1-3

1. Plan
TEKS
(G.1)(A) To develop an awareness of the structure of a mathematical system, connecting definitions and postulates (G.3)(D) To use inductive reasoning to formulate a conjecture Dana Center TEKS Toolkit Clarifying Activities Activities (G.1)(A), (G.3)(D) Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: auq-9045

1-3

Points, Lines, and Planes

Check Skills Youll Need

GO for Help
2. y = 2x - 4 (3, 2) y = 4x - 10

Skills Handbook page 760

(G.1)(A) To develop an
awareness of the structure of a mathematical system, connecting denitions and postulates

x Algebra Solve each system of equations.

1. y = x + 5 (1, 6) y = -x + 7 3. y = 2x (5, 10) y = -x + 15
A B C D

(G.3)(D) To use inductive

reasoning to formulate a conjecture

4. Copy the diagram of the four points A, B, C, and D. Draw as many different lines as you can to connect pairs of points. See margin, p. 17.

New Vocabulary point space line collinear points coplanar postulate axiom

plane

1 Part 1 Basic Terms of Geometry

TEKS Math Background
The formal study of geometry requires simple ideas and statements that can be accepted as true without proof. The undefined terms point, line, and plane provide the simple ideas. Basic postulates about points, lines and planes can be accepted without proof. These form the building blocks for the first theorems that students can prove.

Hands-On Activity: How Many Lines Can You Draw?

Many constellations are named for animals and mythological gures. It takes some imagination to join the points representing the stars to get a recognizable gure such as Leo the Lion. How many lines can you draw connecting the 10 points in Leo the Lion? Make a table and look for a pattern to help you nd out.

More Math Background: p. 2C

1. Mark three points on a circle. Now connect the three points with as many (straight) lines as possible. How many lines can you draw? 3 lines 2. Mark four points on another circle. How many lines can you draw to connect the four points? 6 lines 3. Repeat this procedure for ve points on a circle and then for six points. How many lines can you draw to connect the points? 10 lines, 15 lines 4. Use inductive reasoning to tell how many lines you can draw to connect the ten points of the constellation Leo the Lion. 45 lines

Lesson Planning and Resources

See p. 2E for a list of the resources that support this lesson.
PowerPoint

Bell Ringer Practice

Check Skills Youll Need
Use student page, transparency, or PowerPoint.
In geometry, some words such as point, line, and plane are undened. In order to dene these words you need to use words that need further dening. It is important however, to have general descriptions of their meanings.

Daily Review
Use transparency 3.

16

Chapter 1 Tools of Geometry

Special Needs

L1

Below Level

L2

For Example 4, pair students with visual difficulties with visual learners to identify and name planes.

Encourage students to use pencils and sheets of paper to model Postulates 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3. Students may cut partially through each sheet and join the sheets to model Postulate 1-3.

16

learning style: visual

learning style: tactile

You can think of a point as a location. A point has no size. It is represented by a small dot and is named by a capital letter. A geometric gure is a set of points. Space is dened as the set of all points.
t B A

2. Teach
Guided Instruction
Hands-On Activity
Some students may count lines in both directions. Point out that each line should be counted only once.
PowerPoint

Vocabulary Tip

* )

AB (line AB) and BA

* )

(line BA) name the same line.

You can think of a line as a series of points that extends in two opposite ) *directions without end. You can name a line by any two points on the line, such as AB (read line AB). Another way to name a line is with a single lowercase letter, such as line t (see above). Points that lie on the same line are collinear points.

EXAMPLE

Identifying Collinear Points

n E P F C D m

Additional Examples
1 In the figure below, name three points that are collinear and three points that are not collinear. Y, Z, and W are collinear; X, Y, and Z and X, W, and Z are not collinear.
A B C D

a. Are points E, F, and C collinear? If so, name the line on which they lie. Points E, F, and C are collinear. They lie on line m. b. Are points E, F, and D collinear? If so, name the line on which they lie. Points E, F, and D are not collinear.

Quick Check

1 a. Are points F, P, and C collinear? no 4 4 4 b. Name line m in three other ways. Answers may vary. Sample: EF, FC, CE c. Critical Thinking Why do you think arrowheads are used when drawing a line or * ) naming a line such as EF ? Arrowheads are used to show that the line extends in opposite directions without end.

A plane is a at surface that has no thickness. A plane contains many lines and extends without end in the directions of all its lines. You can name a plane by either a single capital letter or by at least three of its noncollinear points. Points and lines in the same plane are coplanar.
P A B C

2 Name the plane shown in two different ways. Sample: plane RST, plane RSTU
R U

Plane P

Plane ABC

page 16 Check Skills Youll Need 4.

A B C D

EXAMPLE

Naming a Plane
H E F G

Each surface of the ice cube represents part of a plane. Name the plane represented by the front of the ice cube. You can name the plane represented by the front of the ice cube using at least three noncollinear points in the plane. Some names are plane AEF, plane AEB, and plane ABFE.

D A B

Quick Check

2 List three different names for the plane represented by the top of the ice cube. Answers may vary. Sample: HEF, HEFG, FGH

Lesson 1-3 Points, Lines, and Planes

17

Advanced Learners

L4

English Language Learners ELL

The word noncollinear in Postulate 1-4 may confuse students. Discuss how the prefix non- indicates not. So, noncollinear points do not lie on a line.

In Example 4, have students find the number of different planes named by any three vertices of the cube.

learning style: verbal

17

Guided Instruction
Tactile Learners
Have students use index cards to illustrate Postulates 1-3 and 1-4.

2 1

Basic Postulates of Geometry

A postulate or axiom is an accepted statement of fact. You have used some of the following geometry postulates in algebra. For example, you used Postulate 1-1 when you graphed an equation such as y = -2x + 8. You plotted two points and then drew the line through those two points.

EXAMPLE

Math Tip

The drawing of a plane is necessarily finite. Remind students that the intersection is a line, not a segment, and that they should use a line symbol above the letters.
PowerPoint

Key Concepts

Postulate 1-1 Through any two points there is exactly one line. Line t is the only line that passes through points A and B.
B A t

Additional Examples
3 Use the diagram from Example 3. What is the intersection of plane) HGC * and plane AED? HD
4 Shade the plane that contains X, Y, and Z.
Z

Vocabulary Tip
There is exactly one means there is one and there is no more than one.

In algebra, one way to solve a system of two equations is to graph the two equations. As the graphs of y = -2x + 8 y = 3x - 7 show, the two lines intersect at a single point, (3, 2). The solution to the system of equations is (3, 2). This illustrates Postulate 1-2.

y y y 3x 2x 5 7 7 8 x

2 (3, 2) O 2 4 1 3

Y V

X W

Key Concepts

Postulate 1-2 If two lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point.
A C D E B

Resources Daily Notetaking Guide 1-3 L3 Daily Notetaking Guide 1-3 L1 Adapted Instruction

* )

AE and BD intersect at C.

* )

Closure
Explain how a postulate and a conjecture are alike and how they are different. Sample: You accept a postulate as true without proof, but you try to determine whether a conjecture is true or false.

There is a similar postulate about the intersection of planes.

Key Concepts

Postulate 1-3 If two planes intersect, then they intersect in exactly one line. Plane RST and) plane STW * intersect in ST.
S R T W

When you know two points in the intersection of two planes, Postulates 1-1 and 1-3 tell you that the line through those points is the line of intersection of the planes.

18

Chapter 1 Tools of Geometry

18

EXAMPLE

Finding the Intersection of Two Planes

H E D A B F C G

3. Practice
Assignment Guide
1 A B 1-16, 46-60, 64, 68-73 2 A B
C Challenge 17-45, 61-63, 65-67 74-79 80-82 83-88

What is the intersection of plane HGFE and plane BCGF? Plane HGFE and plane BCGF * ) intersect in GF .

Quick Check

* .) Name two planes that intersect in

BF ABF and CBF A three-legged stand will always be stable. As long as the feet of the stand dont lie in one line, the feet of the three legs will lie exactly in one plane. This illustrates Postulate 1-4.

Tune-Up Mixed Review

Homework Quick Check

To check students understanding of key skills and concepts, go over Exercises 5, 18, 50, 62, 66.

Key Concepts

Postulate 1-4 Through any three noncollinear points there is exactly one plane.

Error Prevention!
Exercises 9, 10 Check that
students use a line symbol and not a segment or ray symbol as they name lines.

EXAMPLE

Using Postulate 1-4

b. Shade the plane that contains E, H, and C.
H E C D A B F C
GPS Guided Problem Solving
Enrichment Reteaching Adapted Practice Practice
Name Class Date

a. Shade the plane that contains A, B, and C.

H E D A B F G

L3 L4 L2 L1 L3

Quick Check

4 a. Name another point that is in the same plane as points A, B, and C. D b. Name another point that is coplanar with points E, H, and C. B

Practice 1-3
Refer to the diagram at the right for Exercises 115.

Points, Lines, and Planes

EXERCISES
Practice by Example
Example 1
(page 17)

1. Name AB in another way.

* )

For more exercises, see Extra Skill, Word Problem, and Proof Practice.

2. Give two other names for plane Q. 3. Why is EBD not an acceptable name for plane Q?
A Q D E B C

Are the following sets of points collinear?

Practice and Problem Solving Practice and Problem Solving

Are the three points collinear? If so, name the line on which they lie. 1. A, D, E no 3. B, C, F 5. F, B, D 7. G, F, C no 2. B, C, D yes; line n 4. A, E, C yes; line m 6. F, A, E no 8. A, G, C yes; line m
B E C G F D A m n

4. AB and C 6. EB and A

* ) * )

5. B and F 7. F and plane Q

Are the following sets of points coplanar? 8. E, B, and F

10. AC and ED

* )

* ) * )

9. DB and FC

11. AE and DC

* ) * ) * )

* ) * )

12. F, A, B, and C

13. F, A, B, and D 15. FB and BD

14. plane Q and EC

* )

Find the intersection of the following lines and planes in the gure at the right.

16. GK and LG

* )

* )

17. planes GLM and LPN 18. planes GHPN and KJP 19. planes HJN and GKL 20. KP and plane KJN 21. KM and plane GHL
Refer to the diagram at the right.
K L J M

GO for Help
3. yes; line n 5. yes; line n

* ) * )

22. Name plane P in another way. 23. Name plane Q in another way. 24. What is the intersection of planes P and Q? 25. Are A and C collinear? 26. Are D, A, B, and C coplanar? 27. Are D and C collinear?
Q A D B C

9. Name line m in three other ways. 10. Name line n in three other ways. 4 4 4 Answers may vary. Sample: BF, CD, DF

28. What is the intersection of AB and DC ? 29. Are planes P and Q coplanar? 30. Are AB and plane Q coplanar?

* )

* )

* )

9. Answers may vary. 4 4 4 Sample: AE, EC, GA

31. Are B and C collinear?

Lesson 1-3 Points, Lines, and Planes

19

19

Exercises 3843 These exercises

introduce the term noncoplanar. Discuss with students how they can derive its meaning from what they already know about the terms collinear and noncollinear.

Example 2
(page 17)

Name the plane represented by each surface of the box. 11. the bottom ABCD 13. the front ABHF 15. the left side EFAD 12. the top EFHG 14. the back EDCG 16. the right side BCGH
E D A
X U V

G F C
H

B
W

Exercises 4750 Discuss the

exercises for which students think that drawing a figure for the description is not possible. Have students explain their reasoning. This is a good way to clarify the ideas that form the basis of a formal proof.

Example 3
(page 19)

Use the gure at the right for Exercises 1737. First, name the intersection of each pair of planes. 4 18. planes UXV and WVS VW 4 19. planes XWV and UVR 20. planes TXW and TQU XT 4 UV Name two planes that intersect in the given line.

4 17. RS 17. planes QRS and RSW

T Q R

Error Prevention!
Exercises 5661 These exercises
reinforce the vocabulary and postulates in the lesson. Have students work with partners to discuss any unclear terms. Emphasize the mathematical importance of the phrase exactly one in Exercise 57. Also point out in Exercise 61 that two lines means two distinct lines.
Example 4
(page 19)

21. QU 22. TS 23. XT 24. VW Exercises 1737 QUX and QUV XTS and QTS UXT and WXT UVW and RVW Copy the gure. Shade the plane that contains the given points. 25. R, V, W 26. U, V, W 27. U, X, S 2529. See back of book. Name another point in each plane. 28. T, U, X 29. T, V, R

* )

* )

30. plane RVW 31. plane UVW 32. plane UXS 33. plane TUX 34. plane TVR S X R Q X Is the given point coplanar with the other three points? 37. point W with X, V, R 35. point Q with V, W, S 36. point U with T, V, S no yes no Postulate 1-4 states that any three noncollinear points lie in one plane. Find the plane containing the rst three points listed, then decide whether the fourth point is in that plane. Z Y Write coplanar or noncoplanar to describe the points. S U 39. S, U, V, Y coplanar 38. Z, S, Y, C coplanar V X 40. X, Y, Z, Unoncoplanar 41. X, S, V, U coplanar C 42. X, Z, S, V noncoplanar 43. S, V, C, Y noncoplanar 44. Photography Photographers and surveyors use a tripod, or three-legged stand, for their instruments. Use one of the postulates to explain why. See margin. 45. Open-Ended Draw a gure with points B, C, D, E, F, and G that shows CD , * ) * ) BG , and EF , with one of the points on all three lines. See margin. If possible, draw a gure to t each description. Otherwise write not possible. 4649. See margin. 46. four points that are collinear 47. two points that are noncollinear 48. three points that are noncollinear Real-World Connection 49. three points that are noncoplanar 5053. See back of book. Coordinate Geometry Graph the points and state whether they are collinear.

Apply Your Skills

Careers
Exercise 66 Ask: What fact about Earths surface complicates the work of a surveyor who uses lines and planes? Earth is a sphere and not flat, so distances are measured along curves.

* )

44. Through any three noncollinear points there is exactly one plane. The ends of the legs of the tripod represent three noncollinear points, so they rest in one plane. Therefore, the tripod wont wobble. 45. Answers may vary. Sample:
E B CF G D

Careers The photographer

uses a tripod to help assure a clear picture.

GPS 50. (3, -3), (2, -3), (-3, 1)

52. (2, -2), (-2, -2), (3, -2)

51. (2, 2), (-2, -2), (3, 2) 53. (-3, 3), (-3, 2), (-3, -1)

54. Obj. 10: (8.14)(B) Which three points are not collinear? C (0, 0), (0, 2), (0, 4) (0, 0), (0, 2), (3, 0) (0, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0) (2, -2), (2, 2), (2, 3)

20

Chapter 1 Tools of Geometry

47. not possible 46.

A B C D n

49. not possible 62.

A N C B

48. A
C

20

Post. 1-4: Through three noncollinear points there is exactly one plane.

63. Answers may vary. Sample:

M P L N K V

GO

nline

Use always, sometimes, or never to make a true statement. 55. Intersecting lines are 9 coplanar. always 56. Two planes 9 intersect in exactly one point. never 57. Three points are 9 coplanar. always 58. A plane containing two points of a line 9 contains the entire line. always 59. Four points are 9 coplanar. sometimes 60. Two lines 9 meet in more than one point. never 61. How many planes contain each line and point? * ) * ) a. EF and point G 1 b. PH and point E 1 * ) * ) c. FG and point P 1 d. EP and point G 1 e. Make a Conjecture What do you think is H true of a line and a point not on the line? E A line and a point not on the line are always coplanar.
P Q

4. Assess & Reteach

PowerPoint

Homework Help
Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: aue-0103

Lesson Quiz
B C A D E J H F G

Use the diagram above.

G F

1. Name three collinear points. D, J, and H 2. Name two different planes that contain points C and G. planes BCGF and CGHD 3. Name the intersection *of plane AED and plane HEG. ) HE 4. How many planes contain the points A, F, and H? 1 5. Show that this conjecture is false by finding one counterexample: Two planes always intersect in exactly one line. Sample: Planes AEHD and BFGC never intersect.

In Exercise 62 and 63, sketch a gure for the given information. Then name the postulate that your gure illustrates. 6263. See margin, pp. 2021.

* 63. Planes LNP and MVK intersect in

62. The noncollinear points A, B, and C are all contained in plane N. NM .

64. Optical Illusions The diagram (right) is an optical illusion. A Which three points are collinear: A, B, and C or A, B, and D? Are you sure? Use a straightedge to check your answer. A, B, and D B Writing Use postulates to explain each situation. 6567. See margin. 65. A land surveyor can always nd a straight line from the point where she stands to any other point she can see. 66. A carpenter knows that a line can represent the intersection of two at walls.

67. A furniture maker knows that a three-legged table is always steady, but a four-legged table will sometimes wobble. 6872. See back of book. 73. See margin. Coordinate Geometry Graph the points and state whether they are collinear. 68. (1, 1), (4, 4), (-3, -3) 71. (0, 0), (8, 10), (4, 6) 69. (2, 4), (4, 6), (0, 2) 72. (0, 0), (0, 3), (0, -10) 70. (0, 0), (-5, 1), (6, -2) 73. (-2, -6), (1, -2), (4, 1)

Alternative Assessment
Have students write Postulate 1-4, illustrate it, and explain it in their own words. Then have them explain how changing the word three to four or the word plane to line makes the postulate unreasonable.

Challenge
74. Innitely many; explanations may vary. Sample: Innitely many planes can intersect in one line.

74. How many planes contain the same three collinear points? Explain. See left. 75. Navigation Rescue teams use Postulates 1-1 and 1-2 to determine the location of a distress signal. In the diagram, a ship at point A receives a signal from the northeast. A ship at point B receives the same signal from due west. Trace the diagram and nd the location of the distress signal. Explain how the two postulates help locate the distress signal. See margin.

NE

75.
A

B Distress Signal

lesson quiz, PHSchool.com, Web Code: aua-0103

Lesson 1-3 Points, Lines, and Planes

21

65. Post. 1-1: Through any two points there is exactly one line. 66. Post. 1-3: If two planes intersect, then they intersect in exactly one line.

67. The end of one leg might not be coplanar with the ends of the other three legs. (Post. 1-4)

73.

y
2

O
4

By Post. 1-1, points D and B determine a line and points A and D determine a line. The distress signal is on both lines and, by Post. 1-2, there can be only one distress signal.

no

21

 TAKS Tune Up, p. 75 TAKS Strategies, p. 70 TAKS Daily Review

Transparencies

76. a. Open-Ended Suppose two points are in plane P. Explain why it makes sense that the line containing the points would be in the same plane. See margin. b. Suppose two lines intersect. How many planes do you think contain both lines? A C You may use the diagram and your answer in B part (a) to explain your answer. See margin. Probability Points are picked at random from A, B, C, and D, which are arranged as shown. Find the probability that the indicated number of points meet the given condition. 77. 2 points, collinear 1 78. 3 points, collinear 1 4
D A B C

TAKS Review and Preparation

Workbook TAKS Strategies with Transparencies

79. 3 points, coplanar 1

76. a. Since the plane is flat, the line would have to curve so as to contain the 2 points and not lie in the plane; but lines are straight. b. One plane; Points A, B, and C are noncollinear. By Post. 1-4, they are coplanar. Then, by part (a), 4 4 AB and BC are coplanar.

Tune-Up
Objective 2 TEKS (A.3)(A) 80. The price of a shirt is decreased by 30% after $10 is subtracted from the original price p. Which expression can help you nd how much the shirt sells for now? B (p - 0.3p) - 10 0.3(p - 10) p - 10 - 0.3(p - 10) Objective 9 TEKS (8.11)(B) (p - 10) - 0.3p

81. The results of each toss of a number cube are shown below. Based on the results, what is the experimental probability of rolling a 5? H 1 5 5 6 5 2 4 4 3 5 15% 25% 40% 50%

Objective 9 TEKS (8.12)(C)

82. The data below show the number of minutes Anna spent exercising each day last week. Which box-and-whisker plot best represents the data? 0 10 11 12 12 14 16 17 19 20 C

11

13

17

20

10

15

20

10

15

20

10

15

20

Mixed Review

GO for Help

Lesson 1-2 TEKS (G.6)(C)

Make an orthographic drawing for each gure. 8385. See margin. 83. 84. 85.

Fro

nt

h Rig

Fro

nt

Rig

ht

Fro

nt

ht Rig

Skills Handbook

Simplify each ratio. 86. 30 to 12 5 to 2

2 r 87. pr 2 2pr

5 88. 5 : 7 1 3 21

22
83.

Chapter 1 Tools of Geometry

84.
Top Top

85.
Top

22

Front

Right

Front

Right

Front

Right