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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Electrical conduction
a) Current
instantaneous
dq
i
dt
average
q
i
t
it is scalar
b) Current density
ˆ i A
J ˆ
A
c) Drift velocity
i eV
vd
neA ml
mean free path
v d
d) Ohm's law (in vector form)
J E ,
e) resistance, resistivity and conductivity
ml l 1
R
ne A
2
A A
f) temperature coefficient of resistance
dR
R
R d
R R 0 1 R
g) temperature coefficient of resistivity
d
d
0 1
h) Relation between and R
R
i) equivalent temperature coefficient
series
Req eq R
parallel
eq
Req R
j) Mobility of charge carrier
v
d
E
k) effect of temperature on conductivity
MARATHON-10
73
Current Electricity & Electrical Conduction
for conductor
for semiconductor
2. Resistance combination
a) Series (current remains same in all elements)
Req R
b) Parallel (potential difference is same across all elements)
1 1
R eq R
c) Delta to star conversion : Multiply the neighbors and divide it with the sum
of delta.
C C
Rc
RCA RBC
RA RB
A B A B
RAB
R AB RCA
RA where R AB R BC RCA
d) Wheatstone bridge :
a
P Q
W
R S
b
if P R then bridge is balanced and then Va = Vb. In this situation
Q S
Req
P Q R S
P Q R S
e) Cube solution :
C
A
3
i) Req AB r (across the face diagonal)
4
5
ii) Req AC r (across the body diagonal)
6
7
iii) Req AD r (across the edge)
12
f) Symmetry consideration
i) If line of symmetry is line joining terminals corresponding points in
both halves are equipotential hence fold one half over the other.
ii) If line of symmetry is perpendicular to line joining terminals all the
points on the line of symmetry are equipotential.
4. Effects of current
a) Thermal effect
V2
i) P Vi i 2R
R
ii) time taken by two coils to produce same amount of heat
in series
t s t1 t 2
in parallel
t1t 2
tp
t1 t 2
iii) A battery produces maximum power in external resistance if internal
resistance of battery is same as external resistance
E2
Pmax
4r
iv) Fuse wire : Low melting point & low resistance wire melts if current
goes beyond its rated limit. Its current rating
3
i r 2,
i T2
b) Chemical effect
i) Farad's 1st law :
m q m zq
ii) Farad's 2nd law :
m Eq
E
iii) F = 96500 C = Ne (one mole of charge)
z
5. Thermoelectricity
a) Seebeck effect
i) Thermo emf
E T 1 T
2
2
Tn
Ti
Thot
Tc
dS
T
dT
6. Solutions of simple circuits :
a) At a junction (node) in a circuit, the incoming current equals the outgoing
current. In other words, the algebraic sum of the currents entering any
junction point in a circuit is zero.
b) The algebraic sum of the changes in potential around any closed path is zero.
c) In an electrical circuit the sum of the effects of individual cells is same as the
effect when all of them present simultaneously.
7. Growth and decay of current in RC circuit (transient behavior)
a) Charging circuit
C R
A
i
K
E
i) time constant of circuit RC .
E t
ii) i e RC
R
t
iii) Vc E 1 e RC
t
iv) q q max 1 e RC
2
t
v) U 1 CE 2 1 e RC
2
E RC
2
t
2t
vi) P e e RC
R
V2
vii) P is maximum at t RC ln 2 and Pmax
4R
8. b) Discharging circuit
C R
+
A
i
K
t
V0
i) i e RC
R
t
ii) Vc V0e RC
t
iv) q CV0e RC
2t
v) U 1 CV0 2e RC
2