c
 










  
   








 
February 14, 2011




 III- St. Alphonsus De Orozco


Angelica Mari Lauro
 Richelle Pagdatoon
Jeane Raphael Quinto
Y


Y
Michaela Papa
Angelo Malamug
Paolo Milaor





 c  
 

!Y 
 


Today, candles are not only for light purposes but it can be used as a home decoration,
novelty collections, main decoration for big occasions such as wedding, birthday,
baptismal, etc. and scented aromatherapy. Candles are made of different types of waxes
and oils.

Cooking oil is a major ingredient in Filipino households. It is also often used in different
food preparations. When cooking oils are discarded by the people/person who use it, they
just throw it in canals and sewerage systems which can be the cause that the canals and
sewers are clogged.

!Y  " 


1.Y What would be the candle compositions to be used?

2.Y What are the procedures in making a scented candle?
3.Y Would these candles will last even longer than the others wherein we use paraffin
wax?
4.Y Does the study reach its aim?

c!Y#$
1.Y This project tries to find out the feasibility of the used cooking oil as an additive
component of candle. This study also aims to produce a low priced candle but high in
quality which have a scented smell by using used cooking oil.
2.Y This Project aims to successfully make a candle by using used cooking oil as an
additive.
3.Y This project also aims to make a candle wherein it will last longer than a candle
which is made from paraffin wax.
4.Y This project aims to make a scented candle even we use as cooking oil.







 


%!Y 

The significance of this study is that we would learn how to use alternative products
wherein it is cheaper and easier to make a good output. In this research study contributes
a lot because we already found something that we can use as an alternative in paraffin
wax since it is derived from petroleum and we all know that nowadays, petroleum is
expensive. This study also contributes knowledge to researchers and to the community in
a way of finding alternative use of cooking oil rather than just throwing it on canals and
sewerage systems which can be the cause of being clogged. It also helps our environment
in a way of minimizing the waste oil in polluting our country.

‰!Y    


Upon conducting the experimentation process, the researchers had found out some limitations
within the projects and these are the following:

The researchers did not include the measurement of the amount of light given off by each candle
because the instrument used to measure was not available in the surroundings. Upon testing the
candles quality, the researchers only include the following parameters: Lifespan of the candles
and type of flame produced by the candles.


 c&'( '




!Y'( '


Candles used to be largely made up of solid combustible waxes of fatty substance formed around
a wick. It is a source of light. Beeswax candles were used in Egypt and Crete as early as 3000
B.C. Much later, candles were made by pouring molten wax or tallow into molds, containing
wicks. Next came the paraffin wax, which is crystallized from petroleum. Today, commercially
available candles are approximately made up of 65 percent paraffin wax and 35 percent stearic
acid. Waxes compromises a broad group of opaque, water repellent, essentially solid materials
having varied chemical composition and many diverse applications. Its name applied originally
to naturally occurring esters of fatty acids and monohydric alcohols but not refers to both natural
and manufactured products resembling these esters. They soften gradually on heating, going
through a soft, malleable state before ultimately forming a liquid. Oils are greasy, generally
combustible liquid of vegetables, animals or mineral origin which is insoluble in alcohol and
always in Ether. Oils are used as food, for lubricating, illuminating and as fuel. It is also used in
the manufacture of soap, candles, cosmetics, perfumery, etc.
Wick were made up of cotton or linen woven and braided in such a way that it will burn i n one
direction, curling so as to texture its end into oxidizing zone of the candles flame for complete
combustion.

!Y å 

It is feasible to make candles out of used cooking. Candles out of used cooking oil can be
comparable to candles out of paraffin wax (commercial candle) in terms of lifespan and types of
flame.

c!Y%  )

c

Y Ya stick of solid wax with an embedded wick burned for light

å  
Y Yare compounds that can produce light to candle

YYYYYY

Y Y serves as the hardener in candle making

YYYYYY  
Y Y Y a white, waxy substance consisting of a mixture of Hydrocarbons, distilled

from petroleum and used for making candles, sealing jars, etc.
 c * 

*


500 mL used cooking oil

1 kg paraffin wax
strings cut into 5 inches long, serves as wick
crayons in different colors
kettle
beaker
stirring rod
mold made from bamboo


" 


The measured paraffin waxes will be cut into small pieces to facilitate melting. It will be placed
in a clean and dry kettle, together with a small piece of colored crayon, to produce a colored
candle candle. The kettle will be heated in low fire until the waxes and crayons melt. The melted
wax will be added with different percentages of used cooking oil. Before the mixture solidifies,
they will be formed into molds, wicks suspended in the middle of the container. They will be air-
dried until hardened.

The melting rate of the different preparations of candles will be tested by the measured initial
lengths of the candles and allowing them to burn for 15 minutes. The final lengths of the candles
will be measured again. The melted candle will also be collected and measured. The intensity of
light produced by the candles will also be tested using the photometer.
 c+ '

%
 
In this chapter, it tries to discuss the observation noted on the experiment and the characteristics
of the candles made from used cooking oil.

' ((, ) 
 


  


A.Y 100:0% Very dim 5 mins 32 sec

B.Y 90:10% Dim 6 min 16 sec

C.Y 80:20% Less dim 6 min 16 sec

D.Y 70:30% Less bright 7 min 5 sec

E.Y 60:40% Bright 8 min 51 sec

F.Y 50:50% Very bright 8 min 58 sec

The table shows that the candle A has a very dim type of flame while the candle F has the very
bright type of flame. It only means that the more used cooking oil in the candle, the more bright
the type of the candles' flame. Also with the lifespan of the candles. As shown above, the more
the used cooking oil in the candle, the more it lasts long.
 c+&c 

 '  

!Yc 

 
It was concluded that adding used cooking oil in the production of alternative candles did
not make any significant difference or great impact on the effects of the samples when
applied on the candles. The addition of used cooking oil only increased the moisture of
the samples and a little increase on it's intensity of light. Indeed, it lowered the costs of
the production of the candles. Furthermore, sample B can be comparable to the
commercial one and is more effective than the other samples.


!Y '  

The researcher recommends further research on the project especially on the right
amounts of the usd cooking oil and it's other composition to achieve a better mixture and
produce a better product.

c!Y 
 


http://www.investigatoryprojectexample.com/science/used-cooking-oil-as-an-additive-
component-of-candle.html

http://www.ehow.com/how_5608113_make-using-cooking-oil-additive.html