SAMPLE DESIGNS AND

SAMPLING PROCEDURES
SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP 10
ABHIJEET SHARMA (191062)
ANSHUL KAUL (191077)
JASBIR SINGH (191088)
PRATEEK JAIN (191104)
 Probability Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling: A sampling
procedure that assures each element in the
population an equal chance of being included
in the sample. E.g. drawing names from a hat,
winning raffle ticket from a large drum etc.
 If sample is large computer based random
sampling maybe used for sample selection.
 Selecting a simple random sample
 e.g. A researcher may be interested in selecting a
simple random sample of all presidents of savings and
loan associations in New Mexico.
 For this each president’s name is assigned a number
from 1 to 95 and each no is written on a piece of paper.
 All slips are placed in a drum and thoroughly mixed.
 One is selected for each sampling unit.
 If sample size is 45, the selection procedure is repeated
44 times after the first slip has been selected.
 Systematic Sampling
 Def: A sampling procedure in which an initial
starting point is selected by a random process,
and then every nth number on the list is
selected.
 E.g. selecting every 23rd name from a rural
telephone directory that does not separate
business listings from household listings
Limitations of Systematic Sampling
 Random results if the arrangement of the items
in the list is random in character.
 Periodicity: Occurs if list is not random in
character.
E.g. collecting retail sales every seventh day
would result in a distorted sample because
there be a systematic pattern of selecting
sampling units, sales for only one day of the
week would be sampled
 Stratified sampling
 Def: A probability sampling procedure in
which simple random subsamples are drawn
from within different strata that are more or
less equal on some characteristic.
Advantages:
 More efficient sample

 Random sampling error reduced

 Assurance that sample will accurately reflect

the population on the basis of the criterion

Steps in selecting a stratified sample
 Step 1: Identify a variable as an efficient basis
for stratification.
 Characteristics of variable chosen:
a) characteristic of the population elements
known to be related to dependent variable.
b) increase homogeneity within each stratum
c) increase heterogeneity between strata.
d) easily convertible into sub groups.
 E.g. pharmaceutical company
 Step 2: For each separate sub group, a list of
population elements must be obtained.
 Step 3: A separate simple random sample is
taken within each stratum by using a table of
random numbers or some other device.
 Proportional Stratified Sampling
 Def: A stratified sampling in which the number
of sampling units drawn from each stratum is
in proportion to the population size of that
stratum.
 A proportionate sample would have the same
percentages as in the population.
Disproportional Stratified Sampling
 Def: A stratified sample in which the sample
size for each stratum is allocated according to
analytical considerations.
 The general logic is that as variability increases,
sample size must increase to provide accurate
estimates.
 Cluster Sampling
 Def: An economically efficient sampling technique in
which the primary sampling unit is not the individual
element in the population but a large cluster of elements.
 Area Sample:
 Def: A cluster sample in which the primary sampling unit
is a geographic area.
 Most popular type of cluster sampling.
 E.g. a grocery researcher may randomly view all, or a
sample of, grocery stores within the geographic clusters.
 Interviews are confined to these clusters, no interviews
occur in other clusters.
 Cluster sample are utilized when no lists of
sample population are available.
 Cluster should be homogenous as the
population itself.
 Multistage Area Sampling
 Def: Sampling that involves using a combination
of other probability sampling techniques.
E.g. A political pollster investigating an election in
Arizona may follow the following steps:
 Step 1: Choose counties within the state

 Step 2: Precincts within the selected counties

maybe chosen.
 Step 3: Blocks within the precincts might be

chosen, then all the blocks within the

geographic area would be interviewed.
 Appropriate sample design?
 Degree of accuracy

 Resources

 Time

 Advance knowledge of population

 National versus Local project

 Need for statistical analysis

 Internet sampling
 Rapid reach to a large sample

 Instantaneous

 Day-of-the-week effect

 Lack of Internet penetration

 A select sample segment

 Web Site Visitors

 Unrestricted and haphazard

 Random selection, using “pop-up survey”

 Over representation
 Panel Samples
 “A sample from a panel”

 High response rate

 Incentivized

 Assurance

 Propensity-weighting scheme
 Recruited ad hoc Samples

 Opt-in Lists