Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EMPHASIS ON
& GREETING
INFORMALITY
AMERICAN
SOCIAL
RELATION
PERSONAL ELEMENTS OF
FRIENDSHIP COMMUNICATION
Parlindungan Pardede
Universitas Kristen Indonesia Jakarta
OFFICIAL, OR
TO PROVIDE
STATUS/AGE
OPPORTUNITY IS DIFFERENT;
TO KNOW TITLE/ LAST NAME
OTHER IS EXPECTED;
FORMAL LONG & COMPLETE
PEOPLE
LANGUAGE;
HANDSHAKING
IS EXPECTED
GOAL
INTRODUCTION
& GREETING RANGE OF
INTRODUCTION
GOOD MANNER
RULES INFORMAL
DAILY OR CASUAL;
TITLE/ LAST NAME
IS IGNORED;
BRIEF & REDUCED
MAN IS INTRODUCED TO WOMAN, YOUNGER TO LANGUAGE;
THE OLDER, GUEST TO HOST, A PERSON TO GROUP; HANDSHAKING IS
MAINTAIN NATURAL EYE CONTACT; OPTIONAL
FIRM & BRIEF HANDSHAKING, WOMAN EXTENDS HAND;
SMALL TALK IS VERY NECESSARY
EQUALITY FOR ALL
OBSCURITY OF CLASSLESS SOCIETY
SOCIAL
DISTINCTION
TEND TO BE MODEST
APPRECIATION READY TO ADMIT
EMPHASIS ON PERSONAL
WEAKNESS
DISLIKE TO SHOW OFF
ON ACHIEVEMENT DISLIKE TO BE
& SPORTMANSHIP CONSIDERED INFERIOR
INFORMALITY
LADIES FIRST
COURTESY TO APPEARING GENTLEMAN
WOMAN DESPITE BY PROTECTING AND
SERVING WOMEN
THE ADMISSION
OF WOMAN-MAN
EQUALITY
AUTOMATIC
EXPRESSION
APPROPRIATE
COMPLIMENTS
VERBAL
RULES & STYLES:
• DIRECTNESS
• INVITATIONS
• TAKING-TURNS
COMMUNI-
CATION TRANSMIT 93% OF
ATTITUDINAL/FEELING
COMMUNICATION
NON-VERBAL
GESTURE
FACIAL
FORMS EXPRESSION
EYE CONTACT
CLOTHING &
SPATIAL NORMS
ACCESSORIES
RULES & STYLES OFSPEAKING
DIRECTNESS= Compared to other languages,
American English strongly emphasizes directness in
verbal interaction, as shown in: "Don't beat around
the bush," "Let's get down to business" and "Get to
the point". Such expressions indicate impatience
with avoiding issues. However, there are limits to the
degree of directness a person is allowed to express,
especially with people of higher status such as
employers and teachers. A student should not say
"What has happened to you? You look like you
gained a lot of weight!" to his teacher. She might
reply, 'That's none of your business!"
Different from the hosts in most Eastern countries
who are expected to offer food several times, but in
the US theymay make an offer only once or twice.
RULES & STYLES OFSPEAKING
Invitations = a genuine invitation is extended which
is indicated by a definite plan, a specific time and
place.
Sue: It was nice talking to you.
Pat: OK, may be we can meet sometime soon.
Sue: Yeah, love to. Why don’t you drop by my house sometime?
Pat: Great. Gotta go. See ya soon.
Jane: Before you leave for your vacation can we get together and
have lunch?
Theo: Sure, I'd love to,
Jane: How about Friday? Say about 12:30 at my place?
Theo: That sounds good. See you then.
RULES & STYLES OFSPEAKING
SPEAKING & REFRAINING: Many Americans
interpret silence in a conversation to mean
disapproval, disagreement, or unsuccessful
communication. They often try to fill silence by
saying something even if they have nothing to say!
On the other hand, they don't appreciate a person
who dominates a conversation. It’s better to wait
until someone has finished a sentence before we
contribute to a discussion. Interrupting someone
who is speaking is considered rude in the U.S. Even
children are taught explicitly not to interrupt.
MAKING
COMPLIMENTS
TIPPING
NONVERBAL MESSAGES
AUDITIV NONVISUAL
VISUAL NONAUDITIF
E
Some Popular Emoticons
(in Computer or SMS)
Relationships and Proxemic Distances