52004626

PART I - Current Transformers Dimensioning
[IEC 60044 1]
Prepared by : Mohammad Subhi Abdel -Halim
Senior Substation Design Engineer
PBME AMMAN Office / JORDAN
1
Definitions :
Current transformer
An instrument transformer in which the secondary current, in normal conditions of use, is substantially
proportional to the primary current and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero
for an appropriate direction of the connections
Current error (ratio error)
The error which a transformer introduces into the measurement of a current and which
arises from the fact that the actual transformation ratio is not equal to the rated transformation ratio.
Current Error : is the ratio of the exciting current, which supplies the eddy current and hysteresis losses
and magnetizes the core to the Primary Current. This current flows in the primary winding only and
therefore, is the cause of the transformer errors.
Generally expressed as a percentage of the r.m.s value of the primary current and is given by the
formula:
, ,
p
p s n
I
100 I I K
or% CurrentErr

=
where
Kn is the rated transformation ratio;
Ip is the actual primary current;
Is is the actual secondary current when Ip is flowing, under the conditions of
measurement.
Phase displacement
The difference in phase between the primary and secondary current vectors, the direction of the vectors
being so chosen that the angle is zero for a perfect transformer.
The phase displacement is said to be positive when the secondary current vector leads the primary
current vector. It is usually expressed in minutes or centiradians.
NOTE This definition is strictly correct for sinusoidal currents only.
Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF ) Kssc :
The Ratio of the rated Accuracy Limit Primary Current ( Max. Fault Current ) to the rated Primary
Current .A current transformer is designed to maintain its ratio within specified limits up to a certain
value of primary current, expressed as a multiple of its rated primary current. This multiple is known as
the current transformers rated accuracy limit factor (ALF).
Dimensioning factor (Kx) :
A factor assigned by the purchaser to indicate the multiple of rated secondary current (I
sn
) occurring
under power system fault conditions, inclusive of safety factors, up to which the transformer is required
to meet performance requirements"
Composite error
Under steady-state conditions, the r.m.s. value of the difference between:
a) the instantaneous values of the primary current; and
b) the instantaneous values of the actual secondary current multiplied by the rated transformation ratio,
the positive signs of the primary and secondary currents corresponding to the convention for terminal
markings
The composite error Ec is generally expressed as a percentage of the r.m.s. values of the primary
current according to the formula:
[IEC 60044 1]
2
, ,
}
=
T
0
2
p s n
p
c
dt i i K
T
1
I
100
where
Kn is the rated transformation ratio;
Ip is the r.m.s. value of the primary current;
ip is the instantaneous value of the primary current;
is is the instantaneous value of the secondary current;
T is the duration of one cycle.
For more details and the use of the composite error , please refer to Annex A .
Rated knee point e.m.f. (Ek) :
That minimum sinusoidal e.m.f. (r.m.s.) at rated power frequency when applied to the
secondary terminals of the transformer, all other terminals being open-circuited, which when increased
by 10 % causes the r.m.s. exciting current to increase by no more than 50 %.
Some clients require the calculations to be based on the corrected VA and not the rated VA of the C.T
where a margin of 25 % shall be taken into account for rated VA calculations for 5P class cores for the
Rated Knee Point Voltage and Operating ALF conversions as per the following formulas which will give
accurate dimensioning :
, ,
1.3
Rat edALF I Res Wdg. VA Cor r ect ed
Vol t age Poi nt Knee Rat ed
sn
+
=
Since The rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. E
al
or The Rated Knee Point Voltage V
k
in
according with the IEC 60044-6 standard to specify the CT requirements for different protection
equipment which shall be higher than the required limiting secondary e.m.f E
alReq.
or the required knee
point voltage V
kreq.
Which is to be calculated as per all the Protection Relay Manufacturers
recommendations and compliance with IEC 60044-6 standard .
NOTE The Rated knee point e.m.f. will be < the Required knee point e.m.f. which will be in according
with the protection relay manufacturer recommendation .
Rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. (E
al
)
That r.m.s. value of the equivalent secondary circuit e.m.f. of rated frequency necessary to satisfy the
specified duty cycle and derived from the following:
E
al
= K
ssc
. K
td
(R
ct
+ R
b
) I
sn
(V, r.m.s.)
Rated symmetrical short-circuit current factor (Kssc)
K
ssc
= which is equal to the Required Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF req. ) .
K
ssc
= Ipsc/Ipn
I
psc
r.m.s. value of primary symmetrical short-circuit current
I
pn
Rated primary current
K
td
Rated transient dimensioning factor
Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1, class P, PR :
A CT according to IEC 60044-1 is specified by the secondary limiting e.m.f. E
2max
. The value of the
E
2max
is approximately equal to the corresponding E
al
according to IEC 60044-6. Therefore, the CTs
according to class P and PR must have a secondary limiting e.m.f. E
2max
that fulfills the following:
[IEC 60044 1]
3
Current transformers according to IEC 60044-1 class PX,
IEC 60044-6 class TPS (and old British Standard, class X) :
CTs according to these classes are specified approximately in the same way by a rated knee-point
e.m.f. E
knee
(E
k
or V
k
) for class PX, E
kneeBS
for class X and the limiting secondary voltage U
al
for TPS).
The value of the E
knee
is lower than the corresponding E
al
according to IEC 60044-6. It is not possible to
give a general relation between the E
knee
and the E
al
but normally the E
knee
is approximately 80% of the
E
al
. Therefore, the CTs according to class PX, X and TPS must have a rated knee-point e.m.f. E
knee
that
fulfills the following:
E
knee
E
k
E
kneeBS
U
al
> 0.8 . ( maximum of E
alreq) .
Class X or PX CTs are mostly used for high impedance circulating current protection which requires
high Equivalent Secondary e.m.f (E) .This can be economically achieved with Class X or PX which is of
Low Leakage Reactance and can have a High magnetizing Current at V
k
. Three factors will influence
the emf E. Its the number of secondary turns N, the core area A and the induction in Wb/m2 B.
2 j
Si
N A f 2
E
B

=
where:
A = core area in m2
B = fux density in Tesla (T)
f = frequency
N2 = number of secondary turns
The induction is dependent of the core material, which influences the size of the magnetizing current.
For a certain application the secondary turns and the core area are thus selected to give the required
emf output.
C.T AS 60044 1 Class PX
The rated knee point e.m.f. is generally determined as follows:
E
K
( V
K
) = K
X
. ( R
ct
+ R
b
) . I
sn
Where ,
Ek = rated knee point emf .
Kx = multiple of Isn at which C.T must perform satisfactorily
Isn = rated secondary current .
Rb = rated resistive burden .
Rct = winding dc resistance at 75 C .
CT types:
Generally, there are three different types of CTs from the Construction Point of view :
High remanence type CT
Low remanence type CT
Non remanence type CT
1) High remanence CTs This is mostly commonly used .
The high remanence type has no given limit for the remanent flux. The CT has a magnetic core without
any air gaps and the remanent flux might remain for almost infinite time. The remanent flux can be up to
70-80% of the saturation flux. Typical examples of high remanent type CTs are class P, PX, TPS,
TPX according to IEC 60044 and non-gapped class C according to ANSI/IEEE.
2) Low remanence CTs
The low remanence type has a specified limit for the remanent flux. The magnetic core is provided with
small air gaps to reduce the remanent flux to a level that does not exceed 10% of the saturation flux.
Examples are class TPY according to IEC 60044-6 and class PR according to IEC 60044-1.
[IEC 60044 1]
4
3) Non remanence CTs
The non remanence type CT has practically negligible level of remanent flux. The magnetic core has
relatively large air gaps in order to reduce the secondary time constant of the CT (to lower the needed
transient factor) which also reduces the remanent flux to
practically zero level. An example is class TPZ according to IEC 60044-6.
Types of C.Ts from the Function point of view are : The output required from a current transformer
depends on the application and the type of load connected to it :
1. Measuring Current Transformers :
Metering equipment or instruments, like KW, KVar, A instruments or KWh or KVArh meters, are
measuring under normal load conditions. These metering cores require high accuracy, a low burden
(output) and a low saturation voltage. They operate in the range of 5-120% of rated current according to
accuracy classes 0.2 or 0.5 (IEC) or 0.3 or 0.6 (IEEE).
In each current transformer a number of different cores can be combined. Normally one or two cores
are specified for metering purposes and two to four cores for protection purposes.
Metering cores :
To protect the instruments and meters from being damaged by high currents during fault
conditions, a metering core must be saturated typically between 5 and 20 times the rated current.
Normally energy meters have the lowest withstand capability, typically 5 to 20 times rated current. The
rated Instrument Security Factor (FS) indicates the overcurrent as a multiple
of the rated current at which the metering core will saturate. It is thus limiting the secondary current to
FS times the rated current. The safety of the metering equipment is greatest when the value of FS is
small. Typical FS factors are 5 or 10. It is a maximum value and only valid at rated burden. A higher
output from a core will also result in a bigger and more expensive core, especially for cores with high
accuracy (class 0.2).Class 0.2 for Cores with billing values metering or Class 0.5 or 1 for measuring
/instrumentation without billing or Class 3 or 5 for no accurate measuring .
Example : in 0.2 SFS10 CT,
0.2 : Accuracy Class % current ratio error at % of rated current
S : stands for sec. It means that the C.T shall withstand for 0.2 sec a Current equal to 20 times I max.
with a relative tolerance of 0% - 10 % .
10 : Rated Burden .
Accuracy Class 0.2 : has 0.2 % current error at 100 % - 120 % of the Rated Current .
Accuracy Class 0.2S : means 0.2 % current error at 20 % - 120 % of the Rated Current .
Same for Class 0.5 and 0.5S . This means the Class with S is more accurate .
2. Protection Current Transformers :
For protection relays and disturbance recorders information about a primary disturbance must be
transferred to the secondary side. Measurement at fault conditions in the overcurrent range requires
lower accuracy, but a high capability to transform high fault currents to allow protection relays to
measure and disconnect the fault. Typical relay classes are 5P, 10P or TP (IEC) or C 100-800 (IEEE).
Protection Cores :
5P/10P are commonly used for Over Current/ Earth Fault, and Class PX CT Class PX is the definition
in IEC 60044-1 formerly covered by class X of BS 3938 type CTs are used for high impedance
circulating current protection and are also suitable for most other protection schemes.
We will elaborate only on the most commonly used Classes P & PX . For further details for the choice
of C.T class for transient performance TPS , TPX , TPY & TPZ , please refer to the IEC 60044 6 .
Class PX protective current transformer :
A transformer of low leakage reactance for which knowledge of the transformer secondary excitation
characteristic, secondary winding resistance, secondary burden resistance and turns ratio is sufficient
to assess its performance in relation to the protective relay system with which it is to be used.
[IEC 60044 1]
5
Class P current transformers
Are defined so that, at rated frequency and with rated burden connected, the current error, phase
displacement and composite error shall not exceed the values given in the table below :
Accuracy Class Current Error at Rated Primary Current Composite Error at Rated
Accuracy Limit
Primary Current
5P 1% 5%
10P 3% 10%
The primary difference is that the measuring current transformer(FS) is required to retain a specified
accuracy over the normal range of load currents, whereas the protective current transformer (5P , PX )
must be capable of providing an adequate output over a wide range of fault conditions, from a fraction
of full load to many times full load.
CT Measuring vs Protection :
Measuring CT Protection CT
Under over current, the CT In case of over current, the
should limit the secondary CT should maintain the
current to avoid thermal secondary current within
overload of the connected the rated limit to enable
equipment proper protection operation
At rated burden (cos= 0.8) At rated burden (cos= 0.8)
and rated security factor, the and rated accuracy limit factor
composite error should be>10% the composite error should be
< 5% or 10%
Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE
Current transformers according to ANSI/IEEE are partly specified in different ways. A rated secondary
terminal voltage U
ANSI
is specified for a CT of class C. U
ANSI
is the secondary terminal voltage the CT
will deliver to a standard burden at 20 times rated secondary current without exceeding 10 % ratio
correction. There are a number of standardized U
ANSI
values e.g. U
ANSI
is 400 V for a C400 CT. A
corresponding rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. Eal
ANSI
can be estimated as follows:
bANSI sn CT sn ANSI CT sn alANSI
Z I R I U R I E - - + - - = + - - = 20 20 20
where
Z
bANSI
: The impedance (i.e. complex quantity) of the standard ANSI burden for the specific
C class (D).
U
ANSI
: The rated secondary terminal voltage for the specific C class (V).
The C.Ts according to class C must have a calculated rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. E
alANSI
alreq alANSI
E of Maximum E >
A C.T according to ANSI/IEEE is also specified by the knee-point voltage U
kneeANSI
that is graphically defined from an excitation curve. The knee-point voltage U
kneeANSI
normally has a
lower value than the knee-point e.m.f. according to IEC and BS. U
kneeANSI
can approximately be
estimated to 75 % of the corresponding Eal according to IEC 60044-6. Therefore, the CTs according to
ANSI/IEEE must have a knee-point voltage U
kneeANSI
[IEC 60044 1]
6
) ( 75 . 0
alreq alANSI
E of Maximum E - >
ANSI/IEEE CTs as specified in the IEEE C57.13 standard. The applicable class for protection is class
"C", which specifies a non air-gapped core. The CT design is identical to IEC class P but the
rating is specified differently. The IEEE C class standard voltage rating required will be lower
than an IEC knee-point voltage. This is because the IEEE voltage rating is defined in terms of useful
output voltage at the terminals of the CT, whereas the IEC knee-point voltage includes the
voltage drop across the internal resistance of the CT secondary winding added to the useful output..
Where IEEE standards are used to specify CTs, the C class voltage rating can be checked to determine
the equivalent knee-point voltage (Vk) according to IEC. The equivalence formula is:
, , , ,
CT n SSC k
R I K C V + = 05 . 1
, , , ,
CT
R C + = 100 05 . 1
Note: IEEE C.Ts are always 5A secondary rated, i.e. In =5A, and are defined with an accuracy limit
factor of 20, i.e. Kssc =20.
C.T Dimensioning (Sizing Calculations) :
Introduction :
- In general , there is no single rule/equation to apply for the C.T sizing calculations specially for
the calculation of the Knee Point Voltage ( Vk ) for Feeder Protection , Transformer differential
& Restricted E/F protection .Since every protection relays manufacturer has his own
recommendation and C.T requirements which shall be met and must be submitted by the
contractors and must be followed .
- Some clients require the calculations to be based on the corrected VA and not the rated VA
of the C.T where a margin of 25 % shall be taken into account for rated VA calculations for
5P class cores for the Rated Knee Point Voltage and Operating ALF conversions as per the
following formulas which will give accurate dimensioning which we will follow in our
examples :
3 . 1
. sec Re .
int
(

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
ALF I s Wdg VA Corrected
Voltage Po Knee Rated
The Operating Accuracy Limit Factor K
OALF
:
) Re . (
) Re . (
s Wdg VA Connected
s Wdg VA Corrected
ALF RATED K
OALF
+
+
- =
- Also , some clients specify two Main Protections from different manufacturers for each type
of protection on the 400 KV and 132 KV Substations . In our calculated examples , we will
elaborate on the different protection relays which are most commonly used for each circuit
on the 132 KV system (cable feeder , OHL , Transformer & Bus coupler / Section ) which
will cover both ( One Protection or Two Protection schemes ).
- The CT saturation is directly affected by the voltage at the CT secondary terminals. This
voltage is developed in a loop containing the conductors and the relay burden. For three-
phase faults, the neutral current is zero, and only the phase conductor and relay phase
[IEC 60044 1]
7
burden have to be considered. For earth faults in solidly earthed systems it is important to
consider the loop containing both the phase and the neutral conductors.
- In most cases the CT requirements are based on the maximum fault current for faults in
different positions. Maximum fault current will occur for three-phase faults or in some cases
for single-phase-to-earth faults. The current for a single phase-to-earth fault will exceed the
current for a three-phase fault when the zero sequence impedance in the total fault loop is
less than the positive sequence impedance. This can be the case in solidly earthed
systems and therefore both fault types have to be considered.
- If the fault current contains a DC-component there is a considerable risk that the CTs will
saturate. In most cases the CTs will have some remanence, which can increase the
saturation rate of the CTs. If a CT has been saturated the secondary current will not
recover until the DC-component in the primary fault current has subsided. This can cause a
delay in the relay operation. Depending on the design of the relay and to consider a certain
amount of DC-component, a factor has been used in the Rated Knee Point Voltage
calculation Equation . This safety factor gives a satisfactory operation.
- The following sample calculations will assist you in quick reviewing and approximate
verification of the different contractors submittals as a minimum requirement to be met for
the C.T sizing calculations , the calculations will be based on the most commonly used
132/11 KV substations with 2000 A bus bar , 40 KA which is applicable for all Voltage
levels and both the Outdoor AIS Switchgear or Indoor GIS where the different data and C.T
ratio if any to be considered , 4 mm as a lead conductors will be used in the calculations ,
types of the protection relays used in the calculations are only examples for different C.T
requirements as per the different Manufacturer recommendations .
A. 132 KV Cable Feeder :
Core
Design
Core
No.
Ratio Burden
VA
Accuracy
Class
V
kn
(V)
R
CT
()
I
o
(mA)
T1L 1 1500-1000/1A - PX <1950/1300 >5.5/3.67 >50/100 at

V
kn
T1L 2 1500-1000/1A - PX <1950/1300 >5.5/3.67 >50/100 at
V
kn
T1L 3 1500-1000/1A 22.5/15 5P20/0.5 - >2/1.33 -
T2L 1 3000/1A 30 5P20 - >8 -
T2L 2 3000/1A - PX <650 >8.5 >15 at V
kn
T2L 3 3000/1A - PX <650 >8.5 >15 at V
kn
Notes : 1. Rated Continuous Thermal Current is 150% I
n
2. Rated Short Thermal Current (1 sec ) is 40kA for all cores
1. Measuring ( Metering ) Cores :
The following should be verified : In general and quick verification :
Rated Burden (VA) > Total Connected Burden.> 25 % of the Rated Burden .
Total Connected Burden (VA ) = P ammeters + P wires .. etc.
Mostly included in the BCU ( Bay Control Unit ) and do not have separate core .
[IEC 60044 1]
8
2. Over Current & Earth Fault Protection : Mostly for O/C & E/F protection , class 5P C.T is
widely used and the verification of the Operating Accuracy Limiting Factor (KOALF ) is to be
equal or more than the required ALF is enough to verify if the proposed C.T is adequate or
not.
ALF op. ALF req.
For cables of 4 mm
2
used in secondary circuits:
Lead resistance 4sqmm at 20 C: R
L20
=0.00461 D/m
Temperature Coefficient: d=0.00393 1/K
Lead Resistance 4sqmm at 75 C:
R
L75
= R
L20
* (1+d*(75-20))= 0.00461*(1+0.00393*55)
= 0.00561 D/m
The burdens of each protection relay and meter are considered as per relevant
manufacturers catalogues
Burden (VA)
Bay Control Unit , REF545-ABB
(Synchro Check Function)
0.1
2 100m Cable of 4 mm 1.122
Digital Fault Recorder 0.1
Total 1.322
Verification of the Accuracy Limit Factor :
Required ALF ( K
ssc
) = I
psc
/I
pn
6 . 26
1500
40000
Re = = ALF quired For 1500/1 A CT ratio
40
1000
40000
Re = = ALF quired For 1000/1 A CT ratio
The Operating Accuracy Limit Factor (K
OALF
)
) Re . (
) Re . (
s Wdg VA Connected
s Wdg VA Corrected
ALF RATED K
OALF
+
+
- =
VA
VA Rated
VA Corrected 18
25 . 1
5 . 22
25 . 1
= = =
, and
[IEC 60044 1]
9
VA 12
25 . 1
15
=
6 . 26 4 . 120
2 322 . 1
2 18
20 > =
+
+
- = For CT ratio 1500/1 A
40 52 . 100
33 . 1 322 . 1
33 . 1 12
20 > =
+
+
- = For CT ratio 1000/1 A
Since , the operating accuracy limiting factor K
OALF
=120.4/100.52 being higher than the required
accuracy limiting factor 26.6/40 for CT ratios 1500/1000/1 A , the proposed 5P20, 22.5/15VA current
transformer is adequate
The O/C & E/F protection functions are mostly incorporated in the Bay Control Unit ( BCU ) or the Pilot
Wire Differential Protection along with the Breaker Failure function . However , the same
procedure to be followed for the loose relays if used. If the proposed BCU incorporate other protection
functions such as Breaker Failure where as per the manufacturer recommendation that the CTs must
have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. E
al
that is larger than or equal to the required secondary e.m.f.
E
alreq
which must be verified also .
3. Bus Bar Protection :
This is a form of bus bar protection using either unbiased high input impedance relays or biased low
impedance relays. Differential protection uses the principal of Kirchhoffs first law to sum the current
from the CTs covering the protected zone. The relay detects the summation current and will trip the
associated breakers if it indicates a fault within the zone.
It shall be verified with all circuits connected to the Bus Bar Protection .
1. Bus Bar Protection - Low Impedance :
Protection must have a low burden to enable it to be installed in series with other equipment on
common secondary cores of the current transformers. It has to allow the use of different class and type
of CTs made by different manufacturers. In particular, it will have to be able to accept mixes of plant,
satisfying different standards (e.g. British Standard 3938: Class X, IEC 185: Class 5P20, IEC 44-6
Class TPX, TPY or TPZ).The protection has to be stable for all types of external faults and in particular
under CT saturation conditions. This saturation has to be able to be detected in less than 2 ms. The
differential bus bar protection has to implement also an effective protection against circuit breaker
failures.
Example for Low Impedance with SIEMENS Relay Type 7SS52 C.T Data :
CT ratio: 3000/1A VA: 30
Class: 5P20 R
CT
:> 8D
Burden ( VA )
BBP relay Type 7SS52 , SIEMENS 0.1
2100m cable of 4 mm 1.122
Total 1.222 < 30 VA
[IEC 60044 1]
10
Verification of the Accuracy Limit Factor :
As per Manufacturer C.T requirement :
CT requirement for Low Impedance Busbar Protection Type 7SS52-SIEMENS(M2BZP)
pn
fault ext SSC
td SSC
I
I
K K
) . max(
- > ' and
SSC
K' > 100(measuring range)
b CT
b CT
SSC SSC
R R
R R
K K
' +
+
- = '
Where
SSC
K Rated Symmetrical Short Circuit Current Factor =20
SSC
K' Effective Symmetrical Short Circuit Current Factor
Rb Rated Resistive Burden (30D)
RCT Secondary Winding Resistance (8D)
RL CT Secondary Loop Resistance =1.8 D
For Loop Resistance ,2100 m cable of 2.5 sqmm is considered
RR Relay Burden (0.1 D)
b
R'
Connected Resistive Burden
RLead + RRelay =1.8+0.1=1.9 D
pn
I
CT Rated Primary Current
td
K
Transient Dimensioning Factor =0.5
. max( fault ext SSC
I
Max. short circuit current(40kA)
Vk Knee Point Voltage
) ( 667 . 6
3000
40000
5 . 0 required K
SSC
= - > '
And
) (effective
R R
R R
K K
b CT
b CT
SSC SSC
' +
+
- = '
667 . 6 4 . 82
222 . 1 8
30 8
20 > =
+
+
- = '
SSC
K
As the effective symmetrical short circuit current factor of proposed CT is above the required
effective symmetrical short circuit current factor .
Hence the proposed CT is adequate
[IEC 60044 1]
11
Further , as per manufacture catalogue V
k
for relay type 7SS (measuring ) is calculated as follows
:
, ,
sn CT k
I R R V - ' + - s
3 . 1
100
, , V V
k
4 . 709 1 222 . 1 8
3 . 1
100
= - + - =
3 . 1
Re .
int
(

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
ALF I s Wdg VA Corrected
sn
Corrected VA = 30/1.25= 24VA
, ,
V 3 . 492
3 . 1
20 1 8 24
=
+
=
Therefore , Rated knee point voltage < Required V
k
Therefore , C.T is adequate and suitably dimensioned
Other Example for Low Impedance with ABB Relay Type REB 670
CT Ratio 3000/1A
Class of Accuracy 5P20
CT Resistance R
CT
> 15 D
Burden 50 VA
Corrected Burden 40 VA
Burden of REB670 S
R
= 0.02 VA
Burden of CT Leads * = 1.12 VA
Total Burden on the Core (P
L
) =1.14
* CT Lead Resistance for 100 m with a 4 mm
2
cable
As per the relay manual , the CT requirement are as follows :
cal k available k
V V >
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
=
2 max
5 . 0
R
R
L CT
pn
sn
t
cal k I
S
R R
I
I
I V
[IEC 60044 1]
12
Calculation for E
alreq
Max primary fundamental
fault Current
= I
tmax
=40000A
CT primary Current =I
pn
=3000A
CT secondary Current =
Isn
=1A
Relay Current =I
R
=1A
CT Resistance =R
CT
=15.00 D
CT Leads Resistance =R
L
=1.12 D
Relay Burden =S
R
=0.02VA
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
=
2 max
5 . 0
R
R
L CT
pn
sn
t
cal k I
S
R R
I
I
I V
, ,
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
2
1
02 . 0
1212903 . 1 15
3000
1
40000 5 . 0
=108 v
As per the relay manual , since the CT requirement are mentioned for BS Class PX class . Hence
final class 5P CT parameters are CV
The design values according to BS can be approximately transferred in to IEC-60044 std using
the following formula:
3 . 1
. Re .
int
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
ratedALF I s Wdg VA Corrected
sn
Corrected VA = 50 /1.25 = 40 VA .
Rated Knee Point Voltage = ( 40 +15 ) 1 20 /1.3 = 846 V .
846V > 108 V.
Rated Knee Point Voltage ( available V
k
) > V
kcal
Therefore , C.T is suitably dimensioned .
2. Bus Bar Protection - High Impedance :
High-impedance protection responds to an equivalent voltage across the relay. During external faults
(with severe saturation of some of the CTs) the voltage does not rise above certain level. This is
because the other CTs will provide a lower-impedance path as compared with the high relay input
impedance.
Traditionally high impedance schemes have provided greater stability during through faults. This type of
protection requires all CTs must have the same transformation ratio, are class x and dedicated to the
protection scheme.
The current transformers used in high impedance circulating current differential protection systems
must be equal turns ratio and have reasonably low secondary winding resistance. Current transformers
[IEC 60044 1]
13
of similar magnetizing characteristic with low reactance construction such as IEC60044 Class PX, or
similar, are preferred.
The relay requirements are based upon a calculation of the required knee-point voltage with the IEC
definition of the knee-point voltage .
Example with (VA TECH Reyrolle Siemens )DAD N , 7SG12 High Impedance Relay :
Typically applied to provide 3 phase high impedance differential protection of busbar,
connections, auto-transformers, reactors and motors. The stability of the high impedance scheme
depends upon the operate voltage setting being greater than the maximum voltage which
can appear across the relay under a given through fault condition. An external series stabilizing
resistor and shunt non-linear resistor per phase complete the scheme. The series resistor value
is determined by the voltage level required for stability and the value of relay current calculated
to provide the required primary fault setting. Non-linear resistors protect the relay circuit from high
over-voltages.
C.T Data :
CT Ratio 3000/1A
Class of Accuracy PX
CT Resistance R
CT
< 15 D
Knee Point Voltage V
k
> 1500 V
Magnetizing Current I
o
< 40 mA at V
k
/2
Burden of DAD-N = 0.10 VA
Burden of CT Leads =1.12 VA
Total Burden of the Core (P
L
) =1.22 VA
CT requirement for 7SG12 relay (high impedance application)
All CTs must have the same transformation ratio . To prevent maloperation of the relay during
saturation of the CTs on an external fault, the actual stability voltage U
s
must be higher than the
voltage (U
stab
) produced by the maximum secondary through fault current , flowing
stab s
U U >
) ( ) / (
. max . wire CT pn sn thr k s
R R I I I U + >
In addition to this, the knee point voltage must be higher than twice the actual stability voltage:
s Knee
U U - > 2
Where:
Us Relay Setting Voltage
Ustab Minimum Stability Voltage
Uknee Knee Point Voltage of CT
Ik,max,thr Max. symmetrical short-circuit current for external fC =40000A
Iscc,max,thr Max. symmetrical short-circuit current for internal fa 40000A
Rwire Cable Burden =1.12 D
RCT Max. internal burden of CT at 75 =15 D
Ipn CT primary nominal current =3000A
Isn CT secondary nominal current =1A
[IEC 60044 1]
14
Rb Relay Burden =0.10 D
If Secondary Fault Current =13.33A
stab
U V 215 ) 1212903 . 1 15 ( ) 3000 / 1 ( 40000 = + =
Since
stab s
U U > is considered as
U
s
= 225 V
Therefore
s Knee
U U - > 2
225 2 - >
V 450 >
Criteria is
Proposed V
k
< Required V
k
1500 < 450
Hence
CT is : Suitably dimensioned
Calculation of maximum sensitivity
) (
min . e s
sn
pn
P
I n I
I
I
I - + - |
.
|
\
|
=
Where
min . s
I
Minimum relay setting =0.005A
n Number of CTs in parallel with relay
including future bays
=30
e
I
Mag. Current at relay setting voltage
(225.00)V
=0.0120A (Assumed)
P
I
) (
min . e s
sn
pn
I n I
I
I
- + - |
.
|
\
|
=
, , ) 012 . 0 30 005 . 0 (
1
3000
- + - =
= 1095
=36.5 % of CT rated current
Fault Setting
The primary operating current of busbar protection is normally set to less than 30% of the
minimum expected fault current. Unless otherwise specified. Further as per specification
requirement, the setting shall be above 125% of nominal full load current of transformer.
[IEC 60044 1]
15
Power Transformer Rating = 50 MVA
Power Transformer Percentage Impedance (%Z) =30.5 %
Rated Voltage = 132 kV
Trafo. Full Load Current
Voltage
MVA
=
3
132 732 . 1
1000 50
=
=218.69 A
Effective Sensitivity Calculation :
As per ESI 48-3 , the fault setting shall be between 10% and 30% of minimum fault current
available .
DEWA ( Dubai Electricity & Water Authority ) specify the minimum and maximum primary operating
current as follows which will be followed in the calculations :
I
P min
= 1100 A
I
P max
= 1400 A
For a desired increased sensitivity of 2000 A primary setting . The relay setting shall be
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
- -
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
- =
knee
S
e
pn
sn
des p set s
U
U
I n
I
I
I I
(min)
, , , , , , , ,
1500
225
012 . 0 30
3000
1
1100
(min)
- - - =
set s
I
= 0.310 A
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
- -
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
- =
knee
S
e
pn
sn
des p set s
U
U
I n
I
I
I I
(max)
, , , , , , , ,
1500
225
012 . 0 30
3000
1
1400
(max)
- - - =
set s
I
= 0.410 A
Calculation of Stabilizing Resistor
The proper value of stabilizing resistor R
stab
is required to ensure stability and is calculated by
using the formula
b
set s
s
stab
R
I
U
R
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(max)
[IEC 60044 1]
16
, , 1 . 0
41 . 0
225
=
= 726 D
Minimum Power Rating P
stab
stab
set s
stab
R I P - =
2
726 41 . 0
2
- =
=122 W
Voltage developed across resistor during internal fault
, , 3 . 1
4
1
3
=
f stab
k
f
I R V V
, , 3 . 1 34 . 13 726 1500
4
1
3
=
3108 = V
Half second rating of stabilizing resistor P
half
=
, ,
kW
W
R
V
stab
13
13306
726 / 3108
2
2
1
=
=
=
=
Hence stabilizing resistor of 0-5000 variable , having a power rating of 350 W and short
time rating of 15kW will be selected
Calculation for max. voltage at relay terminal
The theoretical Voltage which may occur at the relay terminals is
, ,
stab wire CT
pn
sn
SCC SCC
R R R
I
I
I U + + |
.
|
\
|
=
int max int max
, , , , 726 1212903 . 1 15
3000
1
40000 + + =
=9895 V
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
knee
SCC
knee
relay
U U U U
int max max
2 2
, , , , 1500 9895 1500 2 2
max
=
relay
U
= 10037 V
[IEC 60044 1]
17
Metrosil is required if
V
V U
relay
1500 10037
1500
max
>
>
Hence Metrosil is required
The type of metrosil required is chosen by its thermal rating as defined by the formula
, ,
k f
V I P = 14 . 3 / 4
, , 1500 34 . 13 14 . 3 / 4 =
S J / 71 . 25477 =
S kJ / 48 . 25 =
Select a metrosil with C=900 , = 0.2
Another example with another Type which is also widely used AREVA - MCAG34 High Impedance
Protection Relay for 11 KV Busbar Protection .
11 kV Busbar Protection Discriminating and check Zone
The relay is MCAG34,AREVA
CT Ratio : 3200/1A
Class of Accuracy :CL.X
a) Stability Voltage (V
S
)
As per clause 7.3.1 and fig 18 indicated in ESI :48:3 the following formulas could be applied :
a.1) Consider and external phase to earth short circuit and assume complete saturation of a
current transformer , then V
S
shall be not less than :
T G D A I V
F s
) 2 ( + + >
Where :
IF = Fault Current Corresponding to the rated stability limit (100 percentage of switchgear short circuit
rating as per clause 5.6 of ESI 48-3)
=25kA
=Resistance of Wiring plus current transformer winding
= RCT+RL=10+0.9=10.9D
RL=0.9 D, L=100 m, A=2.5 mm
2
, r= 9 D/km
Taking into account the above data , V
S
is calculated as follows
, , V V
s
19 . 92 9 . 0 9 . 10
3200
2500
= + >
V V
s
19 . 92 >
a.2) Also Consider a phase to phase or 3 phase external short circuit and assume complete
saturation of a current transformer , then V
S
shall not be less than :
[IEC 60044 1]
18
) ( ) ( V T G A I V
F s
+ >
, , V V
s
16 . 85 9 . 10
3200
2500
= >
V V
s
16 . 85 >
b) Knee Point Voltage (V
k
)
As per ESI 48-3 , the minimum current transformer knee point voltage is :
V V V
s
kn
200 95 2 2
min
= = >
V V
kn
200
min
>
c) Magnetizing Current (I
e
)
As per ESI 48-3 , the fault setting shall be between 10% and 30% of minimum fault current available
As per DEWA requirement 2kA shall be considered as minimum fault current at 11kV bus
The fault setting shall be between 200A and 600 A
Effective primary fault settings
j
T
I I nI I I
m sr t s fs
1
+ + + =
Is = Selected Relay Setting Current =0.05A
n = Max. number of CTs in parallel with relay for check Zone
= Max. number of CTs in parallel with relay for Disc. Zone
=66
=24
I1 Magnetizing Current of CT
Maximum Magnetizing Current
(Ien & Iet at Vs =100 V is considered for 3200/1A from the vendor documents)
= 1.8mA at Vs (Average)
=66 x 1.8=118.8 mA
Rs = Impedance of busbar supervision relay
= O = = 90000
4
600
2 2
B
U
s
= 90000
Considering the worst case as Rs= 90000 D
=90000 D
U = Rated voltage of relay = 600 V (AREVA Catalogue) = 600 V (AREVA Catalogue)
B = Relay Burden =4VA (AREVA catalogue)
Taking into account the above data , I
fs
is calculated as follows
[IEC 60044 1]
19
For check zone
A I
fs
3 . 553 3200 003 . 0
90000
100
0018 . 0 66 05 . 0 =
(
+ + + =
Which is approximately 27.6% , of the min , fault current at the 11kV Bus .
However based on the data provided by manufacturer for similar type of CTs it can be
assumed that average current is approximately 1mA, reconsidering the above formula
A I
fs
4 . 384 3200 003 . 0
90000
100
001 . 0 66 05 . 0 =
(
+ + + =
Which is approximately 19.2% , of the min , fault current at the 11kV Bus
For Disc. zone
A I
fs
4 . 311 3200 003 . 0
90000
100
0018 . 0 24 05 . 0 =
(
+ + + =
Which is approximately 15.56 % , of the min , fault current at the 11kV Bus .
However based on the data provided by manufacturer for similar type of CTs it can be
assumed that average current is approximately 1mA, reconsidering the above formula
A I
fs
95 . 249 3200 003 . 0
90000
100
001 . 0 24 05 . 0 =
(
+ + + =
Which is approximately 12.5 % , of the min , fault current at the 11kV
Since the fault setting is between 10% and 30% of the minimum fault current
(as per ESI 48-3 and tender documents) and DEWAs requirement is fulfilled,
the selected magnetizing current 1.5 mA at V
k
/2 is suitable for the system protection.
Therefore, the relay current setting will be provided with range (5%-20%) in seven
equal steps, which is confirmed by above calculation as adequate.
d) Stabilizing Resistor
To assure stability for through faults a stabilizing resistor will be required . The value of series
resistance is calculated as follows :
2
r r
s
S
I
VA
I
V
R =
Where :
RS Value of the stabilizing resistor
VS Minimum required stability voltage i.e. setting voltage
Ir Relay setting current is negligible
VA 1VA AREVA Catalogue for MCAG 34
[IEC 60044 1]
20
Assumed current setting is for check zone and disc. Zone
A I
r
05 . 0 =
O = = 2000
05 . 0
100
S
R
And it is 74.1% of 2000D , Hence selected is 0-2700 (variable)
However the actual V
S
based on the site tests will be less than 100V. Accordingly the set value will be
less than 2000D. Hence selected is 0-2700 D (variable).
The resistors incorporate in the scheme must be capable of withstanding the associated thermal
conditions
The continuous Power Rating of a resistor is defined as
Pcon
, , R I
con
- =
2
Where
Pcon = Resistor Continuous Power Rating
Icon =Continuous Resistor Current Power Rating
R =Resistance
For Check
Pcon 2000
3200
3 . 553
2
=
= 59.8 Watts
For Disc
Pcon 2000
3200
4 . 311
2
=
=18.9 Watts
The voltage developed across a resistor for a maximum internal fault condition
is defined as
Vf 3 . 1
2
3
=
fs k
I R V
, ,
Watts 7 . 344
2000
3 . 830
2
=
=
[IEC 60044 1]
21
Where
V
f
= rms voltage across resistor
I
fs
= max. fault current 25kA
Secondary current is 813 . 7
3200
25000
= =
Vf =
, ,
V 3 . 830
3 . 1 813 . 7 2000 220
2
3
=

P
half
Thus the half second power rating is given by :
R
V
P
f
half
2
=
, ,
Watts
R
V
f
7 . 344
2000
3 . 830
2
2
=
=
=
As per the manufacturer catalogue, short time rating of stabilizing resistor used in MCAG34 AREVA
relay is : ZB9016783
e) Requirement of Metrosil
The maximum voltage in the absence of CT saturation is :
, ,
lay S L CT F f
R R R R T I V
Re
2 + + + =
, , V 15725 1 2000 9 . 0 2 10
3200
25000
= + + + =
Peak to peak voltage developed across the relay is:
, ,
k f k P
V V V V = 2 2
Where
V
k
=200 V
[IEC 60044 1]
22
, , 220 15725 220 2 2 =
P
V
= 5223.8 V
Since the peak voltage developed across the relay is more than 3kV , metrosils are required . Selected
metrosil is three phase 6,600A/S3/S802,C=450,=0.25
Comparison of High and Low-Impedance Bus bar Protection :
Nowadays high impedance protection is still widely used, because it is considered cheap and
easy. But most users only look at the relay price itself, without considering the other disadvantages of
a high impedance schemes:
All CTs must have the same ratio
Class X for all CT cores
Bus sectionalizers with circuit-breaker must be equipped with two CTs
Separate CT cores for busbar protection
Advantages of numerical protection technology(e.g. fault recording, communication, etc.) not
available
Check zone needs separate CT cores
Isolator replica requires switching of CT secondaries , additional check zone obligatory.
3. Pilot Wire Current Differential Protection :
CHARGING CURRENT COMPENSATION
The basic premise for the operation of differential protection schemes in general is that the sum of the
currents entering the protected zone is zero. In the case of a power system transmission line, that may
not be entirely true because of the capacitive charging current of the line. For short overhead
transmission lines, the charging current can be treated as a small unknown error. In that case, the error
due to the line charging current is covered by the percentage restraint characteristic of the current
differential scheme. For long transmission lines and cables, the charging current may be too large to
treat as an unknown error. In that case, it is often necessary to desensitize the current differential
protection to prevent mis-operations due to the line charging current which shall be considered in the
Relay setting :
The sensitive differential set point I-DIFF> is calculated according the charge current of the cable or
set to a minimum value, which results from the CTs transient behavior. The charge current caused
[IEC 60044 1]
23
by the capacitance of the line/cable is a permanent differential current during normal operation. I-DIFF>
should be set 2,5-3 times of this steady state charge current or as per the relay manufacturer
recommendation . The charge current is calculated as follows:
1 10 63 . 3
6
- - - - - =

OP N N C
C f U I
IC Primary charge current in A
U N Nominal voltage of the line/cable in kV
f N Rated frequency in Hz
COp Capacitance of the line or cable in nF/km (typ. line 8 nF/km, cable 250 nF/km)
l Length of the line/cable in km
Example : Pilot Wire Current Differential Protection with SIEMENS Relay Type 7SD522 :
CT Ratio: 1500-1000/1A V
k
< 1950/1300V I
e
> 50/100mA at V
k
Class : PX R
CT
> 5.5/3.67 D
To ensure correct operation of the connected relay , CT to remain stable under all through fault
conditions and the rated knee point voltage should be greater than the calculated knee point voltage
Since, effective CT accuracy limiting factor,
30
max ,
> =
OALF
N
SSC
OALF
K and
I
I
K
40
1000
40000
, 67 . 26
1500
40000
= = =
A
A
A
A
K
OALF
The knee point voltage as per the revised formula given by DEWA :
SN b CT
PN
fault Ext SSC
td k
I R R
I
I
K V |
.
|
\
|
'
+ - >
) . max(
Where
Ktd = 3.75 Transient Dimensioning Factor
(Considering 75% remanance in the CT core as suggested by DEWA)
ISSC,max(ext.fault current) =40000A
RCT CT internal Resistance
Rb Connected Resistance (RB+2RL)
RL One way lead resistance from CT to relay =0.9D
(for Lead resistance ,100 m cable of 2.5 sqmm is considered )
UKN Rated Knee Point Voltage
[IEC 60044 1]
24
ISN CT secondary current 1A
IPN CT primary current 1500/1000A
Using the above data V
K
can be calculated :
, ,
V U
KN
735
1500
1 8 . 1 05 . 0 5 . 5 40000
75 . 3 =
+ +
>
, ,
V U
KN
828
1000
1 8 . 1 05 . 0 67 . 3 40000
75 . 3 =
+ +
>
Hence the calculated knee point voltages for ratios 1500/1000/1 A are satisfied as their values are less
than the rated CT knee point voltages , V
k
=1950/1300V > U
KN
=735/828 V respectively
Hence the proposed CT cores for ratios 1500/1000/1A are acceptable
There are no specific requirements on magnetizing current
CT Requirements for Main-2 Backup distance protection:
The CT requirement to ensure correct operation of the distance protection relay
, ,
R L CT
PN
fault in close SSC
a td k
R R R
I
I
K V + +
-
- >
3 . 1
) . . max(
) (
, ,
R L CT
PN
fault end zone SSC
b td k
R R R
I
I
K V + +
-
- >
3 . 1
) . . 1
) (
Where
Ktd(a) = 4 (for TS< 200ms)- Transient Dimensioning Factor
For close in faults
Ktd(b) = 5 (for TS< 200ms)- Transient Dimensioning Factor
For zone-1 end fault
RCT Secondary winding Resistance for each star connected CT
[IEC 60044 1]
25
RL CT Secondary Loop Resistance =1.8D
(For loop resistance ,2X100 m cable of 2.5 sqmm is considered )
RR Relay Burden (0.05D)
ISSC,max(close in fault ) Max short circuit current for faults close to the relay
ISSC,max(zone-1 end fault ) Max short circuit current for faults at zone-1 reach
For Close in faults :
, ,
R L CT
PN
fault in close SSC
a td k
R R R
I
I
K V + +
-
- >
3 . 1
. .
) (
For CT ratio 1500/1A
, , 05 . 0 8 . 1 5 . 5
1500 3 . 1
40000
4 + +
-
- >
k
V
= 603.07 V< 1950 V
, , 05 . 0 8 . 1 67 . 3
1000 3 . 1
40000
4 + +
-
- >
k
V
= 679.38V< 1300 V
For Zone 1 end fault :
, ,
R L CT
PN
fault end zone SSC
b td k
R R R
I
I
K V + +
-
- >
3 . 1
) . . 1
) (
[IEC 60044 1]
26
, , 05 . 0 8 . 1 5 . 5
1500 3 . 1
40000
5 + +
-
- >
k
V
= 753.85 V< 1950 V
, , 05 . 0 8 . 1 67 . 3
1000 3 . 1
40000
5 + +
-
- >
k
V
= 849.23V< 1300 V
Hence the calculated knee point voltages for ratios 1500/1000/1A are satisfied as their values
are less than the rated CT knee point voltages
There are no specific requirements on magnetizing currents
Remote End C.T Dimensioning :
For proper protection scheme operation , the Protection Relay at the remote end shall be the same
SIEMENS Type 7SD522 , same all above C.T requirement equations and procedure shall be followed :
C.T Data :
C.T Ratio V
k
Class Rct at 75 C R
L
at 75 C R
b
1500-1000-500/1 1950 1300 650 V X 4.284 2.783 1.365 D 0.75 D 0.05
R
L
is calculated as 0.00375 ohm/meter for (A = 6 mmX100 meter length = 0.00375x100x2 = 0.75D
To ensure correct operation of the connected relay , CT to remain stable under all through fault
conditions and the rated knee point voltage should be greater than the calculated knee point voltage
Since, effective CT accuracy limiting factor,
30
max ,
> =
OALF
N
SSC
OALF
K and
I
I
K
40
1000
40000
, 67 . 26
1500
40000
= = =
A
A
A
A
K
OALF
500 /1 ratio result can be ignored . Since , no 500/1 tap at the remote end and will not be used .
[IEC 60044 1]
27
SN b CT
PN
fault Ext SSC
td k
I R R
I
I
K V |
.
|
\
|
'
+ - >
) . max(
Where
Ktd = 3.75 Transient Dimensioning Factor
(Considering 75% remanance in the CT core as suggested by DEWA)
ISSC,max(ext.fault current) =40000A
RCT CT internal Resistance
Rb Connected Resistance (RB+2RL)
RL One way lead resistance from CT to relay =0.75D
(for Lead resistance ,100 m cable of 2.5 sqmm is considered )
UKN Rated Knee Point Voltage
ISN CT secondary current 1A
, ,
V U
KN
4 . 508
1500
1 75 . 0 05 . 0 284 . 4 40000
75 . 3 =
+ +
>
, ,
V U
KN
45 . 537
1000
1 75 . 0 05 . 0 783 . 2 40000
75 . 3 =
+ +
>
CT Requirements for Main-2 Backup distance protection:
The CT requirement to ensure correct operation of the distance protection relay
, ,
R L CT
PN
fault in close SSC
a td k
R R R
I
I
K V + +
-
- >
3 . 1
) . . max(
) (
, ,
R L CT
PN
fault end zone SSC
b td k
R R R
I
I
K V + +
-
- >
3 . 1
) . . 1
) (
Where
Ktd(a) = 4 (for TS< 200ms)- Transient Dimensioning Factor
For close in faults
[IEC 60044 1]
28
Ktd(b) = 5 (for TS< 200ms)- Transient Dimensioning Factor
For zone-1 end fault
RCT Secondary winding Resistance for each star connected CT
RL CT Secondary Loop Resistance =0.75D
(For loop resistance ,2X100 m cable of 2.5 sqmm is considered )
RR Relay Burden (0.05D)
ISSC,max(close in fault ) Max short circuit current for faults close to the relay
ISSC,max(zone-1 end fault ) Max short circuit current for faults at zone-1 reach
For Close in faults :
, ,
R L CT
PN
fault in close SSC
a td k
R R R
I
I
K V + +
-
- >
3 . 1
. .
) (
, , 05 . 0 75 . 0 284 . 4
1500 3 . 1
40000
4 + +
-
- >
k
V
= 417.15 V< 1950 V Acceptable .
, , 05 . 0 75 . 0 783 . 2
1000 3 . 1
40000
4 + +
-
- >
k
V
= 383.3V< 1300 V Acceptable .
For Zone 1 end fault :
, ,
R L CT
PN
fault end zone SSC
b td k
R R R
I
I
K V + +
-
- >
3 . 1
) . . 1
) (
[IEC 60044 1]
29
, , 05 . 0 75 . 0 284 . 4
1500 3 . 1
40000
5 + +
-
- >
k
V
= 521.4 V< 1950 V Acceptable .
, , 05 . 0 75 . 0 783 . 2
1000 3 . 1
40000
5 + +
-
- >
k
V
= 551.2 V< 1300 V Acceptable .
The 500 /1 ratio can be ignored . Since , no 500/1 tap at the remote end and will not be used .
Notes :
40000 A is used for both I
ssc.max ( close - in fault )
and I
ssc.max ( zone1 - end fault )
which will give higher V
k
and
better safety margin . Since , mostly 40000 A (I
ssc.max =
40 KA Switchgear S/C level ) is >
I
and ( Earth Fault Current for Zone 1 end fault )
.
For precise
calculation of I
and and T
s (
t
p) ,
an example with ABB relay type RED
670 is detailed below for information :
Other Example for the Pilot Wire Differential Protection with ABB relay Type RED 670 :
[IEC 60044 1]
30
[IEC 60044 1]
31
[IEC 60044 1]
32
[IEC 60044 1]
33
Same must be repeated for the 1000 / 1 A ratio considering the R
ct
for the 1000/1 A ratio :
[IEC 60044 1]
34
V
k
requirement equations for other types of relays which are also widely used are as
follows :
[IEC 60044 1]
35
a) Relay Type SEL 311 L :
Same as above if I
F
= 40000 A is used, it will give better safety . Other wise , the actual Zs and Z
L
shall
be calculated .
[IEC 60044 1]
36
b) AREVA MICOM Relay Type P543 :
B. 132 KV OHL Feeder:
Example : Length : 30 km , 132 KV , 40 KA OHL with ABB relays :
CT data :
[IEC 60044 1]
37
1. O/C & E/F Protection :
Same as the Cable feeder . the CT core must fulfill the following requirements:
ALF
op.
ALF
req
ALF
req.
( K
ssc
) = I
psc
/I
pn
If a separate BCU ( Bay Control & Protection Unit ) is used with Circuit breaker failure protection , the
C.T must fulfill the Manufacturer recommendation , the following example with ABB REC 561 control
and protection unit
As per ABB REC 561 manual with Circuit breaker failure protection in REC 561 , CT core must meet
the following requirement:
The CT core is connected 1600/1A and has E
knee
= 300V
[IEC 60044 1]
38
With maximum value for Ereq = 159,3V and E
knee
= 300V Ereq < E
knee
Thus , CT core is adequate and suitably dimensioned.
2. Bus Bar Protection : same as the cable feeder .
3. Distance Protection : Example with ABB distance Protection Relay Type REL 511
protection
Short Circuit calculation for Zone 1 three phase & phase to earth fault currents :
[IEC 60044 1]
39
Line distance protection Function in REL 511
According to ABB application manual for REL 511 the CT core must fulfill two
requirements. The current transformer must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f. E
al
that is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required secondary e.m.f. E
alreq
(formulas 1 and 2.):
E
alreq
calculated values with formula 1:
[IEC 60044 1]
40
E
alreq
calculated values with formula 2:
With maximum value for E
alreq
= 476V and E
knee
= 1000V E
alreq
< E
knee
Core 2 data for REL 511 are thus satisfactory.
Circuit breaker failure protection Function in REL 511 :
(same requirement as REC 561)
The CT core is connected 1600/1A and has E
knee
= 1000V
C. 132 KV Feeder with Reactor : For reactor detail , please refer to Annex C :
A. Line Protection : The same as the above Feeder Protection (OHL or Cable Feeder )
B. Reactor Protection : We will elaborate on the Reactor Differential Protection , Restricted Earth
Fault (REF) and the Stand by E/F protection which mostly will cover the Transformer Protection .
Since , if separate back up Over Current and E/F are used , the same previous dimensioning for
the Feeder circuit is applicable :
1. Differential Protection :
A differential relay, of high impedance type should be used as main protection. CTs should be specified
at both the phase and the neutral side of each phase and a three phase protection should be used as a
three phase protection gives a higher sensitivity for internal faults. The general requirement on the
function values of the high impedance differential protection is that at maximum through fault current for
an external faults the relay wont mal-operate even with one CT fully saturated.
For a reactor the dimensioning criteria will be for the inrush current, since a reactor only will give a
through fault current equal to rated current, at an external earth-fault. The maximum inrush current for a
reactor is approximately two times the rated current. If no specific requirement concerning at what
current the relay should be stable exists, five times the rated current is used when operating voltage is
selected. The function value of the relay should be chosen:
[IEC 60044 1]
41
, ,
l ct n function
2R R 5I U + >
where
In is the reactors rated current at the secondary side of the CT,
Rct is CT secondary resistance at 75 C and
RL is the lead resistance, from the CT to the summation point.
In order to protect the protection relay from over voltages at internal faults, non-linear
resistors are connected, in parallel with the relay, at each phase .
REACTOR DATA:
Rated voltages of windings 132/145kV
Rated Current 43.7/48A
Connection symbol YN
Rating 10/12.1MVAr
Cooling ONAN
Example : The Relay proposed is AREVA Type MICOM P632
Current Transformer Data
Line CT ratio: 150/1A
Neutral CT ratio: 150/1A
The C.T must fulfill the following requirement
ALF
op.
ALF
req
ALF
req.
( K
ssc
) = I
psc
/I
pn
I
psc
= 10 times the rated current of the protected winding.
= A A 39 . 437
132 3
3
10 10 10
=

Corresponding secondary current is:
916 . 2
150
4 . 437
= =
The operating accuracy limit factor (K
OALF
):
K
OALF
=
, ,
, , Wdg.Res A Connect edV
Wdg.Res A Cor r ect edV
Rat edALF.
+
+
5 . 113
75 . 0 02 . 2
75 . 0 15
. 20 =
+
+
=
Hence, the operating accuracy limit factor > required accuracy limit factor
[IEC 60044 1]
42
113.5 > 2.916
The C.T is suitably dimensioned.
Based on AREVA recommendation , the following formulas for the knee point voltage are applied :
1. , ,
F b l ct kn
.I R 2R R V + + >
Where:
R
ct
= Resistance of the CT secondary circuit 0.75C
R
l
= is the resistance of the secondary winding (longest lead l=120m, A=2.5mm
2
, R
l
=1.08C)
R
b
= Relay burden = 0.1 VA
I
F
= 10 times the rated current of the protected winding as per clause 5.5.2(ii) of ESI
48-3
A A 38 . 437
132 3
3
10 10 10
=

= =
n k
r
F
.U .u 3
10.S
I
Corresponding secondary current is (CT Ratio: 150/1A as per Tender documents):
92 . 2
150
38 . 437
= =
To be on safety side 5A is considered further in calculation.
, , 1 . 15 5 = + + > 0.1 2.16 0.75 V
kn
V 1 . 15 >
kn
V
2. , ,
b l ct f kn
R 2R R I . 0.25 V + + >
I
f
= 40000A
Max. non-offset fault current for an internal fault is taken 40kA (the same as 132kV switchgear rating)
which is on safety side, considering the level of max. fault current on 132kV given by DEWA.
A 67 . 266
150
40000
= =
, , V V
kn
67 . 200 1 . 0 16 . 2 75 . 0 67 . 266 25 . 0 = + + >
67 . 200 >
kn
V V for 150A tap
From the above calculation 1 and 2, the required knee point voltage shall be considered as follows:
V V
kn
220 >
[IEC 60044 1]
43
There are no specific requirements on the magnetizing current.
2. Restricted E/F Protection of 132 KV Reactor HV Side and Neutral CT Cores :
Example :
The relay type MICOM P122 , AREVA
CT Ratio 150/1 A
Class of Accuracy CLX
Introduction :
The MICOM P122 restricted earth fault relay is a high impedance differential scheme which balances
zero sequence current flowing in the transformer neutral against zero sequence current flowing in the
transformer phase windings. Any unbalance for in-zone fault will result in an increasing voltage on the
CT secondary and thus will activate the REF protection. This scheme is very sensitive and can
then protect against low levels of fault current in resistance grounded systems where the earthing
impedance and the fault voltage limit the fault current. In addition, this scheme can be used in a
solidly grounded system. It provides a more sensitive protection, even though the overall
differential scheme provides a protection for faults over most of the windings. The high impedance
differential technique ensures that the impedance of the circuit is of sufficiently high impedance
such that the differential voltage that may occur under external fault conditions is lower than the voltage
required to drive setting current through the relay. This ensures stability against external fault conditions
and then the relay will operate only for faults occurring inside the protected zone. High impedance
schemes are used in a differential configuration where one current transformer is completely
saturated and the other CTs are healthy.
Voltage across relay circuit
[IEC 60044 1]
44
, ,
L
2R
CT
R
f
I Vs + =
Stabilizing resistor relay circuit
R
R -
s
I
s
V
ST
R =
I
f
= Maximum secondary through fault current
Where R
R
= Relay Burden
R
CT
= Current transformer secondary winding resistance
R
L
= Resistance of a single lead from the relay to the current transformer
The voltage applied across the relay is:
, ,
L
2R
CT
R
f
I
s
V + =
I
f
: Maximum secondary external fault current
R
CT
: Resistance of the current transformer secondary winding
R
L
: Resistance of a sigle wire from the rely to the CT
A stabilizing resistor R
ST
can be used in series with the relay circuit in order to improve the stability of
the relay under external fault conditions. This resistor will limit the spill current under Is.
Vs = Is (R
ST
)
Is : Current relay setting
Vs : Stability Voltage setting
e) Stability Voltage (Vs)
As per clause clause 7.9.1 in ESI /48-3 , the following formulas can be applied :
a.1) Consider and external phase to earth short circuit and assume complete saturation of a line CT ,
then Vs shall not be less than :
j , , V T C A
f
I Vs + >
Where is:
I
F
= Max. primary current for which stability is required
= 10 times rated current of protected winding as per clause 5.5.2 (ii) of ESI 48-3
= A A 39 . 437
132 3
3
10 10 10
=

[IEC 60044 1]
45
A, B = Resistance of winding plus CT secondary winding for line neutral CTs respectively
= R
CT
+ R
L
= 0.75 + 1.08 = 1.83 C
R
L
= 1.08 C, l = 120 m, A = 2.5 mm2, r = 9.0 C/km
(For resistance of wiring refer also to Item 1. of this document)
C, D = Resistance of wiring
= 1.08 C
T = Turns ratio
=
150
1
Taking into account the above data, Vs is calculated as follows:
, , V Vs 49 . 8
150
1
08 . 1 08 . 1 75 . 0 39 . 437 = + + =
a.2) Consider an external phase to earth short circuit and assume complete saturation of the neutral
current transformer, then Vs shall be not less than
, , , , V T D B
f
I Vs + >
, , V Vs 49 . 8
150
1
08 . 1 08 . 1 75 . 0 39 . 437 = + + =
a.3)Considering an external phase to phase short circuit and assume complete saturation of a line CT,
then Vs shall be not less than
j , , V T A
f
I Vs >
, , V Vs 34 . 5
150
1
08 . 1 75 . 0 39 . 437 = + =
a.4)Considering an external 3 phase short circuit and assume complete saturation of a line CT, then Vs
shall be not less than
j , , V T B
f
I Vs >
, , V Vs 34 . 5
150
1
08 . 1 75 . 0 39 . 437 = + =
From above calculations, Itemsa.1, a.2, a.3 and a.4 refer, the stability voltage setting should be
considered as follows:
Hence, V Vs 10 > For can be considered respectively
f) Knee Point Voltage (Vk)
As per ESI 48-3, the minimum current transformer knee point voltage is:
[IEC 60044 1]
46
V
kn
V V Vs
kn
V 20 min , 10 2 2 min > = >
g) Calculation of the Magnetizing Current
As per DEWAs spec. 1.5.1.5.9.01 Rev-11 clause 10.2, the fault setting shall be between 10% and
20% of the minimum current available for an earth fault at the reactor terminals.
Rated current at 132kV side A
Sn
74 . 43
132 3
10000
132 3
=
=
The fault setting shall be between 4.374A and 8.748A
The primary operating current (I
po
) for relay setting:
, ,
T
1
m
I
l
3I
n
I
s
I
po
I + + + =
Is = Selected relay setting current as Vs=10V, = 0.02A
In = Neutral CT magnetizing current at Vs=10V, <50mA at Vk/2
3Il = Sum of line CTs magnetizing currents at Vs=10V
Im = Metrosil Current at Vs=10V
T = Turns ratio=
150
1
Hence V
k
> 450 V and Vs = 10 V
I
m
= Metrosil current = 1mA
I
l
& I
n
= Line & Neutral CT Magnetizing current at Vs = < 2.5mA
I
OP
= [0.03 + 0.0025 + 3*0.005 + 0.001] x 150 = 6.15A
Approximately 14.1 % of the rated current of the protected winding.
Considering Relay setting current = 0.015 A
I
OP =
[0.01 + 0.01 + 3*0.01 + 0.001] x 150 = 7.65A.
Approximately 17.5 % of the rated current of the protected winding.
Hence, relay current setting will be from 0.002 A to 1.0 A (Adjustable range)
h) Stabilizing Resistor :
As per ESI Standard 48-3 , the required minimum knee-point voltage for CT ratio 150/1 A is V
kMin
. <
2 Vs = 2 x 10 = 20 V. Hence the required stabilizing resistor to assure the minimum required knee-
point voltage is :
The value of series resistance is calculated as follows:
Is
Vs
Rs =
The burden of the relay is a small value and it is negligible. Therefore
R
s
=Relay Circuit impedance at setting
I
s
=Selected relay setting current at Vs=10V
[IEC 60044 1]
47
Assumed current setting is
I
s
= 0.03 A
R
s
= 10/0.03 = 333.3 D
0r
= 10/0.01 = 1000 D
Selected, R
sr
= 0 1000 D (Variable)
Selected Stabilizing resistor 0 1000 D is adequate.
The resistors incorporate in the scheme must be capable of withstanding the associated thermal
conditions.
The continuous power rating of the resistor is defined as
, , .R
2
con
I
con
P =
Where:
P
con
= Resistor continuous power rating
I
con
= Continuous resistor current i.e operating current of the relay
R = Resistance
P
con
= (6.15/150) x 333.3 = 0.56 Watts
Or
= ( 7.65/150) x 1000 = 2.6 Watts.
The rms voltage developed across a resistor for a maximum internal fault condition is defined
, , 1.3
4
f s
.R.I
3
k
V
f
V =
Where:
Vf = rms voltage across resistor
Ifs = Maximum secondary fault current which can be calculated from the circuit breaker rating, Ich, if the maximum
internal fault current is not given. The maximum internal fault current is usually the same as the maximum
through fault current.
Ifs = The maximum three phase through fault current
= 10 times rated current of the protected winding
Hence,
I
fs
= The max. three phase through fault current.
[IEC 60044 1]
48
= A A 39 . 437
132 3
3
10 10 10
=

=
916 . 2
150
4 . 437
=
, , 43 . 709 3 . 1 92 . 2 3 . 333 450
4
3
= =
f
V
OR
, , 7 . 933 3 . 1 92 . 2 1000 450
4
3
= =
f
V
Thus the half second power rating is given by:
/ R
2
f
V
hal f
P =
= 709 / 333.3 = 1510.02 Watts
Or
= 933 / 1000 = 871.8 Watts
Hence selected stabilizing resistor is adequate .
i) Requirement of Metrosil :
The maximum voltage in the absence of CT saturation :
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + =
relay
R
S
R
L
2R
CT
R T
F
I
f
V
= 437.4/150 ( 0.75 + 2*1.08 + 333.3+0 ) = 980.4 V
OR = 437.4/150 ( 0.75 + 2*1.08 + 1000 +0 ) = 2924.5 V
The peak to peak voltage developed across relay :
, ,
k
V
f
V
k
V 2 2 Vp =
Where V
k
( Actual V
k
of CT )
= 2 x , , 450 4 . 980 450 2 = 1381.8 V
C. Transformer Feeder :
1. Differential Protection : Example using AREVA MICOM P633:
CT Data for T1L CORE-1:
[IEC 60044 1]
49
CT ratio: 500-300/1A VA: 25/15
Class: 5P20 Rct: s0.8/0.5C
T2LN CORE-2 (TRF HV NCT):
Class: 5P20 Rct: s1.0C
Verification of the accuracy limit factor:
Required limiting factor = 80
500
40000
= for CT ratio 500/1 A
= 33 . 133
300
40000
For CT cables size 4sqmm used in secondary circuits:
CT Description Burden (VA)
M1IDTP relay type MiCOM P633, AREVA
(87T1, HV 64REF1)
0.1
2100m cable of 4sqmm 1.122
T1L CORE-1
TOTAL 1.222<25/15 VA
OALF
):
K
OALF
=
, ,
Rat edALF.
+
+
Corrected VA = rated VA/1.25 = 25/1.25 = 20VA
= 15/1.25 = 12VA
80 7 . 205
8 . 0 222 . 1
8 . 0 20
. 20 > =
+
+
33 . 133 18 . 145
5 . 0 222 . 1
5 . 0 12
. 20 > =
+
+
Based on the AREVA recommendation for the relay type P633, the following formulae for the knee
point voltage are applied:
1. For through faults:
, ,
b l ct thr kn
R 2R R I V + + >
Where:
[IEC 60044 1]
50
RCT = CT secondary resistance
Rl = CT secondary lead resistance
(Lead resistance from manufacturer catalogue: 5.62 ohm/km for A=4mm
2
)
= 5.620.06=0.3372C (for lead length 60m)
Rb = Relay burden
= 0.1
1
0.1
I
VA
2 2
nom
= =
I
thr
= Max. three phase fault current
For 500/1A:
A A 5 . 1 39 . 1
500
1
132 315 . 0 3
10 . 50
3
~ =

= =
ratio CT
1
.
.U .u 3
S
I
n k
r
thr
For 300/1A:
A A 5 . 2 31 . 2
300
1
132 315 . 0 3
10 . 50
3
~ =

= =
ratio CT
1
.
.U .u 3
S
I
n k
r
thr
Taking into account the above data, required V
kn
is calculated as follows:
, , V V
kn
362 . 2 1 . 0 6744 . 0 8 . 0 5 . 1 = + + > (for 500/1 A)
, , V V
kn
186 . 3 1 . 0 6744 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 2 = + + > (for 300/1 A)
2. For internal faults:
, ,
b l ct f kn
R 2R R I . 0.25 V + + >
Where: I
f
= Max. non-offset fault current for an internal fault
Two currents will be considered:
i) Inrush current
I
f
= 16 times rated current of protected winding
A 7
500
3499
500
1
132 3
10 . 50
. 16 . 16
3
= =
= =
ratio CT
1
.
.U 3
S
I
n
r
f
(for 500/1 A)
A 66 . 11
300
3499
300
1
132 3
10 . 50
. 16
3
= =
= (for 300/1 A)
kn
, , V V
kn
76 . 2 1 . 0 6744 . 0 8 . 0 7 25 . 0 = + + > (for 500/1 A)
, , V V
kn
82 . 3 1 . 0 6744 . 0 5 . 0 12 25 . 0 = + + > (for 300/1 A)
[IEC 60044 1]
51
ii) Max. fault current
A
ratio CT
I
I
FMax
f
80
500
40000
3
= = = (for 500/1 A)
A 33 . 133
300
40000
= = (for 300/1 A)
kn
, , V V
kn
49 . 31 1 . 0 6744 . 0 8 . 0 80 25 . 0 = + + > (for 500/1 A)
, , V V
kn
48 . 42 1 . 0 6744 . 0 5 . 0 33 . 133 25 . 0 = + + > (for 300/1 A)
Required V V
kn
70 > for CT ratio 500/1 A
V 100 > for CT ratio 300/1 A
The rated knee point voltage =
, ,
1.3
ALF Rat ed . .Isn Res Wdg VA Cor r ect ed +
=
, ,
3 1
20 1 8 0 20
.
. +
=320 V for CT ratio 500/1 A
=
, ,
3 1
20 1 5 0 12
.
. +
=192.31 V for CT ratio 300/1 A
Therefore, Rated knee point voltage > Required Vk.
Hence the proposed CT cores for ratios 500/300/1 A are adequate.
The CT requirements for low impedance REF protection are generally lower than those for
differential protection. As the line CTs for low impedance REF protection are the same for those
used for differential protection, the differential CT requirements cover both differential and low
impedance REF applications.
CT Adequacy check for TRF LV side CTs
T3L (TRF LV side CT) and T3LN CORE-2(11kV NCT)
CT requirements:
Based on the AREVA recommendations for the relay type P63X, the following formulae for the knee
point voltage are applied:
1. For through faults:
, ,
b l ct thr kn
R 2R R I V + + >
[IEC 60044 1]
52
Where:
RCT = CT secondary resistance
Rl = CT secondary lead resistance
(Lead resistance from manufacturer catalogue: 5.62 ohm/km for A=4mm
2
)
= 5.620.1=0.562C (for lead length 100m)
Rb = Relay burden
= 0.1
1
0.1
I
VA
2 2
nom
= =
Ithr = Max. three phase through fault current
A 387 . 2
3200
13 . 7637
3200
1
12 315 . 0 3
10 . 50
3
= =

= =
ratio CT
1
.
.U .u 3
S
I
n k
r
thr
To be on safety side, 2.5 A is considered further in calculation:
kn
, , V V
kn
81 . 41 1 . 0 124 . 1 5 . 15 5 . 2 = + + >
2. For internal faults:
, ,
b l ct f kn
R 2R R I . 0.25 V + + >
Where: I
f
= Max. non-offset fault current for an internal fault
Two currents will be considered:
i) Inrush current
I
f
= 16 times rated current of protected winding
A 03 . 12
3200
15 . 3849
3200
1
12 3
10 . 50
. 16 . 16
3
= =
= =
ratio CT
1
.
.U 3
S
I
n
r
f
kn
, , V V
kn
3 . 50 1 . 0 124 . 1 5 . 15 03 . 12 25 . 0 = + + >
[IEC 60044 1]
53
For impedance calculations the following equations are applied:
Source impedance calculation:
O =
= = = 88 . 3
6 . 21 3
132 1 . 1
. 3
. 1 . 1
. 3
. 1 . 1
3
) 1 (
) 1 (
3
FMax
n
HV
HV
n
FMax
I
U
Z
Z
U
I
Power transformer impedances:
, ,
. .
.
48 118
50
132
100
0 34
2
= = = = = =
r
2
n k (1)
IDT3
(1)
IDT2
(1)
IDT1
(1)
IDT
S
U
.
100
% u
Z Z Z Z
Total impedance at LV side:
O = |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = |
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 358 . 0
132
12
3
48 . 118
88 . 3
2 2
(1)
IDT (1)
HV
(1)
LV
132
12
3
Z
Z Z
Max. fault current at 11kV bus:
kA
Z
U
I
LV
n
FMax
57 . 19
358 . 0 3
11 1 . 1
. 3
. 1 . 1
) 1 (
3
=
= =
Maximum fault current at LV side for the internal fault at 11 kV terminals:
A
ratio CT
I
I
FMax
f
5 . 4
3200
21600
.
3
2
.
3
2
3
= = =
kn
, , V V
kn
8 . 18 1 . 0 124 . 1 5 . 15 5 . 4 25 . 0 = + + >
[IEC 60044 1]
54
V V
kn
70 >
, ,
1.3
=
, ,
3 1
20 1 5 15 16
.
. +
=484.62 V
Hence the proposed CT core for ratios 3200/1 A is adequate.
The same above note regarding the Low Impedance REF C.T is applicable.
Example 2: using ABB Differential Protection Relay Type RET 670:
CT ratio: 500-300/1A VA: 25/15
Class: 5P20 Rct: s0.8/0.5C
1) CT Requirements for Main-2 Transformer differential protection (87T2):
As per manufacturers recommendation for relay type RET670-ABB, the current transformers for
transformer differential protection must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f Eal that is larger the
maximum of the required secondary e.m.f Ealreq below:
Equation 1:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
. . 30
r
R
L CT
pn
sn
nt alreq al
I
S
R R
I
I
I E E
Equation 2:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
. . 2
r
R
L CT
pn
sn
tf alreq al
I
S
R R
I
I
I E E
Equation 3:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
.
r
R
L CT
pn
sn
f alreq al
I
S
R R
I
I
I E E
Where:
I
nt
= the rated primary current of the power transformer (A)
=
132 3
10 . 50
3
= 218.69 A
Itf = max. primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs and the power transformer (A)
= 16218.69=3499.09A
If = max. primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs without passing the power transformer (A)
[IEC 60044 1]
55
= 40000A
Ipn = the rated primary CT current (A)
Isn = the rated secondary CT current (A)
RCT = the secondary resistance of the CT (C)
SR = the rated burden=0.02VA
RL = the CT secondary loop resistance (C) =0.75C
(For loop resistance, 2100m cable of 6sqmm is considered)
Equation 1:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
. . 30
r
R
L CT
pn
sn
nt alreq al
I
S
R R
I
I
I E E
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
1
02 . 0
75 . 0 8 . 0
500
1
69 . 218 30
alreq al
E E for CT ratio 500/1 A
= 20.6 V
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
1
02 . 0
75 . 0 5 . 0
300
1
69 . 218 30
alreq al
=27.7 V
Equation 2:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
. . 2
r
R
L CT
pn
sn
tf alreq al
I
S
R R
I
I
I E E
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
1
02 . 0
75 . 0 8 . 0
500
1
09 . 3499 2
alreq al
= 21.9 V
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
1
02 . 0
75 . 0 5 . 0
300
1
09 . 3499 2
alreq al
=29.6 V
Equation 3:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
.
r
R
L CT
pn
sn
f alreq al
I
S
R R
I
I
I E E
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
1
02 . 0
75 . 0 8 . 0
500
1
40000
alreq al
= 125.6 V
[IEC 60044 1]
56
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
1
02 . 0
75 . 0 5 . 0
300
1
40000
alreq al
=169.3 V
Required knee point voltage, V V
kn
6 . 125 > for CT ratio 500/1 A
V 3 . 169 > for CT ratio 300/1 A
, ,
1.3
=
, ,
3 1
20 1 8 0 20
.
. +
=320 V for CT ratio 500/1 A
=
, ,
3 1
20 1 5 0 12
.
. +
=192.31 V for CT ratio 300/1 A
Hence the proposed CT cores for ratios 500/300/1 A are adequate.
The CT requirements for low impedance REF protection are generally lower than those for differential
protection. As the line CTs for low impedance REF protection are the same for those used for
differential protection, the differential CT requirements cover both differential and low impedance REF
applications.
Required limiting factor = 33 . 133
300
40000
M2IDTP relay type RET670, ABB
(HV 64REF2 protection)
0.02
T2LN CORE-1
TOTAL 1.142<30 VA
OALF
):
K
OALF
=
, ,
Rat edALF.
+
+
Corrected VA = rated VA/1.25 = 20/1.25 = 16 VA
33 . 133 7 . 158
1 142 . 1
1 16
. 20 > =
+
+
[IEC 60044 1]
57
Since, the operating accuracy limiting factor is 158.7 being higher than the required accuracy limiting
factor 133.3 for ratio of 300/1A. The proposed 5P20, 20VA current transformer is adequate.
11 KV Side :
Proposed current transformer data:
As per manufacturers recommendation for relay type RET670-ABB, the current transformers for
transformer differential protection must have a rated equivalent secondary e.m.f Eal that is larger the
maximum of the required secondary e.m.f Ealreq below:
Equation 1:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
. . 30
r
R
L CT
pn
sn
nt alreq al
I
S
R R
I
I
I E E
Equation 2:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
. . 2
r
R
L CT
pn
sn
tf alreq al
I
S
R R
I
I
I E E
Where:
I
nt
= the rated primary current of the power transformer (A)
=
12 3
10 . 50
3
= 2406 A
Itf = max. primary fundamental frequency current that passes two main CTs and the power transformer (A)
Ipn = the rated primary CT current (A)
Isn = the rated secondary CT current (A)
RCT = the secondary resistance of the CT (C)
RL = the CT secondary loop resistance (C) =1.8C
(For loop resistance, 2100m cable of 2.5sqmm is considered)
SR = the rated burden=0.02VA
Equation 1:
alreq al
E E >
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
1
02 . 0
8 . 1 5 . 15
3200
1
2406 30
alreq al
E E for CT ration 3200/1 A
= 390.6 V
[IEC 60044 1]
58
Equation 2:
alreq al
E E >
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = >
2
1
02 . 0
8 . 1 5 . 15
3200
1
2406 2
alreq al
E E for CT ration 3200/1 A
= 26.04 V
Required knee point voltage, V Vk 6 . 390 >
There are no specific requirements on the magnetizing current.
The proposed 5P20, 20VA current transformer is adequate.
A. Low Impedance: Same as the above Line Feeder.
B. High Impedance: Same as the above Line Feeder.
D. Bus Coupler:
A. Low Impedance: Same as the above Line Feeder.
B. High Impedance: Same as the above Line Feeder.
2. O/C & E/F Protection: included in the Bay Control Unit same as the above Line
Feeder.
3. Breaker Failure Protection: It was not shown as separate protection in the Line
Feeder Protection; it is included as a Function in the Pilot Wire Differential Protection
and the Distance Protection.
Example 1 : Using AREVA MICOM P142 Breaker Failure Relay:
Class: 5P20 Rct: s8C
3000
40000
=
T2LN CORE-3
M1BCP relay type P142, AREVA
(50BF1 protection)
0.15
[IEC 60044 1]
59
TOTAL 1.272<30 VA
OALF
):
K
OALF
=
, ,
Rat edALF.
+
+
33 . 13 69
8 272 . 1
8 24
. 20 > =
+
+
Since, the operating accuracy limiting factor is 69 being higher than the required accuracy
limiting factor 13.3 for ratio of 3000/1A. The proposed 5P20, 30VA current transformer is
adequate.
As per manufacturers recommendation the knee point voltage requirement for relay type
MiCOM P142, AREVA.
Non-directional/directional DT/IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection.
Time-delayed phases overcurrent , ,
r p l ct
f p
k
R R R
2
I
V + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
>
Time-delayed earth fault overcurrent , ,
r n l ct
f n
k
R R R
2
I
V + + |
.
|
\
|
>
Where
R
l
= Connected lead resistance=1.8C
I
fp
=Max. secondary fault current= A 33 . 13
3000
40000
=
I
fn
=Max. secondary fault current=13.33A
R
ct
=Internal resistance=8 C
R
rp
=Relay burden=0.04 VA
R
rn
= Relay burden=0.04 VA
Hence,
Phase overcurrent
, , V . . .
.
V
k
58 65 04 0 8 1 8
2
33 13
= + + |
.
|
\
|
>
Earth fault overcurrent
[IEC 60044 1]
60
, , V . . .
.
V
k
58 65 04 0 8 1 8
2
33 13
= + + |
.
|
\
|
>
, ,
1.3
Corrected VA = 30/1.25 = 24 VA
=
, ,
3 1
20 1 8 24
.
+
=492.3 V
Hence , C.T is adequate and suitably sized.
Example 2: using SIEMENS Type 7SJ64: with the same above C.T Data:
3000
40000
=
M2IDTP relay type 7SJ64, SIEMENS
(50BF2, 50/51 protection)
0.05
T2L CORE-3
TOTAL 1.172<30 VA
OALF
):
K
OALF
=
, ,
Rat edALF.
+
+
33 . 13 7 . 69
8 172 . 1
8 24
. 20 > =
+
+
Since, the operating accuracy limiting factor is 69.7 being higher than the required accuracy limiting
factor 13.3 for ratio of 3000/1A. The proposed 5P20, 30VA current transformer is adequate.
As per manufacturers recommendation the knee point voltage requirement for relay type 7SJ64,
SIEMENS:
Required knee point voltage = , ,
sn ct
pn
set po High
I b R R
I
I
Vk . '
. 3 . 1
int
+ >
Where:
[IEC 60044 1]
61
Vk = Knee point voltage
Isn = CT secondary current=1A
Ipn = CT primary current=3000A
Rct = Internal resistance=8C
Rlead = Connected lead resistance=1.8 C
Rrelay = Relay burden = 0.05VA
IHigh set point = 40kA (As the maximum fault current is 40kA, value of IHigh set point will be lower than the 40kA)
Rb = Connected resistive burden (Rlead+Rrelay)
=1.8+0.05=1.85
Hence,
, , V . V
k
02 . 101 1 85 1 8
3000 3 . 1
40000
= +
>
, ,
1.3
Corrected VA = 30/1.25 = 24 VA
=
, ,
3 1
20 1 8 24
.
+
=492.3 V
Hence, C.T is adequate and suitably sized.
Choice of Measuring CT
For classes 0.1 1, the accuracy is based on a total connected burden between 25% to 100% of the
rated burden
For classes 0.1, 0.2 and 0.2S with rated burden < 15VA, an extended range of burden can be
specified (from 1VA to 100% of the rated burden)
Dimensioning factor (Kx) :
a factor assigned by the purchaser to indicate the multiple of rated secondary current (Isn) occurring
under power system fault conditions, inclusive of safety factors, up to which the transformer is required
to meet performance requirements".
CT Magnetizing Curve
Rated knee point e.m.f. (Ek) :
That minimum sinusoidal e.m.f. (r.m.s.) at rated power frequency when applied to the secondary
terminals of the transformer, all other terminals being open-circuited, which when increased by 10 %
causes the r.m.s. exciting current to increase by no more than 50 %
NOTE The actual knee point e.m.f. will be < the rated knee point e.m.f.
NOTE The rated knee point e.m.f. is generally determined as follows:
Ek = Kx (Rct + Rb) Isn
Where (Kx) is the dimensioning factor .
Secondary voltage Esi:
The secondary induced voltage Esi can be calculated from
Z
2
I
si
E =
[IEC 60044 1]
62
, ,
2
b
X
2
b
R
i
R Z + + =
The inductive flux density necessary for inducing the voltage Esi can be calculated from
2
N
i
A f 2
si
E
B

=
t
where:
A = core area in m2
B = fux density in Tesla (T)
f = frequency
N2 = number of secondary turns
Transient Dimensioning Factor Ktd :
Since the total permissible error limit is 10 %, the transient dimensioning factor shall be considered
conjunctively with the secondary circuit time constant:
% 10
s
T f 2
td
K 100
s =
Where , (Ts) is the Rated secondary loop time constant value of the time constant of the secondary
loop of the current transformer obtained from the sum of the magnetizing and the leakage inductance
(Ls) and the secondary loop resistance (Rs)
Ts = Ls/Rs
Flux overcurrent factor (nf)
[IEC 60044 1]
63
td
K
ssc
K nf =
The secondary core will be designed on the basis of the K
ssc
(AC-fux) and K
td
(DC fux).Typical value of
K
td
is 10 - 25.
For special measurement of fault current (transient current,) including both a.c. and
d.c. components, IEC 60044-6 defines the accuracy classes TPX, TPY and TPZ.
The cores must be designed according to the transient current:
TPX cores have no requirements for remanence flux and have no air gaps.
TPY cores have requirements for remanence flux and are provided with small air gaps.
TPZ cores have specific requirements for phase displacement and the air gaps will be large.
Typical secondary time constants are for
TPX core 5 - 20 seconds (no air gaps)
TPY core 0.5 - 2 seconds (small air gaps)
TPZ core ~ 60 msec. (phase displacement 180 min.+/- 10%) (large air gaps)Air gaps in the
core give a shorter Ts.
Factors affecting CT saturation
- CT ratio : Over Dimensioning of the C.T ratio
- Core cross-sectional area
- Core design
- Connected burden : If the Load Burden is lower than the Rated Burden (<25% ) , the Saturation
value increases
- B-H characteristic of core
- Amount of remanent flux : In most cases the CTs will have some remanence, which can
increase the saturation rate of the CTs.
- Fault current & DC offset : If a CT has been saturated the secondary current will not recover
until the DC-component in the primary fault current has subsided.
- System time constant
- CT primary may be in earthed position.
- CT internal winding may be short circuit and Winding resistance is less than designed value.
Annex A : Composite error
Under steady-state conditions, the r.m.s. value of the difference between:
a) the instantaneous values of the primary current; and
b) the instantaneous values of the actual secondary current multiplied by the rated transformation ratio,
the positive signs of the primary and secondary currents corresponding to the convention for terminal
markings
The composite error Ec is generally expressed as a percentage of the r.m.s. values of the primary
current according to the formula:
, ,
}
=
T
0
2
p s n
p
.dt i i K
T
1
I
100
Use of composite error

The numeric value of the composite error will never be less than the vector sum of the current error and
the phase displacement (the latter being expressed in centiradians).
Consequently, the composite error always indicates the highest possible value of current error or phase
displacement.
[IEC 60044 1]
64
The current error is of particular interest in the operation of overcurrent relays, and the phase
displacement in the operation of phase sensitive relays (e.g. directional relays).
In the case of differential relays, it is the combination of the composite errors of the current transformers
involved which must be considered.
An additional advantage of a limitation of composite error is the resulting limitation of the harmonic
content of the secondary current which is necessary for the correct operation of certain types of relays.
Annex B : Metering Cores :
At lower burdens than the rated burden, the saturation value increases approximately to n:
2
sn ct
2
sn ct n
s
I R S
I R S
F n
+
+
~
where
Sn = rated burden in VA
S = actual burden in VA
Isn = rated secondary current in A
Rct = internal resistance at 75C in ohm
To fulfll high accuracy classes (e.g. class 0.2, IEC) the magnetizing current in the
core must be kept at a low value. The consequence is a low fux density in the
core. High accuracy and a low number of ampere-turns result in a high saturation factor (FS). To fulfll
high accuracy with low saturation factor the core is usually made of nickel alloyed steel.
NOTE! The accuracy class will not be guaranteed for burdens above rated burden or below 25% of the
rated burden (IEC).
With modern meters and instruments with low consumption the total burden can
be lower than 25% of the rated burden (see Figure 2.1). Due to turns correction and core material the
error may increase at lower burdens. To fulfll accuracy requirements the rated burden of the metering
core shall thus be relatively well matched to the actual burden connected. The minimum error is
typically at 75% of the rated burden. The best way to optimize the core regarding accuracy is
consequently to specify a rated burden of 1.5 times the actual burden.
It is also possible to connect an additional burden, a dummy burden, and in this way adapt the
connected burden to the rated burden. However, this method is rather inconvenient.
Annex C : Shunt Reactors :
Introduction :
During normal operation of an electrical power system, the transmission and distribution voltages must
be maintained within a small range, typically, from 0.95 to 1.05 pu of rated value. Due to the load
variations, shunt reactors and capacitors have been applied in power systems to compensate excess
[IEC 60044 1]
65
reactive power (inductive for heavy load conditions, and capacitive for light load conditions). Shunt
reactors are commonly used to compensate the capacitive reactive power of transmission and
distribution systems and thereby to keep the operating voltages within admissible levels. Shunt reactors
are used in high voltage systems to compensate for the capacitive generation of long overhead lines or
extended cable networks. The reasons for using shunt reactors are mainly two:
1. to limit the over-voltages
2. to limit the transfer of reactive power in the network.
If the reactive power transfer is minimized i. e. the reactive power is balanced in the different part of the
networks, a higher level of active power can be transferred in the network. Reactors to limit over-
voltages are most needed in weak power systems, i.e. when network short-circuit power is relatively
low.
Voltage increase in a system due to the capacitive generation is:
shc
c
S
100 Q
U(%)

=
where Qc is the capacitive input of reactive power to the network
and S
shc
is the short circuit power of the network.
With increasing short circuit power of the network the voltage increase will be lower and the need of
compensation to limit over-voltages will be less accentuated. Reactors to achieve reactive power
balance in the different part of the network are most needed in heavy loaded networks where new lines
cannot be built because of environmental reasons. Reactors for this purpose mostly are Thyristor
controlled in order to adapt fast to the reactive power required. Especially in industrial areas with arc
furnaces the reactive power demand is fluctuating between each half cycle. In such applications there
are usually combinations of Thyristor controlled reactors (TCR) and Thyristor switched capacitor banks
(TSC).These together makes it possible to both absorb, and generate reactive power according to the
momentary demand. Four leg reactors also can be used for extinction of the secondary arc at single-
phase reclosing in long transmission lines. Since there always is a capacitive coupling between phases,
this capacitance will give a current keeping the arc burning, a secondary arc. By adding one single
phase reactor in the neutral the secondary arc can be extinguished and the single-phase auto-re-
closing successful.
The calculation of optimum ratings and points of connection of shunt reactors is generally done by
means of extensive load-flow studies, taking into account all possible system configurations.
CONNECTIONS IN THE SUBSTATION
The reactors can be connected to the bus bar, a transformer tertiary winding or directly to the line, with
or without a circuit-breaker (see fgure 1).
[IEC 60044 1]
66
The shunt reactor is normally connected to the transmission line to avoid excess over voltage
appearance when the load decreases at night and off days. Since the substations in the urban
areas mostly have the transmission lines of small short-circuit capacities, the line voltages fluctuate
largely when the shunt reactor of a large capacity is connected or disconnected.
Shunt reactors carry out different types of tasks:
They compensate the capacitive reactive power of the transmission cables, in particular in
networks with only light loads or no load.
They reduce system-frequency over-voltages when a sudden load drop occurs or there is no
load.
They improve the stability and efficiency of the energy transmission.
Reactors to limit over-voltages are most needed in weak power systems, i.e. when network short-circuit
power is relatively low.
Mostly problems occur on gas-insulated circuit breaker for shunt reactor switching. The frequent
switching of the SF6 CB for shunt reactors degraded gas insulation level. The melted contacts, in turn,
could not clear the current prospectively. Meanwhile, the high rise rate of transient recovery voltage of
inductive current switching caused re-striking phenomenon and incomplete tripping. These two main
characteristics make the SF6 CB used for shunt reactor un-expectantly damaged .
Therefore Separate Type Test Report from Accredited Testing Laboratory shall be submitted
for the proposed C.B Type for Shunt Reactor or Shunt Capacitor banks Switching .
The unavoidable high frequency transient recovery voltage (TRV) existed in circuit breakers due
to inductive switching can be depressed to reasonable and safely level by equipping suitable
arrestor. The maintenance policy for the breakers should be planned based on a fixed period
maintenance schedule or conditional basic maintenance schedule. Finally, the circuit breaker
should be re-flashed after every 500 switching operations to maintain the power system normally
Typically, the voltage variation at the high voltage bus bar after switching of a shunt reactor shall not be
higher than 2 to 3% of rated voltage.
MAIN CALCULATION OF SHUNT REACTORS: All the shunt reactor data and rating will be
given in the contract specifications, this summary is just for information.
For the calculation of the positive sequence reactance and the current requirements of a shunt
reactor, it is necessary to know only the rated three-phase reactive power and the rated system
voltage and frequency, as summarized in the table below.
[IEC 60044 1]
67
Rating WYE Connection Delta Connection
Reactance
R1
2
N
R3
2
N
R
S 3
U
S
U
X
= =
R1
2
N
R3
2
N
R
S 3
U
S
U
X
= = 3
Rayed Current
R
N
N
R1
N
R3
N
X 3
U
3
U
S
U 3
S
I
= =
=

R
N
N
R1
N
R3
N
X
U
U
S
U 3
S
I = =
=

Maximum Continuous Current
(Design Current
N
N
MAX
MAX
I
U
U
I =
N
N
MAX
MAX
I
U
U
I =
Parameters X
R
=Rated reactance per phase (positive sequence.
S
R3
=Rated three phase reactive power
S
R1
=Rated reactive power per phase
U
N
=Rated system voltage
U
MAX
=Maximum system operating voltage
I
N
=Rated current
I
MAX
=Maximum continuous current
So, the relation between the ending voltages of the transmission line is given by:
2
R
1 2
R
1 2 1
.V
L
L
2
ZY
1 V .V
X
B
A V A'.V V
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
Application Example
Consider a lossless radial transmission line, frequency 60 Hz, length L = 350 km, and parameters z = j
0,32886 C/km and b
C
= j 5,097 S/km. To estimate the reactive power of shunt reactors to be installed
in the transmission line to provide a maximum operating voltage of 1.05 pu at the open-circuited
terminal (receiving ending), when the line is energized with 1.0 pu in the sending ending.
Solution:
Total impedance and admittance of the non-compensated transmission line
O = = 1 . 115 j ) j(z. Z
S j 95 . 1783 = = ) . j(b Y
c

Parameter A:
8973 . 0 = + =
2
ZY
1 A
Operating voltage at the receiving ending of the non- compensated transmission line
1 1 2
. 1144 . 1 .
8973 . 0
1
V V V = =
Calculation of the shunt reactor reactance:
[IEC 60044 1]
68
2
R
1
.V
L
L
2
ZY
1 V
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
.1.05
X
115.1
0.8973 1.0
R
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
O =
= 2090
8973 . 0
1.05
1.0
1 . 115
X
R
Calculation of the three-phase reactive power of the shunt reactor:
MVAr 132
2090
525
2
= = =
R
2
N
R3
X
U
S

Calculation of the three-phase reactive power of the shunt reactor:
MVAr 490 350 079 . 5 525
2
= = = . .b U Q
C
2
N C3
So, compensation degree is:
% 54 = =
C3
R3
SH
Q
S
2. K
A practical circuit is used to simplify the analysis of voltage control (see picture below). The
determination of the shunt reactor to provide a required voltage variation in the bus bar can calculated
through the short-circuit power of system at the bus bar where the reactor will be connected.
The shunt reactor rating is given by:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
2
2 1
CC R3
CC
R3
1
2
V
V V
S S
S
S
1
V
V

Application Example:
To estimate the reactive power of shunt reactors to be installed in the 34.5kV busbar in order to
reduce the voltage level from 1.02 to 0.99pu, considering a fault current of 25kA (or short circuit
power of 1495MVA).
[IEC 60044 1]
69
Solution
Calculation of the three phase reactive power of the shunt reactor:
45MVAr
0.99
0.99 1.02
1485 = |
.
|
\
|
=
R3
S
Reference Documents :
IEC 60044 1 & IEC 60044 6 .
ESI Standard 48-3 : Instantaneous High Impedance Differential Protection , December
1977 .
ABB : Instrument Transformers Application Guide .
Siemens : C.T Dimensioning .
AREVA : Tech. News : Shunt Reactors in Power Systems .
Different Contractors Submittals for Different Projects in different countries which were
reviewed by us , commented , revised & re-submitted till approved .

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PART I - Current Transformers Dimensioning

T1L 1 1500-1000/1A - PX <1950/1300 >5.5/3.67 >50/100 at

Use of composite error

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