a cgi;f aqmiftcsKd @ yl;aygi;f um +rdK@e,ftoD;oD;wGiw f &m;yGrJ sm;jyKvkyf
cJ=h uw,f// r=umcifrmS yJ Auorsm;tzG@J csKyfrS udrk if;udEk ikd u f kd rwfv(23)&ufae@/ udak tmif'if
udk {jyD(23)/ udu k =kd uD;udk {jyD (27)&ufrmS tzrf;cH&jyD;/ vlabmifopf ygwrD S udo k ufxeG ;f wd@k yg
{+yD (9) &ufrmS toD;oD; tzrf;cHchJ =u&w,f/ usew f hJ vli,facgi;f aqmifawGvJ toD;oD;tzrf;cH
=u&w,f/
1989 arv (19)& ufae@rmS rE aW v;wuUov kd f &wembkreRd ,fajr uOPe aqmifrmS
udrk if;aZ,sw@kd u jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~ jyefvnfz@JG pnf;a&;twGuf nDvmcH
w&yfusi;f ycJ@+yD;/ 1989 ar (20) ESi@f (21) &ufae@wiG f rE aW v;wuUov kd f tif;0 (9)cef;rrSm
ausmif;zGi@f a&;ESi@f ywfouf+y;D ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; nDvmcHukd usi;f yEdik cf =hJ u
onf/ ajrvwfa'oqdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; nDnw G af &;wyfaygi;f pk (runw) nDvmcHuv kd nf;
rauG;+rdK@e@J a&eHacsmif;+rdK@awGrmS ESp}f udru f si;f ycJ=h uygw,f// 'Dvekd @J ausmif;om;tzG@J rsm;pGmeJ@
trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfw@kd yl;aygi;f um ppfwyf&@J trde@f '*D &Dxw k jf yD; zdEyfdS rf a_ wGjyif;xefvm
wJt h wGuf “trsm;jynforl =unfjzLwJh rw&m;wJh trde@f tm%m[lor# wm0eft& zDqef=u”
qdw k hJ tm%mzDqefa&; v_y&f mS ;r_awG taumiftxnf azmfc=hJ uygw,f// tJ'v D y_ &f mS ;r_awG
a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf tygt0if/ tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;/ ausmif;om;vli,ftoD;oD;
rS acgi;f aqmifrsm; tusO;f axmifawGxJ a&mufuek =f uygw,f//
37
1990 ckEpS af rv (27) &ufae@rmS 'Dru kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; jyKvkyaf y;cJh
&+y;D trdsK;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS 82.05&mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzift h jywftowf tEdik &f +y;D jynfoal wG[m
olw@kd &@J qENukd &J&ifph mG xkwaf zmfjyocJyh gw,f// 'gayr,fh ,ae@ rsuaf rSmufacwf tcsed t f xd
ppftpd;k &taejzifh ESpaf ygi;f (18) ESpw f ikd af tmif jynfov l xl k w&yfv;kH &J@ qENvt kd yfcsuaf wGukd
rsufuG,fjyK+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'fudk taumiftxnf azmfay;a&;twGuf !SdE_dif;
aqG;aEG;tajz&Smjcif; rvkyyf J 4if;wd@k tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf _ trsKd ;rsKd ;awGom
qufvufvyk af qmif aewmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'Dvekd @J Armjynfo/l jynfom;awG[m rif;qd;k rif;
npfawG&@J vufxrJ mS qd;k 0g;r_tzHzk kH eJ@ vlr'_ u k Q tedÏm&Hak wGuo kd m awG@}uHKcHpm;ae=u&ygw,f?
'Dtcsed rf mS ppftpd;k &&J@ qd;k 0g;&ufpufvw S @J tusO;f axmiftoD;oD;rS 2004ckEpS f
Ed0k ifbm (19)&ufae@rmS udrk if;udEk ikd jf yefvw G v f mjyD;/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ udu k =kd uD;/ udak X;=uG,/f
udak Zmfrif;wd@k EiS hf tjcm;ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvm=ujyD; &if;ES;D
yGi@f vif;cspcf ifpmG jzif@ ,cifu Auo/ ruo eJ@ tjcm;trnfemrawGukd xm;cJ@=u+yD;jyefvnf
pkpnf;=uum vkt d yfaeaom jynfojl ynfom;awG&@J ta&;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef/ jzwfoef;cJh
=u&aom tawG@t}uHK cHpm;r_awGukd tajccHum “88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;rsm;” trnfjzifh
wdik ;f jynf&@J wm0efrsm;udk qufvufxrf;aqmifc@J =uygw,f//
8888 &J@pw d "f gwf 8888 &J@tarG[m jynfoal wG&@J awG@}uHKcHpm;r_ tedXg&akH wGtwGuf
qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifaerSmjzpfjyD; trdEikd if H 'Dru kd a&pD& &Sad &;twGu=f udK;yrf;ae=uwJ@ aqmif&u G f
ae=uwJ@ jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd yk*Kd~ vftoD;oD;/ tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;&J@ opPmw&m;a=umif@ yef;wdik f
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pDpOfaqmif&u G f wcsyw f jym;/ wyGi@f wvufazmfaqmif=uwJh 8888 pdw"f gwu f kd jyovdu k rf t
_ ay:
av;pm;*k%, f rl yd gonf//
ed*;kH taeeJ@ jynfoal wG qEN/ jynfo&l yfwnfcsujf zpfwhJ 1990 a&G;aumufyJG &v'fukd
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vsuf &Spaf v;vH;k pdw"f gwu f kd jrSiw
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(&S p f a v;vH k ; 18 ES p f a jrmuf trS w f w &)
(tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; twGJ 1/ trSwf 5 rS jyefvnfu;l ,laz: jyygonf)
38
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyt
kH wGi;f zG@J pnf;aqmif&u
G cf ahJ om General Strikes Committe rS
OuUX 2 udkoD[ wifhaqGESifh

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39
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40
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41
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t&nftcsi;f jynf@rjDS cif;r&d/S ovdk &Jo;kH &J pdw"f gwf vnf; r&SEd ifkd =f uvd@k ygy/J /
ar;- 88 umvrS m ausmif ; om;v_ y f & S m ;r_ u pjyD ; Ed k i f i H a &;tif t m;pk a wG 0 ef ; &H
vmw,f / /ausmif ; om; Ed k i f i H a &;tif t m;pk a wG u f k d jynf o l a wG u ,H k = unf j yD ;
taxGaxGoydwf=uD;rSm yg0ifvmcJ@w,f//1996 ckeSpf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm; r_[m 88
umvvdkyJ v_yf&Sm;EdkifcJ@jyD; bma=umif@ vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_txd ra&muf EdkifcJ@ovJ//
ajz
ajz- 88 u bma=umif@ atmifjrif&ovJqw kd mudk atmufygZ,m;eJ ah zmfjycsiw f ,f 1996
ckEpS f ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ vkyEf ikd af yr,f@ vlxb k ma=umif rh ygovJqw kd meJ@ ywfoufvkd h 88
a&S@yikd ;f ausmif;om; tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd jyefvnfo;kH oyfz@kd vdyk gw,f//Oyrm-62 Zlvikd f
7 &ufausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ 69 ausmif;om; u|e;f qG,f v_y&f mS ;r_/74ZGef 6 jynfv;kH u|wf
tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_/74 'DZifbm 11 &ufOD;oef@psmye ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_/75
tvkyform;ESpfywfvnf v_yf&Sm;r_/76 r_dif;&mjynf@ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_/'DwdkufyGJawG[m
ausmif;om; tvkyo f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;awG azmfaqmifEikd cf ahJ yr,fh bma=umihf 88 vdk rjzpfEikd cf Jh
ovJqw kd m oH;k oyfz@kd vdyk gw,f/ Armjynfordik ;f rSm 88ta&;awmfyrkH sKd ; 2 =urd o f m =uKH b;l ygw,f/
42
1) 1300jynf@ ta&;awmfykH
2) &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy(kH 1350 jynf@ ta&;awmfy)kH
'DEpS cf u
k kd qufpyfo;kH oyf&if Edik if w H umajymif;vJrE_ iS @f jynfwiG ;f ajymif;vJr_ qHck suf rdc@J =uwmudk
awG @ Ed k i f y gw,f / /'D v d k t cgrd s K;rS m acwf p epf a wG [ m =uD ; rm;wJ @ ajcvS r f ; =uD ; rsm;eJ @
twlwqpfcsd K;ajymif;oGm;wwf=uygw,f//
ar;-tck j ref r m@ta&; aqmif & G u f a eol a wG e J @ 'D r d k u a&pD wd k u f y G J 0 if a ewJ @
acgif ; aqmif a wG / tzG J @ tpnf ; 'D r d k 2006 eJ @ ywf o uf j yD ; twd k i f y if a c:/wd k u f y G J a c:
aewmeJ@ ywfowfjyD; 'Drdk 2006&J@tvm;tvmudkb,fvdkoHk;oyfcsifygovJ/
ajz
ajz-etz[m10 92xk w f j yef j yD ; trd s K;om;nD v mcH u d k u sif ; yzd k @ jyif q if j yD ; jynf w G i f ;
pD;yGg;a&; tajctae awGuEdk pS &f n S pf rD uH ed ;f csrwS jf yifqifw,f//'gayr,f@ q,fcEk pS f wpkpmvkyf
=unf@w,f//ratmifjrifbl;//EdkifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:wufzdk@ Road Map (7)csufudk
csrw S jf yD;Edik if aH wmfuakd &S@qufz@kd =udK;pm;aew,f/'Dtajctae [m bmeJ@ wlovJq&kd if 1974
ckEpS u f tajccHOya'csrw S zf @kd jyifqifaewJh Adv k af e0if;&J@ awmfveS af &; aumifpeD @J wlaew,f//
1974tajccHOya'udk twnfrjyKao;cifrmS Edik if aH &; tiftm;pkawG awmfveS af &;
tiftm;pkawG[m EkdifovdkxifcJ@ayr,f@ 1974 ZGef tvkyform;awGu qef@usifw,f//
1974'DZifbmrSmOD;oef@vy_ &f mS ;r_/ 1975 ZGet f vkyf orm;ESpyf wfvnf /1976 r_id ;f &mjynf'gawG
bma=umif@jzpf&o vJjynff olawG=um;rSmt=uyftwnf;aygi;f pHek @J &ifqikd af e&vd@k yjJ zpfw,f//
tckvnf;Armjynf jynfoal wG vlr'_ u k Q t=uyftwnf;aygi;f pHak wG@ae&w,f//etz uvnf;
Road Map 7-csuu f kd twnfjyK+y;D tajccHOya' udck srw S zf @kd jyifqifae+yv
D t
kd ajc taersKd ;rSm
usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG nDn$wf&r,f// tuGufususvkyfEdkifygrS 'Drdk2006&J@
tvm;tvm[m aumif;r,f 'DvdkrSr[kwfvdk@ rnDn$wfbl; tvkyfawGudkv$JacsmfpGm
vkyaf e=uOD;r,f pm&Guaf y:u pDru H ed ;f awGukd xdik +f yD;jiif;ckeaf e=u+yD;/vufawG@vyk if ef;awGrmS
tm;enf ; aer,f q d k & if atmif j rif E d k i f p &m ta=umif ; r&S d b l ; /tck jiif ; ck e f y G J a wG e J @
wdkufyGJac:oHawGawmfawmf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ =um;ae&+yD//vufawG@ydk if;awGuawmh
tm;enf;aeao;w,fvdk@ xifw,f//'DtwGufa=umif@ udk,fvkyf&yfawGudk udk,frSefuef
pG m oH k ; oyf E d k i f z d k @ vd k a eygw,f / / //
(tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;twGJ 1/ trSwf 5 rS jyefvnfu;l ,l az: jyygonf?)
43
cG y f a 'gif ; wd k h& J h ed ' gef ;
wifjrifah rmf
ausmif;om;awGqw kd m tpOftvmt& rw&m;r_ukd acgi;f iH@k rcHwwfwhJ &d;k om;+yD;

wufºuGwv hJ il ,fawGyg? jrefrmhordik ;f pOf wav#mufv;kH vdv k rkd mS ppftm%m&Sief @J ausmif;d om;
qdw k m wdu k yf aJG wG tpDt&De@J av#mufvrS ;f vmcJ@=uwmyg? jrefrmEdik if &H @J yxrt}urd f ppftm%m
odr;f wJh 1958 ckEpS f tdraf pmift h pd;k &vufxufup+yD; ausmif;om;awG[m tusO;f axmifxJ
a&muf&/ udu k ;kd u|e;f tyd@k c&H eJ@ ppftm%m&Si&f @J zdEydS rf r_ sKd ;pHu k kd cHc@J &w,f? tJ'aD emufrmS 'kw, d
t}urfd f ppftm%modr;f cJ@w@J 1962 ckEpS u f p+y;D ,ae@txd ausmif;om;awG[m ppftm%m&Sif
&J@ zdEydS rf r_ sKd ;pHuk kd cHae&wke;f ygy?J
udv k ekd aD cwf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; }udK;yrf;r_ujkd yef=S unf&h ifvnf; ausmif;om;
acgi;f aqmifawG/ ausmif;om;awG[m vli,fynmwwfrsm;yDy/D rw&m;r_uq kd ef@usicf ck jH cif;eJ@
trSew f &m;udk jrwfE;kd jcif;pwJh wdu k yf 0JG ifpwd "f gwcf ikd rf molrsm;jzpfcv hJ @kd udv
k ekd aD cwftrsKd ;om;
vGwaf jrmufa&; wyfO;D rSm ae&,lEikd cf @J ovdk vGwv f yfa&;acwfO;D wenf;tm;jzifh ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD
acwf&J@ ausmif;om;or*~eJ@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk =unfh&if jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/
'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;pwJh t"dyg` ,af wGqu D kd ODwnfEikd cf yhJ gw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;acwf ausmif;om;or*~&@J ordik ;f udk jyef=unfrh ,fq&kd if 1951ckEpS f
=o*kwv f (15) &ufae@rmS ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf (A u o )udk
pwifz@JG pnf;cJ@+yD; 1956 ckEpS rf mS pwkxˆ nDvmcH/ 1958 ckEpS rf mS yOPrnDvmcH/ 1960 ckEpS rf mS
qXrnDvmcH ponfjzifh nDvmcH toD;oD;udk usi;f yEdik cf w hJ ,f? 1960 ckEpS rf mS rSmusi;f ycJw h hJ
qXrnDvmcH[m ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD acwfrmS aemufq;kH usi;f ycJw h hJ nDvmcHwckvnf;jzpfcw hJ ,f?
1988 ckEpS rf mS zke;f armf ta&;tcif;/ wHwm;eD ta&;tcif;awGupvd@k ausmif;om;
awG[m oufqikd &f m wuUov kd t
f vdu k f ,m,Dausmif;om;or*~awG zG@J pnf;+yD; wdu k yf 0JG if
cGyaf 'gi;f tvHukd v$iw hf ifum ppftm%m&Sif qef@usijf zKwfcsa&;udk pwifc=hJ uw,f?
44
jrefrmjynf&@J pD;yGm;a&; c|w+f cKH usr/_ tkycf sKyforl sm;&J@ tm%m&Siq f efrw
_ @kd a=umifh jzpfygG ;
vmcJ&h wJh 1350 jynfh ta&;awmfyv kH @kd ac:qdEk ikd w
f hJ &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D udk pwifO;D aqmif
cJo
h al wG[mvnf; jrefrmjynf&@J ausmif;om;awGyjJ zpfco hJ vdk jynfow l &yfv;kH &J@ yg0ify;l aygi;f r_
a=umifhvnf; jrefrmhordkifrSm armfuGef;wifEdkifcJhovdk urBmuyif todtrSwfjyKcHcJh&wJh
ta&;awmfy}kH uD;vnf; jzpfcw hJ ,f?
ausmif;om;eJ@ jynfoal wGukd ppfwyfu &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfErSd Ef iS ;f cJw h ma=umifh
cGyaf 'gi;f aoG;awGe@J twl jynfo@l aoG;awGyg ajrusc&hJ w,f? 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (28) &ufae@rmS
&efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo) tygt0if ,m,Dausmif;om; or*~toD;oD;
yg0ifwJh nDvmcHudk &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftOD;a[mif;&ifjyifrSm
usi;f ycJ=h uw,f? 'Dnv D mcH rSm udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;/ udrk ;kd oD;ZGew
f @kd OD;aqmif+yD; tr_aqmif
aumfrwD (40) yg0ifwhJ ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm; tzG@J csKyfukd atmifjrifpmG
zG@J pnf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'Dnv D mcH }uD;[m Auo rsm;tzG@J csKyf (ABFSU) &J@ owWrt}udraf jrmuf
nDvmcHtjzpf ordik ;f 0ifcyhJ gw,f?
udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu
k }kd u;D / udrk ;kd oD;ZGef wd@k OD;aqmifcw hJ hJ Auo [m &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH
}uD;rSm wyfO;D uae yg0ifco hJ vdk Auo &J@ OD;aqmifra_ emufrmS jynfov l x l wk &yfv;kH wdu k yf rJG mS
yg0ifvmcJ=h uw,f? ausmif;om;or*~u OD;aqmif+yD; tpmiwfcH qENjyyGaJ wGukd &efuek +f rdK@
ae&mtES@H rmS wcJeuf usi;f ycJ=h uovdk tjzLtpdr;f 0wf ausmif;om;i,fawGuvnf; 'Dtpm
iwfcH qENjyyGJ awGukd yg0ifaxmufcv H mcJ=h uw,f?
wduk yf wJG jznfjznf; &uf&n S v f mcJw h t
hJ wGuaf =umifh oydwt f iftm;pkawGukd pkppk nf;pnf;
xde;f xm;Edik &f eftwGuf ausmif;om;or*~rS OD;aqmifum 1988 ckEpS f / pufwifbm (6) &ufae@
&ef u k e f jynf o k @ aq;&H k } uD ; rS m A[d k o yd w f p cef ;
zGiv hf pS cf @J +yD; taxGaxG oydwaf umfrwD( General
Strike Committee )ud k zG J @ pnf ; cJ h y gw,f ?
'DtaxGaxG oydwaf umfrwDrmS &[ef;ysKd rsm;or*~/
ausmif ; om;or*~ r sm;/ tvk y f o rm;rsm;ES i f h
v,form;rsm;or*~/ &efuek w f uUov kd f q&mrsm;
or*~/ &efuek f a&S@aersm; or*~/ pma&;q&mrsm;or*~
tp&So d jzifh zG@J pnf;yg0ifcyhJ gw,f?
A[do k ydwpf cef;rSm ausmif;om; or*~u, kd f
pm;vS,f (119) OD; wd@k u vufrw S af &;xd;k um 0ef}u;D
csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a[mif; ol&OD;wifO;D /
45
Adkvfr_;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif}uD;eJ@ a':atmifqef; pk=unf wdk@udk vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f
acgi;f aqmifrsm;tjzpf awmif;qdt k odtrSwf jyKcJ=h uw,f?
1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS ppfwyfu tm%modr;f vdu k +f y;D wJah emufrmS
oydwf tiftm;pkawGukd acsre_ ;f cJw h ,f? ausmif;om; trsm;pkawG[m xdik ;f jrefrme,fpyf/ w&kyf
jrefrm e,fpyf/ tdE, N jrefrme,fpyf/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk
vufeufudkif awmfvSefe,fajrrsm;qDudk ul;ajymif;
a&muf&dS oGm;cJ=h uygw,f?
tJ'v D kd tajctaersKd ;rSm Auo rsm;tzG@J
csKyf[m ordik ;f &J@vt kd yfcsut f & toGio f ¾mef (3)
rsdK;eJ@ qufvufv_yf&Sm;cJhw,f? (1) Auo [m
jynfwGif;rSm ajratmuf UG taeESifh qufvuf
&yfwnf armif;ESicf o hJ vdk (2) vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpf
ygwDtaeESifh jynfwGif;rSm w&m;0if&yfwnfcJh+yD; (3)
vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &; e,fajrudk a&muf&o dS mG ;wJh
ausmif;om;awGu jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;
rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (ru'w) (ABSDF) /
(ausmif;om;wyfrawmf)udk 1988 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (1)
&ufae@ vGwaf jrmufe,fajrrSm xlaxmif vdu k =f uw,f? 'Dvykd J xl;jcm;wJh toGio f ¾mefawGe@J
ausmif;om;awGu trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) udk 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (27)
&ufae@rmS zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifc=hJ uw,f?
1989 ckEpS /f rwfv twGi;f rSm e0w tpd;k &[m udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD; tygt0if
Auo ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd rw&m;zrf;qD;um ESp&f n S af xmif'g%af wG csrw S v f u kd f
w,f? Auo ausmif;om;wOD;vnf;jzpf/ vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwu D kd OD;aqmifxal xmif
olwOD;vnf;jzpfwhJ udrk ;kd oD;ZGe[ f m 1989 ckEpS /f {+yv D (21) &ufae@rmS vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;
udk ul;ajymif;zd@k awmcdo k mG ;cJyh gw,f?
a&G;aumufyt JG }uKd umvjzpfwhJ 1989 ckEpS x f rJ mS 88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif
awGe@J a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd [m e0w &J@ rw&m;zrf;qD; xde;f odr;f jcif;cHc&hJ w,f? usecf w hJ hJ
88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;awG[m 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyrJG mS trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
tEdik &f a&;twGuf vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD tvHawmfatmufuae tpGr;f ukeyf ;l aygi;f
aqmif&u G cf +hJ yD; ausmif;om;Edik if aH &;[m tm%mydik Ef ikd if aH &; r[kwb f ;l qdw k mudk vl@abmifopf
'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwu D oufaojycJw h ,f?
46
1990 ckESpf/ arv (27)

&ufae@ a&G;aumufyrJG mS trsKd ;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf tEdkif&cJhayr,fh
a&G;aumufyt JG +yD; &ufaygi;f (60)
twGif; tm%mv$Jay;r,fqdkwJh
uwdukd e0w tpd;k &u rwnfwhJ
twGuf 1990 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f xJrmS
*EDcN ef;r nDvmcH usi;f ywmudk e0w
u 1/90 trdef@xkwfjyef+yD; a&G;
aumufy&JG v'furkd suu f , G jf yKcw hJ ,f?
'Dvt kd usyt f wnf;awG=um;rSm vl@abmifopf 'Dru kd &ufwpfygw[ D m ajray:rSm
w&m;0ifygwt D jzpf qufvuf&yfwnfciG hf r&awmhwt hJ wGuf vGwaf jrmufe,fajrudk 1990 ckEpS /f
Ed0k ifbmvxJrmS ygwt D vdu k f ul;ajymif;a&muf&cdS &hJ w,f?
1995 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f xJrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd aetdrt f us,cf sKyfrS jyefvw $ f
ay;vdu k w f thJ cg ausmif;om;awGu a':atmifqefp=k unftem;rSm jyefvnf0ef;&Hvu kd =f uygw,f?
2000 jynfEh pS x f rJ mS e0w u a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J c&D;oGm;vmcGiu hf kd ydwyf ifcw hJ hJ twGuf
a=umifh jzpfay:cJh anmifwek ;f ta&;tcif;/ 'v ta&;tcif;eJ@ &efuek b f w l m}uD; ta&;tcif;
awGa=umifh 2000 jynfh ckEpS /f pufwifbmvxJrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd aetdrt f us,cf sKyef @J
jyefvnf xde;f odr;f vdu k jf yefygw,f?
2002 ckEpS f arvxJrmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf aetdrt f us,cf sKyfu jyefvnfvw G f
ajrmufvmcJ+h yD; 2002-2003 ckEpS f 'Dru kd a&pD c&D;pOfawGrmS ausmif;om;awG vdu k yf gvy_ &f mS ;
vmcJh=uwm[m ausmif;om;awGu 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJawGeJ@ ruif;uGmcJhbl;qdkwmygyJ?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J rSeu f ef&&J ihw f hJ OD;aqmifr&_ @J aemufrmS ausmif;om;awG[m pnf;urf;&S/d
nDnw $ +f yD; trSew f &m;eJ@uu kd n f w D hJ tiftm;pkwcktjzpf &yfwnfc=hJ uw,f?
2003 ckEpS /f arv (30) &ufae@ 'Dy, J if;vky}f uHr_ ta&;tcif; t+yD;rSmawmh e0w
[m oHk;a&mifcs,f ausmif;om;awGudk wa,mufrusef zrfqD;cJhygw,f? 2004 ckESpf/
ESpu f ek af vmufrmS udrk if;udEk ikd w f @kd 88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifawG jyefvnf vGwaf jrmuf
vmcJh=u+yD;/ olwdk@[m 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@udk xlaxmifEdkifcJh=uw,f?olwdk@&J@
tem;rSm rsKd ;qufopf/ rsKd ;qufa[mif; ausmif;om;awG jyefvnf0ef;&H pka0;cJ=h uw,f? od@k ayr,fh
ausmif;om;awG&@J Ed;k =um;wufºf urG _ t&dyt f a,mifawGukd e0w tpd;k &[m =um&Sncf iG rhf jyKEdik yf J
2006 ckEpS f xJrmS udrk if;udEk ikd /f udu k }kd uD;/ ud+k yHK;csKd / udak X;ºuG,/f udrk if;aZ,spwJh ausmif;om;
47
acgi;f aqmif tcsKd @ukd jyefvnfzrf;qD;

xde;f odr;f vdu k jf yefygw,f?
tjyifrmS usecf w hJ hJ ud*k sirf /D udjk r
at;/ udt k b hH , G af usmf udak Zmfrif;rif;
pwJh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif awG
OD;aqmif+yD; tzrfq;D cH ausmif;om;
awG jyefvw $ af y; a&;twGuf vuf
rSwf a&;xd;k awmif;qdw k hJ (Signa-
ture Champaign) v_yf&Sm;r_udk
az:aqmifcJh=uw,f? aemufxyf
qufvuf+yD; tjzLa&miftuFsD 0wfqifwhJ v_y&f mS ;r_ (White Champaign) udv k nf; jyKvkyf
v_@H aqmfc=hJ uw,f? 'ga=umifh e0w tpd;k &[m udrk if;udEk ikd f wd@k ukd av;v/ ig;v t=umrSm
jyefvw $ af y;cJw
h ,f?
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wmarGaps;txd vrf;av#muf qENjycJ=h uwmudk jynfoal wGuvnf; vdu k yf g0ef;&Hc=hJ uw,f?
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rSm qENjyyGaJ wGukd OD;aqmifjyKvyk cf w hJ ,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh oHCmawmf ausmif;om;jynfoal wG
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zG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;r_[m (3) }udrw f ikd f ay:xGe;f vmcJw h ,f qdEk ikd yf gw,f? 1988 ckEpS rf mS udrk if;udEk ikd /f
udu k }kd uD;/ udrk ;kd oD;ZGew
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'Drdku&ufwpfygwDeJ@ 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om;rsm; tzGJ@wdk@[m ppftm%m&Sif qef@usifa&;
wdu k yf rJG mS ,ae@wikd af tmif vlxEk iS t hf wl&adS eqJjzpfw,f?)
1993 ckEpS rf mS &Jabmfxufr;kd (c) td;k a0aZmf OD;aqmifwhJ Auo (,m,D)? (1993
ckEpS f Auo uae qif;oufvmwJh ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm; tzG@J csKyf Edik if jH cm;
a&;&maumfrwD[m vGwaf jrmufe,fajr rSm 'Duae@txd &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;aeqJ jzpfygw,f?)
48
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udk rzGJ@pnf;cifuwnf;u 2007 rsdK;quf
ausmif;om;awG[m 8.8.2007 ae@ ajcmuf
xyf}u;D omoemodyH` ausmif;rSm 88 rsKd ;quf
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2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 24 ESihf 25 &ufae@ taxGaxGoydw}f uD;rSm a&$w*d kH ta&S@zufr'k f
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50
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from mizzima webside
58
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tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; tpOftvmawGuae cGJxGufwJh/ tJ'DrsKd;qufawGeJ@ uif;vGwfwJh
etztkypf ;kd r_e@J &iftyk rf uGm }uD;jyif;wJh rsK;d qufukd ajymaewmvd@k awG;p&mjzpfaeygw,f?
'gjzifh olw@kd &nf!e$ ;f wJh rsK;d qufopfe@J rwlwhJ wjcm;rsK;d qufqw kd muaum &Syd govm;?
'Dae@vkd tajctaerSm &SEd ikd yf govm;vd@k ar;aumif;ar;vmygr,f?f &Syd gw,f? awmufavSsmuf
ay:aerSmygvdk@yJ ajz&ygr,f? q&mAef;armf wifatmifajymwJh acwfuay;tyfwJhwm0efudk
xrf;aqmifr,fh rsK;d qufopfqw kd m acwf&ŒJ vdt k yfcsu/f awmif;qdck sut f & rkcs ay:udak y:aerSm
jzpfygw,f? enf;wm/ aES;wmawmh &Sad umif;&Syd gr,f?
jrefrmjynf jynfolawG&J@ ta&;awmfyHk[m cufcJ=urf;wrf;wJh c&D;pOf}uD;udk
&mpkEpS ef @J cs+D yD; rsK;d qufwqufukd aemufwqufu qufc+H yD; wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ uwm jzpfygw,f?
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒorm;udk rsdK;qufwquf+yD;wquf q,fpkESpfeJ@csD+yD; wGef;vSefcJh&ovdk
ppftm%m&Siaf wGuv kd nf; q,fpEk pS ef @J csD wdu k yf 0JG ifae=uygw,f? a&SŒrSmvnf; tJ'v D ykd q
J uf+yD;
wdu k cf siw f u kd &f OD;rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvw kd u kd yf 0JG if=u&mrSm a&SŒu wdu k yf 0JG ifomG ;olawG/ pGe@f vw $ rf _
rsK;d pHk jyKoGm;olawGe@J tqufjzwfv@kd jzpfygrh vm;? tvG,af v; pOf;pm;=unhyf g? a&SŒuwdu k yf JG
0ifcw hJ mawG r&Sb d eJ @J 'Dae@ wdu k yf aJG wG &SEd ikd yf grh vm;? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyrkH &Scd &hJ if trsK;d om;
'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyfw@kd / e0w/ etzwd@k &SEd idk yf grh vm;? 1974-75-76 wdu k yf aJG wGe@J wjcm;
ajratmufawmwGif; v_yf&Sm;r_awGr&Sd&if &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufEdkifyghrvm;?
tukev f ;kH [m qufaewmyg? ordik ;f a=umif;udk jzwfawmufz@kd }upH nf/ }uq H wJh tm%m&Siaf wG
tEdik Ef ikd if rH mS ay:cJzh ;l ygw,f? wjcm;rajymeJ@ Adv k af e0if;utp Adv k o f ef;a&$txd q&m}u;D ocif
ud, k af wmfri_d ;f eJ@ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; tcef;udk azsmufzsuzf @kd }udK;yrf;cJ=h uwm taotvJyJ
r[kwv f m;? 'gayr,fh 'if;wd@k b,frmS atmifjrifv@kd v?J tckq&kd if etz[m 'gukd vufawmif
avSsmv h u kd &f +yD r[kwyf gvm;?
'ga=umihf etzeJ@ olw@kd wynfv h ufom;awGe@J rwlbJ rsK;d qufopfv@kd ajymae=uol
awGu 'DrsK;d qufopfqw kd hJ toH;k tE_e;f udk 'Dvt kd "dym` ,fziG yfh gw,f? t"dutm;jzifh t&if
rsKd ;qufa[mif;awG[m touft&G,af =umihf tygt0if ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umihf qufvuf
wdu k yf 0JG if&mrSm tuef@towftrsK;d rsK;d &Sad evd@k olw@kd xufy+kd yD; xufxufjrufjruf vkyu f ikd Ef ikd f
r,fh vGecf w hJ hJ ta&;awmfyakH wG&ŒJ tpOftvmawG/ aumif;rGecf suaf wGe@J oifcef;pmawGukd
59
qufcx H m;wJh rsK;d qufopfukd qdv k w kd mjzpfygw,f? ordik ;f ay;wm0efv@kd ajymavh&=dS uwJh t&m[m
a&SŒuoGm;ESio hf al wGe@J jynfov l x l k w&yfv;kH u ay;wJw h m0efukd qdv k wkd mjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umihf
jynfoal wG vdv k m;wJh rsK;d qufopfqw kd mu &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyekH @J csu}f udK;jywfygw,fv@kd
tom;,lajymaewJ/h (7) &uf Zlvikd f ta&;awmfyekH @J 1974 tvkyo f rm;ta&;awmfy/kH OD;oef@
psmyewdu k yf /JG q&m}u;D rdi_ ;f &mjynhf v_y&f mS ;r_awG[m awmxJu aoG;xd;k vH@_ aqmfv@kd jzpfay:wm
vd@k ociftm;& u|eyf g;0 ajymaewJh “rsKd ;qufopf” rsK;d udk qdv k wkd m r[kwyf gb;l ? tJ'[ D mawGu
acwftqufquf vufeufcsawG&ŒJ qd;k arGe@J tpOftvmudk qufcx H m;=uwJh tvdak wmf&d
rsK;d qufopfawGom jzpfygw,f?
'Dordik ;f tauG@rmS vli,fawGukd b,fvrkd sK;d qufopfvv J @kd prf;oyfr,hf t"du rSwf
ausmufuawmh etz&JŒ 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' tay: b,fvo kd abmxm;ovJ
qdw k hJ tcsuyf jJ zpfygw,f? tJ'w D Edik if v
H ;kH rsK;d qufaygi;f rsm;pGm ppfuseG jf zpfapr,hf zG@J pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk wdu k zf surf vm;/ 'g}uD;udrk +DS yD; ud, k w hf ud,k f aumif;pm;r,hv f rf;udk &Smrvm;
qdw k m[m Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawG tm;vH;k twGuf "mwkaA' prf;oyfcef;xJu vpfwrf wfpaf yyg
ygy?J Adv k o f ef;a&$w@kd etzppftyk pf &k ŒJ ta&;awmfyu kH kd qufcrH ,fh rsK;d qufopfvm;/ tmZmenf
ol&aJ umif; taxmiftaomif;&JŒ ta&;awmfyu kH kd qufcrH ,fh rsK;d qufopfvm;qdw k m ud, k fh
tcef;ud, k f a&G;cs,q f ;kH jzwf&rSmyg?
jyef=unhv f u kd &f if jrefrmjynf&ŒJ ordik ;f rSm zG@J pnf;yHak wG[m +zdKzsuv f @kd +ydKysu&f wmawG
csn;f ygy?J 1947 ckEpS f tajccHOya'[m Adv k af e0if;wd@k ajceJ@zsuv f @kd ysuo f mG ;wmjzpf+yD; rqv
ppftpd;k &&JŒ 1974 ckEpS zf @JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'uawmh &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D eJ@ rsK;d qufopf
awGu wdu k zf suv f u kd v f @kd ysuof Ok ;f oGm;wm jzpfygw,f? 1935 ckEpS rf mS t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd D tpd;k &u
csrw S cf w hJ hJ jrefrmjynf&ŒJ yxrqH;k zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'vd@k q&kd r,fh Oya'[mvnf; (urBmppf
}uD;udk ausm+f yD;aemuf) 1946 ckEpS rf mS ysuo f mG ;cJyh gw,f? tJ'v D kd ysuaf pcJw h mrSm tJ'w D ek ;f u
rsK;d qufopf Edik if aH &orm;awGv@kd ajym&r,fh ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f polawG OD;aqmif
wdu k yf 0JG ifcv hJ @kd jzpfygw,f? tck etz &JŒ 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk zsuo f rd ;f zd@k wm0ef
[m rsK;d qufopfawG&ŒJ acgi;f ay:udk a&mufvmyg+yD?
jrefrmjynfvEkd ikd if rH mS zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' qdw k m[m rzsu&f ifrysuyf gb;l qdw k m
&Si;f aeygw,f? etzu vSpH yG ef @J a&;xm;wJh 2008 ckEpS t f ajccHOya'udk jynfoal wG[m nD!w G rf _
tiftm;eJ@wdkufzsuf&ygvdrfhr,f? 'Dwm0ef[m jynfolw&yfvHk;rSmomru txl;ojzifh
rsK;d qufopfawG&ŒJ ycH;k ay:rSm txift&Sm; usa&mufaeygw,f?
&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;
30/ ZGef/ 2010
60
ppfu|efacwf
,ae hvli,frsm;
armif p d k ; csd e f
(u)
uavmif&iS w f OD;./ “,ae@vil ,frsm;”acgi;f pOfjzifh a&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;udk (2010)
Zlvikd f (1) &ufwiG /f tm tufzf at/ a&'D,rkd x S w k v f i$ chf o hJ nf? ,if;aqmif;yg;udk em;axmif+y;D
onfah emuf/ onfaqmif;yg;udk a&;jzpfco hJ nf?
aqmif;yg;&Si. f tmabmfu/ Todjk zpfonf? ppftyk pf u k a&G;aumufyJG vkyaf wmhrnf?
ppfvw $ af wmfxrJ mS (ukvm;xkid )f 498 ae&mxJrmS / 'Dru kd &ufwpf tiftm;pkuae&m(200)
avmufrsm;/ &avrvm;qd+k yD;/ vli,fawGu ar#mv f ifah e=uonf? xkv d il ,frsm;rSm/ (88)
rSmarG;zGm;cJ=h uo!f/h vli,frsm;jzpfonf? xkv d il ,frsm;onf/ }uzH w G u f o hJ @kd / ppftyk pf . k vufyg;
apawGuykd J od=uonf? 'Dru kd &ufwpf tiftm;pkawG/ b,foal wGvJ qdo k nfu/kd xdv k il ,frsm;
rod=uyg? olw@dk ukd rJay;zd@k od csi=f uonf? xkv d il ,frsm;rSm (88) ta&;awmfyu kH v
kd /J tao
tcsmrod=ubl;....[l I aqmif;yg;&Siu f a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?
ol@aqmif;yg; tESpfcsKyfu/ 'gygyJ? ,ae@vli,frsm;[k qdk&mY/ (88) wGif arG;
zGm;vmcJ=h uonf/h touf (22) ESpf t&G,0f ef;usif vli,frsm;ud/k wdu k &f ukd af jymqdjk cif; jzpfonf?
wenf;tm;jzif/h toufjzifh aomhcwfvu kd jf cif;jzpfonf? vli,fqo kd nfukd touf/ (16/ 17/
18/ rS touf 40) 0ef;usiu f kd trsm;u owfrw S x f m;onf? aqmif;yg;&Siu f touf (22)
t&G,u f okd m uGu+f y;D / &nfreS ;f xm;onfukd awG@&onf?
a,bk,stm;jzif/h (90) a&G;aumufyw JG iG /f rJray;cJ&h o!fh uav;rsm;onf/ ,QK
(2010) wGif rJay;&awmhrnf? (88) ta&;awmfyu kH /kd rodu|r;f cJ=h uonfh xkv d l i,frsm;onf/
(88) ta&;awmfyakH =umifh ay:xGucf o hJ nfh ppftyk pf k zefw;D onfh a&G; aumufyJG (2) ck teuf/
'kw, d a&G;aumufyu JG /kd rJxnf&h ef/ toifjh zpfae=uonf? ol wd@k onf/ }uH@z@HG (vlxk tac:
}uH@zw G )f / rsm;udk twGi;f od/ tcsi;f od odaeojzih/f }uH@ zGwu f kd r}udKuf[k qdo k nf? ppftyk pf k
v$waf wmfxw J iG /f ppftyk pf u k /kd wGe;f vSerf nfh 'Dru kd &ufawG&adS ecJv h #i/f xdt k iftm;pkukd
rJay;vdo k nf[k qdo k nf?
(c)
ppftyk pf o k nf tm%m+r+J rcH ikd rf ma&;twGu/f zufqpfvyk &f yftwdik ;f vkyf vmonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf vGwv f yfciG u hf kd &,lvo kd rl eS o
f r# acsre_ ;f ypfaeonf? wd;k wuf zG@H +zKd ;aprnfh tawG;ac:
t,ltqrsm;/ wprusef csKy+f ird ;f oGm;ap&ef/ tarSmifacwf tjzpf zefw;D vdu k of nf? xdt k arSmif
61
acwfxw J iG /f touf&iS o f efa&;twGu/f &ke;f uef&if;/ rdrw d @kd touf&iS af eaomvl@b0/ vlrb _ 0
udk wpwp odjrifvm=uonf? rdrd b0udk rdrd jyefvnfojd rifvmonfh tqifo h @kd a&mufvmonf?
xdk (88) ck 0ef;usif wGi/f arG;zGm;cJo h nfh ,ae@vil ,frsm;onf }uH@zw G u f kd odvmonf? (88)
ta&;awmf yHu k rkd odb;l / ravhvmbl;yJxm;? }uH@zw G Ef iS hf ppftyk pf u k kd odvmonf?
(88) ta&;awmfy. kH ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f av aºuG;a=umfo/H wdu k f zsuo f /H
wdu k yf vJG i_d ;f oHw@kd u/kd r=um;cJ&h aomfvnf;/ ae@w"l0/ ppftyk pf Ek iS hf vlxk t=um; zdEydS t f yk pf ;kd ol
ppftyk pf Ek iS hf rdrw d @kd vil ,frsm;t=um;/ ukev f yk qf ufqaH &;b0/ zdEydS rf _ atmufu vlra_ &;b0/
vlwef;pm;b0ud/k wp+yD;wp/ odjrifvmcJo h nf? rw&m;r_/ rr#wr_/ ,kwrf myufpufr_ wd@k ukd
odvmonf? tm%m&So d El iS hf rJo
h /l vufeuf&o dS El iS hf r&So d /l tjy!ft h v#H tcGit hf a&;&olEiS hf
vH;k 0r&&So d w l @kd t=um;u/ uGm[r_ukd odvm onf? wdu k yf u JG v kd oJ v d monf?
,if;wd@k onf b0u ay;tyfvu kd o f nft h od/ cHpm;r_ jzpfonf? vGwv f yfr_ ESifh
'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;/ rJarSmifaeaom umvwGif/ qdkcJh+yD;jzpfo!fh/ aqmif;yg;&Sif.
oH;k oyfcsut f wdik ;f / 'Dru kd &ufwpf tiftm;pku/kd rJay;csiw f ,f? rJay;yg&ap---[lI/ wpmpm
awmifw h [pfa=uG;ae&Hjk zif/h rjy!fph kH rvHak vmufa=umif;/ odjrifvm=uygvrd hf OD;rnf?
b0onf/ wvdrv hf rd hf oGm;aeaom/ ausmufw;kH r[kw?f Armjynf tusO;f axmifxJ
u/ ppfu|ef "g;pmcHtjzpfEiS /hf &ke;f uefae&aom/ om;aumifb0tjzpf od jrifvm=uygvrd rhf nf?
xdt k cg/ ppftyk pf . k zdEydS af &; u&d,mwckjzpfvmrnfh ppfvw $ f awmfxw J iG /f wdu k yf 0JG ifrnfh
'Drdku&ufwpf tiftm;pk &SmazGa&;xuf/ rdrdwdk@ om;aumifb0udk/ awmfvSefonfh
'Dru kd &ufwpftjzpf ajymif;vJypf=uygvrd rhf nf? aemuf qH;k wGiu f m; ppftyk pf ak &G;aumufyo JG nf
ppftyk pf k tjrwfxw k o f nfyh /JG wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vl rsKd ;twGu/f wjym;om; rygonfhf yGjJ zpfojzifh
ppftyk pf k a&G;aumufyJG tvkrd &S?d qef@ usi=f u? (2008) ppfz@JG pnf;yHu k kd ajcokwcf kH vkyyf pf=u
ppfvw $ af wmf tvdrk &Sd h h q h o kd nfh Edik if aH &; a&csed t f qifo h @kd wd;k jrSihf ajymif;vJypfygvrd rhf nf?
(*)
(88) ESihf (88) 0ef;usiw f iG f arG;zGm;cJ=h uonfh touf (22) ESpf t&G,/f xdx k akd om
vli,frsm;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJwiG /f woD;wjcm; vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf &yfwnfae=uonf
r[kwaf y? zdEydS rf /_ tEdik u f sirhf /_ apmfum;armfum; jyKrlqufqrH u _ kd cHpm;ae=u&onfh
vlxt k oD;oD;. wdu k yf rJG sm;ESihf a&mjyGe;f usiv f nfae&jcif; jzpfaeojzifh xdw k u kd yf rJG sm;onf
vli,frsm;xHo@kd ae@w"l0 &du k cf wfaeqJjzpfonf?
=unfyh g? ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ ppftyk pf k pdww f ikd ;f us a&;qGx J m;onfh
(2008) ppfz@JG pnf;yHu k kd qef@usiaf &;/ [pfaºu;G oHrsm;atmufwiG /f ydpk wm wdu k yf JG 0ifae=uonf?
wyfveS @f oH pm&Gurf sm;/ }ucJ sum wdu k yf 0JG ifae=uonf? awmfveS o f nfh 'Dru dk &ufwpf tiftm;pk
rsm; jzpf=uonfh ausmif;om;or*~/ oHCmh or*~/ (88) rsKd ;qufrsm; wdu k yf 0JG if a=unmcsurf sm;/
62
xkwjf yefcsurf sm;rSm/ +rdK@jywGif yvlysaH ecJh onf? qkawmif;yGrJ sm;rSm/ us&J mrS pdyv f monf?
(88) ckEpS af rG;/ xdv k il ,frsm;onf/ xdw k u kd yf rGJ sm;ESihf xdawG@ae&ayvdrrhf nf? OyuQmjyK I r&?
rsuu f , G jf yKIr&? wu,f u/ xdw k u kd yf rJG sm;xJwiG /f touf(22) t&G,f vli,frsm;/ wpdwf
wa'o yg0ifc=hJ u +y;D jzpfonf? aqmif;yg;&Sif wzufoufa&;ouJo h @kd / rjzpfEikd ?f xkv d il ,frsm;
onf/ 'Drkd u&ufwpf tiftm;pku/kd rJay;zd@k &SmazG apmif=h unfah e&Hk oufoufawmh rjzpfEikd ?f
enf;vrf;pH/k o¾efp/kH enf;y&d,m,f tzHzk jkH zif/h wdu k yf 0JG ifae=uaom/ 'Dru kd a&pD
awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;./ wdu k yf rJG sm;onf/ xkv d il ,frsm;xH/ &pfywfx&d S vmvdrrhf nf?
bmvJ (2008) ppfz@JG pnf;yH/k wpHv k ;kH eJ@ wckjcif;&J@ t"dyg,af wGu bm awG vJ? b,fvv kd ?J
tifet f ,fv'f /D 'DcsKyyf gw/D vlxt k oD;oD;u b,fvv kd ?J b,f vdk oabmxm;awG &Sad e=u+yv D ?J
ppftyk pf u k aum/ b,fE, S &hf pdS ? vlrsKd ;pkawGu b,f vkv d ?J bmvJ? b,fv?J xdak r;cGe;f rsm;onf
vli,frsm;. b0xJwiG f ar$aESmufajAmif;qef aeygvrd rhf nf? (2010) a&G;aumufyu JG /kd bma=umifh
qef@usif oydwf arSmuf cJ=h uovJ?
'Dru
kd &ufwpf tiftm;pkukd cspw f ;D acgi;f oef;&Smovkd &SmazGaeaom/(88) arG; vli,f
rsm;onf/ Edik if aH &;todtjrif a&csed jf rihw f ufvmum/ a&G;aumufyu JG kd qef@usio f nfh vlxk
toD;oD;ESifh wv$mwnf;/ wpyfwnf; jzpfvmygvrd rhf nf? (88) ta&;awmfyu kH / csrw S af y;
vdu k o f nfh ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;onf xdv k il ,frsm;. &ifx/J b0xJ/ vufxJ a&muf
vmygvrd Ohf ;D rnf? xdrk w S qifh aemufwqifv h rS ;f um/ ordik ;f 0efxw k /f 0efy;kd rsm;udk xrf;&Guf
o,fy;kd ae=uonfh tjcm; tjcm;aom/ oufEyk sKd rspf vli,frsm;udk =u!fu h m/ rdrv d yd jf ymudk
&Suv f m/ &G@v H mygvrd rhf nf? ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f tepfemcHwu kd yf 0JG ifae=uonfh wdik ;f jynf. om;aumif;
&wem/ orD;aumif; &wemrsm;udk =u!fu h m/ rdru d , kd rf rd /d “toifu b,fov l /J b,fvv kd ?J ”
[k ar; cGe;f xkwv f mygvrd Ohf ;D rnf? “vl,Ofaus;qdw k m/ zdEydS t
f Edik u f sichf aH e&onfh aus;u|ef
ozG,/f wd&pd m> ef b0ud/k zsuo f rd ;f ajymif;vJypfoyl guvm;?” qdo k nfh todw&m;u/ xdv k il ,f
wd@k . vl@b0/ vl@Ev S ;kH tdru f kd ajy;aqmifh &du k cf wfygvrd Ohf ;D rnf? rw&m;wm ud/k acgi;f iH@k cw H m/
om;&dik ;f / vl&ikd ;f yJ? rw&m;wmudk qef@usiaf wmfveS jf cif;onfom vl@,Ofaus;? xdk 2 rsKd ;teuf
ig bmvkyrf vJ?
rD;aecef;/ rD;zGm;cef;ESihf ocõsKif;uke;f t=um;/ vl@b0ud/k t"dyg, ` zf iG q hf kd vm=uyg
vdrrfh nf? ,Ofaus;vSy/ wefz;kd jy!f0h onfh vl@b0/ acwfwm0ef rausyeG /f rsuEf mS yef;rvS/
txufwef;rusonhf t&kdif;vl@b0udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&if; xdkem;vnfr_rsm; ,Hk=unfr_rsm;/
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taxmiftaomif;aom =u,fyiG rhf sm;pGmwd@k onf/ zdEydS /f &efjyKol vlwef;pm;ESihf rdrw d @kd tzdEydS cf H
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Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.7 Zlvdkif 16/ 2010 63
63
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tajccHOya'rl=urf; yk'rf (2) rSm ajymxm;wmu Edik if aH wmfukd jynfaxmifpo k rRwjrefrmEdik if H
[k ac:wGiaf p&rnf[k ajymxm;ovdk yk'rf (16) rSmawmh Edik if aH wmf t}uD;tuJEiS hf Edik if aH wmf
tkycf sKyfa&; t}uD;tuJonf Edik if aH wmforRw jzpfonfv@dk qdx k m;ygw,f? 'Dtcsuaf wG[m
t&ifu jrefrmEdik if rH mS &Scd w hJ hJ orRwawGe@J b,fvkd uGmjcm;ygovJ? *syefEikd if H cef;' wuUov kd u f
ordik ;f ynm&Sif a'guw f mat;csr;f &Si;f jywmuawmh.........
“jrefrmEkid if rH mS 1948 uae+yDawmh 1962 txd orRw (3) OD; ay:xGe;f cJyh gw,f? 'D
(3) OD;pvH;k [m wu,fawmh taqmifta,mifrsS omjzpfwhJ orRwawGjzpfygw,f? 1974
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' rSmusawmh orRwpepfukd ajymif;oGm;w,f? orRwudk v$waf wmf
w&yfx&J w dS thJ wGuf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu rJtrsm;pke@J a&G;aumuf wifajrêmufw,f”
2008 ckEpS f tajccHOya' rl=urf;xJrmS a&m tem*wf Edik if aH wmf&ŒJ orRwudk b,fvkd
69
a&G;cs,w f ifajrmê uf rvJ/ b,fvykd *k Kd~ vrf sK;d awG orRwjzpfvmEdik rf vJ/ orRw wm0efawGaqmif&u G f
&mrSm tvGt J rSm; tvGet f usL;aw G rjzpfatmif wjcm;r¾dKifawGuae orRwudk b,fvkd
xde;f ausmif;xm;ygovJ pwmawGukd wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f&iS ?f
yxrqH;k orRw a&G;cs,rf ,ft h a=umif;=unfrh ,fq&kd ifawmh 2008 ckEpS f tajccHOya'
rl=urf; yk'rf (60) rSm orRwa&G;cs,w f ifajrSmufa&;tzG@J e@J a&G;cs,w f ifajrêmufr,f vd@k ajymxm;
ygw,f? orRw a&G;cs,w f ifajrêmufa&;tzG@J qw kd m b,foal wGygv?J OD;ode;f =unfu.......
“tzG@J qwkd mvnf; wjcm;awmh r[kwyf gb;l / jynfo@l vw $ af wmfrmS t&yfbufu (330)/
jynfoal wGuvnf; 'g¶u kd af &G;ay;r,f/ trsK;d om;v$waf wmfrmS (160) a&G;ay;r,f? tJawmh
wyfrawmfumuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyfuae a&G;vdu k w f t
hJ cgrmS (166) OD; &Srd ,faygah emf/ tJ'D (166)
OD;u 'korRw wOD;/ trsK;d om;v$waf wmfuae 'korRw wOD;ayg/h aemuf+yD;awmh jynfo@l vw $ f
awmfrmS 'korRw wOD;ayg/h tJ'D (3) OD;udk jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfuae+yD;awmh orRwwOD;
a&G;r,fayg/h t&yfbufuvnf; &&if&r,f/ wyfbufuvnf; &&if&r,f? 'guawmh ajymvd@k
r&bl;? tJawmh b,fol&&ayghav/ usefwJh (2) OD;uawmh 'korRw (2) OD;jzpfr,fav/
jyef=unfrh ,fq&kd if wdu k ¶f u kd rf [kwaf omfvnf; jynfo@l vw $ af wmfuwqifh ud, k pf m;vS,af wGu
ae+yD;awmh orRwudk a&G;cs,rf mS jzpfygw,f? v$waf wmf (2) &yf aygi;f vdu k w f hJ jynfaxmifpk
v$wfawmf[m trsm;qENudktajcjyK+yD; a&G;wJhtwGufa=umifhrdk@vdk@ 'D[m 'Drdkua&pD
enf;usw,fv@kd usaemft h aeeJ@ vufcyH gw,f”
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&JŒ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m txl;ajymcGifh&yk*~dKvf
OD;odef;!Gef@u 'Dvdk tzGJ@ (3) zGJ@eJ@ a&G;cs,fwifajrêmufwm[m 'Drdkua&pDenf;rusbl;vdk@
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wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,f aygAh sm/ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f tpktzG@J u wifwmrsK;d usaemfw@kd vdck siw f ,f?
tJ't D pktzG@J u wifvu kd w f ,f qd&k if 'D orRw u vlxt k m;vH;k wifvu kd w f hJ vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,f
awGwifwhJ orRwjzpfrmS ayg?h tck[muawmh (2) pku vlxk ud, k pf m;vS,/f wpku cef@tyfc&H wJh
orRw/ tJ'u D wnf;u ppfreS w f hJ 'Drukd a&pDpepf vlxq k ENudk ud,k pf m;rjyKEdik b f ;l vd@k usaemfw@kd u
tJ'u D wnf;u wifjycJw h m&Syd gw,f”
'kw, d orRwawGxu J ae orRwwOD;udk jynfaxmifpv k w$ af wmfu b,fvakd &G;cs,f
r,fqw kd mawmh odc&hJ yg+y?D b,fvykd *k Kd~ vfrsK;d awGukd a&G;cs,Ef ikd yf govJqw kd m qufvufavhvm
=unf=h u&atmifyg&iS ?f orRw txdjzpfvmEdik f wJh 'kw, d orRwawGukd a&G;cs,&f mrSm yk'rf
(60) yk'rf cGJ (*) rSm v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,x f u J jzpfap/ v$waf wmf uk, d pf m;vS,f r[kwo f ul kd
jzpfap a&G;cs,fEdkifw,fvdk@qdkxm;yg w,f? jynfya&muf jrefrmEdkifiH a&SŒaersm;aumifpD
70
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;atmifxl;uawmh 'Dtcsuf[m 'Drdkua&pDenf;rusbl;vdk@
ajymygw,f?
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orRwOD;aqmifwphJ epfukd vlxu k ae+yD;awmh ol@&ŒJ toJ=um;u rJwjym;eJ@ b,fol orRw/
ijzL/ ieD/ ia=umif/ iusm; qdw k mudk od+yD;awmhrS ol@[mol a&G;cs,+f yD;awmh rJay;&wJph epfukd
usifhoHk;&wmjzpfw,f? orRwpepfudk usifhoHk;w,fqdk&ifawmh 'Dvdk vlxkudk,fwdkifu
orRwudo k +d yD; a&G;cs,cf iG &hf adS wmhrS 'g[m vlxu k a&G;cs,w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd u twdtvif;
ajymcsiw f ,f? tckawmh tJvrkd [kwb f eJ @J vlxek @J vH;k 0 tquftoG,jf ywfomG ;w,f? vlxu k
a&G;cs,w f ifajrêmufciG v hf nf; r&S/d odciG v hf nf; r&S/d vlxek @J vH;k 0 tquftoG,jf ywfwhJ orRw
yJv@kd usaemfu ajymcsiw f ,f”
OD;ode;f =unfuawmh a&G;aumufcH v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG a&G;r,fh 'kw, d orRw
awG[m v$waf wmfxJ uyJjzpfEikd af cs&+dS yD; wyfrawmfom; ud, k pf m;vS,u f a&G;r,fyh *k Kd~ vfuom
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f r[kwo f jl zpfEikd w f t hJ a=umif; ol@t,ltqudk tckvakd jymygw,f?
“v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f r[kwo f q l w kd mudak wmh wyfrawmfbufu umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyuf wifjyw,f/ wyfrawmf ud, k pf m;jyKwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,af ygah emf/ olw@kd ukd a&G;&rSmjzpfr,f/
olw@kd u 'Dwyfrawmf t&m&Sad wGu jynfo@l vw $ af wmfrmS aum trsK;d om;v$waf wmfrmS aum
ygvmwJyh *k Kd~ vfawG jzpfw,f? tu,fI olw@kd xu J kd a&G;r,fqv kd @kd &&dS ifvnf; olw@kd u orRw
jzpfcGifh&Sdw,f? (wyfrawmft&m&SdawGu?) tJ'Dvdkjzpfvmvdk@&Sd&ifvnf; wyfrawmfuae
t+idr;f pm;,l+yD;om;jzpfw,fv@kd vnf; owfrw S x f m;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tjyifuwa,mufukd
ac:+y;D awmh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf [kwo f u l kd xnfah y;zd@k uawmh r[kwb f ;l vd@k usaemft h aeeJ@
,lqw,fav”
wyfrawmfom;jzpfap/ t&yfbufujzpfap/ 'DtxJrmS rS v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
awGxu J jzpfap/ a&G;aumufcH yk*Kd~ vfr[kwo f jl zpfap orRwjzpfvmEdik w f hJ tcGit hf vrf;&Sad ewm
awmh odc&hJ yg+yD? 'gayr,fh orRwjzpfEikd w f hJ t&nftcsi;f uef@owfcsuaf wGa=umifh rrSswwJh
ydwyf ifra_ wG &Sad ew,fv@kd OD;ode;f !Ge@f u axmufjyygw,f?
“ta&;}uD;wJhtcsufu bmvJqdkawmh ppfa&;tjrif&Sd&r,fqdkwJh tcsufyg?
ppfa&;tjrifqw kd mu omref t&yfom;awGtzd@k rmS ppfa&;tjrif &SEd ikd w f ,f/ r&SEd ikd b f ;l qdw k m
aemif 'Dz@G pJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya'&JŒ t"dym` ,f zGiq hf ckd suaf wGrmS tifrwef tjiif;yGm;zG,u f pd P &Sw d ,f?
tedrq hf ;kH ppfa&;tjrif&w dS ,fqw kd m ppfom;a[mif;yJ jzpf&awmhrmS ud;k ?
aemufwck usaemfajymcsiw f mu orRw t&nftcsi;f udk owfrw S w
f t hJ cgrmS 'D
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f ikd af omfvnf;aumif;/ rdb wyg;yg;uaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdrZd eD; od@k r[kwf
71
cifyeG ;f u aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdr&d ŒJ w&m;0if om;orD;wOD;uaomfvnf;aumif;/ xdw k &m;0if
om;orD;&JŒZeD; (od@k r[kw)f cifyeG ;f [m Edik if jH cm; tpd;k &&JŒ aus;Zl;opPmawmfukd cH,al pmifah &Smuf
¶dak ool/ Edik if jH cm;tpd;k &&JŒ vufatmufcjH zpfo/l wdik ;f wyg; Edik if o H m; rjzpfap&/ xdo k &l ŒJ vuf
atmufcjH zpf&if/ wdik ;f wyg; Edik if o H m;&JŒ tcGit fh a&;udck pH m;cGi&hf &dS if tJ'yD *k Kd~ vaf wG[m a&G;aumuf
wifajrêmufccH iG hf r&Sb d ;l vd@k owfrw S x f m;wmud;k ?
tJ'gawG[m vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; (60) ayghAsm/ usaemfwdk@EdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&cgp
udv k ekd pD epfu ¶ke;f xGuaf ewJt h csed rf mS ol@acwf ol@tcgt& obm0usygw,f? tJ'v D tkd csuf
rsKd;eJ@ orRw a&G;cs,fcGifhudk uef@owfxm;wm bma=umifhvJ? 'gu tm;vHk;odygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd jrefrmhEikd if aH &;rSm OD;raqmifEikd af tmif }uH&, G cf suef @J vyk w
f myg”
OD;ode;f =unf uawmh orRw t&nftcsi;f jynfph o kH jl zpf&if b,fo@l urkd qdk cGjJ cm;r_
r&Sb d ;l vd@k jiif;csuf xkwyf gw,f?
'gawGuawmh b,fvykd *k Kd~ vfrsK;d udk orRwa&G;rvJ qdw k t hJ xJu ta&;}uD;wJt h csuf
awGyg? wcg orRw&JŒ vkyyf ikd cf iG ehf @J tjyeftvSef xde;f ausmif;yHak wGxu J t"duuswmawGukd
avhvm=unf=h u&atmifyg?
2008 ckEpS f tajccHOya'rl=urf; jyÏmef;csuaf wGrmS orRw[m jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &
tzG@J 0if/ 0ef}uD; tzG@J 0ifawGe@J wuG w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ pm&if;ppfcsKyfpwJh wjcm;r¾dKift}uD;tuJ
awGtjyif a&G;aumufcH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk ppfaq;jzKwfcsEdkifwJh tm%m&SdwJh
a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sif tzG@J 0ifawGuykd g a&G;cs,cf ef@tyfyikd cf iG ahf wG &Sad eygw,f? OD;ode;f =unfu
'DtcGit hf m%mawG[m tvGet f usL;rjzpfygb;l vd@k qdyk gw,f?
“ol wifjyr,ho f t l m;vH;k [m jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfu oabmrwlv@kd &&dS if jzpfukd
rjzpfb;l ? w&m;pD&ifa&;aum/ tkycf sKyfa&;aum Oya't& tm;vH;k uvSr;f +yD;awmh xde;f xm;
wm? b,fae&mu xdef;vJqdkawmh jynfaxmifpk v$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh tukefvHk;yJ
vSr;f +yD;awmh xde;f xm;wmyJ”
OD;ode;f =unfu 'Dvakd jymayr,fh orRw&JŒaqmif&u G cf suaf wGukd jynfaxmifpk v$wf
awmfu }uD;=uyfEikd pf rG ;f r&Sb d ;l vd@k OD;atmifx;l u axmufjyygw,f?
“v$waf wmfuae+yD;awmh orRw&JŒ vkyaf qmifyikd cf iG ahf wG tay:rSm }uD;=uyfyikd cf iG hf
tm%m bmwckrS &Srd aebl;? aemuf tqd;k qH;k tcsuu f trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@ vHjk cHKa&;
aumif p D & S d a ew,f ? tJ ' D aumif p D r S m t"d u ygaewmu orR w vnf ; ygw,f /
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfe@J ppfAv kd cf sKyf awmfawmf rsm;rsm;vnf; ygae=uw,f? tJawmh trsK;d om;
umuG,af &;eJ@ vHjk cHKa&;aumifpu D tm%m (3) &yfukd usio hf ;kH r,fh tm%modr;f ppfaumifpD
oabmaqmifw,f? orRwu tJ'aD umifp&D ŒJ tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yfjzpf+yD;awmh tJ'h aD umifpu D
72
wqifh tm%mudq k ufc+H yD;awmh usio hf ;kH wJo
h abm jzpfomG ;w,f”
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf txl;ajymcGi&hf yk*Kd~ vf OD;ode;f !Ge@f uawmh olw@kd p;kd &drf
wmu ygww D cktaeeJ@ v$waf wmf ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm; tEdik &f &ifawmifrS tJ'yD gw&D ŒJ
tcef;u¾ arS;rSed o f mG ;Edik w
f yhJ pkH H jzpfaew,fv@kd ajymygw,f?
“ygwu D a&G;cs,v f ukd w f hJ orRw (od@k r[kw)f 'korRw (od@k r[kw)f 0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;
tm;vHk;u ta&G;cH&+yD;wmeJ@ w+ydKifwnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwDu E_wfxGufay;&rSm/ tJawmh
ygw&D ŒJ vdik ;f udk ud, k pf m;jyK+yD; ajymydik cf iG &hf zdS @kd q&kd if tjrifrh m; qH;k &mxl;awGukd v$waf wmfrmS
vufcw H meJ@ ed*;kH csKyfomG ;+yD? v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f jzpf&ifvnf; v$waf wmfu E_wx f uG f
&awmhr,f/ tJawmh ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawGu v$waf wmfrmS ae&mawmh &r,f/ ygw&D ŒJ vrf;pOfukd
azmfEdkifwJh EdkifiHacgif;aqmifjzpf=urSm r[kwfygbl;? tem*wfygwD&JŒvrf;pOfudkyJjzpfjzpf
taumiftxnfazmfEikd zf @kd tcGit hf vrf;tm;vH;k ed*;kH csKyf+yD;awmh t+yD;owf ydwyf ifxm;wJh
tajccHOya'rl=urf;yg”
2008 tajccHOya'rl=urf;t& ygwaD wGtaeeJ@ vkypf &mawG &Sad o;wJt h a=umif;/
'gayr,fh twdu k t f cH qdw k muawmh r&SEd ikd w f t hJ a=umif; OD;ode;f =unfu qdyk gw,f?
“ygwaD wG&ŒJ tcef;u¾u arS;rSed rf oGm;ygb;l / yd+k yD;awmh a&SŒudak &mufvm=urSmyJ?
yxrOD;qH;k umvrSmawmh tavhtusihf enf;ao;wJu h mvrSmawmh &Sad umif;&Srd mS aygah emf/
qdak wmh twdu k tf cH taeeJ@uawmh oD;oD;jcm;jcm; r&Sb d ;l vd@k awmh usaemft h aeeJ@ jrifw,f?
v$wfawmfxJa&mufoGm;+yD qdkvdk@&Sd&if tm;vHk; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGcsnf;yJ? [kdu
twdu k tf cHygw/D 'Duawmh tpd;k &qdw k mrsK;d r&Sb d ;l vd@k usaemfawmh xifw,fav? orRwudk
a&G;cs,f+yD;&if ol@tzGJ@eJ@ol tkyfcsKyfr,f/ 'DxJrSmygwDu v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGvnf;
ygcsiyf gr,f/ ygcsirf v S nf; ygr,f? 'gayr,fh xde;f zd@k odr;f zd@k udp&P yfrmS awmh ygwaD wG&ŒJ Mem-
ber awGa&m/ ygw0 D ifawGua&m/ xkua&m tukev f ;kH uawmh xde;f zd@k odr;f zd@k xrJ mS &Sad erSm/
'ga=umifh 'Dru kd a&pD tjynft h 0&Sw d ,fv@kd usaemfu ,H=k unfygw,f”
'Dawmh twdu k t f cHr&SEd ikd w f hJ v$waf wmfuae orRwudk b,fvrkd sm; ta&;,lEikd rf mS ygv?J
2008 ckEpS f rl=urf; yk'rf (215) rSm Edik if aH wmforRwu Oya't& aqmif&u G cf suaf wGe@J pyfvsO;f +y;D
rnfonfh v$wfawmf/ rnfonfh w&m;¶Hk;rSmrS ajz&Sif;&ef wm0efr&Sdap&/ tajccHOya't&
pGypf jJG ypfwifjcif;om vkyEf ikd w f ,fv@kd ajymxm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd pGypf jJG ypfwifjcif;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd awmh
OD;ode;f =unfu..........
“tenf;qHk; (4) yHk (1) yHk v$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh ol@udk pGyfpGJjypfwifwJh[mudk
yxrOD;qHk; tqdkwifoGif;&r,f ayghaemf/ tJ'g jynfol@v$wfawmfuvnf; jzpf&ifjzpfr,f/
trsK;d om;v$waf wmfuvnf; jzpf&ifjzpfr,fayg?h tJ'D av;yHw k yHu k ae+yD;awmh wifjyvmw,f/
73
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vnf; &Sw d ,f? tu,fIom pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;u ay:ayguv f mvd@k jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfu
ae+yD;awmh orRwtjzpfuae rxdkufwefbl;vdk@ qHk;jzwfvdk@&Sd&if olu orRwt&muae
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usaemftaeeJ@ wifjyvdyk gw,f”
vufawG@rmS awmh orRwudt k a&;,lEikd w f t
hJ xd jzpfvmzd@k cufwt hJ a=umif; OD;ode;f !Ge@f
u axmufjyygw,f?
“25 µ uyJ wifwif/ bmyJ wifwif/ aemufq;kH tqH;k tjzwfu (3) yHk (2) yHu k
qH;k jzwfrmS yJ? 'Dvw $ af wmfrmS t+rJwrf; rarhz@kd u 25 µ udk umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyfu cef@tyf
xm;wJyh *k Kd~ vfu v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f tjzpf vm+yD;ae&m,lr,fh v$waf wmfyg? tJawmh
umuG,af &;OD;pDcsKyfu cef@tyfxm;wJh jynfou l ra&G;cs,w f hJ v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGu
tqH;k tjzwfray;&if/ olw@kd u oabmrwl&if bmrSvyk v f @kd &wmrS r[kww f m”
“NLD”txl;jyef=um;a&;wm0efcH OD;ode;f !Ge@f yg?
tcktxd usrwd@k tpDtpOfrmS Edik if aH wmforRwudk b,fvakd &G;rvJ? b,fvykd *k Kd~ vf
rsK;d awG orRw jzpfvmrvJ? 'DorRwtay: tjyeftvSef xde;f a=umif;r_awG b,fv&kd rdS vJ
qdw k mudk ta&;}uD;wJt h csuaf wG aumufEw k wf ifjycJyh g+yD? 'Dawmh 'DorRwpepf[m Edik if eH @J
oifah wmfr&_ ydS g&ŒJ vm;?
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tm%mudk vlwa,muf/ ESpaf ,mufvufxrJ mS xm;&Su d sio hf ;kH wJph epfe@J roifah wmfb;l ? Edik if aH &;
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wcg NLD txl;jyef=um;a&; wm0efcH OD;ode;f !Ge@f uvnf; .........
“t&yfbuftpd;k &qdw k m wu,fwrf;usawmh 'Dz@JG pnf;yHrk =l urf;t& vufawG@rmS
bmrSrjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? tck aemuf vmr,fo h rRw u ppfa&;tjrif&&dS r,fqakd wmh ppfom;a[mif;
74
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*syefu jrefrmawG ta=umif;udk a&;&r,fq&kd ifawmh 'Dae ah cwfrmS jrefrm'Dru kd a&pD
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acgi;f aqmifawGaygAh sm/ wdwu d susajym&&if a':atmifqef;pk=unfvkd acgi;f aqmifrsK;d udk orRw
rjzpfatmif a&;qGx J m;wJh tajccHz@JG pnf;yHOk ya' rl=urf;yJv@kd t"du ajymvdyk gw,f”
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'Dru kd a&pD tjynft h 0&Sw d ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd u ,H=k unfygw,f”
OD;ode;f =unfyg? 2008 rl=urf;yg orRweJ@ orRwtay: tjyeftvSef xde;f ausmif;r_
qdik &f m tcsut f vuf t,ltqtrsK;d rsK;d udk wifjyay;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? aemufwywfrmS awmh
orwtay: wyfawmfua&m =oZm b,favmuf v$r;f rd;k Edik yf govJ qdw k t
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qufvufazmfjyygr,f7?5
Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.7
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*syefu jrefrmawG trsm;pk[m Edik if aH &; (odk )h 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awGukd tifwu kd t f m;
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bk&m;xD;awmfwifyJG jzpfjzpf/ bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif; &HyakH iGy/JG bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;zGiyhf /JG
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'gawGa=umifb h J *syefu jrefrmawGta=umif;udk ajymr,fq&kd if Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;ol
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76
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77
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a'oaxmufyef rh a_ wG jynfwiG ;f ta&;ay: axmufyrH a_ wGeJ h tjcm;xda&mufwhJ awG q h akH qG;aEG;yGJ
awGq&kd if Edik if w H umrSm&Sw d hJ xif&mS ;wJh acgi;f aqmifra_ y;Ekid w f hJ ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o dS al wGuv kd J
zdw=f um;+y;D crf;crf;em;em; aqmif&u G =f uwJt h cgawGrmS vnf;yJ rdrw d @kd &@J ac|;enf;pmawGukd tm;vH;k
pkaygi;f +yD;awmhrS usi;f y=uwmyg? b,ftzGJ t h pnf;&J h axmufyu hH n l aD iGeJ v
h yk cf w
hJ mrsKd ; w}udrf
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rxifygb;l ?
wjcm;tm;omcsuw f ckuawmh *syefEikd if rH mS &Sw d hJ jrefrmvlrsKd ; ta&twGu&f @J (90)
&mE_e;f u wdu k sKd {&d,mxJrmS oGm;vmaexdik =f uwmrsm;ygw,f? wdu k sKd &J vh rf;yef;qufo, G af &;
aumif;rGew f t hJ wGuaf =umifv h J v_y&f mS ;r_awGrmS tvG,w f ulppk nf;vdk &h Edik w f mvJyjJ zpfygw,f?
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if w H cktjzpf &yfwnfaewma=umifh vGwv f w G v f yfvyf (&JrmS ygrpf,)l cGijhf yKcsuf
awmif;cH+yD; &Jtapmift h a&SmufawGeJ u h kd qENjyv_y&f mS ;Ekid cf iG hf &cJw h mvnf;yJjzpfygw,f? aiGa=u;
twGuq f &kd ifvnf;yJ wae u h akd v;ig;em&Davmuf vkyw f o hJ q l &kd if aexdik pf m;aomufp&dwaf vmuf
awmh tqifajyEkid =f uygw,f? 'gayr,fh Edik if aH &;vkyw f o hJ al w t G wGuu f awmh v_y&f mS ;r_p&dw/f
&HyakH iGxnf0h ifr/_ wjcm; txl;axmufyphH &dwaf wGeJ h qd&k ifawmh txufrmS az: jycJo h vdyk gy?J w
aeuke&f ek ;f uefvy_ &f mS ;rS avmufiaS vmuf&ykH &J =dS uwmyg? rdrt d rd rf o d m;pkuykd g axmufy=hH u&wJh
olawGq&kd if vpmxkww f meJ ah iGukd or cGw J rf;csovdk vkyv f u kd &f ifvufxrJ mS vrf;p&dwaf wmif
tEdik Ef idk &f ,fayg?h
*syefuakd vxJu a&mufvmwJo h al wG &So d vdk a&xJu wwfvmcJo h al wGvnf; renf;vS
ygb;l ?av,mOfeJ ah &mufvm=uovdk oabFmqdu k u f yfw;kH qif;vm=uwJh olawGvJ &S=d uygw,f
vdk hqdkvdkwmyg? aemufqHk; b,fvdkenf;eJ hyJ a&mufvma&mufvm trsm;pk[mEdkifiHa&;
e,fy,fxu J kd 0ifa&mufvm=uygw,f? rdrw d wfEikd w f b hJ ufu Edik o f avmuf Om%f&nfro DS avmuf
yg0ifvy_ &f mS ; &ke;f uef=uwJh *syefa&muf jrefrmtrsm;pk(icH;k rawGryg) udk bmbmbd;k bd;k u omom
xd;k xd;k eJ h rSe&f mudo k pPmqdv k u kd yf gonf?
bmbmbd;k bd;k (acwW=wdu
k sdK)
79
aea&mif atmufu
tEkynm
aejcnf
usri,fi,fuav;uwnf;u &ky&f iS /f Zmwfobif/ tjird afh wGudk t&rf;}uKu d yf gw,f?

}uKduv f eG ;f vkd h =unfch iG &hf wkid ;f rvGww f rf;=unfch yhJ gw,f? =unf+h y;D wJt h cgwidk ;f pdwu f ;l awG,Ofjy;D
ukd,fhtawG;eJ@ukd,f aysmfaewwfygw,f? ZmwfawG/ t+idrhfawG/ &kyf&SifawGjyefoGm;wkdif;
ikcd &hJ ygw,f? rdbawGu “ ZmwftzGJ ah emufvu dk o f mG ;ygvm;” vkd h qlycl yhJ gw,f? usrwkd &h mG u
bk&m;yG&J w dS idk ;f &ky&f iS /f 'grrS [kw&f if ZmwfobifawGudk &kaH qmufjy;D bk&m;&HyaHk iG&mS wwfygw,f?
bk&m;yGu J usi;f y&if 2&uf=umygw,f? bk&m;yGjJ y;D oGm;vkd h aqmufxm;wJ&h u Hk zdk su&f rSm ESajrmvGe;f
vkd q h jdk yD; uefx&ku d of iG ;f =uygw,f?
'ga=umifrh dk v h dk v
h J usrwkd &h mG uvlawG Zmwfw f dk /h &ky&f iS wf dk u
h dk =unf&h wmyg/ +rKd w h ufjy;D
&ky&f iS =f unfzh dk q h w dk muvnf; rjzpfEidk yf gb;l ? tvkyef J v h ufu ae ph Ofrjywf&dS aewwfawmh wul;w
u+rKd w h ufjyD; &ky&f iS =f unfzh dk q h wdk m pdwu f ;l xJawmif rxnfEh idk yf gb;l ?
&Gmqkw d muvnf; vSsypf pfr;D r&Sad wmh arSmife@J rrJ q J ydk gawmh? 'gayrJh &ky&f iS w f dk /h Zmwfw@kd
uefx&ku d o f iG ;f +yDq&dk if vSsypf pfr;D xdex f ed ef @J / yGaJ ps;wef;uvnf; pnfpnfum;um;e@J qkad wmh
pdwo f ufomp&m wckvdk jzpfaewmyg? uefx&ku d f wcgoiG ;f &if; 4&uf-5&uf =umwwfw,f?
tJ'D av;ig;&uf[m usr&J t h wufºuGq;Hk tcsed af wGqydk gawmh? aemufawmh wjznf;jznf;eJ@
uefx&kdufZmwfawG/ &kyf&SifawG[m arS;rSdef+yD; aysmufuG,foGm;awmhwm usrEkdifiHjcm;
rxGucf ift f xdygy?J
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uefx&ku d o f iG ;f wJah cwfvdk yJaG ps;wef;awGawmhr&Sad yrJh =unfph &mawG wyk}H uD;wk;d vmw,f?
o&kyaf qmifrif;om;/ rif;orD;awGuvnf; aygraS yg&,f? Zmwfvrf;awGuvnf; r&k;d wrf;?
tJ'w D ek ;f uawmh bmZmwfvrf;jzpfjzpf =unfv h u dk w f mygy?J tESpo f m& &Srd &Sq d w dk mukd rpOf;pm;rdyg
bl;? uk, d phf w d u f adk jzazsmufay;Ekid &f if jy;D wmyJq+dk y;D =unfw h wfygw,f? xkyv f yk o f El iS hf o&kyaf qmif
rif;om;/ rif;orD;awG vnf; pD;yGm;a&;t& vkyu f idk =f uwmyJ r[kwv f m;vkd h aygah ygah v;pdwx f m;
rdcyhJ gw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fwrf;awG;=unfah wmh tEkynmqkw d m xda&mufr&_ w dS hJ jynfoal wGeJ h
teD;uyfq;Hk &Sad ewJh t&mwckyrJ [kwv f m;? bmjzpfvdk v h q J adk wmh taysmo f abm/ pdwaf jy
vufaysmuf=unfw h ,f qkad yrJh o&kyaf qmifawG&J h yDjyifwo hJ &kyaf qmifra_ wGa=umifh &owckck
80
awmh tm;ay;wJyh &dwo f wf&J h &ifxrJ mS useaf pcJph +rJyg? 'ga=umifh b,favmufyJ Zmwfvrf;awG
qk;d ae/ nHah eygap tEkynm[m jynfoal wGudk txda&mufq;Hk eJ h tjrefq;Hk pnf;&k;H Ekifd w f hJ t&mwck
qkw d mygy?J
rvGww f rf;tm;ay;cJyh gw,f? uk, d &fh J 0h goemvnf;ygwmayg?h i,fi,fwek ;f uqk&d if
pdwu f ;l awG,Ofjy;D &l;oGycf &hJ ygw,f? wcgEidk if jH cm;a&mufawmhvnf;bJ &oavmuftcsed af v;rSm
tm;ay;qJygy?J Ekid if jH cm;qkw d mu tcsed u f t dk wdtus wGujf yD; oGm;vmvSKyf&mS ;ae&wJh ae&m
wckyg? 'Dawmh jrefrmjynfrmS &Sw d ek ;f uvkd pdwu f ;l vnf;r,OfEidk af wmhb;l ? tcsed u f dk vufawG@usus
tok;H csae&wmqkad wmh uk, d 0hf goemav;ukd OD;pm;ray;Ekid af wmhygb;l ? 'gayrJh }uKduv f eG ;f vk@d
rysurf uGuf tm;ay;aeqJygy?J
uk,d af &mufaewJEh idk if rH mS &Sw d hJ tEkynmavmuukjd rifawG o h &d v dS mwJt h csed rf mS awmhh
tm;i,fovk/d &Supf &mvkv d dk jzpfomG ;ygw,f? bma=umifv h q J adk wmh uk, d w hf idk ;f jynfvdk tcsKyf
tcs,af wG/ txde;f tuGyu f ef o h wfcsuaf wG rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sad vawmh olwdk &h @J vkyaf qmifcsuf
e,fajrawG[m }uD;us,v f eG ;f wmawG &h ygw,f? vGwv f yfwhJ tawG;tac:awG/ ulnD yHyh ;dk r_
awGa=umifh olwdk &h J t h Ekynmavmu[m wk;d wufjyD;&if;wk;d wuf/ atmifjrif+yD;&if; atmifjrif
oGm;=uw,fr[kwf vm;? wcgow l dk &h J h jynfoal wGudk qGaJ qmifEidk w f thJ iftm; uk, d w hf idk ;f jynf
wckwifur urBmwkid af tmif pnf;&k;H Ekid cf w hJ m awG@&ygw,f?
jrefrmEkid if u H tEkynm&Siaf wGtaeeJ h vGwv f yfrKS r&Sw d hJ t&dyt f m0goatmufrmS
wk;d wufatmifrvkyEf ifkd w f m tjypfr&Sad yrJh jynfoal wGuadk wmh tusK;d jyKapcsiyf gw,f? tESpo f m&
&Srd &Sqd w dk m &ky&f iS }f uKduv f eG ;f wJh usrawmif pdw"f gwf awmfawmfusvmygjyD?
usr&ky&f iS t f Ekynm wckwnf;ukyd J }uKduw f mr[kwyf gb;l ? pmzwfwmt&rf; 0goem
ygygw,f? awG@orSspmtukef zwfygw,f? i,fpOfwkef;uawmhh pdwful;,OfEkdifor#,OfwJh
pmawGtzwfrsm;ayrJh tckawmh uk, d t hf wGuf tusK;d &Sad prJh pmawGzwfjzpfygw,f?
tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; (*syef) u xkwaf 0wJh vlxEk iS Ehf idk if aH &; pmtkyu f dk zwfvu dk &f ygw,f?
q&marmifprG ;f &nf&J h pma&;q&meJ@ Edidk if aH &;aqmif;yg;rSm pmaywku d yf w
JG ck jzpfcw hJ ,fqw dk m
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udt k usK;d jyK&rnf” “jynfol ph may” “tEkynmonf tEkynmtwGu”f vkd zh wf &ygw,f?
usraumif;aumif; em;rvnfygb;l ? usrtaeeJ h ed*;Hk csKyfvu dk &f &ifawmh jynfou l dk tusK;d jyKwJh
pmay jzpf&r,f? pma&;q&mawGonf bufrvku d &f ? jynfoal wGeJ u h if;uGmvkd rh &yg? jynfoal wG
eJ uh if;uGmaecJ&h if tEkynmppfppfudk rzefw;D Ekid yf g? pmay[m Ekid if aH &;orm;awG&@J vufatmuf
cH tm%mykid af wG&@J vufatmufcrH jzpfap&vk@d qkyd gw,f? aemufxyfxyfjznf&h &ifawmh tEk
ynmukd ckw;Hk vky+f y;D Ekid if aH &;tm%mwnf+raJ tmif rvky&f vk@d q&dk rSmygy?J Edik if jH cm;wkid ;f jynfawGrmS
81
vnf;&Syd gw,f? emrnfausmw f hJ rif;om;/ rif;orD;awGudk tok;H jyK+y;D rJq, G wf mawG awG &h ygw,f?
'gu tJ'D rif;om;/ rif;orD;[m tJ'v D w$ af wmftrwfudk rJay;rnfo h /l tJ'yD gwu D dk tm;ay;wJo h l
qkad wmh/ 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if rH mS udpP r&Sad yrJh ppfwyftyk cf sKyfaewJh jrefrmEkid if rH mS awmh tjrifrawmf
ygb;l ? olwdk u h yJ vky+f yD;/ wjcm;tzGJ t h pnf;awGudk vkycf iG hf ray;wma=umifyh g? wef;wlvyk yf ikd f
cGiahf wG ay;r,fq&dk ifawmh wrsK;d ayg?h
'guvJ tckwavm =unfjh zpfvu dk w f hJ Zmwfum;wum;a=umifh tckvdk pmawGt&Snf
=uD; ajymjzpfwt hJ a=umif; t&if;ygy?J pma&;&wm tifrwefysi;f wJh usr[m oli,fcsi;f w
a,mufudk tultnDawmif;jy;D Facebook vkycf idk ;f &yg w,f? uk, d af jymcsiw f mawGudk trsm;
odatmifvdk yh g? aemufjy;D rif;om; ausmo f u l dk tm;usvdk yh g? ol &J ah &;om;csuaf wG aumif;vGe;f
vkd yh g?
tm&k%fOD;rSm zl;wJh=um
“tm&k um” qkdwJh Zmwfvrf;wGJ&Snfwck =unfhjzpfvkdufygw,f?
&Snrf mS aygh orkid ;f a=umif;aemufcH Ekid if aH &;jzpf&yfreS f Zmwfvrf;rkd v h dk vh m;awmhrodygb;l ? &Snv f u dk f
wmvnf; vGeyf ga&m? o&kyaf qmifwrhJ if;om;/ rif;orD; awGvnf; tpkt H vifygy?J 'Davmuf
o&kyaf qmifawGpw Hk hJ Zmwfvrf;rsK;d wcgrrS =unfzh ;l ygb;l ? vGirf ;dk / vlrif;/ ausm&f aJ tmif/ tdjENm
ausmZf if/ 0kid ;f pkcidk f ode;f / r,fv'dk /D rkad [uk/d pk;d jrwfoZl m pojzifh tpkyH ?J tukeaf &;cs&&ifawmfawmf
&Sno f mG ;r,f? ZmwfneG ;f eJ 'h g&u dk w f mu wifoef;OD;wJ?h
Zmwfvrf;u ppcsi;f oDaygrif;&J h trsK;d tEG,af wGaeoGm;wJt h rd /f OD;oef@tw k *f el @J
pygw,f? wcg jynfyEkid if rH mS xkwaf 0wJh Ekid if aH &;pmtkyaf wGuv dk nf; awG &h w,f? ajymwJh
pum;vkH;wkdif;[m orkdif;a=umif;aemufcHvkd hqkdwJhtwkdif;bJ EkdfifiHa&;pum;awGcsnf;ygyJ?
Zmwfvrf;oabmt&/ orkid ;f a=umif;ukd twdtusajymr,f qk&d ifawmh uk, d w f idk jf yKpkxm;wJh
orkid ;f tcsut f vufawG csn;f yJEiS ahf wmh rrSeu f efEidk b
f ;l vkd x h ifygw,f? ykv d dk qh ;dk wmu jzpfcw hJ Jh
orkid ;f awGwidk ;f rSm ppfwyf&J h vkyaf qmifcsuo f m rSeuf efw,f/ wzuf&@J vkyaf qmifcsuaf wG[m
rSm;aew,fqw dk mukd ay:vGiaf tmifvyk af ewm[m &kyq f ;dk vGe;f tm;=u;D ygw,f? etz ppftpk;d &
u &efuek rf mS ae&wma=umufvdk h topfzefw;D wJ/h +rKdah wmfvdk ah c:wJh aejynfawmf vkd ah c:wJh
+rKd u
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vnf; &ku d jf yoGm;ygao;w,f? tpOftquf tkycf sKycf w hJ hJ ppfwyf&J h vkyaf qmifcsuef J h ,ckvuf&dS
etzppfwyf&J h vkyaf qmifay;cJw h hJ vkyaf qmifcsuaf wG (vrf;wHwm;/ rD;&xm;vrf;/ wuUov dk f
ausmif;opf) ukd uGuu f uG uf iG ;f uGi;f &kud x f m;ygw,f? yHyh ;dk rSKawGuvnf; &uf&ufa&ma&m
qkyd gawmh? etz ppfwyfvufatmufcH tzGJ t h pnf;awGu tm;wufoa&m? pOf;pm;p&m t
aumif;qkH;uawmh 'DtcsdeftcgusrS 'DZmwfvrf;udkjy&wmvJ? a&G;aumufyGJeD;vmvkd@
rJq, G w f t hJ aeeJ rh sm;vm;ayg?h etz[m olwdk rh pGe@f vw G Ef ikd w
f hJ tm%mukrkd &ru ,lcsiv f eG ;f vk@d
82
usaemfpOf;pm;rdaom
tydkif;tprsm;
rif;rif;odef;
usaemf oH;k wef;ESpaf &mufawmh &GmrSm wDAaDG wG acwfpm;vmonf// &Gmta&S yh ikd ;f ig;'dik f
tdru f t&ifp0,fonf// xdak emuf &Gmtaemufyikd ;f ig;'dik u f xyf0,fonf// &Sm;yg;ypPn;f jzpfonfh
tjyif a&'D,kd / uufqufavmufom em;axmifb;l onfh usaemfwkd t h zd@k txl;tqef;yif
jzpfonf// xdk ah =umifh usaemft h udEk pS af ,mufu oGm;=unfzh kd h rdbrsm;xHciG ahf wmif;onf// wpf
cgomG ;cGijhf yKvdu
k o f nf// xdrk pS I c% c% cGiahf wmif;awmhonf// nrd;k csKyfv#if +cHwcH g;udk tcsed f
rSeaf omhcwfwwfonfh tazh. pnf;urf;udk csKd ;azmuf&m a&mufaeawmhonf// pnf;urf;}uD;
vGe;f onfh tazu usaemft h udrk sm; nbuftjyifxu G w
f mudk r}udKufawmh aemufq;kH tdrrf mS
vnf; wDAw DG vH;k 0,fzkd jh zpfvmonf// tdrrf S pufjyifq&mudak c:I wDAt DG }u;D wvH;k 0,fvmcJo h nf
xdak e rh pS I usaemfwkd t h rd w
f iG f wDAaDG &m*gEiS t
hf wl wwfoyd nm&Siaf &m*gEpS cf v k ;kH yl;wGv
J mcJh
awmhonf//
tEkynmukd ckw;Hk vky/f tEkynmonfawGudk tok;H csw,fq&dk ifawmh &kyyf suv f eG ;f ygw,f?
tm%mvuf0,fyidk x f m;wJh tm%mykid af wGu vkycf siw f mawGvyk cf iG &hf wdik ;f vkyrf ,f
qk&d ifawmh ppfreS af omtEkynm ay:ayguv f mrSm r[kwo f vd/k jrefrmhtEkynm t&nftaoG;
[m wjznf;jznf;arS;rSed +f yD; aysmufu, G o f mG ;rSm aocsmygw,f? usrtaeeJ@ ajym&&ifawmh
tEkynm[m ta&miftaoG;rsK;d pk/H t&omrsK;d pk&H w dS ,fvdk h ,lqrdygw,f? 'Dta&mifEiS hf t&om
awGudk rdrw d dk v
h ckd siw
f hJ ta&mifq;dk r,f/ rdrv d cdk siw
f t hJ &omukd pyfr,fq&dk ifawmh tEkynm[m
usO;f ajrmif;vGe;f wJah e&mav;rSm toufiifaeygvrd rhf ,f? tEkynm[m avmif;&dyrf &Sd vGwv f yf
aerSom tzl;tnGef ah wG a0aeygvrd rhf ,f?
ajymcsiw f muawmh tEkynm[m b,ftzG@J tpnf;/ b,ftoif;tzJG h tok;H cscH
vufatmufcH r[kw?f jynfol ukd tusK;d jyK&rnf qkw d t hJ wGuf tEkynm[m jynfoal wG&@J
tm&ku H dk rnpfErG ;f apcsiw f muawmh tEkynmukcd spw f hJ usr&J qh ENtppftrSeyf gy?J
aea&mifatmufrmS vef;apcsiw f muawmh tEkynmyg? aejcnf
29/ 7/ 2010
83
pufq&mtrnfrmS udjk rifph ;kd jzpfonf// tif*sief , D m vufrw S &f xm;onf[k qdo k nf/
/ tdraf xmifonfjzpfI uav; wa,muf&+dS y;D &efuek w f iG af eonf// usaemfwkd t h rd w f iG f xdpk Ofu
aq;&d;k puf/ opfpuf/ qefpuf rsm;udk wnfaxmifxm;onf// tao; pm;av;awGjzpfygonf//
tif*sifpufrsm;ysufv#if jyifzdk h pufq&mudk vcpm;jzifhac:xm;+yD; tdrftay:xyfwGif ol@
twGuaf e&may;xm;onf// tjcm;tvkyo f rm;rsm;uawmh tvky+f y;D v#if tdrjf yeftyd =f uonf/
/ nwdik ;f wDA=GD unhzf kd h rD;pufarmif; &onf// wDA0GD ,fvmcgp uwnf;u usaemfwkd h udik =f unfzh @kd
a0;pG / cyfa0;a0;rS =unh&f onf// udjk rifph ;dk . vufo;kH pum;u “rif;wdk eh m;rvnfygb;l ” qdu k m
usaemfwdk hudk atmfatmfv$wfwwfonf// olpufjyifae onfhtcgwGifvnf; usaemfu
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udk ajymjywwfonf// olynmjyvdkufwm b,folawmh cHoGm;&w,f ponfjzifh tazh
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Burma Campaign Japan
25.7.2010 ae@rmS Burma Campaign Japan rS Reporter udak tmifo&l jrifh

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trsKd ;om;a&;jy\em jzpfaevJqakd wmh Oyrm *syefrmS a&m*g&w dS ,fq&kd ifvel mudk tpd;k &u
w&m;0if a=ujimvdu k wf ,f? ukvu J o k ay;w,f/ tJawmh b,fvo kd mG ;+yD; ol;pufrmS vJ? tck
jrefrmEdik if rH mS ukvrJ ukb;l / 'D[mudv k nf; zHzk ;kH zdzd vkyx f m;=uw,f/ tckrv S yk w f mr[kwb f ;l ?
vGecf w hJ hJ [d;k tESpf (20) avmufuwnf;u vkyx f m;wJu h pd ?P 'D[muwu,fu h kd rjzpfoifw h myJ?
aemufwck jy\emu *syeftpd;k &eJ@ *syefjynfo/l jynfom;awGa&m/ *syefEikd if aH &;
tzG@J tpnf;awGa&m usaemfajymcsiw f mu 'DtEkjrLeJ@ywfouf+yD;awmh *syefEikd if q H wkd mu tck
aemufv (6) &ufqdk&if tEkjrLAHk;ESpfywfvnfjynfh+yD? [D&dk&SD;rm;/ em*gpmuD 'kwd,
urBmppf&@J 'g%&f mawG? Oyrm aemifwcsed f ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;uae+yD;awmh *syefEikd if H wdu k sKd +rdK@ukd
}uJcsvu kd wf hJ tEkjrLAH;k u Made in Myanmar omjzpfaevd@k &&dS if *syefawG &ifusKd ;vdrrhf ,f?
tJ'gav;udk em;vnfay;zd@k .....?
udak tmifo&l jrif?h ? [dk 2010 a&G;aumufyeJG @J ywfouf+y;D awmhayg@av *syeftpd&k udk b,fvkd
yHpk rH sKd ;eJ@ b,fvkd Drive yHpk rH sKd ;eJ@ *syefEikd if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;udk jzpfapcsiw f hJ yHpk rH sKd ;&So
d vJrodb;l /
2010 a&G;aumufyeJG @J jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd a&pDta&; OD;wnfomG ;zd@k twGuu f ?kd
OD;&J+idrf;? ? olw@kd vuf&dS *syeftpd;k &ajymaewJh yHpk u H awmh usaemfw@kd }udKufwhJ vdik ;f ayg@aemf/
a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGv$wf/ awG@qHka&;vkyf/ a&G;aumufyGJrSm
yg&r,fayghaemf/ 'gu usaemfwdk@jzpfapcsifwJhvdkif;/ vuf&Sdtpdk;&u 'DtoHxGufvmwm[m
usaemfw@kd twGuu f awmh ydak umif;wmayg@? 'gayr,fh +yD;cJw h hJ tcsed af wGwek ;f u olw@kd *syefrmS
89
jrefrmEdik if u H a&G;aumufyt JG wGuf a&G;aumufyJG oifwef;awGay;w,f/ vkyw f ,fqw kd m[m/
'gawGuawmh raumif;bl;?
udkatmifol&jri jrif?h ? taemuftyk pf ak wGe@J ,OS v f @kd &&dS if/ taemufEikd if aH wGe@J ,SOv f u kd &f if
olw@kd &@J zdtm;ay;r_[m enf;aew,fv@kd rxifb;l vm;? tJ'g OD;&J+ird ;f taeeJ@ b,fvrkd sm;jrifovJ
rodb;l cifAsm?h
OD;&J+idrf;? ? 'guawmh usaemftckav;wif ajymoGm;wmyJ? Edik if jH cm;qdw k OhJ pPmuawmh
b,fEikd if rH mS yJjzpfjzpf olw@kd &J th usKd ;pD;yGm;yJ/ tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk wzufuvkyaf erSmyJ? tJ't D ay:rSm
olw@kd Edik if aH &;udk Play aewJh OpPmu/ 'guawmh usaemfw@kd u tjypfomG ;ajymvd@k vnf; r&bl;?
oGm;+y;D &_wcf sv@kdvJ r&bl;? 'Dawmh wckawmh&w dS ,f olw@kdonf usaemfw@kdEikd if u H kd wu,f'rD u kd a&pD
&apcsi&f if/ usaemfw@kd Edik if u H kd wu,fw;kd wufapcsi&f if vrf;rSe/f urf;rSef ae&r,f? usaemfw@kd Eikd if H
wu,fw;kd wufvmrS/ wu,fppfreS w f hJ 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H jzpfvmrS olw@kd u, kd wf ikd uf wu,f
ppfreS wf hJ pD;yGg;a&;awGvyk Ef ikd rf ,fv@kd .........?
udkatmifol&jri jrif?h ? tvif;tdru f OD;&J+idr;f eJ@ awG@qakH r;jref;jcif;jzpfygw,f? usaemfw@kd
aus;Zl;trsm;}uD;wifygw,f .......?? OD;&J+idr;f aus;Zl;trsm;}uD;wifygw,f cifAsm?h
OD;&J+idrf;? ? [kwu f hJ cifAsmh.....aus;Zl;trsm;}uD;wifygw,f?
( www. burmacampaign.net rS ul;,laz: jyygonf)
ynm'ge
tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;(*syef) rS }uD;rSL;I
*syefEikd if aH &muf jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;twGuf *syefpm
pum;ajymESihf tajccH a&;enf; o'Ng udk tcrJ h oif=um;ay;ygrnf//
rnforl qdk vGwv f yfpmG wufa&muf avhvmoif,El ikd yf gonf//
oifwef; tpDtpOfEiS hf tcsed Zf ,m;udk atmufygzek ;f eHygwrf sm;wGif
qufoG,far;jref;Edkifygonf//
qufoG,f&efzHk;eHygwfrsm;-
080-3520-4267
tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;
080-6608-1246
080-6754-7701
90
Oya' a&;&m
t"rRjyKjcif;onf Oya'r[kwf
OD;armifarmif(w&m;&H;k csKyfa&SaŒ e)
jrefrmEdik if 'H rD u
kd a&pD &&Sad &; / Oya'ESi@f tnD 'Dru
kd a&pDpepf ay:ayguaf &;/ 'Dru kd a&pD
usi@f pOfrsm;ESi@f tnDz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wpfck ay:xGuaf &;wd@k onf tvGerf S ta&;=uD;
ayonf?
,ae@urBm}uD;onf 21 &mpk. 10 pkESpfwck pGef;cJ@+yD;jzpfonf? urBmay:wGif vnf;
acwfpepftcsdK@ csKyfjidrf;jcif;ESif@twl acwfpepftopfrsm;vnf; ay:ayguf v#uf&Sdayonf?
aemufwcku vlom;tm;vHk;+idrf;csrf;pGm twlaexdkifa&;qdkaom jidrf;csrf;a&; tkef;armif;
acguo f rH sm; uvnf; qlnv H su&f adS yonf? enf;ynmtrsK;d rsK;d vSsijf refpmG zG@jH zdKwd;k wufjcif;
ESi@f twl Oya'rsm;onfvnf; vSsijf refpmG wd;k wuf ay:ayguv f suf &Sad yonf? rnfo@kd yif
Oya'topfrsm; ay:aygufaomfvnf; vGefcJ@aom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmf umvqDu
ynm&Siw f Œkd . n$e=f um; csurf sm;yif jzpfonf? tqdyk g n$e=f um;csurf sm;udk tusO;f rSsazmfjy&vSsif
h h h h
t&pPww
kd ,f(vf) ARISTOTLE (BC-332-384)
Ekid if q
H o kd nfrmS Edik if o H m;tm;vH;k tusKH ;0ifI Edik if o H m;tm;vH;k u tyfEiS ;f aom tpd;k &u
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk ydik q f ikd &f rnf? tpd;k & tkycf sKyfa&;pepfuvnf; t&nftcsi;f &So d rSs
vkyu f ikd Ef ikd cf iG @f &jdS yD;/ rdrw
d Œkd b0woufwm0,f aysm&f i$ cf sr;f ajrŒ pGmaexdik Ef ikd &f ef zefw;D ay;aom
pepf j zpf & rnf ? Tod k @ aom pepf r sd K ;onf rnf o d k @ toG i f u d k aqmif a qmif
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya't&tkycf sKyfaom pepfrsKd ;omvSsif jzpf&rnf?
yavwdk PLATO (BC-347-427)
Edik if &H dS vkyo
f m;jynfow
l Œkd onf w&m;rSswr_ukd &SmazG=u&rnf? umuG,=f u& rnf? Edik if YH
todOm%fESif@ qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdolrsm;tm; EdkifiHudktkyfcsKyfolESif@ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;tjzpf
xm;&S&d rnf?
*|efavmh(cf) JOHN LOCKE (AD-1632-1704)
Oya'jyKtm%monf tpd k ; &. t"d u tm%mjzpf & rnf ? od k @ aomf t=uG i f ; rJ @
tm%mrjzpfap& tpd;k &qdo k nfrmS vlxu k ,H=k unfrj_ zif@ tm%mtyfEiS ;f xm; jcif;jzpf&rnf?
rdrw
d @kd .qENEiS @f rudu
k n
f v
D sS if tpd;k &udzk suof rd ;f &ef vlxYk tcGi@f ta&;&S&d rnf?
91
jynfolwdk@. touftdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfwdk@udk xdcdkufysufjym;apaom tpdk;&w &yfudk
wdkif;oljynfom; vltrsm;uomvSsif jzKwfcsEdkif&efjzpfonf? txufygwdk@rSm EdkifiH/
tpd;k &ESi@f zŒJG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wd@k ukd urBmt h awG;tac: ynm&Si=f uD;rsm;onf vGecf @J aom
ES p f a ygif ; &maxmif c sD u mvu Ed k i f i H e ,f e d r d w f & ,f vd k @ yD j yif r _ r &S d c sd e f u mv/ Oya'
twdtusrjyÏmef;rDtcsed u f vrf;n$ecf surf sm; jzpfygonf?
wu,fawm@ Edik if w H nfaxmif&mY Oya'udt k rSo D [JrjyKyJ Edik if u
H w kd nfaxmif jyD;rS Oya'
ay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;Oya'u Edik if zH @JG pnf;wnfaqmufyu kH kd todtrSwjf yKonf[k
qdkEdkifayonf? Oya'qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwckwnfaqmuf &eftwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aom
udpPwckjzpfayonf? tvGefta&;}uD;aom Oya'rsm;xJwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u
ydI
k ta&;}uD;ayonf?
zGJ ph nf;yHt
k ajccHOya'qdo
k nfrmS tb,fenf;
´
WHAT IS CONSTITUTIONAL LAW´
tajccHOya'qdo k nfrmS Edik if w
H cktwGi;f Y toH;k jyKaom Oya'rsm;xJwiG f tjrif@q;kH Oya'
tajccHusqHk; Oya'jzpfonf? (SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND) tajccHOya'jzif@
rnfo@kd aom tpd;k &w&yfukd wnfaqmufrnf qdw k mudk azmfjyygonf? tpd;k &ESi@f Eikd if o H m;
ESpOf ;D ESpzf ufw@kd . yÉdOmOfpmcsKyf (THE CONTRACT OF THE CITIZEN AND GOVERN-
MENT) [kvnf; ac:Edi k yf gonf?
tajccHOya'jzif@ tpd;k &.tm%mudv k nf; xde;f csKyfxm;&ygonf? (INDEFINING AND
LIMITING THE GOVERNMENT POWER) tajccHOya'udk EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u
yg0ifa&;qG&J rnf? ajccHOya'a&; qGo J nf@tcsed wf iG f Edik if aH wmftwGi;f &mZ0wfrKS usL;vGeo f rl sm;
rSty EdkifiHa&;tusOf; om;rsm; r&Sdap&yg? tzGJŒtpnf;wck/ vlwOD;ua&;qGJonf@
tajccH O ya'onf w&m;rS s wr_ r&S d y g? trS e f w u,f a wm@ ppf w yf u a&;qG J o nf @
tajccHOya'onf vl tiftm;ESiv hf ufeuf / jcdr;f ajcmufrE_ iS @f nSi;f yef;ESyd pf ufrsm;ay:wGio f m
tajccHonf udak wG@&onf? xd@k uo J @kd aom tajccH Oya'rsKd ;onfjynfow l @kd . vdvk m;csuEf iS @f
ynm&Sirf sm;. qifjcifww kH &m;ay:wGif trSo D [JjyKraeyJ Edik if u H rkd w&m;tkyf pd;k xm; onf@
vlwOD;(od@k ) vlwpk.qENEiS @f tcGi@f tm%may:wGif wnfwahH ea=umif;/ t*F vdyOf ya'ynm&Sif
*|eq f ,fvrf eG f (JOHN SALMOND) u a&;om; cJ@avonf?
trde@f EiS @f owfrw
S o f nfh Oya'pepfukd twif;tusyv f u
kd ef mapjcif;udk tcGi@f tm%m
(SANCTION) [kac:onf? 4if;tcGi@f tm%mudk rSswr_ (EQUITY) &Sjd y;D / bufvu kd rf _ (BIAS)
r&Syd J jyKvky&f ayrnf?
wu,f a wm@ tajccH O ya'qd k o nf r S m buf r vd k u f o nf @ tjyif rnf o l w OD ;
92
wa,muftwGu[ f k jyÏmef;xm;jcif; r[kwaf y?
toH;k jyKaomOya'onf wbufapmif;eif; jyKvkyx f m;aomf/ Oya't& w&m; rSswr_
r&SdEdkifay? vlwOD;wa,muf(odk@) vlwpk.xifjrifr_ xif&mpdkif;r_ rjyKEdkif&ef zGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk jyÏmef;jyKvkyx f m;jcif; jzpfonf? tajccHOya'onf trsm; em;vnfatmif
jywfom;&rnfjzpfjyD; vdo k nfxufryd&k ay? wu,fawm@ tajccH Oa'. tESpo f m&onf
vlom;wOD;csif;pD. arG;&mygtcGif@ta&; jynf@pHkpGm &&Sda&;yif jzpfonf? arG;&myg
tcGi@f ta&;qdo k nfrmS rlvtcGi@f ta&; ( BILL OF RIGHTS) yifjzpfonf?
vlom;wa,muftaejzif@ urBmay:wGif rnf@onfa'o rnfonf@EdkifiHwGif
arG ; zG m ;onf j zpf a ap (od k @ ) aexd k i f o nf j zpf a p vl w a,muf . arG ; &mygtcG i f @ ta&;
udk&&SdjyD; jzpfayonf? tajccHOya'jzif@ vlwa,muf. rlvtcGif@ta&;rsm;udk ydwf
yifwm;qD;jcif; rjyKvky&f ay?
tajccHOya'onf w&m;rSswr_&adS p&ef &nf&, G cf suEf iS @f vnf;jynf@p&kH ayrnf? Edik if w H Edik if .
H
tajccHOya'udk av@vmjcif;tm;jzif@ azmfjyygEdkifiH. tpdk;&onf jynfolrsm;tay:wGif
b,fvt kd yk cf sKyfonfqw kd mudv k nf; od&ygonf?
rSefuefrSswjyD; 'Drdkua&pD&Sd&JŒvm; (odk@) tm%m&Sifqefonfh tpdk;&vm; (odk@)
ESdyfpufnSOf;yef;onfh tpdk;&vm;qdkwmudkvnf; av@vmod&SdEdkifygonf? zGJ@pnf;yHkt
ajccHOya'xJwiG f tjynfjynfqikd &f moabmwlnrD /_ (UNIVERSALAGREEMENT) vlom;csi;f
pmem&kid ;f yif;r_&adS om vltcGi@f ta&; ( HUMAN RIGHTS) rsm;udk rsuu f ,G jf yK OyuQmjyK
a&;qGx J m;jcif; rjyK&ay?
acwfopfval er_ todik ;f t0dik ;f wGif vGwv f yfrKS r&Sjd cif;ESi@f tcGi@f ta&;r&Sjd cif; (NO LIB-
ERTY AND NO RIGHTS) udk rnf@onfEikd if w H iG rf sS vufrcH=uay? urBm}u;D udk ysupf ;D apzd@k (od@k )
a'owGi;f jidr;f csr;f a&;udk xdcu kd af pzd@k tjyif;xefq;kH jcdr;f ajcmufaewmu rw&m;Oya'rsm;udk
owfrSwfjyÏmef;jyD; tm %mtvGJoHk;pm;jyK/ vlwpkaumif;pm;a&;udk a&S;&_jyD; Oya'rsm;
a&;qGt J yk cf sKyf aejcif;yJ jzpfygonf? ,QKuJ@o@kd jzpf&jcif;rSm tm%mtvGo J ;kH pm;jyKaeaom tpd;k &
rsm;udk jyefvnfta&;r,lEikd I f jzpfygonf?
w&m;Oya'qdo k nfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDut kd ajccHaomtajccHrr_ sm;ay:wGio f ma&; qG&J ayrnf?
w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k r_r&Sv d sS if vlom;tm;vH;k wef;wlnrD sS rr_ &Edik yf g? w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k r_ r&SI d
tpd;k &. Oya'rJ@vyk &f yfrsm;udw k m;qD;umuG,Ef ikd rf nf r[kwyf g?
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&SdI vltrsm;pk.qENrsm;onfvnf;tm%mydkifwdk@. vspf
vsL¶lonfuckd &H ayrnf?
w&m;rSswr_&Sdaom tajccHOya' (CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTIC) rsm;udka&;qGJ
owfrw S jf cif;jzif@ acwfopftpd;k &wd@k onf ,ae@ 21 &mpkEpS x f w J iG f acwfopfval er_/
93
Edik if aH &;(MODERN POLITICAL SOCIETIES) udk wnfaqmuf&ef }uKd ;yrf;vsuf &S=d uonf?
bma-umifhu|Efkyfwdk hzGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya'udkvdktyf-uygoenf;?
´
WHY DO WE NEED CONSTITUTIONAL LAW´
txufygar;cGef;onf xl;qef;onf@ar;cGef;wckawm@r[kwfay? odk@ayrJ@ EdkifiH
om;wOD;twGuftaejzifhrl ar;cGef;wdkaomfvnf;ajz&rnf@tajzrsm;u rsm;vSay onf?
'Dru kd a&pDtjynf@t0&Sjd yD; Oya'ESi@f tnDtyk cf sKyfonfh (ACCORDING TO THE LAW )
tpd;k &rsKd ;onfyifvsS if om,m0ajymaom Edik if w H ck wnf aqmuf&ef zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
vdt k yfygonf? xdu k @J o@kd tajccH Oya'rsKd ;&&S&d ef twGuf tajc cHOya'jzifyh if tpd;k &rsm;udk
w&m;rSswr_&&dS ef zGŒJ pnf;&ayrnf? (TO ORGNIZED THE GOVERNMENT) Edik if o H m;wd@k .
vGwv f yfrr_ sm;udk umuG,&f rnf? (TO PROTECT THE CIVIL LIBERTIES) rdrw d ikd ;f jynf.
Edik if aH &;pepfuv kd nf; xnf@oiG ;f a&;qG&J ayrnf? (THE FOUNDATIONAL DOCUMENT OF
OUR POLITICAL SYSTEM) 'Dru kd a&pDjynf@0aom Edik if aH &;pepfrsm;ESihf Edik if o
H m;wd@k .
rsm;jym;aomvl@ tcGi@f ta&;rsm; &&Scd pH m;Edik &f ef zGŒJG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'xJwiG f azmfjyxm;&rnf?
yg0if a&;qGx J m;&ayrnf? (OTHER NATIONS MANAGE TO HAVE A DEMOCRATIVE
POLITICAL SYSTEM AND ABUNDANT CIVIL LIBERTIES WITHOUT OUR FORM
OF CONSTITUTIONALISM)
usGekfyfwdk@vdktyfaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm/ tajccHOya'onf usGefkyfwdk@Edkif
iHom;rsm;twGuf umuG,fr_trsdK;rsdK;ay;aom tcGif@ta&;trsdK;rsdK;&Sdaom touf
tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrf vHkjcHKr_udkay;aom tm%m&Sdtpdk;&wdk@u usGefkyfwdk@.vGwfvyfpGmae
xdik v f yk u f ikd &f mS azGru
_ kd raESmuf,u
S af om (od@k ) raESmuf,u
S Ef ikd af om Oya'rsKd ;jzpf ayonf?
xd k @ tjyif tajccH O ya'xJ w G i f tm%mud k , pf r l ; aom vl w OD ; (od k @ ) tpk z G J @ I
Edik if uH =kd um&Snpf mG rw&m;tkycf sKyfI r&edik &f ef umuG,af omOya'rsm;yg0if&ay rnf? (THE
PEOPLE CONTROL A GOVERNMENT) od@k ro S m rw&m;aomtpd;k &rsm;u jynforl sm;.
tcGi@f ta&;rsm;udk ydwyf ifwm;qD;r_ rjyKvkyef Kd ifrmS jzpfonf? tpd;k &wd@k .tcGi@f tm%mrsm;udk
uef@owfxm;Edik &f rnf? (LIMITS THE POWER OF THE GOVERMENTS) w&m;rSs waom
Oya'rsm;udk xnf@oGif;a&;qGJxm;&ayrnf? vGwf vyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;cGif@ rsm;udk
uef@owfcsKyfcs,x f m;aom Oya'rsm;udk tajccHOya'wGif xnf@oiG ;f a&; qGjJ cif;rjyK&? (CON-
STITUTION SHALL MAKE NO LAW TO LIMIT, THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND
WRITE) Oya'.txufwGif rnfolrSr&Sdap& (NO MAN ABOVE THE LAW)
tjrif@q;kH tm%m&So
d yl ifvsS if Oya'txufwiG rf &S&d / tajccHOya'.atmufwiG f yif &S&d ayrnf?
(Oyrm) jynfolrsm;u a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;onf@ orRw. tm%monfyifvSsif
94
zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'. atmufwiG yf if&dS &rnf? (THE PRESIDENT POWERS SHALL BE
UNDER THE CONSTITUTION LAW)
tu,fI tpd;k &w&yfonf rdrt d m%mwnfjrJ&eftwGuf rdrv d t
kd yfovdk Oya' rsm;jyKjyD;
Oya'udv k ufeufozG,t f oH;k jyKI tkycf sKyfaeygujynfol rsm;uzG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif
yg0ifaom Edik if o H m;rsm;. vGwv f yfciG @f uukd muG,f aomOya' (LIBERTIES OF CITIZEN)
rsdK;jzif@ tqdkygtpdk;&udk jzKwfcsEdkif&ayrnf? EdkifiHom;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfcGif@ESif@
cH p m;cG i f @ trsd K ;rsd K ;ud k Oya'rsm;u umuG , f ay;xm;aom tajctaersd K ;&&S d a p&ef /
tajccHOya'xJwiG f xnf@oiG ;f a&;qGJ xm;zd@k vdt k yfvaS yonf?
,ae@acwfonf 21 &mpkESpfjzpfjyD; enf;ynmrsm; ydkrdkzGHŒjzdK;wdk;wufvSsuf&Sdonf jzpfI
vlom;rsK;d EG,pf u k kd Edik xf ufp;D eif;jyKaom nSi;f yef;ESyd pf ufrj_ yKaom vltrsm; . vlrsK;d pkw@kd .
,Ofaus;r_udk xdcdkufapmfum;aom t&m&mudk ydwfyifwm;qD;aom/ vln$ef@wHk;apaom
ud p P t rsKd ; rsLd ; ud k ouf q d k i f & m tpd k ; &wd k @ onf Oya'jyÏmef ; I rusL; vG e f = uap&ef
urBmzh jHG zdK;jyD;Edik if rH sm;ESi@f ukvor*~w@kd u yl;aygi;f Iwdu k zf suvf suf &Sad yonf? oufqikd &f m
a'otoD;oD;/ EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifvnf; rdrdwdk@. zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif xnf@oGif;I
umuG,=f u&ef vdt k yfvsu&f ydS gonf? ed*;kH csKyfq&kd vSsif tpd;k &wd@k onf Oya'udk ta=umif;jyI
,kwdWr&Sdaom/ rw&m;aom Oya'rsm; rjyKvkyfEdkif&efESif@ tm%mudk rw&m;&,lxm;jcif;
rjyKEdkif&ef/ w&m;rSswI rSefuefwd usjyD; jynfolwdk@twGuf touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfudk
umuG,af y;Edik rf nf@ zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rsK;d vdt k yfvsu&f ydS gonf?
vGwv f yfrE_ iS @f w&m;rSswr_ukd umuG,&f ef}udK;yrf;r_rsm;onf rrSeu f efaom tpd;k &tcsK@d .
r&d;k rom;vdrv f nfvn S zhf sm; jiif;ckerf r_ sm;ay: Y }udrzf efrsm;pGm tajccH cJ@&onf? xd@k a=umif@
tajccHOya'jzif@ vlwOD;. vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGif@/vGwfvyf pGma&;om;xkwfa0cGif@/
vGwv f yfpmG pnf;&k;H v_yaf qmfciG @f / paom tcGi@f ta&;wd@k onf vl@tcGi@f ta&;. r&Srd ae/ r&rae/
&S d a e&ae&rnf @ tajccH t csuf r sm;jzpf =uavonf / / ?
od@k aomf ,if;vlom; tcGi@f ta&;rsm;udk jynf@0pGmtmrcHcsuaf y;&rnf@ 'Dru kd a& pDpepfonf
toGio f ¾mefa&m tESpo f m&yg pnf;ESi@f urf;ESi@f Oya'ESi@f jzpf&ayrnf? w&m; rSswr_ r&S/d
pnf;urf;r&Sd vkyfudkifajymqdkjcif;rSm trSefpifppf 'Drdkua&pDESif@jy'g; wvrf; oHwvrf;om
jzpfa=umif; a&;om;vdu k &f ygonf?
ud;k um;aom pmtkypf m&if; OD;armifarmif(w&m;&H;k csKyfa&SaŒ e)
Oya'odyyH` nm (armifwift;kH )
jcpH nf;&d;k twGi;f uvl (pdr@f armif)
JUSTICE (TOM CAMPBELL)
LAW (101) (JAY .M. FEINMAN)
IN OUR DEFENSE (ELLLEN ALDERMAN) (CAROLINE KENNEDY)
95
0wKˆwkd cHpm;r+
om;trdESpfa,muf
xl;wifh
“ ukvm;xdik rf mS 0ifxikd yf g”
pcef;rSL;u olrrsuEf mS udk pl;pl;0g;0g; pdu k =f unfo h nf? olru pcef;rSL;
bmar;rvJ? ajzzdk@ toifjyifxm;onf? usrudk vBuf&nf jzpfjzpf/ aumfzDyJ jzpfjzpf
wcG u f a vmuf w d k u f y gvm;[k a wmif ; yef b d k @ pOf ; pm;rd a o;onf ? qJ q d k u sd e f ; armif ; rS m
pd;k ojzifrh awmif;yefvakd wmh? ylavmiftu kd pf yf tcsKyfcef;onf pdw"f gwu f ykd g rGe;f =uyfaponf?
olronf qmavmifI rGe;f =uyfvmonf?
“ jynfw h efqmvkypf m;wm b,favmuf=umjyDv?J igh udak wmhvrd rf ,f
r}uHe@J aemf? vdrn f mr_e@J xyfjyD;yk'rf wyf&if xyf+yD;emvdrrhf ,f? [kw+f yDaemf? at;oef;&J@
cifyeG ;f 'kwyf=uyf armifvi_d u f a&S@wef;pcef;rSmyJvm;/ aemufwef;udk jyefra&mufwm
b,favmuf=umjyDv/J ol@vpmudk vpOfyrkH eS &f &J@vm;?”
'Dvadk r;cGe;f rdsK;awGukd ajz&vdrrhf nf[k wGurf xm;cJ?h jynfw h efqmtvkyf
udv k yk cf whJ m b,favmuf=um+yDvq J o
kd nfh ar;cGe;f u olr&ifukd vdi_ ;f xapcJo h nf?
“ usr 'Dtvkyv f yk w
f m wESpaf usmaf usmyf &J ydS gao;w,f? usrvifu a&S@wef;rSmyJ
&Syd gw,f? ol&wJh ppfwyfvpmeJ@ usrwd@k ro d m;pkb0 r&yfwnfEikd b f ;l av?
usra,musmF ; aemufwef;ra&mufwm=umyg+yD? wyfuxGuaf yrJh xGucf iG rhf ay;bl;vd@k
ajymw,f?”
“ b,f+rdK@awGukd oGm;a&muf tvkyv f yk cf v
hJ J”
“ jr0wD rJaqmuf udak &mufcw hJ ,f? tJ'rD mS wvavmuf=umw,f? cav;awGu
i,f a o;awmh orD ; }uD ; wa,muf x J e J @ v$ J x m;vd k @ r&ao;bl ; ? orD ; }uD ; u
q,fwef;ratmifao;bl;? cav;awGvJ xdr;f odr;f / ausmif;vJwuf/ wzufuvJ pm;aomufqikd f
um&mtdkauqdkifrSm tdrfp&dwf&atmif pm;yGJxdk;vkyf&w,f? 'ga=umifh rJaqmufrSm wv
tvkyv f yk +f yD; jyefvmcJ&h w,f?”
96
&Jpcef;rSL;u aemufxyfar;rnfh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;oifh rar;oifh pOf;pm; =unfo h nf?
ppfwyf ESihf ykvyd f qdo k nfu ppftm%m&Siv f ufxu J cg;ydu k af qmifwyf awG? vufuikd w f w
k f
cg;ydkufaqmif wyfom;jcif; b0wl jzpfaeojzifh pmemaxmuf xm; pdwfu ol@&ifxJodk@
pD;0ifvmonf? &Jpcef;rSL;u ol.azmufonfrsm;udk pDrcH sut f & zrf;qD;cJ&h ojzifh tm;emrdonf?
aus;Zl;&Siaf wGukd aus;Zl;uef;ovdk jzpfaeojzifv h nf; ydI k tm;emrdonf?
rat;oef;u olw@kd . “acgi;f r}uD;” rwd;k =unfukd vGecf o hJ nfh nuxJu a'go
jzpfaecJhonf? rwdk;=unfu ykvdyf&Hk;cef;udk vpOfyHkrSef qufa=u;roGif;cJh? vm'frxdk;cJh?
qufa=u;ay;+yD;+yD;[k qdkum xdkaiGudk 0g;+rdK@cJhonf? ykvdyfzrf;qD;rl jy\emonf xdkrS
pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif ywf0ef;usifu twdtus wdkif=um;vmcJhojzifh +rdK@e,f
at;csr;f om,ma&; ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&; ppfaumifpt D zG@J u +rKd @e,f&pJ cef;udk trde@f ay;&onf? ta&;ay:
pDrcH suxf wJ iG f olr ESihf jynfw h efqmtzG@J onf uyfqu kd cf jhJ cif; jzpfonf?
+rKd @e,f ykvyd &f ;kH uvJ aus;Zl;&Sif azmufo,fawGukd b,fvm zrf;qD;csiyf grh vJ? +rKd @e,f
&Jpcef;rSL;. ZeD; vnfyif; ESihf vufrS a&$q}JG udK;/ a&$vuf aumufrsm;onf jynfw h efqmwd@k .
rsuaf &rsm; ac|;rsm;jzifh pGe;f ayaecJo h nf r[kwv f m;? aus;Zl;&Sif azmufonfawG jzpfaecJo h nf?
aemufwcku 0efxrf;vpm awG wd;k jrSi/hf aiGpuULawG ydx k w k o f jzifh aiGazmif;yGvmcJo h nf?
ukeaf ps;E_e;f }u;D rm;vmcJo h nf? jynfw h efqm vkyt f m;cudk wd;k csiw f ikd ;f wd;k Irjzpf? azmufo,fysuf
rSm pdk;&onf? odk@aomf &Jpcef;udk vpOfay;aeus qufa=u;u ukefaps;E_ef; ESifh twl
jrifwh ufvmonf? jynfw h efqm avmuwGiv f nf; t=uyftwJ yÉdyuQrsm; qdu k af &mufvmonf?
jynfw h efqm vkyt f m;c 0ifaiGueJe/J pm;aomufp&dwf ukeaf ps; E_e;f u rsm;rsm;? qufa=u;u
rsm;rsm; jrifw h uf?
“'Dvykd g? igw@kd uawmh w&m;Oya't& !dpS eG ;f vmwJv h u l kd zrf;qD;&rSmyJ? w&m;pG&J rSmyJ?
'gu tvkyf 0wW&m;/ wm0ef 0wW&m; t&aygh? 'D=um;xJ igwdk@txufu vl}uD;awGu
pDrHcsuf&dSvm+yD zrf;yg/ qD;yg/ ESdyfuGyfygqdk&if igwdk@u vufydkuf=unfhaevdk@ r&awmhbl;?
zrf;qD;&awmhwmayg?h tckvJ eifw@kd ukd zrf;qD;&w,f? emrnf ysupf m&if; xJ ygomG ;+y?D aemufwcg
zrf;rdw,fq&kd if axmifuswt hJ xd jzpfvmvdrrfh ,f?”
pcef;rSL;u tom;ndKndK/ rsufESmjym;jym;/ ar;&dk;um;um;/ rsufvHk;tdrfu
usO;f usO;f arS;arS;/ ig;clrsuv f ;kH ? tm;,l+yD; pum;ajymwdik ;f rsuaf wmifukd rem;wrf; wzsyzf syf
cwfonf? txufuay;vmaom trde@f [o l r# emcHo?l xdek mcHrjl zifh tdraf xmifrb l 0onf
pnfum;=u, G 0f vmcJo h nf r[kwv f m;?
“usrwd@k rdbawGu qif;&Jw,f? oabFmqdyrf mS txrf;orm;/ qdu k uf m; eif;+yD;
usrwd@k rdom;pkukd tazu vkyaf =u;G w,f? usrud, k wf ikd f rdbawG vufxrJ mS ysu H svyk cf w
hJ mygy?J
97
tckvJ jynfw h efqm tvkyu f kd rvkycf ifu [if;&Guf [if;oD; opfo;D a&mif;cJw h ,f? aemufawmh
acgufjyefa=u;ay;&wJh twdk;u qyfvdk@ ravmufwJh tqHk;/ t&iftESD;r&dSwJhtqHk;
usr'D b 0a&muf c J h w mygyJ ? cav; av;a,muf & d S w ,f ? usr orD ; }uD ; ud k usrvd k
cE Wmudk,fa&mif;pm;&wJh tajctae rsKd; ra&muf&atmif usr }udK;pm;aew,f? +yD;awmh
om;av; ESpaf ,mufuv kd J ppfwyfxJ r0ifrzd @kd }udK;pm;ae&rSmyJ?”
olryg;pyfxrJ S pum;vH;k rsm; xGuu f svmonf? wu,fu b0xJu xGuu f svmcJo h nfh
pum;vH k ; rsm; jzpf o nf ? apmapmu qmavmif r G w f o d w f o jzif h vB u f & nf w cG u f
awmif;aomufz@kd uykd if owdr&Edik af wmh?
“wu,fvrkd sm; usra,musmF ; udak rmifvi_d o f m pcef;rSL;}uD;vdk t&m&d}S uD; wOD;
jzpfaer,fq&kd if usrwd@k rdom;pk b0[m a&$e@J aiGe@J ylyefp&m&drS mS r[kwb f ;l ? usrajym&Jygw,f?
pcef;rSL;&J@ rde;f r[m usrvdk jynfw h efqm vkyrf mS r[kwb f ;l ? usr a,musmF ;vJ pcef;rSL;vdk t&m&dS
jzpfc&hJ if usrvJ q&mh rde;f rvdk jynfw h efqm b,fjzpfygrh vJ? tckawmh aumif;pm;wmu usrwd@k
&Jabmfrdom;pkawG r[kwfbl;? ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG/ csrf;om=uG,f0wJh vlawG avmu edAŠmef
a&mufae=uwJt h csed rf mS usrwd@k vkd atmufq;kH u ppfwyf rdom;pkawGrmS b0awG ysupf ;D
a=urGae=uw,f? olwdk@om;orD;awG aumif;pm;=u/ ynmawGoif=u/ rdk;xdatmif
avScg;axmif+yD; wufEdkif=uwJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk@u zmtjzpfeJ@ cav;awG xrif;pm;zdk@
vkyfae&w,f? usrorD; q,fwef;ajzbdk@ usr usL&Sifxm;ray;Edkifbl;? usrt&rf;yJ
pdwx f cd ukd cf whJ ,f?”
at;oef ; . E_ w f c rf ; v$ m awG wqwf q wf wk e f , if v mcJ h o nf ? &if x J w G i f
qd@k eifvh monfukd xdr;f odr;f rxm;Edik af wmh? &du _ I f &du
_ u f m idak =u;G rdawmhonf? rsuv f ;kH tdrxf rJ S
rsu&f nfpufrsm; pD;qif;vmcJo h nf?
“udak rmifvi_d f a&S@wef; pcef;uae usr ol@ukd b,fvadk jym&rvJ? q&m usrudk
oifay;yg? b,fvakd jym&rvJ? usrb0 zmo,frb0[m b,fvv kd yk +f yD; ole@J xdu k w f efygrh vJ?
usr a,muFsm;[m usrtjzpftysu/f rdom;pkb0udk odomG ;&if b,fvckd pH m;&rvJ? usr
rpOf;pm;&Jbl; q&m? tJ'D ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGaum b,fvdkcHpm;=urvJ? olwdk@ rdom;pkawG
b,fvckd pH m;=urvJ? odcsiv f u kd wf m q&m&,f?”
olr. pum;vH;k rsm;onf &du _ o
f jH zifh &du
k cf wfum wcgw&H 0d;k w0g; jzpfomG ;onf?
olronf vufESpfzufjzifh rsufESmay:tkyfum &d_ufIidkaeqJ? pcef;rSL; bmqufajym&rSef;
rodawmh? olr. cifyeG ;f onf 'kwyf=uyf armifvi_d u f kd ajy;I jrifa&mifaeonf? Edi_ ;f ,SO+f yD;
=unfrh o d nf? +rdK@e,fpcef;rSL;}uD;jzpfvmcJyh u kH kd jyefowd& vmonf? pcef;rSL;. q&mu Adv k cf sKyf
pdeaf tmif? Adv k cf sKyf csr;f omonfxuf csr;f omzd@k xrf;aqmifay;&onf? Adv k cf sKyfuvJ wzef
98
olwdk hom;orD;awG aumif;pm;-u/ ynmawGoif-u/
rdk;xdatmif avScg;axmif_yD; wufEdkif -uwJhtcsdefrSm
usrwdk hu zmtjzpfeJ hcav;awG xrif;pm;zdk hvkyfae&w,f?
apmifrh =unf&h @_ co hJ nf? Tod@k jzifh olonf +rdK@e,fpcef;rSL;}uD; jzpfvmonf? at;oef;. cifyeG ;f /
'kwyf=uyfarmifvi_d o f nf t&Siaf rG;aecsi;f }uD;cJo h l r[kwcf ?hJ
pcef;rSL;u wHcg;aygufqDodk@ zswfueJ vSrf;=unfhonf? ykvdyf&Hk;pma&; wOD;u
pcef;rSL;&H;k cef;xJo@kd 0ifvmaeonf? xd@k aemuf tav;jyKum owif;yd@k onf?
“pD r H c suf e J @ jynf h w ef q mawG u d k zrf ; vmcJ h = uw,f q&m? 'D w cgawmh
um&mtdkauqdkifrSm pm;yGJxdk;vkyfwJh jynfhwefqmi,fi,f&G,f&G,fav;awGyg ygvmw,f?
tJ'gvm+yD; owif;yd@k wm q&m? 'DrmS vlpm&if;awG q&m?”
ykvyd &f ;kH pma&;u zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmcJo h nfh vlpm&if;udk ol@q&m pcef;rSL;vufxJ
xnfah y;vdu k o f nf? rat;oef;u &H;k cef;eH&aH y:wGif csw d qf xJG m;aom ppftyk pf k ppftm%m&Si. f
oabmxm;rsm;udk wck+y;D wck vdu k zf wf=unfo h nf? wd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;/ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
xdak emuf vlral &; OD;wnfcsuaf v;&yfukd pdu k =f unfah erdonf? “wrsK;d om;vH;k . pdw"f gwEf iS hf tusihf
pm&dwW jrifrh m;a&;/ wrsK;d om;vH;k use;f rm}uH@cikd af &; ESihf ynm&nfjrifrh m;a&;”a=uG;a=umfoH
pum;vH;k rsm; onf opf&u G rf sm;uJo h @kd wjzKwfjzKwfa=uGusomG ;avovm;rod? rsu&f nfrsm;
jynft h ikd af eaom rsuv f ;kH tdrx f wJ iG f pmvH;k rsm;udk rjrifawmh? orD;}uD; at;at;vdi_ f udo k m
jrifa&mifaerdonf? um&mtdak u ESihf pm;aomufqikd w f iG f q,fwef;atmif csipf w d /f rdcifukd
ulnv D pkd w d jf zifh tvkyv f yk af eonfh orD;udk owd&um qd@k eifah ejyef onf? ol@vyk t f m;cjzifh
rdcifukd axmufyahH ecJo h nfh orD;? tvdu k of w d wf+yD; vdrmR onfh orD;?
vlpm&if;ppfaq;ae&mrSm pcef;rSL;onf rat;oef; rsuEf mS udk zsyu f eJ vSr;f =unfo h nf?
Zmwfvrf;wyk'yf aJ [h-- [lI pdwx f w J iG f nOf;rdonf? b,fwwfEikd rf vJav? igbm wwfEikd rf mS vJ?
Ekwcf rf;u wcsuw f eG @f vy_ f oGm;ao; onf? xd@k jyif ol@rsuv f ;kH tdru
f rD;cJwcJukd rsuv f ;kH jzifh
+rdK@csaeovdk ylxo l mG ;onfrmS trSeyf jJ zpfonf?
at;at;vdi_ ?f touf 16ESp?f zcif 'kwyf=uyf armifvi_d ?f rdcif a':at;oef; qdo k nfh
trnfpm&if;onf pcef;rSL;. rsufvHk;xJwGif rD;awmufoGm; ouJhodk@ &ifxJwGifvnf;
xlyo l mG ;onf? olvyk Ef ikd w f mu om;trdEpS af ,mufukd rqHq k nf;rdatmif vkyaf y;Edik o f nf?
od@k r[kwf qHq k nf;ap&ef zefw;D ay;Edik o f nf? b,fvkd vkyo f ifoh vJ? abmfvyf ifukd pm;yGaJ y:wGif
wa'guaf 'guaf cgu&f if; vlpm&if;ay:wGif ol@rsuv f ;kH t=unfu h kd acwW ausmufcsxm;aeqJ?
xl;wifh
99
Edik if aH &;tawG;tac:
p-um0VmxJu
'dkif,mvufwpf
(18)
rd k ; ajropf
“ p=um0Vm&J@ jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_
Oya'ESihf ywfoufv@dk vlom;wk@d &@J odjrifr_
orkid ;f rSm tpOfbeJ m;vnfyHk (2) rsK;d &Scd w hJ ,f?
wrsKd;u wuUaA'tjrifESifh em;vnfr_jzpfjyD;/
aemufwrsK;d u tEkyËdavmrtjrifEiS ehf m;vnf
r_jzpfw,f? 'DEpS f rsK;d [m tjyeftvSef qef@usiw f hJ
urBmt h jrifEpS rf sK;d tjzpf jzpfay:vmw,f? ”
acwfopfw&kyaf wmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif/ Edik if aH &;awG;ac:ynm&Sif armf pDwek ;f onf
ol. “yËdyuQusr;f ”ukd xko d @dk pwifziG vfh pS v
f u
dk of nf? urBmt h jrifEpS f rsK;d ?
a&S@q;Hk tykid ;f rsm;wGif wuUaA'ac: pdw0f g'ukd txl;wvnf&iS ;f vif;zGihf qkcd jhJ y;D jzpfonf?
&Si;f vif;zGiq hf odk nf qk&d mY rmufch -f tde*f s,Ef iS hf rufch 0f g'rD sm;jzpf onf? vDeifEiS hf pwmvifw@dk .
tjrifrsm;ukd xkwfE_wfazmfjyjcif;omjzpfonf? ,ck vnf; armfonf rmufhcf0g'Djzpfonfh
tav#muf rmufch t f jrifEiS yhf if wuUaA'ukd &Si;f vif;zGiq hf cdk o
hJ nf?
“ wuU a A'uk d w&k y f j ynf r S m &$ r f a A'vk d @ ac:w,f ? 'D t awG ; tac:rsKd ; [m
w&kyfjynfrSmjzpfjzpf/ Oa&mywkdufrSmjzpfjzpf tvGefa&S;uswJhorkdif;umvwck twGif;rSm
pdwf0g'qkdif&m urBmhtjrifjzpfw,f? jyD;awmh vlwkd@&J@tawG;tac:xJrSm =uD;pkd;aew,f?
Oa&mywku d w f idk ;f jynf tajrmuftjrm;&J@ vlrp_ ;D yGm;a&; tajct ae[m t&if;&Si0f g'jrifrh m;pGm
jzpfxGef;wkd;wufwJhtqifhokd@ wkd;wufvmvkd@/ ukef xkwfpGrf;tm;pk/ vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJESifh
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rufch 0f g'&J@ &ky0f g'tEky ËdavmrurBmt h jrif ay:ayguv f mw,f? 'ga=umifh "e&Siv f w
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armfuqko d nf?
100
tEkyËdavmr urBmhtjrifonf w&kyfjynfrSmjzpfjzpf/ Oa&mywkdufrSmjzpfjzpf
a&S;acwfuwnf;u ay:aygufcJhjyD;jzpfonf[k qkdonf? okd@aomfvnf; a&S;acwfa[mif;
tEkyËdavmronf tvkt d av#muf jzpfvmonfh &k;d &d;k jzpfonfh vuQ%maqmifonf? [kpd Ofu
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101
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t&mudpw P ckEiS hf wjcm;t&mudprP sm; tjyeftvSeq f ufpyfwmESihf tjyeftvSef *,uf&u dk w f m
102
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(*)
,if;wk@d onf armf.tjrifjzpfonf? urBmt h jrifEpS rf sK;d ESiyhf wfoufI armf.awG;ac:
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104
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ajcvSr;f awGudk jrefjrefvrS ;f =uw,f? nDtpfuEdk pS af ,muf pdwu f ;l xJrmS r[mAE<Kvrf;r=u;D ay:rSm
bDv;l =uD;u wvSr;f csi;f vSr;f vmaew,f? a*: ZDvmaumif=uD;waumifvdk ausmufcw J ;Hk ESihf
vSr;f ayguv f u
dk w
f ,f?
atmifrif;? ? “ wu,fbJ tJ'v D jdk zpfrmS vm;´”
awZ? ? “ r[kwb f ;l nDav;? araru igw@dk olrsm; toufudk rowf
apcsiw f m? tcktrd af jr‡mifuo dk wfwmvnf; ararr=uKdub f ;l ”
atmifrif;? ? “ ajymvk@d &rvm;? tjyifrmS vnf; 'Dvrdk jzpfEidk b f ;l vk@d ?”
awZ? ? “ tvum;ygumG / bDv;l awG/ ewfawGqw dk m tjyifrmS wu,f
r&Syd gb;l ? ”
atmifrif;? ? “ rif;b,fvdk odv´J ”
105
awZ? ? “ ewfawG[mvnf; vlawGeJ@t&G,fwlwlyJ? wcgw av
i,f&ifvnf;i,fr,f? =uD;&ifvnf;=uD;Ekdifw,f? odyfruGmygbl;uGm? araru igwkd@
aemuf'v D rdk vkyaf tmif ajcmufwmygumG ? bmvnf; rif;a=umufomG ;o vm;´”
atmifrif;? ? “ra=umufygb;l ? ”
awZ? ? “ [kwyf gw,f/ rif;a=umufaewmyg?”
atmifrif;? ? “ r[kwfygbl;? tJ'DbDvl;u ig@ukdrjrifatmif b,f rSm
yk e f ; &rvJ / 'grS r [k w f & if v J xG u f a jy;&if v J &wmyJ r [k w f v m; ” ajymajymqk d ES i f h
atmif r if ; ok w f a jcwif j yD ; oG m ;vk d u f w m 4bavmuf a vmuf a0;oG m ;w,f ? awZ
atmif r if ; aemuf u k d tajy;vk d u f o G m ;jyD ; atmif r if ; yk c k H ; uk d trd t &uk d i f v k d u f w ,f ?
tuk=d uD;avoHEiS hf “ igw@dk aeyl=uD;xJrmS 'Dvb dk aJ v#mufajy;ae&if tylv#yjf yD; ao vdrrfh ,f?”
r[mAE<Kvvrf;ay:rSm bwfpu f m;=u;D awGajy;aew,f? bwfpu f m;xJ rSmvnf; vlawGtjynf?h
tjyifrmS vnf; wGaJ vmif;ckad e&wJv h al wGvnf; trsm;=uD;? ql;avbk&m;=uD;&J@ teD;em;rSm&Sw d hJ
taemf&xmvrf;r=uD; wzufwcsufrSm rdef;r=uD;awG/ a,mufsm;=uD;awG tvkyfqif;vkd@
tdrjf yef=uw,f? wcsK@d aomvlawG [m naeykid ;f vrf;ab;qkid af v;awGziG zhf @dk jyifqifae=uw,f?
wa,muf E S i f h w a,muf vuf u k d i f x m;&if ; bwf p f u m;awG wa0ga0gql n H
ajy;vGm;aewJh vrf;r=uD;ukd jzwfajy;=uw,f?
ql;avbk&m;=uD;&J@ ajc&if;ukda&mufawmh olwkd@ajcvSrf;awG aES;vmw,f?
aA'ifq&mawG/ bk&m;&Scd ;kd enf;pmtky/f pdyyf w k ;D awGa&mif;wJh qkid t
f csK@d ujdk zwfausmf vmw,f?
avSum;xpfawG wxpfcsif;vSrf;wuf&if; yef;qkdifukdvkduf&Smrdw,f? yef; qkdifawG@awmh
yef;qkid u f tbGm;=uD;u olw@dk nt D pfuEdk pS af ,mufudk jyKH;jyD;=unfah e w,f? t0ga&mifyef;awG/
tjzLa&mifyef;awGudk aoaocsmcsma&G;jyD; yku d qf aH csvu
kd f w,f?
awZpdwfxJukd tdrfajr‡mifawG jyefa&mufvmw,f? atmifrif;pdwfxJrSm awmh
ewfbDvl;t=uD;=uD;awG tjyifbufrSmwu,f&Sdaew,fqkdwmyJ? bk&m;&ifjyif awmfrSm
vlawG[mxkid jf y;D &Scd ;dk ae=uw,f? bk&m;ajc&if;vrf;ray:rSm ajy;aewJb h wfpf um;=u;D awGw;D wJh
[Ge;f oHqn l pH mG =um;&w,f? aumifrav;awG pum;azmifz@JG jyD; avSum;xpfudk tajy;tvGm;
wufvmaewmawG@&w,f? nDtpfukdESpfa,muf wdwfqdwfpGm a&S@ukdtenf;i,fwkd;&if;
yef;awGuyf/ qDrD;xGef;/ tar$;wkdifxGef;=uw,f? awG@ygjyD/ Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;? ol@ukdikH@jyD;
jyKH;jyKH;=u;D =unfah ew,f? awZaumif;aumif; odw,f? jrwfpmG bk&m;u ukvm;jynfuvmwm
jzpfw,f? bk&m;vnf; uav;t &G,fjzpfcJhbl;w,f? rif;om;wyg;jzpfcJhvkd@ bk&m;vnf;
trJvkdufcJhbl;rSmyJ? csrf;om =uG,f0r_awGukd pGef@v$wfjyD; w&m;a'\emawGa[m=um;zkd@
ul;ajymif;oGm;cJhw,f? awZpOf;pm;=unfhw,f? rif;om;[m a*gwrbk&m;rjzpfcifawmh
106
trJvu dk w f t hJ cg av;ypfz;l rSm trSeyf ?J awZ[m bk&m;&J@acsmarG@oef@pifaewJh rsuEf mS awmfudk
zl; ar#m&f if; 0rf;enf;ovkcd pH m;vm&w,f? wHawG;awG jrKdcsvu dk &f if; acgi;f ik@H omG ;w,f?
'l;axmufcsvu dk &f if; rsuEf mS a&S@rmS vufz0g;ESpzf ufupdk x k m;jy;D uefawmh vku d w
f ,f?
nDi,fatmifrif;vnf; awZvkyfovkdvkdufvkyfw,f? okH;=udrfwdwd? vlawG bk&m;&Sdckd;&if
ok;H =udrw f w d d uefawmh=uw,f? trsm;enf;wl vky=f uw,f? bk&m;=uD;qDu xGuv f mwJth cg
ajcvSr;f awGenf;vmjyD; nDtpfnED pS af ,mufpum; rajymjzpfbJ wdwq f wd af ew,f?
aA'if q &mawG q k d i f w k d @ trS w f w &ypP n f ; awG a&mif ; wJ h q k d i f a wG u k d ausmf
jzwfvmcJhw,f? olwkd@ESpfa,mufrSm pmuav;v$wfzkd@ ykdufqHtydkrygayrJh/ =udrfjcif;xJ u
pmuav;awGukd c%ai;=unfhaerdw,f? 'DvkdeJ@tjyef jrKd@xJjyefa&mufawmh qlnHoHawG
jyef=um;vm=u&w,f? pum;wvkH;rSrajymbJ puULa&mif;wJhqkdifawG taygifqkdifawG/
xk d i f c k H a o;ao;av;awG r S m xk d i f j yD ; vuf z uf & nf a omuf & if ; tjiif ; yG m ;aewJ h
ukvm;tzk;d =uD;awGudk awG@&w,f?
bk&m;ausmif;uefoGm;jyD; jyefwJhtcgwkdif; pdwfxJrSm t&m&mukd tav;t euf
xm;wwfvmjyD; pdwfxJrSmvnf; ayghyg;vef;qef;aew,f? c%t=umrSm pdwf xJrSm
avjyif;wckwu dk cf wfomG ;ovkd jzpfomG ;w,f? “ igw@dk aemufb,fawmhrS ol rsm;touf
rowfawmhb;l uGm?” acguq f aJG =umfe@H ar$;ar$;av; ESmacgi;f xJa&muf vmw,f? atmifrif;u
“ ajymvkd@r&bl;/ jyefvkyfcsifvJ vkyfrSmbJ? ” ajymawmh awZ atmifrif;&ifbwfukd
wGe;f vku d w f ,f? “ araru igw@dk &J@ avmufav;cGudk jyefay;rSm r[kwaf wmhb;l uG”?
wjznf;jznf;ESifh ajcvSrf;awGoGufvmw,f? [if;e@HawG/ bwfpfum;rD;ckd;e@H awG/
bwfpfum;u ususef&pfwJh qDeH@awG&vmw,f? “ odyfrylawmhbl;aem” ajym ajymqkd
nDtpfuEdk pS af ,muf tdrzf ufudk ajy;=uawmhw,f? olw@dk jrKd@ta=umif;ukd jyefowd&w,f?
oabmusp&maumif;wJh jrKd@emrnfyJ? “ &efukef”? [kwfw,fav? &efawGukefoGm;wm
b,favmufaumif;ovJ? vGwv f yfrt
_ &omukd jyefcpH m;vm& w,f? 5bavmufavmufa0;wJh
tdrzf ufudk zkeaf wGxaewJ=h um;rSm iSuEf pS af umif xyso H ef;oGm;=uw,f?
arar[m ol@pu dk cf if;xJrmS opfcyG ef;awGudk a&avmif;aew,f? ararhrsuf ESm[m
reuf w k d i f ; bk e f ; awmf = uD ; awG qG r f ; cH = uG v mwk d i f ; qG r f ; avmif ; aepOf tazh t wG u f
owdw&aumif;r_ukokdvfjyKaeus rsufESmrsKd;jzpfygw,f? yef;awGxJrSm r&rf; apha&mif
yef;rsm;[mxl;jcm;pGm zl;yGiahf e=uygw,f? arar&J@ tjrwfE;dk qk;H r&rf;aph a&mifyef;rsm;[m
awmxJ r S m tavh u sayguf w mxuf yd k v S y gw,f ? yk d u f u G e f t pyf av; tk y f x m;vk d @
aea&mifjyif;jyif;rcH&ay? naecif;csed f a&mufjyrD @dk aumif;uif=u;D [m r&rf;apha&mif yk;d ydwpf =u;D
jzef@csxm;ovkd vSyaeygw,f?
107
awZ[marar&J@ v#K@d 0u S cf suaf wGudk odyof cd siaf ew,f? ararigw@dk vyk f wmawG
b,fvrdk sm; vkyjf yD;odomG ;wmvnf;? OD;wk;d atmifursm; jyefwidk w f mvm;´
“ r[k w f b l ; / rif ; &,f atmif r if ; &,f twl w l x G u f o G m ;&if r[k w f w m
wckcv k yk af wmhr,f/ ig&h @J vnfyif;aemufem;u v_yo f mG ;w,f? tJ'ge@J igow d m? igajymjyD;bJ?
igah cgi;f xJ wckcak &mufvmvk@d igrif;eJ@atmifrif;ukd vku d &f mS wm? rif;wk@d bmvkyv f yk f igo&d
rSmbJ? igrif;wkd@tarbJ? rif;wkd@[m nDtpfukdt&if;awGbJ? b,fawmhrSrarheJ@? igwkd@[m
rjrif E k d i f w J h = uKd ; awG axmif a ygif ; rsm;pG m ES i f h csnf xm;=u w,f ? tJ ' D = uKd ; awG [ m
rsupf Ed iS rhf jrifEidk b f ;l ? zk;d zk;d ig;r#m;wJh yvyfpwpf=uKd;vkd odycf idk f wJ=h uKd;vm;´ b,fv=dk uKd;rsK;d vJ´
arar jyKH;vku d w f ,f?
“ oGm;--- oGm;upm;=uawmh? at;-- 'gayrJh igrmS xm;wm b,fawmh rSmrarhe@J ?
avmuf a v;cG q k d w m o&uf y if u o&uf o D ; cl ; zk d @ bJ o k H ; ?” atmif r if ; vG e f cJ h w J h
wES p f a usmf a vmuf u yk Z G e f a wmif b uf v #Kd @ 0S u f u d p P E S i f h o G m ;wk e f ; arh u sef c J h w ,f ?
b,fvv dk yk &f rvJ´ tckawmh nDtpfuEdk pS af ,muf avmufav;cGwvufbJ &Sw d ,f?
nDtpfukdESpfa,muf tdrfajr‡mifawG rowfawmhyg? awZ[m jcHpnf;&kd;ay:
rSmwifxm;wJh ykvif;awG/ o&ufoD;awG rypfawmhyg? oltdrfacgifrkd;ay:rSm av;cGukd
t0wfEiS v hf aHk tmifxw k /f om;a&uGi;f rsm;pGmESihf av;cGyrHk ayguaf wmhatmif &pfywf xm;w,f?
atmifrif;rjrifatmif odr;f xm;vku d w f ,f?
atmifrif; b,fawmhrS rawG@atmif ae&mc%c%ajymif;xm;w,f? awZpdwx f rJ mS
atmif r if ; ol @ uk d ol @ &J @ av;cG E S i f h y pf r S m od y f a =umuf w ,f ? uk d , h f a vmuf av;cG E S i f h
uk d , f h u k d j yef y pf w muk d rcH c sif y g? xrif ; 0k d i f ; rS m bmtoH r S xG u f r vmyg? ar aru
atmifrif;&J@xrif;yef;uefxJukd [if;awGESpfZGef;xyfxJhay;aew,f? awZpdwf xJrSm
'Dae@xrif;pm;&wm vk;H 0cHwiG ;f rawG@yg?
awZ? ? “ atmifrif; igxifw,f/ rif;vkyw f mawG[m rSm;aejyDxif w,f? ”
atmifrif;? ? “ at;-- igpw d rf aumif;bl;? ”
awZ? ? “ rif;oGm;r,fq&kd if rif;rSm;oGm;r,f? ”
atmifrif;? ? “ igwk d @ aoaocsmcsm aqG ; aEG ; cJ h = ujyD ; jyD ? igh r S m a&G ; p
&mvrf;ruseaf wmhb;l ? igomxGurf oGm;&if tdrrf mS bJ azazhvb dk J ikww
f w
k x
f idk jf y;D tzrf;cH&rSm?
rif;a&m odyftajctaeraumif;bl;? rif;odyft&JpGef@vGef;w,f? rif;[m rif;tajcaeukd
em;rvnfao;bl;? ”
awZ? ? “ tJ'v D qkd &dk if rif;wae&m&mrSmbJjzpfjzpf c%avmufyek ;f aevku d af yg?h
rjzpfb;l vm;? rE aW v;jzpfjzpf/ ppfuidk ;f jzpfjzpf bk&m;ausmif;uefawG trsm;=uD;&Sw d ahJ e&mrSm
108
uk&d if0wfjyD;uk, d af &mifazsmufaevku d af yg?h bke;f =uD;awG[m wjcm;ausmif;om;awGuv dk nf;
'DvkdbJ 0Sufay;=uwmyJ?tajctae odyfraumif;awmhbl;? rif; -- azazajymcJhwmawG
arhaejyDvm;?”
atmifrif;? ? “ awmfjyD awZ? xyfrajymeJ@awmh?
tcktajctaeawG[m azaz&Sdwkef;uvkd r[kwfawmhbl;? trsm;=uD;ajymif;vJoGm jyD?
azazhpum;[m trSeyf ?J rif;rSwrf d OD;rvm;? aoewfuu dk idk jf y;D ppfwu dk wf m tm%m&Siq f efw,f
qkw d mav?”
atmifrif; pm;jyD;om;yef;uefudk tm;ESiw hf eG ;f xkwv f udk v f @dk xrif;pm;yGaJ y: uae
atmufuu dk svv k rk mS awZu zrf;xdr;f vku d w f ,f? “ awmfawmh igw@dk tazh ta=umif; rajym
eJ@? taz[m olw@dk owfv@dk ao&wmr[kwv f m;? tcktyk cf sKyfae wJh ppftpk;d & rajymif;rjcif;
vlb,fEpS af ,muf xyfao&OD;rSmvJ?”
awZ? ? “ igar;aewmvnf; 'gbJav? jiif;aevkd@vnf; tykdyJ? tajz a&m/
ar;cGe;f a&m twlwyl ?J 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk m ta&;=uD;qk;H yJ? tJ'gudk &atmif vky&f r,f?”
a':pENm[m E_wcf rf;tpku H dk wif;wif;usyu f syf ydwx f m;w,f? b,fvb dk J jzpfjzpf
'Dnt D pfuEdk pS a,muf uk, d b hf 0uk, d f qk;H jzwf=u&r,f? pm;yG0J idk ;f tpGe;f ukd pdwf raumif;pGm
ararpkduf=unfhaew,f? awZ&ifxJrSm wif;wif;usyfusyf cHpm;vm& w,f? awZvnf;
em;vnfw,f? ararhvkdbJ atmifrif;ukd e,fpyfukdxGufoGm;zkd@ tm;ray;csifbl;? 'gayrJh
atmifrif;vGwzf @dk vrf;[m 'Dvrf;bJuseaf wmhw,f? a&G;p &mvrf;r&Sb d ;l av?
arar[m atmifrif;&J@ vufarmif;ukd wif;wif;usyfusyf qkwfukdifvkduf &if;
wkd;wkd;av;ajymvkdufw,f? “ ukd;em&D xkd;awmhr,f?” Armjynftxufbufukd oGm;rJh
bwfpu f m;ukd trDvu dk jf y;D ausmif;uoli,fcsi;f awGEiS hf csed ;f xm;wJah e&moGm; &r,f r[kwv f m;?
tJ'o D il ,fcsi;f ausmif;om;awGEiS hf ,k;d ',m;e,fpyfpcef;ukd ta&mufomG ;&rSm? rJaqmufudk
a&mufatmifomG ;&r,f?
atmifrif;? ? “awZ bmbJjzpfjzpf igomG ;&awmhr,f? rif;awmh vku d cf v
hJ @dk
rjzpfb;l ? 'DrmS ae&if; ararhudk apmifah &Smuf&r,f?”
awZ? ? “ ig- Armjynf r S m bJ a er,f ? 'g[m igh E k d i f i H ? igarG ; wJ h a e&m”
awZuk, d u fh u
dk ,dk f ,k=H unfw,f? o&Jabma=umifv@dk aecJw h mr[kwb f ;l ? 'Dtrd u f dk vnf;
rcGcJ sibf ;l ? ararhuv dk nf; rcGEJ idk o f vk/d tcspq f ;Hk oZifuv dk nf; rcGEJ idk yf g? cspjf cif; arwWmawG/
oHa,mZOfawGa=umifh o&Jabma=umifvdk rh [kwb f ;l ? oZifEiS ahf emuf ESpEf pS af vmufq&dk if
vufxyf=ur,fv@dk wkid yf ifxm;w,f? wu,fv@dk oZifvu dk cf &hJ if awmh olvnf;atmifrif;vkd
awmckdjzpfrSmbJ? 'gayrJh oZifrdbawGu cGifhjyKrSmr[kwf bl;? e,fpyfqkdwm awmeufjyD;
109
c&D;=urf;w,f? odyyf ifyef;r,f? tE &W m,fawGvnf; odyrf sm;w,f? odycf sppf &maumif;wJh oZifu
t=urf;rcHEidk b f ;l ? awmawG/ awmifawG=um;xJ ajy;vku d /f v$m;vku d rf jzpfEidk b f ;l ? oZift h om;awG
yef;yGiahf v;vkd odyEf ;l nHah ysmah jymif;vSygw,f?
atmif r if ; aemuf u d k wywf v S n f h v k d u f w J h t csd e f r S m awZ[m xk d i f c k H a y:u
qif;vdu k w f ,f? atmifrif;[m tckcsed x f d tcsp&f qk;H nDi,f r[kwv f m;? tckcsed u f pjyD; olw@dk
wa,mufudk wa,muf umuG,Ef ikd =f uawmhrmS r[kwb f ;l ? awZ{nfch ef; xJrmS atmifrif;ukd
apmifhaevkdufw,f? atmifrif;wHcg;0ukd a&mufaejyD; ausmykd; tdwfwvkH;ausmrSm
vG , f x m;w,f ? vuf a umuf w uG i f ; / qG J = uKd ; wuk H ; / araru atmif r if ; &J @
*si;f *suu f uftw d xf rJ mS tyfcsn=f uK;d ESihf aoaocsmcsm xk;d jy;D xJx h m;w,f? rdom;pkyidk q f idk af om
aemufq;Hk a&$awGb?J “aeOD;/ c%apmifOh ;D ” awZajymvku d &f if; tdraf y:ukad jy;wufomG ;w,f?
jyef q if ; vmawmh tnKd a &mif td w f u av;ES i f h y wf x m;jyD ; om;a&yif a wG E S i f h
&pfywfcsnaf ESmifxm;wJh ypPn;f av;?
atmifrif;? ? “ bmvJu/G ta&;w=uD; ay;p&muvJ´
awZ? ? “ rif ; awmxJ a &muf r S zG i f h = unf h a ygh u G m / rif ; twG u f wu,f
tvkdtyfqkH;t&m jzpfvmrSmaocsmw,f? ta&;ay:usnfqefayghuGm? ”awZ&,f
armovkad jymvku d af yrJh vnfacsmif;xJrmS a&qmovkd tmacgiaf jcmufuyfae w,f?
tck v nf ; awZ wa,muf w nf ; usef & pf c J h &OD ; rS m bJ ? tazwk e f ; uvnf ;
cHpm;csut f wlwb l ?J 'gayrJh 'Dwcg[m taztzrf;cH&wJt h csed w f ek ;f uESihf rwlb;l ? taz[m
ppfwyfuzrf;oGm;wm? atmifrif;u awZukdcGJjyD;xm;cJhwm? ol@&nf&G,f csufawGtwGuf
atmifrif; awZukcd se&f pfcw hJ m? awZ bmrSrwwfEidk af wmhyg? ol@ pdwx f rJ mS ol[m atmifrif;ukd
opPmazmufro d vkd cHpm;rdwmtrSeb f ?J ol@naD tmif rif; ol@uzkd ufjyD; E_wq f ufcsed rf mS awZ
“ rif;ukd igcspfygw,f”qkdwmukd atmifrif; em;em;uyfjyD; ajymvkdufygw,f? atmifrif;
bmrSjyefrajymEkdifcJhyg?
ol@nD -- tr$mavmufcsp&f wJh nDav;/ wHcg;ukjd zwfjy;D jcx H uJ xGuo f mG ;jy?D rsupf t d pkuH dk
rSwv f u dk &f if; wa&G@a&G@a0;oGm;wJh atmifrif;&J@ ajcoHub dk J em;pGiahf e rdw,f? pum;odyrf sm;wJh
vli,fwa,mufxu G o f mG ;wJh “ zvyf/ zvyf” qkw d ahJ jcoH awG[m wjznf;jznf;eJ@ wk;d wk;d oGm;vkd
h r=um;&awmhovkd awZcHpm;rdw,f? awZ rsufpdukd tomt,mzGifh=unfhrdw,f?
rsuf p d w rS d w f t wG i f ; rS m t&m&m[majymif ; vJ cJ h y gw,f ? pmwk d u f a owW m ay:rS m
va&mif E S i f h t xD ; usef p G m yG i f h a ewJ h opf c G y ef ; av;[m taraysmuf o G m ;vk d h
use&f pfwu hJ av;i,fyrm odrif ,ftm;EG@J use&f pfaew,f?
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110
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avxJrSysHae/ v$ifhar#maeovkdbJ? awZrsufpdxJrSmawmh tjyifu aumif;uifjym=uD;ukd
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ppfa=umif;wGi/f yxr ppfrsuEf mS wyfrawmfrS yxrESihf wwd, wyfrawmf tpkrsm; ESi/hf
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112
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armfESifhaygvpfAsK&kd wzGJ@vHk;udk zrf;+yD;/ ygwDESifhwyfrawmf. acgif;aqmif ae&modk@
wuf,El ikd o f nf? od@k r[kwv f #if armfh ppfa=umif;udk &efov l ufwiG ;f ydwrf d atmif yd@k Eikd of nf?
armf. ppfa=umif;onf/ qGeyf efa'oudk jzwf&rnf? qGeyf efukd jzwf v#i/f xdak 'oxJwiG f
tcdik t f rm wyfpaJG eaom/ ulrefwefwyfawG=um;u jzwf&rnf
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csw D ufyaJG =umifh csed @J qJ &S=d uao;onf? ,ckwikd f csed @J armyef;aeo!fh wyfrsm;jzifh ul rifwef
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rnfo!fh ypPn;f udrk #/ r,l&[k ol@wyfom;rsm;udk trde@f xw k of nf? pnf;urf;azmuforl sm;udk
ypfowfonf? &GmjyifbufwiG f &dwcf ge;D qJqJ *sKH cif;}u;D rsm; udk awG@&onf? armf.wyfrsm;onf/
xGufajy;aeaom &Gmom;rsm;twGuf/ *sHKrsm; udk &dwfay;cJh=uonf? wvif;rsm;wGif
yHak y;cJ=h uonf? olw@kd ,laom ypPn;f rsm; t wGuf ydu k q
f rH sm;xm;ypfc=hJ uonf? od@k &mwGif
olw@kd wiG f qefr&S?d tom;r&S?d qm; r&S?d qm;r&So d !fth wGuf ydI k 'kuaQ &muf=u&onf?
*sKH aphjyKwfukd qm;rygyJ aomuf &ojzif/h Adu k ef m=uonf? wyfom;wOD;u/ tdrw f tdrw f iG f
0ufoa&rsm;awG@ojzif/h jyKwfpm;onf? armfvnf; xdk 0ufoa&jyKwfuykd if aomufonf?
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ola&mufo!ft h csed w
f iG /f jrpfa&v#H I/ rul;Edik [f q k ukd m/ awmifbufurf; wGif use&f pfco hJ nf?
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jrpfujkd zwfI/ jyefqw k cf &hJ rnf[k trde@f ay;onf? TwGif armfw h yfrS wyftcsKd @u awmifbufo@kd
jyef q k w f v d k = uonf ? ajrmuf b uf w G i f bmr# pm;p&mr&S d ? awmif b uf w G i f /
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113
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use;f ud@k axmifEiS t hf wl/ csLaw;ESihf vsK ydck se;f wd@k vnf; ygomG ;=uonf? rdryd gomG ;&jcif;rSm
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}u;D rsurf x J rJ mS bmrSpm;p&mr&Sb d ;l ? jrufawm}u;D awGu qifw&yfavmufrubl;? uGi;f pyfrmS /
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&JabmfawG jyefvS!fhoGm;wmudk =u!fh+yD;/ armf awmfawmf pdwfxdcdkufaeyHk&w,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd vJ w&H;k &H;k jyefv! S ahf ewJ/h wyfawGukd =u!f+h y;D / pdw"f mwfusvm=uw,f? a&S@rmS
awmif a wG trsm;}uD ; ausmf & tH k ; r,f ? wd k u f y G J a wG eJ @ wd k ; tH k ; r,f ? pm;p&mvJ
ajrmufbufoGm;av &Sm;avyJ? &Jabmftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm 0rf;udkufvdk@ twkef;t&kef;
aouke=f uw,f?
“OuUX armfu ‘oGm;csio f l oGm;yaph’ vd@k ajymw,f? yga&S qdw k hJ &Gma&muf awmh/
u|eaf wmfw@kd tpnf;ta0;wck vky=f uw,f? OuUX armfu ‘b,fEh , S vf J &Jabmfw@kd
jyefv! S chf sio f vm;’ vd@k ar;w,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd ol@rsuEf mS udk ai;=u!fh ae=uw,f? OuUX
armf[m u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ aoruGm/ &SifruGm twl&SdcJhw,f? u|ef awmfwdk@eJ@twl/
ajcvsiaf v#mufcw hJ ,f? xrf;pifay:udk a,mifv@kd awmif rwufb;l ? ol@twGuf ay;xm;wJh
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aemufa=umif; rjyefb;l / OuUX armfe@J twl/ a&S@ udk wdu k rf ,fv@kd ’ atmf=uw,f? 'Dawmh
OuUX armfu ‘olw@kd jyefvm=urSmyJ// igw@kd qD jyefvm&rSmyJ? olw@kd jyefvmEdik af tmif/ igw@kd u
vrf;&Si;f xm;&r,f? olw@kd jyef vmEdik af tmif/ vrf;cif;ay;xm;&r,f’ vk@d OuUX armfu
ajymw,f? ajymwJt h wdik ;f yJ u|eaf wmfw@kd [m a&S@wuf+yD;/ &efoal wGe@J wdu k yf }JG uD; wyGu J /kd
wduk vf u kd &f w,f?”
xdw k ukd yf rJG mS vwfZ;D ud;k awmif=um;wdu k yf jJG zpfonf? cseaf u&Sw d .f t aumif;qH;k
wyfr;_ jzpfo/l [lqeG ef efu wyfom; (40000) jzifh xdak wmif=um;rS ydwI f / apmifo h nf?
wyfeaD wmfonf/ 'g;vGwrf sm;/ vSrH sm;tygt0if/ &&mvufeufjzif/h ulrif wef jrif;wyfukd
0ifwu kd o f nf?
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rwm;Edik b f ;l ? wnvH;k wdu k w f m reufvif;awmh u|eaf wmfw@kd 'Dawmif =um;udk &wmyJ” [k
114
wyfom;a[mif;}uD;wOD;u ajymjyonf?
c&D;&Sncf sw D ufyw JG ek ;f u olw@kd jzwfausmcf &hJ o!f/h pdrahf wm}uD;rsm;udk ,ckwikd f olw@kd
rarhEikd af o;? ( c&D;&Snf csw D ufyw JG iG yf gco
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pdrahf wm}uD;udjk zwf&if/ ajrrmwJh ae&muav;awGay:uyJ/ jzwfv@kd &w,f? a&S@u oGm;ESiw hf h J
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ESi;f awGuv kd ufe@J azmf+y;D / }uKd ;pudrk eJ&mS ,l&w,f? }uKd ;p[m us awmfw@kd &@J toufaoG;a=umyJ?
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ajcvsiv f u kd +f y;D / rjyEdik bf ;l qdv k @kd olw@kd ukd u|eaf wmfw@kd u/ a0ge@J xrf;ac:cJ&h ao;w,f? a0gukd
vlajcmufa,muf xrf;&w,f? wcgwavusawmhvJ yifyef;vGe;f vd@k b,fxrf;Edik rf vJ?
vJuu JG ek w
f mayg?h 'Dvkd tcsed rf mS olw@kd vufcyk x f uJ a&qdak wmh ydu k q f H odyaf wmif;wmyJ?”
olwdk@wGif pm;p&mr&Sd? Owku wae@oHk;cgavmuf ajymif;wwfonf? aeyGihf
o!ft h cgyiG o hf nf? c%=umv#i/f qDEiS ;f awGusvmwwfonf? c%=umv#i/f rd;k &Gm um/
avjyif;wdu k v f mwwfao;onf? nwGif &$@H awGu a&cJojzihf aumif;aumif; tdyI f r&?
wa,mufuw kd a,muf rSI D / xdik &f if;/ tdy=f u&onf? jrufupkd m;=u&onf?
cs,f&DoD;vdk toD;awGawG@ojzifh/ xdktoD;rsm;udk pm;=u&onf? yJjrpfvdk OrsdK;awGudk
pm;=uojzih/f tqdyjf zpfuek =f uonf? 0rf;udu k af &m*g pGu J ek =f uonf?
“u|efawmfwdk@eJ@ ygvmwJh *sHKaphawGudk/ tpdrf;vdkufpm;=uw,f? 'gayr,fh
b,ftpma=uygrh vJ? 0rf;oGm;awmh taphvu kd af wGcsn;f yJ? tJ'w D ek ;f u (12) ESpo f m; (13)
ESpo f m;/ (14) ESpo f m;/ &Jabmfuav;awGygw,f? awmfawmft=hH ozd@k aumif;wJ/h &Jabmfav;awGy?J
olw@kd =u!fv h u kd &f if/ wyfO;D ucsn;f yJ? '%f&m&aewJh vlemawG&@J temudk aq;ay;w,f?
nus&if x+y;D / vla&w,f? b,f&;D oD; vdu k cf ;l w,f? a&S@ u oGm;ESi+hf y;D / vrf;raysmufatmif
toHay;w,f? em&Dacguw f ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd 'D vdk pdrahf wm}u;D xJukd jzwfawmh/ bmvkyw f ,f
xifovJ? oDcsi;f qdw k ,fav? ‘om; a&udk 'Dvpdk m;rnf’ qdw k hJ oDcsi;f ? om;a&cg;ywfawGukd
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awmfawmfrsm;rsm; usq;kH cJ&h w,f? jrufawm}uD;xJqakd wmh/ &efo f u l kd rjrif& bl;? r=uc%
115
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ao&rJt h wlw/l tqdypf m;+y;D aorvm;/ EGx H eJ pfaorvm;? ypfowf+y;D aorvm;? wenf;enf;eJ@
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vJusaoqH;k uke=f uw,f? tavmif;awGukd wufeif;oGm;=uw,f? “usr av#mufaewke;f /
ZdueJ jrnfv@kd jrufyifawGukd +zJ=u!fv h u kd af wmh/ vlao&J@ rsuEf mS }uD; oGm;awG@w,f?
ckxufxd tdrrf ufxrJ mS ay:vmwwfao;w,f?” [k pdrahf wm udk oH;k }udrjf zwfc&hJ o!f/h
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ajr0g csKd ih0f rS ;f }uD;awG jzpfae=uonf? ,ck wyfeaD wmfonf/ jynfe,f q,fcu k kd jzwfum/
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!$ef=um;csufrsm;udk remcH[k/ trdef@ xkwfonf? xdk@aemuf oludk,fwkdif taxGaxG
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t& ,lonf? ol@tpd;k &ESihf ol@wyfwnf&mrSm wdbufvrl sKd ;wd@k usKd ;wd;k usw J J ae xdik o f !f/h
awm}uD;rsurf jJ zpfonf? bde;f xGuo f nf[k ausm=f um;onf? use;f ud@k axmif onf ol@wyfukd
ukex f wk af &;wyfz@JG wck jzpfvmatmif rvkyEf ikd ?f ol@wyfonf vlxk tay:wGi/f 0efxw k f 0efy;kd
jzpfaeonf? armfu vlrsKd ;pkrsm;xJwiG /f tajccHpcef; wnf aqmufjcif; rjyK&ef/ ol@ukd
owday;bl;onf? xkad 'orsm;u vlae}uJonf? pdu k yf sKd ; a&; cufonf? wyfom;rsm;wGi/f
bmompum; tcuftcJ &So d jzif/h vlxEk iS hf pdr;f onf? [efvrl sKd ; bk&ifrsm;ESi/hf ulrifwefw@kd
ESdyfpufcJhojzifh/ vlrsdK;pkrsm;onf &efvdk wwf=uonf? usef;udk@axmif. wyfonf/
bd e f ; ta&mif ; t0,f vk y f I / wnf w ef @ ae onf ? ppf b k & if . ppf w yf w wyf
toGiaf qmifvmonf? a&m*gb,ESihf xGuaf jy;r_ rsm;a=umifh wyfom;OD;a& enf;vmonf?
armfEiS hf A[dak umfrwDu olw@kd &&dS m &Sepf ;D ajrmufyikd ;f od@k vdu k v f m&ef/ a=u; eef;jzifh
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&SefpD;odk@ a&mufvmonf? [dk@vkef uGyfuJo!fh 'kwd, ppfrsufESm wyfrawmfonf/
tauG@taumufrsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;cJ&h onf?
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119
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auG@acsmifjynfe,f ta&S@ajrmufydkif;odk@ qkwfvm cJh&onf? vrf;wGif A[kdpcef;udk
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TwGif *siaf y&So d nf/ [d@k vek . f 'kw, d ppf rsuEf mS wyfrawmfonf/ auG@acsmifjynfe,fEiS hf
[leefjynfe,fu/kd acguw f @kH acgujf yef ul;ae&onf? 1936 ckEpS x f u J srS use;f ud@k axmifpcef;&S&d m/
pifuseef ,fxo J @kd a&muf oGm;onf? use;f ud@k axmif. pcef;rSm/ e*du k &Sm;yg;&o!ft h xJ/
wyfom; (20000) &So d !f/h [d@k vek . f wyfa&mufvmo!ft h cgwiG /f ydI k cufcv J monf?
tjiif;yGm;r_awG ay:vmonf? TwGif *siaf y&Su d / wyftm;vH;k &Sepf ;D jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f &S/d
armfh aemuf od@k vdu k &f ef wifjyonf? csLaw;u 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om axmufco H nf? 1936
ck Zl vdik v f wGif csLaw;/ [d@k vek w f @kd acgi;f aqmifo!f/h pwkwEˆ iS hf 'kw, d ppfrsuEf mS wyf
rawmfrsm;onf/ armf &S&d mod@k vku d v f mcJ=h uonf?
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pcef;wGi&f o dS !f/h a'guw f m r[dik af whu ajymjyonf?
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tajccHpcef;twGuf roifhavsmf/ oJuE Wm&}uD; jzpf onf? pwk&ef; wrdkifv#if/
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Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.

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