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• av;jrdKŒacwf (AD 818 = AD 1430) vufESifhukdifajrSmuf/ aumif;uifa&mufrS/ atmufuwzef/"m;ukdvSefI/ cHjyefjyD;um/ jyK onf rSma-umifh/
w yOPm_rdKŒ (AD 818 - AD 1103) usumrvGJ/ &J&JaoG;puf/ ttlxGuf.? wpfcsufajrY/ vSHukdpkdufI/ cHvkdufwHusif/ zifu0if./
w yxry&def_rdKŒ (AD 1103 - AD 1123) ESpfvkdaysmfyg;/ vifr,m;ukd/ aygif;-utwl/ rxm;rlI/ qGJ,l&kdufowf/ em;-udK;wwfvsuf/ yl;jyGwf
csKdifaESmif/ -uufukdavSmifokdŒ/ ykHaqmifyrm/ ,l-uyg.? rsm;pGmckwfxpf/ owfI ypfvsuf/ tcspf 0goem/
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15
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pm;r,fwJh? rif;wkdŒ ArmawG&Jh ocifb0udk a&mufatmif zefwD;r,fwJh? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf igwdkŒwawG[m r[morRw&mZmESifh rdbk&m;jroEWm/ rSL;rwfynm&Sd/ pmayusrf;*efwwf &[ef;/ ynm&Sdrsm;ESifh &ckdifjynf
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ordkif;&SnfjyD; wkd;wufcJhwJh rGefawGuvnf; ,aeŒqdk ArmatmufrSm a&mufaeayr,fh '*Hkqdkwm ukd;uG,faom r[mjrwfrked&kyf&Sifawmfukdvnf; tydkif;ydkif;jzwfum ArmjynfrEWav;okdŒ twif;t"rR
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ArmawG em;rvnf bl;? vuf&SdrSm b,fvdk&SdaeovJ? &Sdaeovdk xdrf;xm;&r,f? rGefqdkwm xkdŒaemuf Armya' o&mZfe,fcsJŒ usL;ausmfolrsm;ESifh vufyg;aprsm;onf &ckdifjynfwGif oufOD;qHykdif
onf;rcHwwfbl;? rvdk vm;&if awmfvSefwwfw,f? Armya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfukd pwiftaumiftxnfazmfygawmhonf? ykcufwGif;&Sd uav;rsm; yg
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Arm awG u|efjzpfaewmudk r-unfhcsifbl;? ArmawG tcsif;csif; bmawGyJjzpfjzpf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk tygt0ifjzpfonf? ArmvlrsKd;wkdŒonf &ckdifjynfawmifykdif;ESifh ajrmufykdif;/ awmifay:ESifh acsmif;zsm;/
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bmoma&;ukd zsufqD;jcif;/ todynm&Sifrsm;tm; csKd;ESdrfjcif;
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ajrmufOD;jrdKŒawmfwGif jrdKŒ0efjzpfvmcJh onf? xkdESpfwGifyif Armbk&iffarmif0kdif;onf ,kd;',m;EkdifiH Zif;r,f ESifh awmifbufY ,ck{&m0wDwdkif; twGif;yg0ifaom i0efjrpfa-umif;ta&SŒbufwpfav#muf/
ukd AkdvfrSL;wyfrSL;wkdŒ jzifhwkdufckduf&m ratmifjrifbJ jyefvnfqkwfcGmvmcJhonf? xkdtcg armif0kdif;onf ,if;rSwqifh awmifbuf tpGefqHk;e*&DtilESifh [dkif;}uD;u|ef;wdkŒ0ifchJavonf? ,if;t& &cdkifurf;
&ckdifjynfwGif ppfom;pkaqmif;&ef trdefŒcsrSwfcJhaoma-umifh ajrmufOD;/ &rf;jAJ/ rmefatmif/ oHwGJwkdŒrS ajc.tvsm;rSm rkdifaygif; (480) cefŒ &Snfvsm;cJŒonf? T&EWmykdpmcsKyfum; c&pffESpf (1454) ckESpfwGif
oefrmaom &ckdifajcmufaxmifukd twif;t"rR pkaqmif;jyD; ,kd;',m;Zif;r,fokdŒcsDwufapcJhonf? &ckdifh &ckdifjynf ajrmufOD; acwf bk&ife&EkESifhArmjynftif;0bk&ifrif;acgifwkdŒt-um; ESpfOD;ESpfbufoabmwl
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ykdrkdvG,fula&;twGuf 'kwd,t*Fvdyf =Arm ppf (1852) tjyD; c&mZfESpf(1853) ckESpfwGif ykodrfc&kdif
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&ckdifol&Jaumif;rsm;jzpf-uaom ykd;vkH;/ cGufayguf/ uGsJwpfaumifEkdifwkdŒonf olŒuGsefrcHvkdI (21694)pwk&ef;rkdifrS (18945) pwk&ef; rkdifcefŒokdŒ avsmhusoGm;avonf?
Arme,fcsJŒwkdŒtm; tcGifhomwkdif; awmfvSefykefuefcJh-uonf? xkduJhokdŒawmfvSefI vkdufvHzrf;qD;aom tdEdN,=jrefrm cGJa&;wGJa&;jy\emtjyD;(1937)t*FvdyftufOya't& ewfjrpftaemufbuf
a-umifh Arme,fcsJŒwkdŒESifhuif;vGwf&m ppfwaumif;e,fokdŒ wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;aecJh&onf? xkdtcg urf;(37)rkdif&Snfvsm;aom aemufbufurf;&kd;wef;tm; tdENd,EkdifiH. tkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufokdŒ
Arme,fcsJŒwkdŒonf &ckdifjynfolrsm;xHrS wpftdrfqif;wpftdfrfwuf aiGrsm;tm;aumufcH&m aiG'*Ffg;wpf oGwfoGif;vkdufaoma-umifh &ckdifurf;&kd;wef;tvsm;rSm (480) rkdifrS (443)rkdifokdŒavsmŒqif;oGm;cJŒonf?
odef;ESpfaomif; &&Sdavonf? xkdaiG'*Fg;rsm;tm; &ckdifhopPmazmuf oHa'oruf oufESHa0ukday;jyD; ppf xŒdkjyifArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&_yD; (1953) wGif ,ckyvuf0c&dkif[kac:aom &cdkifajrmufydkif; awmifwef;
waumif;okŒd apv$wf vku d of nf? ppfwaumif;pm;t*Fvyd t f m; opPmazmufoufEaHS 0u vmbfx;dk awmif; a'oukdvnf; csif;jynfe,fxJodkŒqGJoGif;jcif;cHvdkuf&onfhtwGuf ,ckvuf&Sdumv ArmjynfwGif owf
cHojzifh &ckdifhol&Jaumif;okH;OD;tm; ay;tyfvkdufjyD; Arm (jrefrm) jynftr&yl&okdŒ,laqmifvmcJhonf? rSwfxm;aom &cdkifjynfe,f.e,fedrdwftusk,ft0ef;rSm (14200)pwk&ef;rdkifr#om usef&Sdawmh onf?
pvif;qifjzLuGsef;okdŒa&mufvSsif ol&Jaumif; cGufaygufESifh uGsJwpfaumifEkdifwkdŒonf oHajcusif;ukd csKd;I TuJhokdŒuGsefb0wpfav#muf &ckdifjynftm; xifovkdvkdufzJhay;aev#if aemufqkH;wGif ukd,f
xGufajy;&m Armppfom;rsm;u vkdufvHzrf;qD;-uonf? ol&Jaumif;cGufaygufukd zrf;qD;&rdjyD; ol&J ykdifajr[kyif&Sdawmhrnfr[kwfacs? xkda-umifh &ckdiftcsKyftjcmtm%monf &ckdifom;vufxJwGif&Sda&;
aumif; uGsJwpfaumifEkdifrSm vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhonf? ol&Jaumif;ykd;vkH;ESifh cGufaygufwkdŒukd tr&yl&okdŒ onf ta&;-uD;ayonf?
ac:aqmifvmjyD; Armbk&ifarmif0kdif;tm; qufovkdufonf? armif0kdif;u owfrdefŒay;vkduf&m olwkdŒ
ESpOf ;D tm; tm%myg;uGuo f m;rsm;u oko\efoŒdk ac:aqmifomG ;jyD; vuf0g;uyfwidk w f iG &f u
dk u
f m tapmifh Armhacgif;aqmif ocifudk,fawmfr+dif;. aowrf;pm
rsm; csxm;vkduf avonf? vuf0g;uyfwkdif&kdufjyD; 24 em&Dt-umwGif &ckdifhol&Jaumif; cGufayguf (Taowrf;pmonf ArmrsdK;cspfacgif;aqmif ocifudk,fawmfrd+if; ruG,fvGefrD Armacgif;aqmif
uG,fvGefI/ ol&Jaumif;ykd;vkH;rSm em&D 60 t-umwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?
tcsdKŒtm; rSm-um;cJhaom aowrf;pm jzpfonf?)
olwkdŒESpfOD;onf e,fcsJŒArmwkdŒtm; OD;rnGwf 'l;raxmufbJ &ckdifhEkdifiHawmf.tcsKyftjcmt%m
twGuf toufukdapaw;jyD; &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf wkdufckdufcJh-uaom tmZmenfrsm;jzpfayonf? rnfuJh &cdkifudk txifao;rdvdkŒ ArmOD;acgif; taemufudk nGefŒcJh&w,f? 'Dawmh &cdkifudk b,fawmhcgrS
okdŒyif &ufpufzdESdyfr+rsm;jyKvkyfapumr+ &ckdifom;wkdŒ.awmfvSefa&;aoG;onfum; uGsefb0rS rvGwf txifrao;eJŒ? twdwfu jzpf&yfudk -unfhjyD; owdxm;&r,f? &cdkifawG[m &mZ0if-uD;oavmuf rme
ajrmufao;oa&GŒ &J&JeDaevsuf&SdOD;rnf? -uD;w,f? b,folŒudkrS txif-uD;wJh vlrsdK;r[kwfbl;? ordkif;a-uG; rqyfEdkifatmif/ emvHrxlEdkifatmif
ocifajymif;oGm;aom &ckdifuGsefb0 rif;wdkŒwawG pGrf;aqmifwwf&r,f?
1826 ckESpfwGif jAdwdo#wkdŒ.aer0iftifyg,mtwGif; &ckdifwkdŒusa&mufoGm;cJhojzifh tESpf (40) &Srf;qkdwJh vlawGuvnf; awmifay:rSmae awmifay:om;? olwdkŒ txufuqdk&if iSufysHoGm;wm
Armhi&Jcef;onf wcef;&yfcJhonf?“ocifajymif;oGm;aom uGsefb0onfyif&ckdifwkdŒtwGuf uHxl;uHjrwf” udkawmif rvdkcsifbl;? rav#mhwJh ZGJ/ vHkŒv[m &Srf;a'orSm &Sdw,f? ArmawGudk &mZ0if-unfhjyD;
yifjzpfonf[k qkd&ayrnf? Armatmufom;wkdŒtm; armif;xkwfI t*FvdyfwkdŒuwzef ae&m,lxm;cJhjcif; "m;aoG;wkduf& r,fqdkwJh pum;yHk wpfaeŒaeŒawmh 'Djy\em ay:vmr,f? awmifay:om;[m
jzpfonf? t*FvdyfwkdŒonf zdESdyf&ufpufaom Armrsm;ESifhpmvSsif tqaygif;rsm;pGm &ckdifom;wkdŒ.b0ukd awmifay:om; todxufrausmf vGefapzdkŒ -uyf-uyfowdxm;&r,f? b,folyJjzpfjzpf -uD;xGm;vmcJh&if
Armh&efolyJ/ jywfom;wJhenf;udk usifhoHk;&r,f?
4 13
jrifhwifay;cJhavonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf jAdwdo#wkdŒ. w&m;r#wr+ukd &ckdifom;xkdŒ txkduft
3? trSwftom;rSm txufatmifvHawmf. axmifhpGef;tjzla&mifay:wGif odE<0jrif;ysH&kyfwpfck/ ‚if;t
avsmuff&&SdcJhonf? trsKd;/ bmom/ omoemwnf;[laom trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%mwkdŒonf jrifomxifom
jzla&mif usefwzufem;ay:wGif em*q'Nef&kyfwpfck atmufzuf teDa&mifay:wGif jcaoFh&kyfwpfck
jzpfvmcJhonf? txl;ojzifh trsKd;om;a&;vuQ%maqmifaom &ckdifhpmayonf tnGefŒwvlvljzpfvmcJh
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f ikd af ome,ferd w
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wdkif;jynfEdkifiHudkaz: jyonf? e,fedrdwfwdkŒrSmvnf; rif;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg;rwlbJ wefcdk;&Sdv#if &Sd
ynmrsm;ukdvnf; oif-um;cGifh &&SdvmcJhonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf atmufom; wkdŒzsufIysufcJhaom
onhftavsmuf tusOf;tus,fudk vdkufIjyKvkyf&onf? e,fedrdwfwdkŒ.twdkif;twmtuGmta0;
&ckdifwkdŒ. trsKd;om;vuQ%m/ ,Ofaus;r+vuQ%mrsm;ukd jyefvnf jyKpkysKd;axmifEkdifcJhonf? &ckdifom;
udk wpf&mh&Spfyg'&Sdaom &cdkifatmifvHawmf&wkwGifvnf;aumif;/ ompGavcsDvuFmwGifvnf;
wkdŒ.tokduftjrKHonf t*FvdyfvufxufwGiftopfwzef jyefvnfpnfyifvmcJhonf? okdŒaomfvnf;
aumif;/ &cdkifr[m&mZm0if wGifvnf;aumif; awGŒEdkifonf?
&ckdifwkdŒonf ocifajymif;oGm;aom t*FvdyfuGsefrsm;omjzpfayonf?
4? atmifvHawmf. t&kd;rSm 0g; odkŒr[kwf jy0gac: opfwpfrsKd;jzpfonf? tjrifhrSm 27 awmifjzpfI
owWyDous,fjyKvkyf&onf? 0g;rSm -uaomif0g;udkokH;onf?
1885 ArmwpfjynfvkH; t*FvdfyfuGsefb0usa&mufjcif;
5? atmifvHawmf pdkufxl&mXgerS a&$eef;raqmifawmf}uD;. ta&SŒbuf e0&wfudk;oG,fpDjc,faom
&ckdifom;wkdŒ t*Fvdyf=Arm vufatmuf uGsefouf (101) ESpfjynfhonhfESpfwGif ArmwpfjynfvkH;
rSefpJar#mfaqmifawmfOD;. xdyfxuf xD;rpdkufckHwGif wifIv$ifhxl&onf?
onf t*FvdyfuGsefb0 usa&mufoGm;cJhonf? ukdvkdeDxrf;ykd;atmufwGif twlusa&mufaeaom &ckdifESifh
6? atmifvHawmfudk tcsdefumv tuefŒowfr&Sd v$ifhxl pdkufaqmufonfhaeŒrSpI pkwfjyJa[mif;EGrf;
ArmwkdŒonf twlvufwGJ &kef;uefcJh-uonf? &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdŒonf Armwpfwkdif;jynfvkH; vGwfajrmufa&;
onfwdkifatmif Ekwfrc|wfpaumif;/ rcsrwifpaumif; tjrJyif xm;&onf?
7? atmifvHawmf.t"dyyg,frSm &uQKdif/ &uQdw[laomyk'fjzifh apmifha&Smufjcif;teufa-umifh vn;f twGuf OD;aqmifvrf;jycJhonf? &ckdifvlrsKd;q&mawmf to#ifOD;OwWronf wpfwkdif;jynfvkH;twGuf EkdifiH
a&;rsufpdzGifhay;cJhonf? t*Fvdyfvufatmuf tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/ Oya'jyKa&;/ ynma&;ponfh
aumif;/ jzlpifaomoDv/ jrifhjrwfaom rsKd;&kd;jzpfjcif;a-umifhvnfaumif;/ a0oD,rsKd;/ ok'd<,rsKd;wdkŒ
Xmersm;wGif &ckid o f m;wkŒd onf t"duwm0efrsm;ukd &,lEidk cf -hJ u&onf? okŒd aomf &ckid o
f m;wkŒd onf pnf;pdrf
xGe;f um;ay:ayguf&mjzpfaomrsKd;&d;k jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ &cdik w f Œkd usifo
h ;Hk w&m;xk;H qdpk onfph um;t&/
r,pf/ tm%mrrufbJ wwkdif;jynfvkH;twGuf OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufcJh-uonfrSm orkdif;oufaoyif jzpf
rsLd;&d;k udk oDvjzlpifpmG apmifah &SmufcjhJ cif;a-umifh tjzla&mifut
kd ay:u wyf&onf? teDa&mifrf mS torBDB
onf? &ckdifom;wkdŒtwGuf aemufqkH;&v'fu t*FvdyfukdawmfvSefI ArmvlrsKd;0g'DwkdŒ. vuf0g;-uD;
EM/ cwWd,0Ho/ ousom*D,/ jA[RmEG,frsKd;&kd;wdkŒrS qif;oufvmaomtEG,fawmfjzpfI azmufjyef
tkyfpkd;jcif;ukd cHae&jcif;yifjzpfonf? ArmhvlrsKd; q&mawmf OD;0dZm&tm; *k%fjyKyef;jcHrsm;/ ausmufwkdif
wwfaomaoG;r&Sd/ yuwdeDjref;aomaoG;tqif;om&Sdaoma-umifh teDa&mifudkwyfqif&onf?
odaE<mjrif;wdkŒrnfonfrSm auGŒaumuffIoGm;jcif;r&Sd/ wnfhrwfajzmifhpif;Ivm;wwfaom oabm rsm;jyKvkyf*k%fjyK-uaomfvnf;/ OD;0dZm&.q&m vGwfvyfa&;rD;&+;wefaqmif q&mawmfOD;OwWrukdrl
a-umifh vnf;aumif;/ q'NefrsKd;rnfonf jzLaomtqif;rSwpfyg; qifrJudk arG;zGm;&kd;r&Sd/? jzL&m orkdif;azsmufzkdŒ -udK;pm;aejcif;ukd -unfhjcif;jzifh Armho&kyfonf tay:vGif-uD;ay:vGifvmaponf?
rSrnf;vmonf[lIvnf;r&Sd/ yuwdaom tqif;udk tcgcyfodrf;rpGefŒaoma-umifhvnf;aumif;/
auom&mZmjcaoFhwdkŒrnfonfrSm awmoHk;axmifudkxD rxifouJhodkŒvnfaumif;/ xdkodkŒoabmjzifh ArmwkdŒxdefcsefxm;aom vGwfvyfa&;twGuf yxrqkH;usaom &ckdifhaoG;
jynfhpkHaom owW0gokH;OD;wdkŒ t&kyfjzifhvnfaumif;/ jzL/eDa&mifESpfckwdkŒ jzifhaygif; 5 ckaom&ly&kyf ArmwkdŒonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ta-umif;ajym&mwGif ArmvlrsKd;wkdŒ.pGefŒvGwftepfemcHr+/ ArmwkdŒ
. OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKcJhr+rsm;ukdom a&SŒwef;wifjyD; ajym-uonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf &ckdifom;
wdkŒudkaqmifaom yÌ&kyfwdkŒ jzpfI yÌ&ly&kyfudkwyfqif&onf?
wkdŒtwGufusaomaoG;ukdrl xdefcsefxm;cJhonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf yGJOD;xGufaoG;onf &ckdifhaoG;
q&mOD;omxGef; (&ckdif jrefrm y¾dwf)jrdKŒa[mif;
yifjzpfonf? atmufom;wkdŒ. vGwfvyfa&;orkdif;wGif usqkH;oGm;cJhaom rif;om;-uD;&$Dbef;. &J&JeDaom
(&ckdifwefaqmif aqmif;yg;rsm; OD;OD;omxGef; pmtkyfrS ul;,lazmfjyygonf?
trsKd;om;a&;aoG;ukdum; Armorkdif;wGif pmwpfa-umif;yif rygcJh?
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“u|ef;wGifZrŠL vlwGif&cdkif -udKifbdowif; uif;onftjypf cspfonftrsdK; -udK;onfvHkŒv ArmwkdŒajymaeaom awmfvSefa&;aeŒ 1945 rwfv 27 &uf
jrwfpm*ESifh ESpf0ewfvl cspf-unfjzLonf edAŠLqkawmif; jynfhtHhwnf;?” ArmwkdŒonf 1945 ck/ rwfv 27 &ufaeŒwGif ArmhajrwGif zufqpf*syefwkdŒtm; wkdufckdufcJhojzifh
Ak'<0iftvuFmrS xkad eŒukd awmfveS af &;aeŒ[k owfrw
S cf o
hJ nf? ,ckArmhppfbv
D ;l rsm;u wpfzef wyfrawmfaeŒ tjzpfajymif;
vJ usif;yvsuf&Sdonf? zufqpf*syefukdawmfvSef&ef AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &&if& r&&ifcs [lI ppf
“trsdK;oDv/ ESpfXmeudk/ jynfh0r¾dKif apmifhpGrf;EdkifI/ &cdkifemr/ bGJŒrnfvSjzifh tEGwWonm/ a-u jimoHay;aomtcg &ckid af jrwGif *syefr&Sad wmhay? 1945 ck/ rwfv (27) &ufaeŒukd *syefawmfveS af &;
ac:tyf&monf?” tjzpfa-ujimI *syefwkdŒtm;wkdufxkwf&ef [efjyifaomtcg &ckdifjynfwGif *syefr&Sdawmh? &ckdifwkdŒonf
em*dENarmfuGef;rS vGwfvyfa&;twGuf &&mvufeufukdqGJukdifI awmfvSefwkdufxkwfcJhjcif;jzpfjyD; ArmwyfrawmfrS &kdifz,f
wpfvufr#yif tultnDr&cJhyg?
12 5
1948 ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ESifh &ckdifwpfusyf=Armwpfusyf rw&m;vkyf&yfrsm;tm; awmfvSefjcif;onf w&m;enf;vrf;usonf
1948 ckESpfwGif ArmvGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonf? vGwfvyfa&; r&rSD AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqkH; Armppf t m%m&S i f r sm;/ Armvl r sKd ; }uD ; 0g'D r sm;onf igwk d Œ tm; trsKd ; rsKd ; zd E S d y f c J h o nf ?
onf? OD;Eku uruxjyKvkyfI vGwfvyfa&;ukd &,lcJhonf? okdŒaomf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdŒ. vGwfvyf &ufpufcJhonf? igwkdŒ&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;tm; vlŒom;rsm;tjzpfyifoabmrxm;bJ igwkdŒtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd
a&;r[kwfbJ ArmwkdŒ.vGwfvyfa&;omjzpfcJhonf? atmifqef;uwday;cJhaom &ckdifwpfusyf = Armwpf vk,l csKd;azmuf vsuf&Sdonf? xkdŒa-umifh igwkdŒ&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf igwkdŒukd &ufpufacsr+ef;aeaom
usyfrlonf wef;wltcGifhta&;r[kwfbJ wvGJt"dy`m,f jzpfvmcJhonf? &ckdifwpfusyf = Arm wpfusyf Armppf0g'/ Arm vlrsKd;}uD;0g'wkdŒukd tjrpfjyKwfatmif wkdufxkwfoGm;&rnf? igwkdŒ.wkdufyGJonf
ponfjzifh aemufykdif;wkdif;&if;om;wpfrsKd;pD wpfusyf/ wpfusyf &&SdcsdefwGif Armonf (7) usyf wif;jynfh orkdif;uawmif;qkdaom/ w&m;aomppfyGJjzpfonf? igwkdŒaexkdif&m &ckdifjynf/ igwkdŒaexkdif&m urBm}uD;
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h nf? Tr#ruao;? e,fcsJŒawmfveS af &; umvwpfav#mufwiG f awm-udK/ awmif-um;Y oufpeG Œf vSyom,ma&;twGuf Tpepfqkd;tm; &&mvufeufpGJukdifawmfvSef-u&rnfjzpfonf? “orkdif;u
qHzsm; wdkufyGJ0ifI vlxkacgif;aqmif jzpfvm-uaom OD;pdEWm/ bHkaygufomausmfwdkŒuJhodkŒaom &cdkiftrsdK; igwkdŒwkdufyGJtm; tqkH;tjzwfay;vdrfhrnf”?
om;awmfvSefa&;orm;-uD;rsm;udk "m;jy/ olcdk; wHqdyfuyfI 0g;&rf;wyfvdkuf-uao;onf? vGwfvyfa&; &ckdifjynfoltaygif;wkdŒtaejzifh &ckdiftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJwGif toufay;vSLcJh-u
r&cifu yifvEHk iS hf wpfz/Hk Ekwjf zifw
h pfrsKd; vdrn
f mcJah omArmwkŒd . ajymawmhtoH/ a&;awmhtrSef v#mESpcf G aom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;rsm;tm; OD;nGwftav;jyK-uygpkdŒ? olwkdŒ.ppfrSefaom awmfvSefa&;c&D;ukd
pum;a-umifh aemufwpf-udrfuGsefZmwfoGif; cHvkduf&jyDjzpfonf? aemufvlrsm; oifcef;pm,lp&myif igwkdŒqufvufav#mufvrf;-uygpkdŒ? igwkdŒ.tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd igwkdŒ&ckdiftrsKd;om;vufxJ
jzpfonf? a&muf&Sd atmif igwkdŒ.aoG;/ acGs;/ ZGJrsm;ukday;qyf-uygpkdŒ?
1952 wGif ArmwkdŒrdwfqufay;cJhaom 'Drkdua&pDvlowfyGJ
atmufom;wkdŒvGwfvyf-uavjyD? ArmwkdŒu ygvDref 'Drkdua&pD usifhokH;cJh-uonf[k ajym &ckdifrsKd;cspfol&Jaumif;rsm;aumif;&mok*wda&mufygap?
-u onf? ygvDrefwGif &ckdifom;wkdŒ vGwfvyfpGmajymqkdwifjycGifhawmh &Sd-uygonf? okdŒaomf &ckdifjynf uGsefb0rSvGwfajrmufEkdifygap?
&ckdifjynftwGuf vGwfvyfpGmvkyfykdifcGifhum; r&cJh-u? 1952 wGif awmyefZif;/ tcpm;(ausmufawmf)/
rusnf;ukef; (rmefatmif) paom &Gmrsm;wGif &GmvkH;uGswfvlowfyGJrsm;jzifh &ckdifom;rsm;tm; ArmvlrsKd; PPPPPPPPPPPP
-uD;0g'DOD;Eku &ckdifwkdŒtm; 'Drkdua&pDjzifh rdwfqufay;cJhygonf? &cdkifvlxku Armacgif;aqmifwdkŒ &cdkifatmifvHawmf
tay:xm;&SdcJhaom ,Hk-unfr+/ jynfaxmifpk tay:xm;&SdcJhaom opPmw&m;. tusdK;&vm'faywnf;?