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Linear effects
Optical Transport Networks (OTN) Glossary Acterna Test & Measurement Solutions

Attenuation loss Dispersion effects

Abbre- Description Abbre- Description Abbre- Description
viation viation viation
AON All optical network IL Insertion loss OTN Optical transport networks
Power

Signal Lt APD Avalanche photo diode ITU International Telecommunication Union OXC Optical cross connect
ASE Amplified spontaneous emission ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Sector PDL Polarization dependent loss
CD Chromatic dispersion LAN Local area network PMD Polarization mode dispersion
dB Decibel MUX Multiplexer PoS Packet over SONET/SDH
DCF Dispersion compensating fiber mW Milliwatt RFA Raman fiber amplifier
Noise DCM Dispersion compensating module nm Nanometer SBS Stimulated Brillouin scattering
DEMUX Demultiplexer NMS Network management system SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy
Distance
DFB Distributed feedback NZDSF Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber SMF Single-mode fiber
1. Optical
Attenuation in singlemode fibers

2. Optical window

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)

window

10 DSF Dispersion shifted fiber OC Optical carrier SOA Semiconductor optical amplifier
3. Optical window

PMD – the effect of the different polarization modes (horizontal and DWDM Dense wavelength division multiplexing O/E Optical-to-electrical converter SONET Synchronous optical network
vertical) of a signal statistically traveling at different velocities due to E/O Electrical-to-optical converter OADM Optical add/drop multiplexer SPM Self phase modulation
fiber imperfections. Stimulated Raman scattering Power conversion
dB/km

EDFA Erbium-doped fiber OCC Optical connection controller SRS

1
ER Extinction ratio OFA Optical fiber amplifier Tbps Terabit per second
Effects: decrease of peak power Solutions: careful fiber laying Fabry-Perot Optical front-end TDM Time division multiplexing
FB OFE
distortion of pulse shape and (no stress), use of new fiber with
FWHM Full width at half maximum OQM Optical Q-factor meter TIA Telecom Industry Association
bit errors low PMD values, exact fiber Optical power conversions
geometry FWM Four wave mixing ORL Optical return loss TP Transponder
0.1
dBm = 10 log10 {P/1 mW}
Gbps Gigabit per second OSA Optical spectrum analyzer WAN Wide area network
850 1310 1550 l/nm
GigE Gigabit Ethernet OSC Optical supervisory channel WDM Wavelength division multiplexing
Attenuation and noise
GVD Group velocity dispersion OSNR Optical signal-to-noise ratio XPM Cross phase modulation Power (W) Power (dBm)
Noise – unwanted power resulting +40 dBm
Attenuation – loss of signal power IEC International electrotechnical commission OTDR Optical time domain reflectometer 31.6 W
from system components or
caused by factors such as material 3.16 W +35 dBm
natural disturbances.
absorption and impurities.
1W +30 dBm
316 mW +25 dBm
Effects: decrease of peak power Solutions: use of shorter spans
and bit errors and purer fiber material 100 mW +20 dBm
Optical eye pattern +15 dBm
32 mW
X
Positive chromatic dispersion 10 mW +10 dBm
5 mW +7 dBm
Chromatic dispersion (CD) 1 mW 0 dBm
CD – the phenomenon of the different wavelengths of an optical pulse 500 µW -3 dBm
traveling at different velocities along a fiber and arriving at different 100 µW -10 dBm
times in the receiver.
Bandwidth conversions 50 µW -13 dBm
Effects: decrease of peak power,
pulse broadening and bit errors
Solutions: use of fibers or
modules with reverse CD values
Fiber classification facts 10 µW
5 µW
-20 dBm
-23 dBm
(DCF/DCM) 1 µW -30 dBm
Bandwidth conversions
du = {c/l2} Dl 100 nW -40 dBm
10 nW -50 dBm
Dispersion compensation modules (DCM) GHz to nanometers at 1550 nm
1 nW -60 dBm

CD coefficient in ps/(nm*km)
20 2.5 Gbps T = 402 ps 100 GHz » 0.8 nm 100 pW -70 dBm
Non-linear effects G.652 standard fiber DCMs remove CD effects accumulated during transmission by using an
element to create reverse behavior of the velocity per wavelength.
10 Gbps T = 100.5 ps 50 GHz » 0.4 nm 10 pW -80 dBm
10 44 Gbps T = 25.5 ps 25 GHz » 0.2 nm
CD can be compensated by using: 1 pW -90 dBm
G.655 non zero disp.
– Fiber Bragg grating
shifted fiber
– Dispersion compensating fibers (DCF) DCFs
Parametric effects Scattering effects 0
DCMs are often integrated into optical fiber amplifiers (OFA) and can
G.653 dispersion sometimes be adjusted to react to temperature dependent changes of the
shifted fiber CD value.
-10
Power

Power

Cross phase modulations (XPM) -20

The effect a signal in one channel has on another signal’s phase is called
Optical bands
XPM. It is caused by the Kerr effect but arises only from the transmission 1400 1200 1500 13001600
0.6 References FrequencIes
of multiple channels on the same fiber.

60

60

40
60

30
65

25

75
l/nm

12

13

14
14

15
15

16

16
G.652 or “standard” fibers contain- G.653 dispersion shifted fiber (DSF)
Effects: spectral broadening, Solutions: use of fibers with CD Channels Channels ing zero dispersion at 1310 nm were for transmission in the region of 0.5

Blue-banbd, C-band, Red-band

initial pulse compression (in

U-band (Ultra long wavelength)

the first single-mode fibers to be lowest attenuation with zero CD.
ITU-T http://www.itu.int

Attenuation (dB/km)
positive CD regime), accelerated Intended initially for standard use

100 GHz and above

100 GHz and above
used in long-haul communications.

S-band (Short wavelength)

L-band (Long wavelength)

frequencies (THz)

frequencies (THz)
frequencies (THz)

frequencies (THz)

wavelengths (nm)
wavelengths (nm)
pulse broadening (in negative CD Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) They show slightly more attenuation with new installations, multiple 0.4 G.661 Definitions and test methods for the

Nominal central

Nominal central

Nominal central
Nominal central

Nominal central

Nominal central

for spacings of
for spacings of
regime), channel crosstalk due to in the 1310 nm than in 1550 nm channels and high transmission relevant generic parameters of optical
This effect transfers power from a signal at a shorter wavelength to one

for spacings
for spacings
walk-off effect and bit errors

E-band (Extended)
window and have the highest CD in rates have led to non-linear effects amplifier devices and subsystems

O-band (Original)
at a higher wavelength. Signal lightwaves interact with optical photons

of 50 GHz
of 50 GHz
comparison to other fibers. being exhibited in these fibers.
in the silica fiber and are scattered in all directions. 0.3
G.662 Generic characteristics of optical
Solutions: careful power level G.655 non-zero dispersion shifted amplifier devices and subsystems
Effects: decrease of peak power

S+-band
and OSNR, optical crosstalk design fiber (NZDSF) reduces non-linear
0.2 G.663 Application related aspects of optical 196.10 196.10 1528.77 194.05 — 1544.92
especially in bi-directional effects caused by multiple wave-
amplifier devices anbd subsystems
DWDM systems, bit errors length transmission and high-power 196.05 — 1529.16 194.00 194.00 1545.32
0.1 (describes non-linear effects)
laser by leaving a small amount of
CD in the fiber. 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 G.664 Optical safety procedure and requirements
196.00 196.00 1529.55 193.95 — 1545.72
Blue shift Red shift Wavelength (nm) 195.95 — 1529.94 193.90 193.90 1546.12
for optical transport systems
G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel 195.90 195.90 1530.33 193.85 — 1546.52
systems with optical amplifiers 195.85 — 1530.72 193.80 193.80 1546.92
(DWDM systems, channel spacing grids 195.80 195.80 1531.12 193.75 — 1547.32
and reference test points)
X Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) 195.75 — 1531.51 193.70 193.70 1547.72
G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport
This backscattering process causes loss of power. Signal lightwaves network (OTN) (2.7 Gb/s, 10.7 Gb/s, 195.70 195.70 1531.90 193.65 — 1548.11
Self phase modulation (SPM) induce periodic changes in the fiber’s refractive index at high power. — 193.60
43 Gb/s, FEC and digital wrapper) 195.65 1532.29 193.60 1548.51
With high signal intensities, light induces variable local changes in the 195.60 195.60 1532.68 193.55 — 1548.91
G.957 Optical interfaces for equipment and
fiber’s refractive index known as the Kerr effect that produces a varying
phase in the same channel. Effects: decrease of peak power
and OSNR, optical crosstalk
Solutions: spectral broadening
of the light source
Optical fiber amplification systems relating to the synchronous
digital hierarchie
195.55
195.50
—
195.50
1533.07
1533.47
193.50
193.45
193.50
—
1549.32
1549.72
Solutions: use of fibers with CD especially in bi-directional G.959.1 Optical transport networks with physical 195.45 — 1533.86 193.40 193.40 1550.12
Effects: spectral broadening,
DWDM systems, bit errors layer interfaces
initial pulse compression (in 195.40 195.40 1534.25 193.35 — 1550.52
positive CD regime), accelerated — 193.30
195.35 1534.64 193.30 1550.92
pulse broadening (in negative CD Gain profiles
regime) and channel crosstalk IEC http://www.iec.ch 195.30 195.30 1535.04 193.25 — 1551.32
due to walk-of effect Basic configuration of the EDFA 14 195.25 — 1535.43 193.20 193.20 1551.72
61290 Basic specifications for optical test
Optical isolator methods 195.20 195.20 1535.82 193.15 — 1552.12
Further limitations Input
Er-doped fiber
WDM coupler Output
12
EDFA gain
61291-1 Optical fiber amplifiers 195.15 — 1536.22 163.10 193.10 1552.52
195.10 195.10 1536.61 163.05 — 1552.93
195.05 — 1537.00 163.00 163.00 1553.33
10
f1 f2 f3 Original channels Raman gain Telcordia http://www.telcordia.com 195.00 195.00 1537.40 192.95 — 1553.73
GR-1221 Generic reliability assurance requirements 194.95 — 1537.79 192.90 192.90 1554.13
Crosstalk
Gain (dB)

l1 8 for passive optical components

Pump LD 194.90 194.90 1538.19 192.85 — 1554.54
TP
GR-2854 Generic requirements for optical isolators 194.85 — 1538.58 192.80 192.80 1554.94
f132 f231 f112

f321 f231 f332

Interference products l1-ln 6 and circulators

194.80 194.80 1538.98 192.75 — 1555.34
DWDM DEMUX
f312 f223

Crosstalk GR-2882 Generic requirements for fiber-optic 194.75 — 1539.37 192.70 192.70 1555.75
l2 dispersion compensators
f331
f223
f113

f221

TP 4 194.70 194.70 1539.77 192.65 — 1556.15

Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) GR-2918 DWDM systems with digital tributaries for — 192.60 192.60 1556.55
f/GHz DWDM signal 194.65 1540.16
EDFAs are the most common OFAs used. This piece of optical fiber is doped use in metropolitan areas
194.60 194.60 1540.56 192.55 — 1556.96
with Erbium ions (Er3+). Radiation from a pump laser outside the wavelength 2
192.50
range is introduced into the fiber resulting in amplification of the data 194.55 — 1540.95 192.50 1557.36
Four wave mixing (FWM) l3
TP signal. TIA http://www.tiaonline.com 194.50 194.50 1541.35 192.45 — 1557.77
This interference phenomenon produces unwanted signals from three 0 192.40
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 194.45 — 1541.75 192.40 1558.17
frequencies (fxyz = fx + fy - fz) known as ghost channels. As three chan- Crosstalk TIA/EIA-526-4A Optical eye pattern measurement
nels automatically induce a fourth, the term four wave mixing is used. Wavelength (nm) procedure 194.40 194.40 1542.14 192.35 — 1558.58
Crosstalk occurs in devices that filter and separate wavelengths.
FWM is problematic in systems using DSF fibers. Wavelengths traveling Raman amplification TIA/EIA-526-6 Optical signal to noise ratio 194.35 — 1542.54 192.30 192.30 1558.98
A proportion of optical power intended for a specific channel is found
at the same speed at a constant phase over long time periods increase in an adjacent or different channel. measurement procedure for dense 194.30 194.30 1542.94 192.25 — 1559.39
the effect of FWM. This optical amplification process takes place throughout the transmission
fibers in optical networks. It is initiated by pump lasers and wavelength wavelength division multiplexed — 192.20 192.20 1559.79
194.25 1543.33
Effects: generation of additional Solutions: use appropriate opti- scattering from fiber atoms that alter the wavelength to that of the systems
Effects: power transfer to new Solutions: use of fibers with CD, 194.20 194.20 1543.73 192.15 — 1560.20
signal frequencies (harmonics), irregular channel spacing noise affecting optical signal to cal channel spacing, for example optical signal. The optical fiber is commonly pumped backwards with a TIA/EIA 526-12 Q-factor measurement procedure
194.15 — 1544.13 192.10 192.10 1560.61
channel crosstalk and bit errors noise ratios (OSNR), leading to 0.4 nm ® 10 Gb/s 600 mW laser which is most efficient with a wavelength difference of for optical transmission systems
bit errors 100 nm/13.2 THz to the signal. 194.10 194.10 1544.53

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