38

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

Chng 3. phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n xy dng giao thng

1. Nhng cn c xc nh s cn thit ca d n _________________________________ 40

1.1. Tnh hnh chung v pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vc v t vn nghin cu lp d n ________________________________________________________________________ 40 1.2. iu tra giao thng v d bo lng giao thng _________________________________ 40
1.2.1. Mc ch, ni dung v cc giai on thc hin iu tra__________________________________ 1.2.2. Lng giao thng v thnh phn giao thng __________________________________________ 1.2.3. Cc phng php iu tra giao thng________________________________________________ 1.2.4. D bo lng giao thng _________________________________________________________ 40 41 43 50

2. Phn tch k thut ________________________________________________________ 57

2.1. Phn tch iu kin thin nhin khu vc _______________________________________ 57 2.2. Chn cp hng v tiu chun k thut ca cng trnh d n _______________________ 57 2.3. Chn hng tuyn _________________________________________________________ 57 2.4. Cc gii php thit k i vi cc hng mc ca cng trnh________________________ 58 2.5. Trnh t v k hoch trin khai d n _________________________________________ 58 2.6. K hoch qun l v khai thc cng trnh d n _________________________________ 58

3. Phn tch kinh t, ti chnh ________________________________________________ 58

3.1. Tnh ton tng mc u t i vi mi phng n _______________________________ 58
3.1.1. Khi nim, ni dung ca tng mc u t ___________________________________________ 58 3.1.2. Phng php lp tng mc u t __________________________________________________ 59

3.2. Xc nh ngun vn, loi ngun vn, nhu cu vn theo tin _____________________ 60 3.3. Phn tch hiu qu u t v la chn phng n ti u __________________________ 61

4. nh gi tc ng mi trng ______________________________________________ 61
4.1. Khi nim mi trng v nh gi tc ng mi trng __________________________ 61
4.1.1. Khi nim mi trng ___________________________________________________________ 61 4.1.2. nh tc ng mi trng ________________________________________________________ 62

4.2. Ni dung cc giai on nh gi tc ng mi trng ____________________________ 63

4.2.1. Sng lc v mi trng __________________________________________________________ 63 4.2.2. nh gi s b tc ng mi trng ________________________________________________ 64 4.2.3. nh gi chi tit________________________________________________________________ 64

5. Gii thiu mt s ni dung d n cu Thanh tr ________________________________ 66

5.1. Nhng cn c xc nh s cn thit ca d n___________________________________ 66
5.1.1. Gii thiu chung d n___________________________________________________________ 5.1.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi ________________________________________________________ 5.1.3. Tnh hnh hin trng ng giao thng ______________________________________________ 5.1.4. D on yu cu giao thng tng lai. ______________________________________________ 66 67 68 68

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT

39

5.2. Phn tch k thut d n cu Thanh tr ________________________________________ 69

5.2.1. iu kin vt l khu vc nghin cu v kho st cng trnh_______________________________69 5.2.2. Tiu chun thit k ______________________________________________________________71 5.2.3. Mt bng cc phng n tuyn _____________________________________________________73 5.2.4. La chn phng n tuyn ti u ___________________________________________________74 5.2.5. Nghin cu v la chn phng n cu ______________________________________________77 5.2.6. Thit k s b ng_____________________________________________________________78 5.2.7. Thit k s b cu _______________________________________________________________79 5.2.8. K hoch thi cng _______________________________________________________________79 5.2.9. Qun l v khai thc cng trnh ____________________________________________________81

5.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng d n cu Thanh tr_______________________________ 83

5.3.1. Phm vi, mc ch v ni dung nghin cu ___________________________________________83 5.3.2. Phng php nghin cu __________________________________________________________83 5.3.3. nh gi mi trng _____________________________________________________________83 5.3.4. Cc bin php gim nh tc ng bt li ti mi trng__________________________________83

Cu hi n tp_____________________________________________________________ 86

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

40

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng 1. Nhng cn c xc nh s cn thit ca d n

1.1. Tnh hnh chung v pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vc v t vn nghin cu lp d n Trong phn ny, ngoi cc ni dung nh gii thiu chung, c im kinh t - x hi vng nghin cu cn ch trng cc ni dung sau: - s mng li giao thng khu vc; - quy hoch v k hoch pht trin kinh t khu vc; - tnh trng cc ng giao thng hin c km cc nh gi v tiu chun k thut, tnh hnh khai thc v kh nng p ng yu cu vn chuyn hng ho v hnh khch trc mt cng nh tng lai. Mc ch ca phn ny l phi chng minh c s cn thit v tnh cp bch ca vn xy dng mi hoc nng cp, ci to h thng giao thng. y chnh l l do tin hnh lp d n xy dng cng trnh giao thng. 1.2. iu tra giao thng v d bo lng giao thng 1.2.1. Mc ch, ni dung v cc giai on thc hin iu tra iu tra giao thng v d bo lng giao thng l nhm mc ch thu thp cc s liu dng nh gi s cn thit ca d n u t xy dng cng trnh giao thng, xc nh cc tiu chun thit k, gii php thit k, quy m u t, phn tch hiu qu u t. Ni dung iu tra giao thng bao gm: 1. iu tra, d bo lu lng v thnh phn giao thng; 2. iu tra tc chy xe v tc hnh trnh; 3. iu tra nng lc thng hnh; 4. iu tra d bo nhu cu ch xe; 5. iu tra v d bo v tai nn giao thng; 6. iu tra d bo mc ting n v nhim kh thi do giao thng. Trong cc ni dung trn th iu tra d bo lu lng v thnh phn giao thng, tc chy xe v tc hnh trnh l 2 ni dung ng vai tr quan trng trong lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng cng trnh giao thng. C 2 loi iu tra l iu tra tng hp phc v cho vic quy hoch v thit k mng li giao thng v iu tra ring l phc v cho vic lp d n u t xy dng cc cng trnh. iu tra ring l thng gm 3 giai on: a. Giai on chun b: - nghin cu nhim v; - s b nghin cu cc ti liu c; - s b xc nh phm vi iu tra trn bn , vch cc phng n c th, xc nh khi lng cng tc v lp k hoch thc hin. b. Giai on cng tc thc a:

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT

41

- hiu chnh, xc minh li cc s liu thu thp c giai on trc, xc nh ni dung ca cng tc thc a; - nghin cu cc iu kin a l, thin nhin, vt liu xy dng; - nghin cu cc quan h vn ti, khi lng vn ti, cc ti liu tnh lu lng xe; - xc nh cc im dn c, cc im lp hng, v cc phng n trn bn ; - xc minh li cc ti liu iu tra c v thng nht kin v cc phng n a ra. c. Chnh l s liu: - xc nh li khu vc hp dn; - phn tch cc s liu v vn ti, lp quan h vn ti trong khu vc hp dn, xc nh khi lng vn chuyn, lp s vn chuyn hng ho v hnh khch, xc nh lu lng xe hin ti v tng lai; - xc nh cp hng k thut ca cng trnh, loi kt cu; - lp thuyt minh, cc bn v, th, bn , ph lc tnh ton. 1.2.2. Lng giao thng v thnh phn giao thng 1.2.2.1. Lng giao thng Lng giao thng l lu lng xe chy qua tuyn ng hoc mng li ng nghin cu, c c trng bng cc s liu sau: - lu lng xe chy ngy m trung bnh nm(AADT - Annual Average Daily Trafic); - lu lng xe chy gi cao im (PHV - Peak Hour Volume); - lu lng xe chy gi cao im th k trong nm (Nk) - ngha l trong nm ch c k gi c lng giao thng ln hn hoc bng Nk. Thng thng hay dng Nk vi k = 30 50 tnh ton nng lc thng hnh. Lng giao thng trn mt tuyn ng hoc trn mt mng li ng l mt i lng thay i ph thuc vo khng gian v thi gian. Do , iu tra, d bo l phi xc nh c lng giao thng i vi tng on tuyn hoc mng li cc nm: - nm tin hnh iu tra; - nm bt u a cng trnh vo khai thc (nm bt u thi k tnh ton); - nm cui thi k tnh ton. 1.2.2.2. Thnh phn giao thng Ngoi lng giao thng th iu tra d bo phi xc nh c lu lng mi thnh phn trong dng xe vi phn loi phng tin cng t m cng tt. Chng loi cc phng tin giao thng ng b rt a dng, cn thng nht cch phn loi. C nhiu cch phn loi tu thuc loi ng v m hnh tnh ton... Khi qut chung nh sau: a. Loi xe c ng c: - Xe con (P - Passenger Car): ti trng di 1 tn - Xe ti n (SU - Single Unit Truck)

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

42

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng + Xe ti nh (LGV - Light Goods Vechile): ti trng 1 - 4 tn + Xe ti trung (MGV - Medium Goods Vechile): ti trng 4 - 7 tn + Xe ti nng (HGV - Heavy Goods Vechile): ti trng 7 - 10 tn + Xe ti siu nng, trng ti trn 10 tn. - Xe but (BUS) + Xe but nh (mB - minibus): ch di 35 hnh khch + Xe but trung (MB - mediumbus): ch 35 - 65 hnh khch + Xe but ln (LB - largebus): ch trn 65 hnh khch - Xe c r-moc (SWB - Semitrailer) - Xe r-moc (WB - Trailer) - Xe my (M - Motor-byke) - My ko, xe cng nng (TR - Tractor) Ngoi ra cn mt s loi xe khc nh: xe lam, xch l my....

Trong iu kin Vit nam, ngi ta thng phn ra 4 loi xe ch yu: xe ti, xe khch, xe con v xe my. Bng 3.1. H s quy i ra xe con tng ng (m) Loi xe Xe con Xe ti ti trng di 2 tn ti trng 2-5 tn ti trng 5-8 tn ti trng 8-14 tn ti trng trn 14 tn Xe c r-moc Xe but t in Xe but v t in c khe ni co gin M t, xe my Xe p 1,5 2,0 3,0 3,5 3,5 6,0 2,5 3,0 4,0 0,5 0,3 2,0 2,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5-3,0 0,3 0,2 20TCN 104-83 1,0 22TCN 4054-1998 1,0

Tu thuc nhu cu s liu v mc ch s dng, ngi ta c th quy i lu lng cc loi xe ra lu lng xe con tng ng. H s quy i lu lng xe con tng ng m c th xc nh theo Quy phm thit k ng th 20TCN 104-83 v ng ngoi th 22TCN 4054-1998 (bng 3.1).

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT b. Xe khng ng c: - Xe p (Bc - Bicycle) - Xe xch l - Xe th s - Xe sc vt ko - Sc vt th - B hnh 1.2.3. Cc phng php iu tra giao thng 1.2.3.1. Phng php iu tra kinh t

43

Mun xc nh lu lng xe cn phi bit lng vn chuyn hng ho/hnh khch. Mt trong nhng phng php tm hiu lng vn chuyn l iu tra kinh t. iu tra kinh t bao gm cc cng vic iu tra lng vn chuyn i v n; xc nh lin h vn chuyn gia cc im lp hng; xc nh hng tuyn v xc nh lng vn chuyn hnh khch. a. iu tra lng vn chuyn i v n. iu tra lng vn chuyn i v n (hng ho v hnh khch) yu cu i vi tng im kinh t (im lp hng ho/hnh khch) phn b trong khu vc ti thi im hin ti hoc tng lai c kh nng s dng cng trnh giao thng d n. i tng iu tra l lung hng (hng vn chuyn t u n u), loi hng v ma vn chuyn. V tnh cht hng ho thng thng k theo 6 nhm: cng nghip, nng nghip, lm nghip, xy dng c bn, thng nghip v cc loi hng khc. V loi hng cn phi iu tra thng k ring theo tnh cht v theo phng thc chuyn ch sau ny c th xc nh c c cu ca dng xe v lu lng xe. Kt qu iu tra khi lng vn chuyn c ghi nh bng 3.2. Bng 3.2. Kt qu iu tra khi lng vn chuyn ti cc im kinh t t/t im lp hng Loi hng Hng i Khi lng (tn) nm u (1) ... (2) (3) (4) nm tng lai (5) (6) (7) (8) n Qua u u Loi hng Hng n Khi lng (tn) nm u (9) nm tng lai (10) (11) (12) n u Qua u

b. Xc nh lin h vn chuyn gia cc im lp hng.

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

44

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

Da vo kt qu iu tra lng vn chuyn i v n mi im kinh t c th xc nh c mi lin h vn chuyn trc tip gia chng (bng 3.3), tng hp cc loi hng theo tng chiu (bng 3.4) v tng hp cc loi hng theo c 2 chiu i v n bng 3.5). Bng 3.3. Lin h vn chuyn gia cc im lp hng
tt im lp hng Khu vc Khi lng hng ho (tn) Nhm hng I i 1 ... 2 3 4 n 5 i 6 II n 7 i 8 III n 9 i 10 IV n 11 i 12 V n 13 i 14 VI n 15 i 16 n 17 18 Tng cng im i ng

Bng 3.4. Bng lin h vn chuyn tng hp theo tng chiu im xut pht A A B C ... Tng hng n Bng 3.5. Ma trn lin h vn chuyn tng hp theo c 2 chiu im lp hng A B C ... c. Xc nh hng tuyn. Da vo cc bng th hin mi lin h vn chuyn c th v s lin h vn chuyn ca khu vc iu tra kinh t th hin v tr a l theo bn khu vc ca cc im kinh t. Lin h vn chuyn gia 2 im th hin bng ng thng ni chng li vi nhau, trn c ghi Bi Ngc Ton B/m D n v Qun l d n A B C ... Lng hng ho (nghn tn) n cc im: B C ... Tng cng hng i

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT

45

lng vn chuyn theo 2 chiu. Trn c s mi lin h vn chuyn chim u th ngi ta vch hng mng li giao thng hoc tuyn ng thit k. d. Xc nh lng vn chuyn hnh khch. V nguyn tc, cch xc nh lng vn chuyn hnh khch cng tng t nh cch xc nh lng vn chuyn hng ho, ngha l cng xut pht t cc s liu iu tra v nhu cu i li cc im xut pht v cc im thu ht hnh khch. Tuy nhin lng vn chuyn hng ho thng b khng ch bi k hoch sn xut cn lng vn chuyn hnh khch rt bin ng v kh thng k hn. c th c tnh lng vn chuyn v hng vn chuyn hnh khch cho hin ti v d bo cho tng lai cn thu thp cc s liu sau: - s liu cc n v vn ti hnh khch v cc n v sn xut c phng tin vn chuyn cn b, cng nhn i lm hng ngy. - s ngi n ngh, tham quan hng nm cc c s du lch, an dng, danh lam thng cnh... - s hnh khch i li cc ga tu ho, bn tu thu, sn bay... - tnh hnh phn b dn c, dn s v mc tng dn s. Hng i li thng xuyn ph thuc vo tnh cht mi im dn c: ti im gn thnh ph dn c thng l cn b, cng nhn hng i li thng xuyn l vo thnh ph i lm hng ngy; ti cc im nng thn ngi dn ch yu l i ln huyn... C th xc nh mc nhu cu i li ca dn c trong mt nm nh sau:

Sk =

V
D

(ln/nm.u ngi)

(3.1)

trong :

Vk - s hnh khch vn chuyn trong 1 nm (nghn ngi/nm);

D - tng s dn ca khu vc iu tra hoc im iu tra. Ch tiu Sk c th tnh chung cho c khu vc, c th tnh ring cho tng loi hnh khch hoc ring cho tng vng dn c c tnh cht khc nhau trong khu vc iu tra. Nu khng c s liu v tng s dn khu vc iu tra th c th tnh n nh tch s ca mt dn vi din tch. Khi bit ch tiu mc nhu cu i li ca dn c Sk ta c th c tnh lng vn chuyn hnh khch Vk trong tng lai theo mc pht trin dn s khu vc. Khi d bo lng vn chuyn hnh khch tng lai cn phi xt n mt s nhn t nh hng: - sau khi c cng trnh giao thng, iu kin i li thun tin hn khin cho Sk tng (lng pht sinh); - s pht trin ca phng tin vn ti lm Sk tng (x hi pht trin). V d khi tnh nhu cu vn chuyn hnh khch i lm vic cn xt n khong cch gn hay xa th:

= Di .S ktb .K i
i

(3.2)

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

46

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng trong :

S ktb - mc nhu cu i li phc v sn xut trung bnh trong vng;

Ki - h s, ly bng 1,5 vi im dn c gn thnh ph v t 1,5 0,5 i vi cc im khc tu mc xa thnh ph. Lng vn chuyn hnh khch i li phc v cc sinh hot khc c th c tnh bng 2 3 ln lng vn chuyn hnh khch i lm tnh theo (3.2). Ngoi ra, lng vn chuyn hnh khch gia cc im i ng c bit c th xc nh theo cch d bo ring. V d lng vn chuyn hnh khch n cc khu nh ngh, du lch... Vn c th xc nh theo cng thc:

Vn =

2q.T .K t

(nghn lt khch/nm)

(3.3)

trong : q - sc cha ca nh ngh, khu du lch, (nghn ngi); T - s ngy tnh ton trong nm, ly bng 300 ngy; t - thi gian trung bnh cho mt ln i ngh ca mt ngi, ly bng 1,5 20 ngy, tu theo ngh ngn hay di; K - h s xt n kh nng ko di thi gian ngh ly bng 0,4 0,8; s 2 l tnh c lt i v v. 1.2.3.2. iu tra giao thng theo phng php m xe a. Thu thp cc s liu m xe c S liu v lu lng v thnh phn dng xe lu thng trn cc tuyn ng ang khai thc c th thu thp ti cc t chc qun l, cc ht giao thng. S liu m xe tt nht c c trong 5 10 nm; mi thng m 2 ngy (c nm 24 ngy) hoc mi qu m mt tun. Cc s liu ny rt c ch trong vic nh gi v mc tng trng lng giao thng hng nm v s pht trin ca c cu dng xe trong khu vc nghin cu lp d n. Chng cn c dng i chiu, kim tra cc s liu iu tra kinh t v kim tra s liu lu lng xe chy xc nh theo lng vn chuyn c c t kt qu iu tra kinh t. b. T chc vic m xe C th t chc m xe theo cc cch sau: b1. B tr trm m xe, dng ngi m (c th c trang b my m) theo tng loi xe Nn b tr ch m xe ti cc on (mt ct) c dng xe thng qua tng i n nh. Ti cc nt giao nhau phi b tr m xe tt c cc nhnh ra vo nt. Lch m xe cn nghin cu k chn c qung thi gian (ma, ngy, gi) in hnh (v c khi nhiu xe nht). Cn thit c th t chc m s b quyt nh lch m xe. Thng ngi ta b qua lng giao thng ban m nu n nh hn 10% lu lng tng cng. Trong cu to bng m xe bng th cng, trc ht cn thng nht phn loi xe v k hiu, lu cc mc: - Tn ng: Tnh ... Bi Ngc Ton Huyn .... B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT - V tr m xe - S ho v tr m xe - Ngy m xe hoc c c chia gi m xe - c im thi tit: ma, nng, nhit ... - Ngi m xe

47

Bng 3.6. Mu m xe theo phng php th cng trn ng thng, ng nng thn Tnh Huyn Khong thi gian m xe:.... Loi phng tin xe my xe con, xe 4 bnh xe cng nng, my ko xe khch xe ti ngi i b, ch hng ngi i b khc xe sc vt ko xe p Tng Thi gian bt u m xe: .... Thi gian kt thc m xe: .... 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 tng Ngi m V tr m Ngy thng Ngy th

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

48

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng Bng 3.7. Mu m xe theo phng php th cng nt giao nhau S ha T s 1

ng Ty Sn - Nguyn Lng Bng (ci to) V tr: Ng t Ty sn(A)- Nguyn Lng Bng (B)- Cha Bc (C) Thi H (D) (C) Cha Bc Ngy m xe: 16-7-1995. T 6-18 h Ngi m: .....

(A) Ty Sn

(D) Thi H

(B) Nguyn Lng Bng

Hng i-n P A-B A-C A-D B-A B-C B-D C-A C-B C-D D-A D-B D-C LGV MGV

S xe m t 6h n 18 h HGV WB BUS M Bc

S lng xe c m bng nt gch theo tng vung c gch cho (=5 xe). Bi Ngc Ton B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT b2. Dng xe chuyn dng chy trn ng m xe

49

Phng php ny s dng trn on ng khng c cc nt giao nhau gia, t xe t 2 bn ra vo v dng xe tng i n nh. Ni chung, phng php ny khng nn dng vi ng trong th. Theo phng php ny ngi iu tra cho xe chuyn dng chy theo mt hng ca on ng cn m xe. Trong xe, ngi quan trc m v ghi s xe i ngc chiu vi xe chuyn dng (gi s xe ny l Xa), ghi s xe cng chiu b xe chuyn dng vt v s xe cng chiu vt xe chuyn dng, ng thi ghi thi gian hnh trnh tng ng. Sau li cho xe chuyn dng chy ngc li v li m, ghi nh trn. Lp li tt c khong 6 8 ln i v trn on nghin cu. Lu lng xe cc loi theo chiu cn m xe ca on quan trc c k hiu l q v c xc nh theo cng thc:
q= X a + Yc t a + tc

(3.4)

trong : Xa - s xe i ngc chiu vi xe chuyn dng m c khi xe chuyn dng chy theo chiu ngc vi chiu cn m xe; Yc - hiu s gia s xe vt xe chuyn dng v s xe b xe chuyn dng vt khi xe chuyn dng chy theo chiu cn m xe; ta - thi gian chy xe ca xe chuyn dng khi n thc hin vic chy - m xe theo chiu ngc vi chiu cn m xe (pht); tc - thi gian chy xe ca xe chuyn dng khi n thc hin vic chy - m xe theo chiu cn m xe (pht) V d: Trn mt on ng cn m xe AB c chiu di l = 3000 m, cho xe chuyn dng chy 6 ln chiu i v 6 ln chiu v. S liu thu c nh bng sau: Bng 3.8 Thi gian chy xe (pht) Chiu AB (trung bnh): 3,2 pht Chiu BA (trung bnh): 3,3 pht S xe chy ngc chiu vi xe chuyn dng Xa (ly trung bnh cho c 6 ln) 57 52 Hiu s gia s xe vt xe chuyn dng v s xe b xe chuyn dng vt Yc (ly trung bnh cho c 6 ln) 2 -1

Theo s liu trn th lu lng xe theo chiu i qAB c xc nh nh sau: qAB = (Xa BA+ Yc AB)/(tAB+tBA) = (52+2)/(3.2+3.3) = 8.3 xe/pht hay: 498 xe/gi Lu lng xe chiu v qBA xc nh nh sau: qBA = (Xa AB+ Yc BA)/(tBA+tAB) = (57-1)/(3.3+3.2) = 8.615 xe/pht hay: 517 xe/gi

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

50

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

Theo phng php ny, t s liu m xe ni trn cng c th tnh c thi gian hnh trnh trung bnh t (pht) theo mi chiu ca on ng quan trc: t = tc - Yc/q (3.5) v cng xc nh c tc chy xe trung bnh V (km/h) theo mi chiu ca on ng:

V =

60.l t

(3.6)

Theo s liu trn th: tAB = tc AB- Yc AB/qAB = 3.2 - 2/8.3 = 2.96 pht VAB = 60 x l/tAB = 60 . 3/2.96 = 60.8 km/h v: tBA = tc BA- Yc BA/qBA = 3.3 + 1/8.615 = 3.41 pht VBA = 60 x l/tBA = 60 . 3/3.41 = 52.8 km/h. b3. T chc m xe c kt hp hi ngi li xe Cch ny c bit hay dng khi thc hin iu tra O-D (iu tra im xut pht - im n: Origination - Destination). Theo cch ny ti ch m xe phi yu cu dng xe t pht hi ngi li xe. Ni dung cn hi l v hnh trnh, tnh cht vn chuyn (phc v a phng hay qu cnh), hng vn chuyn (t u n v i u), thnh phn on xe, loi hng chuyn ch, s lng hnh khch i trn xe, tnh hnh li dng hnh trnh v li dng trng ti... Cc s liu trn l nhng thng tin m vic m xe khng th cung cp. Chng cng cn c dng i chng, kim tra kt qu ca iu tra kinh t. 1.2.4. D bo lng giao thng 1.2.4.1. Mt s m hnh d bo Nu c cc cc s liu qu kh, d bo tng lai ngi ta c th s dng mt s m hnh d bo theo quan h hi quy tng quan sau: a. ng khuynh hng l ng thng Nu cc s liu ca dy s thi gian biu din bng th m ng khuynh hng c dng ng thng th ta c th dng m hnh ny d bo: y = ax + b Trong : y sn lng sn phm d bo cho cc nm tng lai; x - thi gian ly theo th t cc nm. C cc phng php xc nh a v b nh sau: Phng php thng thng: s th t nm tnh ton x tnh t nm c s liu u tin l 1, sau nh tng dn ln 2, 3, 4 cho n ht nm cn d bo. Ta c: (3.7)

a=

n xy x y n x x
2

( )

(3.8)

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Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT

51

x . y x. xy b= n x ( x )
2 2 2

(3.9)

Bi tp v d: Lu lng xe trung bnh chy qua cng trnh giao thng trong qu kh nh bng 3.9. Hy d bo lu lng xe cho 5 nm tip theo. Bng 3.9 nm 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Gii: Lp bng: Bng 3.10 nm nin lch 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cng 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 y 6.7 9.3 8.6 9.7 10.5 x 1 2 3 4 5 x2 1 4 9 16 25 xy 6.7 18.6 25.8 38.8 52.5 d bo: y = 0.8 x + 6.56 Lu lng xe/ng. quy i (1000 chic) 6.7 9.3 8.6 9.7 10.5

y=44.8

x=15
6 7 8 9 10

x2=55

xy=142.4
11.36 12.16 12.96 13.76 14.56

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

a= b=

5 142.4 15 44.8 = 0.8 5 55 15 2 55 44.8 15 142.4 = 6.56 5 55 15 2

Hm d bo c dng: y = 0.8 x + 6.56 Thay x = 6 10 ta c kt qu d bo nh bng 3.10. Phng php thng k: chn th t thi gian x sao cho x trong dy s qu kh bng 0.

Nu s lng s liu trong dy s qu kh l l th ly th t nm gia l 0. Sau , nh th t 1, -2 v pha trn s 0, v +1, +2 v pha di s 0. Nu s lng s liu trong dy s qu kh l chn th nh s th t 2 nm gia l -1 v +1. Sau nh tip 3, -5, -7 v pha trn s 1 v +3, +5, +7 v pha di s +1.

H s a, b c tnh nh sau:

xy x y b=
a= n

(3.10)

(3.11)

b. ng khuynh hng l ng parabol Nu sau khi phn tch cc s liu qu kh trn th m ta thy rng xu hng bin ng khng theo ng thng m c dng ng Parabol th ta nn dng m hnh Parabol d bo. Hm d bo: y = ax2 + bx + c Cc h s a, b, c tnh nh sau:
a= n x y x
2 2

(3.12)

n x

x2

( )
2

y
2

(3.13)

b=

xy x

(3.14)
2

x yx x c= n x (x 2 )
4 4 2

(3.15)

Cc th t ca x ly theo phng php thng k m bo x=0.

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Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT

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Ni chung trong khi lp d n ngi ta t dng phng php ng hi quy tng quan v y t khi phi xt tng quan gia cc yu t nh hng khc nhau, m ch yu ch xt quan h gia nhu cu vi thi gian biu hin trong dy s thi gian. c. nh gi cc phng php d bo, chn phng php thch hp. Nu s dng cc phng php d bo khc nhau xut pht t mt dy s thi gian ging nhau, th nh gi cc kt qu ta cn tnh lch chun ca chng. Phng php no c lch nh nht, chng t phn tn t nht s c chn. lch chun tnh theo cng thc:

(Y Y c )
n

(3.16)

trong :

- lch chun;
y - s liu thc t trong cc nm qu kh; Yc - s liu d bo tng ng vi cc nm qu kh tnh theo cc phng php khc nhau. d. Yu cu v s nm thng k v s nm d bo - i vi cc loi sn phm cng nghip s liu thng k qu kh t 5 n 10 nm; s nm d bo t 10 n 15 nm. - i vi cc sn phm l dch v nh khch sn, vui chi, gii tr s nm thng k trong qu kh t 10 nm tr ln; s nm d bo t 10 n 15 nm hoc xa hn. - i vi cc cng trnh h tng nh ng x, cu cng, bn cng, cng trnh thot nc, nh my in s nm thng k trong qu kh t 10 nm tr ln; s nm d bo t 15 n 20 nm sau. e. Cc gii php b sung Khi s liu thng k trong qu kh khng y , theo yu cu cn thit vn tin hnh cc php tnh d bo, nhng c th s dng mt s gii php b sung sau: - Ly kin ca cc nh qun tr cao cp, cc nh t vn ca ch u t. - Thm d kin ca nhng ngi bn hng. - Thm d kin ca ngi tiu dng. - S dng phng php chuyn gia (phng php Delphi). Thc cht l ly kin ca cc chuyn gia c kinh nghim bng vn bn. Cc cu hi do b phn d bo nu ra. Khi tr li cc chuyn gia c lp vi nhau. 1.2.4.2. D bo lng giao thng a. Mt s nguyn tc chung Trong d bo lng giao thng tng lai cn xt n cc yu t gia tng sau: - lng giao thng tng bnh thng (Normal Traffic Growth): l s gia tng lng xe k c khi khng c d n nu mng li giao thng c vn cn kh nng tip tc phc v;

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

- lng giao thng hp dn (Diverted Traffic): l lng vn chuyn vn c t trc, vn s dng cc phng tin vn ti khc hoc s dng tuyn giao thng khc, sau khi c d n s c thu ht, chuyn sang s dng cng trnh giao thng mi do d n to ra. - lng giao thng pht sinh (Generated Traffic): l lng vn chuyn pht sinh thm nh s thun tin hn sau khi c d n (ng tt, i li nhanh chng, chi ph vn chuyn r...), do tc dng ca d n thc y kinh t - x hi trong vng pht trin lm cho lng vn chuyn tng. Lng vn chuyn hp dn v pht sinh thm thm QDG c th xc nh theo cng thc: QDG = Q. (Khd. Kps - 1) (tn/nm) trong : Q - lng vn chuyn nm tng lai nu ch tnh n lng giao thng tng bnh thng xc nh theo kt qu iu tra kinh t; Khd - H s xt n kh nng tng thm khu vc hp dn nh cng trnh ca d n; Kps- h s xt n kh nng pht sinh thm cc lin h vn chuyn nh c d n lm cho iu kin vn ti tt hn hin c. Theo tng kt ca Vin Nghin cu ng b Lin X (c) c th ly: Khd = 1.25; 1.5 hoc 1.75 tu mt ng hin c c mt ng cng t 0.2; 0.20.05 hay nh hn 0.05 km/1 km2; Kps = 1.2; 1.5 hoc 1.51.8 tu theo tiu chun cng trnh ca d n so vi cng trnh hin c c nng ln khng qu 1 cp, 23 cp hoc cng trnh lm theo hng mi. d bo lng giao thng tng bnh thng ngi ta c th da vo cc phng php trnh by trong phn tip sau. b. D bo lu lng xe theo quy lut hm s m Theo quy lut hm s m lu lng xe chy ngy m trung bnh nm (xe/ngy m) hoc lng vn chuyn nm (tn/nm) ca nm t (Nt) c xc nh da vo s liu nm u tin - nm xut pht (N1) theo cng thc sau: Nt = N1.(1+p1)t-1 trong : p1 - tc tng trng bnh qun lu lng xe hng nm (ly theo s thp phn). Gi tr ca t l p1 c th c xc nh theo chui s liu quan trc thu thp trong qu kh. Nu khng c s liu qu kh ngi ta c th c tnh p1 theo tng quan vi cc ch tiu kinh t v m nh t l tng trng tng sn phm quc ni GRDP hng nm ca khu vc c iu chnh mm do theo loi xe. Thng thng, trong iu kin thc t Vit nam ngi s dng tc tng trng sau: - xe my: - xe but, minibus, xe con: - cc xe khc: p1 = 2. GRDP p1 = 1,2. GRDP p1 = GRDP (3.18) (3.17)

Gi tr ca tc tng trng p1 nh hng quyt nh n kt qu d bo. Kinh nghim cho thy nn dng mt tc tng trng chm dn (ngha l trong tng khong thi gian s Bi Ngc Ton B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT

55

xem p1 nh mt hng s, cn cc khong thi gian sau s dng gi tr p1 nh dn). iu ny hp l v tc tng trng cao thng ch thy mt giai on pht trin kinh t nht nh v khng th duy tr trong mt khong thi gian di. Trong trng hp c s liu ca n nm qu kh, gi tr p1 c th xc nh theo cng thc:

p1 =

N
i =2

n 1

(3.19)

trong :

N i - tc tng trng ca nm i so vi nm i-1, xc nh nh sau:

N i = N i N i 1 N i 1

(3.20)

V d: Bit cc s liu thng k v lu lng xe/ngy m ca tuyn ng (ct 1 v 2 ca bng 3.11a). Hy tnh tc tng trng bnh qun d bo lu lng xe cho tng lai. Bng 3.11a Nm nin lch (1) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Lu lng xe quy i N (1000 xe/ng.) (2) 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.3 8.0 8.7 Tc tng trng bnh qun p1 Lu lng xe tng so vi nm trc (3) 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 Tc tng trng hng nm N (4) 0.075 0.093 0.085 0.098 0.089 0.098 0.089 0.096 0.087 0.09

Trong bng 3.11a, ct 3 tnh lu lng xe tng tuyt i, ct 4 tnh tc tng so vi nm trc. Cui cng tnh c tc tng trng bnh qun ca lu lng xe qua tuyn ng. Sau p dng cng thc 3.18 ta s d bo c lu lng xe ca cc nm tip theo. c. D bo lu lng xe theo quy lut hm s tng tuyn tnh

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

Nu cc s liu trong dy s thi gian tng mt cch tng i u n hng nm (theo ng thng) th ta c th dng phng php bnh qun s hc. Ta c : Nt = N1 [1+ (t-1). p2] trong : p2 - l tc tng bnh qun s hc hng nm (ly theo s thp phn), xc nh nh sau: (3.21a)

p2 =

(N
i =1

n 1

i +1

Ni )
(3.21b)

N 1 (n 1)

Quy lut ny ph hp vi s tng trng khng nhanh ca lng giao thng trong khu vc, c th dng d bo sau thi k lng giao thng tng theo quy lut hm s m. V d: Bit cc s liu thng k v lu lng xe/ngy m ca tuyn ng (ct 1 v 2 ca bng 3.11b). Hy tnh tc tng bnh qun s hc hng nm d bo lu lng xe cho tng lai. Bng 3.11b Nm nin lch (1) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Lu lng xe quy i N (1000 xe/ng.) (2) 4.0 4.2 4.7 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.3 6.7 7.0 Lu lng xe tng so vi nm trc (3) 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 (1000 xe/ng.) Tc tng bnh qun s hc (4)

2002 7.5 Lu lng tng bnh qun hng nm

(N
i =1

n 1

i +1

Ni )
n 1 i =1

(n 1)

Tc tng bnh qun s hc: p 2 =

(N

i +1

Ni )
0.1

N 1 (n 1)

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Trong bng 3.11b, ct 3 tnh lu lng xe tng tuyt i so vi nm trc, ct 4 tnh tc tng bnh qun s hc. Sau p dng cng thc 3.21a ta s d bo c lu lng xe ca cc nm tip theo. d. D bo lu lng xe theo quy lut c nhp tng trng gim dn Phng php ny khc phc c hn ch ca phng php dng quy lut hm s m. N thng c p dng khi thit k cc tuyn ng c hng hon ton mi, hoc c cht lng khai thc hn hn ng hin c:
1 t N t = N 1 1 + 0,01(k1 .t + k 2 i 3 i =1

(3.22)

Trong k1 v k2 l cc h s rt ra t kt qu x l chui s liu m xe nhiu nm tu theo tr s t l tng trng xe ban u p0. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Lin X (c) cc gi tr k1 v k2 c xc nh tu theo p0 hay tu theo mc pht trin ca vn ti -t trong khu vc nghin cu theo bng sau: Bng 3.12 Mc pht trin ca vn ti -t trong khu vc p0 (%) k1 k2 pht trin cao 10 3.7 6.3 12 3.1 8.9 tng i pht trin 14 2.5 11.5 16 1.9 14.1 km pht trin 18 1.3 16.7 20 0.7 19.3

2. Phn tch k thut 2.1. Phn tch iu kin thin nhin khu vc Miu t cc iu kin a hnh, a cht, kh tng, thu vn, vt liu xy dng, cc vng rng cm, vng chu nh hng ca cc cng trnh thu li, cc vng c kh nng chu nh hng ca d n. 2.2. Chn cp hng v tiu chun k thut ca cng trnh d n Trnh by cc d kin khc nhau (cc phng n) v cp hng v tiu chun k thut, k c d kin phn k u t ton b d n hoc mt b phn, mt hng mc cng trnh. 2.3. Chn hng tuyn Nu r l do xy dng cc im khng ch, cc im ta trung gian, l do xut cc phng n theo c im a hnh, u v khuyt im ca cc phng n. Trnh by cc on kh khn, cc nguyn tc chn tuyn trn bnh , trc dc. Cc bin bn tho thun v hng tuyn v kh nng gii phng mt bng vi cc c quan a phng.

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng 2.4. Cc gii php thit k i vi cc hng mc ca cng trnh

Trnh by quy trnh, quy phm, nh hnh p dng khi thit k cng trnh chnh v cc cng trnh ph tr. Trong phi xut cc phng n gii php thit k v l do chn gii php thit k. Thng k khi lng cng vic i vi tng hng mc. 2.5. Trnh t v k hoch trin khai d n Phn tch v trnh by cc ni dung: - ch u t v ch qun u t; - thi hn khi cng v hon thnh cng trnh d n; - trnh t a vo xy dng cc b phn, cc hng mc cng trnh; - khi lng, nhu cu nhn - vt lc, MMTB, vt liu xy dng cn thit. 2.6. K hoch qun l v khai thc cng trnh d n Phn tch v trnh by cc vn v qun l, khai thc bao gm c duy tu, sa cha cng trnh. 3. Phn tch kinh t, ti chnh Phn tch kinh t, ti chnh bao gm cc ni dung: - Tnh ton tng mc u t. - Xc nh ngun vn, loi ngun vn v nhu cu vn theo tin . - Phn tch hiu qu u t (t gc ti chnh v gc kinh t - x hi) v la chn phng n ti u. 3.1. Tnh ton tng mc u t i vi mi phng n 3.1.1. Khi nim, ni dung ca tng mc u t 3.1.1.1. Khi nim tng mc u t Tng mc u t ca d n l khi ton chi ph ca ton b d n c xc nh trong giai on lp d n, gm chi ph xy dng; chi ph thit b; chi ph n b gii phng mt bng, ti nh c; chi ph khc bao gm c vn lu ng i vi cc d n sn xut kinh doanh, li vay trong thi gian xy dng v chi ph d phng. Tng mc u t d n c ghi trong quyt nh u t l c s lp k hoch v qun l vn u t, xc nh hiu qu u t ca d n. i vi d n s dng vn ngn sch Nh nc, tng mc u t l gii hn chi ph ti a m ch u t c php s dng u t xy dng cng trnh. Tng mc u t d n ch c iu chnh, tng t nh i vi iu chnh d n, tc l khi c mt trong cc trng hp sau y: Xut hin cc yu t bt kh khng do thin tai nh ng t, bo, l, lt, lc, sng thn, l t; chin tranh hoc c nguy c xy ra chin tranh; Do bin ng bt thng ca gi nguyn vt liu, do thay i t gi hi oi i vi phn vn c s dng ngoi t hoc do Nh nc ban hnh cc ch , chnh sch mi c quy nh c thay i mt bng gi u t xy dng cng trnh; B/m D n v Qun l d n

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Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT -

59

Do ngi quyt nh u t hoc ch u t thay i khi thy xut hin nhng yu t mi em li hiu qu kinh t - x hi cao hn cho d n; Khi quy hoch xy dng c duyt thay i c nh hng trc tip n d n.

Vic iu chnh tng mc u t d n s dng vn ngn sch Nh nc phi c ngi quyt nh u t cho php v c thm nh li i vi cc phn thay i so vi tng mc u t c ph duyt. i vi cc d n s dng vn khc th ch u t xy dng cng trnh t quyt nh vic iu chnh. 3.1.1.2. Ni dung tng mc u t Tng mc u t bao gm: Chi ph xy dng; Chi ph thit b; Chi ph n b gii phng mt bng, ti nh c; Chi ph qun l d n v chi ph khc; Chi ph d phng. Chi ph xy dng bao gm: Chi ph xy dng cc cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh thuc d n; Chi ph ph v tho d cc vt kin trc c; Chi ph san lp mt bng xy dng; Chi ph xy dng cng trnh tm, cng trnh ph tr phc v thi cng (ng thi cng, in nc, nh xng v.v...); Nh tm ti hin trng v iu hnh thi cng. Chi ph thit b bao gm: Chi ph mua sm thit b cng ngh (gm c thit b phi tiu chun cn sn xut, gia cng) v chi ph o to v chuyn giao cng ngh (nu c), chi ph vn chuyn t cng hoc ni mua n cng trnh, chi ph lu kho, lu bi, chi ph bo qun, bo dng ti kho bi hin trng, thu v ph bo him thit b cng trnh; Chi ph lp t thit b v th nghim, hiu chnh (nu c). Chi ph n b gii phng mt bng, ti nh c bao gm: Chi ph n b nh ca, vt kin trc, cy trng trn t,...; Chi ph thc hin ti nh c c lin quan n n b gii phng mt bng ca d n; Chi ph ca Ban n b gii phng mt bng; Chi ph s dng t nh chi ph thu t trong thi gian xy dng, chi ph u t h tng k thut (nu c). Chi ph qun l d n v chi ph khc bao gm: Chi ph qun l chung ca d n; Chi ph t chc thc hin cng tc n b gii phng mt bng thuc trch nhim ca Ch u t; Chi ph thm nh hoc thm tra thit k, tng d ton, d ton xy dng cng trnh; Chi ph lp h s mi d thu, h s mi u thu, phn tch nh gi h s d thu, h s u thu; Chi ph gim st thi cng xy dng, gim st kho st xy dng v lp t thit b; Chi ph kim nh v chng nhn s ph hp v cht lng cng trnh xy dng; Chi ph nghim thu, quyt ton v quy i vn u t; Chi ph lp d n; Chi ph thi tuyn kin trc (nu c); Chi ph kho st, thit k xy dng; Li vay ca Ch u t trong thi gian xy dng thng qua hp ng tn dng hoc hip nh vay vn (i vi d n s dng vn ODA); Cc l ph v chi ph thm nh; Chi ph cho Ban ch o Nh nc, Hi ng nghim thu Nh nc, chi ph ng kim cht lng quc t, chi ph quan trc bin dng cng trnh (nu c); Vn lu ng ban u cho sn xut; Chi ph nguyn liu, nng lng, nhn lc cho qu trnh chy th khng ti v c ti (i vi d n sn xut kinh doanh); Chi ph bo him cng trnh; Chi ph kim ton, thm tra, ph duyt quyt ton v mt s chi ph khc. Chi ph d phng: L khon chi ph d tr cho cc khi lng pht sinh, cc yu t trt gi v nhng cng vic cha lng trc c trong qu trnh thc hin d n. 3.1.2. Phng php lp tng mc u t Tng mc u t c xc nh trn c s khi lng ch yu cc cng vic cn thc hin ca d n theo thit k c s v cc khi lng khc d tnh hoc c xc nh theo chi ph xy dng ca cc d n c tiu chun kinh t - k thut tng t thc hin hoc theo Bi Ngc Ton B/m D n v Qun l d n

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

sut u t xy dng cng trnh. Nu d n u t gm nhiu cng trnh th mi cng trnh c th vn dng phng php tnh sau y tnh tng mc u t: 3.1.2.1. Cn c theo thit k c s ca d n Chi ph xy dng c tnh theo nhng khi lng ch yu t thit k c s, cc khi lng khc d tnh v n gi xy dng ph hp. Chi ph thit b c tnh theo s lng, chng loi, gi tr tng loi thit b hoc gi tr ton b dy chuyn cng ngh (nu mua thit b ng b) theo gi th trng thi im lp d n hoc theo bo gi ca Nh cung cp v d tnh cc chi ph vn chuyn, bo qun, lp t nhng thit b ny v chi ph o to, chuyn giao cng ngh (nu c). Chi ph n b gii phng mt bng, ti nh c c tnh theo khi lng phi n b, ti nh c ca d n v cc quy nh hin hnh ca Nh nc v gi n b v ti nh c ti a phng ni xy dng cng trnh, chi ph thu t thi gian xy dng, chi ph u t h tng k thut (nu c). Chi ph qun l d n v chi ph khc c tnh theo cc quy nh hin hnh hoc c th c tnh bng 10% 15% ca tng ch ph xy dng v thit b v cha bao gm li vay ca Ch u t trong thi gian xy dng i vi cc d n sn xut kinh doanh. Chi ph d phng c tnh khng vt qu 15% ca tng cc chi ph nu trn (chi ph xy dng; chi ph thit b; chi ph n b gii phng mt bng, ti nh c; chi ph qun l d n v chi ph khc). 3.1.2.2. Trng hp c s liu ca cc d n c tiu chun kinh t - k thut tng t thc hin th c th s dng cc s liu ny lp tng mc u t. Trng hp ny phi tnh quy i s liu v thi im lp d n v iu chnh cc khon mc chi ph cha tnh xc nh tng mc u t. 3.1.2.3. i vi cc cng trnh thng dng nh nh , khch sn, ng giao thng v. v... tng mc u t c th xc nh theo gi chun hoc sut vn u t xy dng cng trnh ti thi im lp d n v iu chnh, b sung cc chi ph cha tnh ca c cu tng mc u t. 3.1.2.4. Cc d n phi lp Bo co u t xy dng cng trnh xin ch trng u t trc khi lp d n th vic xc nh s b tng mc u t c th c tnh theo sut vn u t hoc theo chi ph ca d n tng t thc hin. 3.2. Xc nh ngun vn, loi ngun vn, nhu cu vn theo tin Mt trong nhng ni dung quan trng ca d n l xc nh hnh thc huy ng vn. C cc hnh thc thc hin d n theo ngun vn nh sau (khng k ngun vn ngn sch): Hnh thc BOT (xy dng, khai thc chuyn giao) Theo hnh thc ny ch u t t b vn xy dng cng trnh, sau t qun l khu vn hnh, khai thc thu hi vn v c li nhun trong mt thi gian nht nh. Ht thi hn ny ch u t phi chuyn giao cng trnh cho Nh nc khng c bi hon. Hnh thc BTO (xy dng, chuyn giao, khai thc)

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Theo hnh thc ny ch u t ban u t b vn xy dng cng trnh, c s h tng v chuyn giao cho Nh nc, Nh nc dnh cho ch u t mt thi gian nht nh kinh doanh. Hnh thc BT (xy dng, chuyn giao) Theo hnh thc ny ch u t ban u t b vn xy dng cc cng trnh, sau chuyn giao cho Nh nc khai thc kinh doanh, Nh nc sau s to iu kin cho ch u t thc hin d n u t khc thu hi vn. Hnh thc u t trc tip FDI u t trc tip l hnh thc hp tc kinh doanh di hnh thc cng ty lin doanh hoc cng ty c 100% vn u t nc ngoi. Hnh thc vay vn t Qu h tr pht trin chnh thc ODA Theo hnh thc ny d n c vay vn nc ngoi li sut thp. Nhu cu vn theo tin c xc nh theo khi lng cng vic thc hin. 3.3. Phn tch hiu qu u t v la chn phng n ti u Hiu qu u t c th phn tch t 2 gic : phn tch ti chnh v phn tch kinh t - x hi. Trong phn ny cn thuyt minh r phng php phn tch, cn c ca cc thng s a vo tnh ton, ch r cch tnh cc chi ph, cch tnh v i tng c hng cc li ch ca vic xy dng cng trnh d n, thi hn phn tch v kt qu phn tch. Da vo cc kt qu phn tch ti chnh, kinh t - x hi v mt s cc ch tiu k thut tng hp, cc u khuyt im mi phng n (k c vn nghin cu tc ng mi trng) a ra kt lun v kin ngh chn phng n. Cc ni dung phn tch ti chnh v phn tch kinh t - x hi ca mt d n u t xy dng cng trnh giao thng s c trnh by c th cc chng 5 v 6 ti liu ny. 4. nh gi tc ng mi trng 4.1. Khi nim mi trng v nh gi tc ng mi trng 4.1.1. Khi nim mi trng Mi trng c hiu l khng gian v hon cnh sinh sng ca con ngi. Cc yu t mi trng chnh l cc yu t nh hng n khng gian v hon cnh sinh sng ca con ngi. Cc yu t mi trng m mt d n xy dng giao thng c th nh hng bao gm: 4.1.1.1. Yu t mi trng kinh t - x hi - nhn vn - S i li, lm vic ca dn c. - Mi trng hot ng kinh t v iu kin sinh sng nh chim dng t v ti nh c. - Mi trng nng nghip, thu li. - Mi trng du lch, lch s v di sn vn ho. - Mi trng thm m v cnh quan. - Cht lng sinh hot ca cng ng (cht lng khng kh, ting n, vn v sinh...).

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng 4.1.1.2. Cc yu t mi trng ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng sinh thi - Mi trng t. - Mi trng nc. - Mi trng sinh thi (ng thc vt). 4.1.2. nh tc ng mi trng

Vic xy dng v khai thc mt cng trnh giao thng gp phn vo vic ci thin hon cnh kinh t, x hi nhng c th tc ng xu n cc yu t mi trng, dn n cc tc hi v khng gian sinh sng ca con ngi. Mc ch ca vic nh gi tc ng mi trng chnh l: - iu tra, phn tch, nh gi, d bo (t nh tnh n nh lng) cc tc ng ca qu trnh thc hin v khai thc d n n cc yu t mi trng. - Tip , trn c s cc phn tch, d bo thit k cc bin php: + phng nga; + gim thiu cc tc ng bt li ( xut phng n x l, tnh ton v thit k t mc s b n mc chi tit, c th); + xut cc gii php n b nhng hu qu do cc tc ng bt li gy ra i vi mi trng. Giai on chun b u t
Nghin cu tin kh thi xut d n Sng lc v mi trng nh gi s b Nghin cu kh thi

Giai on thc hin u t

nh gi chi tit: - xut v quyt nh cc gii php phng nga, gim thiu tc ng xu. - Thit k chi tit cc bin php khc phc. - Gim st thi cng cc bin php khc phc.

So snh vi nh gi ban u v iu chnh li

Giai on khai thc d n

Bi hc cho cc d n tng lai - Gim st hot ng ca d n v kha cnh mi trng

Hnh 3.1. Mi lin h gia nh gi tc ng mi trng v cc giai on ca qu trnh u t

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Trong trng hp mi trng b tc ng nng n th thm ch phi kin ngh hu b d n (hoc phng n ca d n). Trng hp c kh nng hn ch, khc phc cc tc ng bt li bng cc bin php phng nga, gim thiu th ngi thit k cn phi lp k hoch v xut cc bin php theo di, gim st mi trng trong giai on thi cng v khai thc cng trnh d n (hnh 3.1). Tm li, nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt qu trnh c s dng khi xy dng v khai thc cng trnh nhm bo v v pht trin bn vng mi trng. nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt cng c qun l gip cho cc c quan c thm quyn: - xc nh tnh hin thc ca d n; - gim ti thiu nhng hu qu c hi ca d n; - nng cao li ch v kh nng khai thc ca d n. Nh vy nh gi tc ng mi trng ging nh mt lun chng kinh t - k thut hoc nh mt nghin cu kh thi v lnh vc mi trng trong d n. Nhng nh gi ny s cung cp c s, cn c thit k cc cng trnh ln c tnh thc tin kinh t cao v m bo bo v mi trng bao gm cc c s h tng nh ng b, ng st, p nc... v cc khu cng nghip chuyn ngnh nh l my lc du, khu ch xut, nh ga, bn cng hay cc khu cng nghip khc. 4.2. Ni dung cc giai on nh gi tc ng mi trng Hnh 3.1 trnh by cc giai on nh gi tc ng mi trng theo cc giai on ca d n, l sng lc v mi trng, nh gi s b v nh gi chi tit. 4.2.1. Sng lc v mi trng Sng lc v mi trng c thc hin trong giai on lp quy hoch mng li ng hoc lp bo co NCTKT. Trong bc ny ch yu cu nhn bit, sng lc v nh gi cc yu t mi trng c th phi chu tc ng ln nu thc hin d n. Nhng thng tin v mi trng c th gip trong vic iu chnh v tr hay quy m ca cng trnh d n hoc thm ch xem xt vic hon thc hin d n. Sng lc v mi trng gm cc ni dung: - tng qut v d n; - khi qut v cc yu t mi trng c th chu tc ng ca d n; - lp ma trn theo mu bng 3.14 nhn bit cc yu t mi trng b tc ng trong cc giai on trc, trong, sau khi thc hin v khi khai thc d n. T sng lc cc yu t tc ng quan trng cn c xem xt, nh gi. - nh gi hin trng mi trng v d bo (ch yu l nh tnh) tc ng mi trng i vi cc yu t sng lc rt ra cc kt lun v kin ngh v v tr, quy m d n hay cc hng mc ca n. Vic sng lc v mi trng thng c thc hin vi ngun kinh ph c hn v ch yu da vo vic thu thp cc s liu sn c hoc da vo s nh gi ca cc chuyn gia v mi trng. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn nh gi cng tc ng v phm vi tc ng.

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng Cng tc ng c nh gi tu theo:

- gi tr ca yu t mi trng, biu th tm quan trng ca yu t c nh gi v thng do cc chuyn gia v mi trng xc nh (gm cc mc gi tr rt cao, cao, trung bnh v thp); - mc tc ng: + mnh: khi tc ng lm thay i ton b cc c tnh ring ca yu t mi trng vn c; + trung bnh: ch lm thay i mt s c tnh hoc lm suy gim cht lng yu t mi trng; + yu: nh trung bnh nhng vi mc tc ng thp. Phm vi tc ng thng c nh gi trong bn knh 200 300 mi bn ca cng trnh v cng c phn bit nh gi vi cc mc: tc ng im (ch nh hng trong phm vi lin k cng trnh d n) v tc ng khu vc (nh hng ti c vng gm c ngoi phm vi d n). 4.2.2. nh gi s b tc ng mi trng nh gi s b tc ng mi trng thng c thc hin trong giai on lp bo co NCKT. Ni dung, yu cu v cch thc thc hin bo co nh gi s b tc ng mi trng v c bn l ging vi bo co sng lc v mi trng nhng c thc hin cho tt c cc phng n xut ca d n. Ngoi ra phi c s phn tch so snh v kin ngh la chn phng n trn quan im nh gi tc ng mi trng. Thng thng c th phn tch, so snh cc phng n v tc ng mi trng theo phng php dng mt ch tiu khng n v o (xem chng 4). Theo phng php ny trc ht cn thng k nh lng cc yu t mi trng b tc ng i vi mi phng n. Tip thc hin v th nguyn ho. Bc tip theo da vo s nh gi ca chuyn gia cho im yu t no b nh hng l nguy hi hn (cho h s cao hn). em nhn h s vi gi tr nh lng v th nguyn ho ri cng li. Phng n no c im tng cng cao hn l phng n xu hn (gy tc ng xu nhiu hn) v mi trng. 4.2.3. nh gi chi tit nh gi chi tit c thc hin trong giai on lp thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng nn trong phm vi ti liu ny khng trnh by chi tit. nh gi chi tit tc ng mi trng c thc hin theo phng n chn ca d n. Bo co nh gi chi tit tc ng mi trng cng gm cc ni dung nh 2 giai on trc nhng yu cu nh gi tt c mi tc ng c th mt cch nh lng (ch nh gi nh tnh nhng tc ng khng th nh lng). Ngoi ra bo co cn phi c thm cc ni dung: - Thit k cc bin php phng nga, gim thiu tc ng bt li, xut cc gii php n b hu qu do cc tc ng bt li gy ra. - Phn tch nhng li ch v tn tht kinh t do cc tc ng mi trng trn c s so snh s thay i cc yu t mi trng khi c v khng c d n. - Lp k hoch theo di, gim st mi trng trong giai on thi cng v giai on khai thc d n v vic thc hin cc bin php, gii php xut, thit k. - Lp bn mi trng (hin trng v d bo) ca vng nghin cu th hin cc yu t mi trng.

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Bng 3.14. Ma trn sng lc v xc nh cc tc ng mi trng Cc yu t mi trng Cc giai on v yu t tc ng

G.. chun b thi cng chim di t dn, ti nh c Giai on thi cng ly t, t thi cng ng thi cng cu vn chuyn vt liu hot ng ca xe my Giai on khai thc d n xe chy cy trng ch o, t cu, cng, rnh

i li, lm vic ca dn cc hot ng kinh t di sn vn ho, du lch nng nghip thu li s dng t cht lng t thu vn, dng chy cht lng nc mt xi l, xi mn ri ro v tai bin mi trng thm thc vt v h sinh thi di nc ng vt hoang d, qu him ting n cht lng khng kh thm m v cnh quan tp qun sinh hot, dn tc, tn gio cht thi Ghi ch: Trong bng 3.23 dng cc k hiu khc nhau biu th cc mc tc ng: - tc ng lu di c li; - tc ng ngn hn c li; - tc ng lu di bt li; - tc ng ngn hn bt li; - cc trng l khng c tc ng tng h.

Bi Ngc Ton

Cht lng sinh hot

Ti nguyn sinh thi

Ti nguyn, thin nhin

X hi - kinh t

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng 5. Gii thiu mt s ni dung d n cu Thanh tr

Trong mc ny ch gii thiu cc phn: nhng cn c xc nh s cn thit ca d n cu Thanh tr, phn tch k thut v phn tch tc ng mi trng. Cc phn tch ti chnh v phn tch kinh t - x hi s c ln lt trnh by chi tit trong cc chng 5 v 6. 5.1. Nhng cn c xc nh s cn thit ca d n 5.1.1. Gii thiu chung d n 5.1.1.1. Bi cnh chin lc pht trin giao thng H ni H ni ang pht trin nhanh chng v dn s v kinh t, cng vi vic m rng vng ngoi mt cch ln xn. Mc thu nhp ca ngi dn tng ln cng vi mc tng xe chy. Khu vc giao thng chnh ca H ni tng nhanh s ngi s dng xe my, thay th cho xe p trc y. Cc loi xe 2 bnh ny rt thun li H ni so vi i li bng cc loi xe ln hn. Trong khi giao thng cng cng cn rt km pht trin vi mt s t tuyn xe but v khng c ng st ni . Mt vn t ra l phi lm sao H ni khng b n tc giao thng v n tc giao thng lm chm li tin trnh pht trin kinh t ca H ni thnh mt trung tm hnh chnh, thng mi v du lch. D n Quy hoch tng th Giao thng mi c tn l: "Nghin cu giao thng th H ni - Vit nam nm 1995" c T chc hp tc Quc t Nht bn (JICA) thc hin nm 1995 chnh l khc phc nguy c trn. Ni dung chnh l: - nh hnh K hoch ch o v chin lc giao thng th cho H ni. - a ra d n kh thi v gii php la chn trong thi k u, ph hp vi yu cu giao thng tng lai. Trong K hoch ch o v chin lc giao thng th cho H ni c k hoch xy dng cu qua sng Hng. D on yu cu giao thng qua sng Hng t 0,48 triu lt/ngy nm 1995 ln 1,48 triu lt/ngy nm 2015. Nu nng lc thng xe khng tng ln, t l V/C (lu lng/nng lc) qua sng Hng s tng t 0,46 nm 1995 ln 1,39 nm 2015. Giao thng qua sng Hng hin nay c phc v bi 3 cu: 1. Cu Chng Dng bao gm c -t v xe my. 2. Cu Long Bin cho tu ho v 2 ln bn cho xe p. 3. Cu Thng Long gm 2 tng cho -t v tu ho. Cu Chng Dng v Long Bin cng kt hp phc v yu cu giao thng nm 1995 l 80.000 xe con (quy i)/ngy, tng lai tng 24.100 xe con/ngy nm 2015. Cu Thng Long c tnh 66.000 xe con/ngy nm 1995, tng ln 20.700 xe con/ngy nm 2015 vt qu kh nng giao thng. Mt cu mi: cu Thanh Tr d kin xy dng pha nam cu long Bin v cu Chng Dng, l mt phn ca ng vnh ai 3, ni vi quc l 1A ti khu c dn th pha nam v quc l 5 ti qun Gia Lm, nh mt ng trnh cho xe t Hi Phng v. (ngoi ra cn c k hoch xy dng 2 cu mi na). 5.1.1.2. C s lp d n kh thi. Mc ch, ngha. Khu vc nghin cu

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- C s lp d n: d n kh thi ny c lp theo kt qu nghin cu "K hoch ch o v giao thng cho thnh ph H ni" do JICA lm nm 1995. Nh nc Vit nam quyt nh xy dng khn cp cu Thanh tr v on pha nam ng vnh ai 3. - Mc ch, ngha: theo chnh sch i mi, H ni ang pht trin nhanh tr thnh mt trung tm thng mi, ti chnh, cng nghip, giao thng vng chu th sng Hng v l vng trng im kinh t pha Bc, nm trong tam gic pht trin H ni - Hi phng - Qung ninh. H thng giao thng c hiu qu l yu cu cp bch pht trin kinh t - x hi trong tng lai. Hng mc nghin cu kh thi l cu Thanh tr v on pha nam ng vnh ai 3, ni im giao nhau vi QL 1 v Ql 5 H ni. Ngoi ra d n cn c ngha chuyn giao k thut cho i tc Vit nam (l PMU Thng long) trong qu trnh nghin cu d n v xy dng cng trnh sau ny. - Khu vc nghin cu: Vng nh hng trc tip v khng trc tip ca d n bao gm cc qun huyn ca H ni v 6 tnh xung quanh nh H ty, Vnh phc, Thi nguyn, bc giang, Bc ninh v Hng yn. 5.1.1.3. Cc bc thc hin cng tc nghin cu Nghin cu c chia thnh 4 bc thc hin lin tc nh sau: Bc 1: R sot nhng s liu hin c (thng 4/1999). Bc 2: Thu thp s liu, kho st iu kin t nhin, thit k c bn v kho st hin trng (t thng 4 n thng 6/1999). Bc 3: Thit k chi tit, nh gi tc ng mi trng, lp k hoch xy dng, d ton, lp k hoch thc hin v chun b d tho h s thu (t thng 8/1999 n thng 3/2000). Bc 4: Chun b v trnh np bo co cui cng (thng 5/2000). 5.1.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi 5.1.2.1. Dn s Theo cuc tng iu tra dn s nm 1989, tng s dn ca c nc l 64,77 triu ngi. Con s c tnh gn hn cho thy nm 1996 l 75,36 triu ngi. T l tng trng hng nm l khong 1,9 - 2,4% trong vng 7 nm. T l dn thnh th n nh, khong 20% trn tng s. H ni c tc th ho ln nht trong ton quc. Tng s dn H ni nm 1995 l 2.335,4 nghn ngi v nm 1996 l 2.397,6 triu ngi. Theo nin gim thng k ca H ni nm 1996 con s chim 3,2% ca c nc. R rng dn s tng mt cch ng k trong nhng nm gn y v tp trung ch yu vo cc khu vc th, c xu hng gim dn v pha ty v pha nam. Khu vc ngoi thnh c xu hng chuyn i theo huyn. Trong huyn Gia lm dn s tng r rt t nm 1989 n nm 1995, trong khi huyn Sc sn, ng anh, Thanh tr t l tng li gim xung. Huyn Thanh tr nm gc ty nam ca H ni v l khu vc chnh ca on ng xut. Khu vc ny c mt dn c kh thp mc d nm k vi cc qun th v khu vc ny b lt thng xuyn, cc h, ao c chim phn ln din tch huyn. 5.1.2.2. Vic lm Bi Ngc Ton B/m D n v Qun l d n

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

Cu trc lao ng ca Vit nam xc lp t nm 1990 n nm 1994 l: 73% lnh vc 1 (nng nghip, lm v ng nghip); 13% lnh vc 2 (cng nghip, xy dng) v 14% lnh vc dch v.. S kt hp cc lnh vc ngh nghip H ni khc vi ton t nc: t trong lnh vc 1, nhiu trong lnh vc cng nghip v dch v. 5.1.2.3. Tng sn phm quc dn GDP Tng trng sn phm quc dn khu vc (GRDP) hng nm cao trn ton quc (6,0 n 9,5% giai on 1990-1996) v ca H ni (trung bnh 8,7% giai on 1989-1996), tng trng GRDP theo u ngi ca H ni l rt cao: trung bnh 13,4% nm 1989-1996, trong khi ton quc ch c 5,5%. Thc t cho thy H ni c tim nng l mt li th/vng trong khu vc nghin cu, trong c hin ti v tng lai. iu cn thit l phi c k hoch xy dng kt cu h tng mong mun cho c H ni nh hng pht trin ton din. Mt tng l lin kt cc li pht trin th pha Bc Vit nam, th hin vai tr trung tm ca H ni, v kin ngh xy dng mt mng li ng trc chnh kt hp ng nan qut vi ng vnh ai theo k hoch ch o ca H ni ti nm 2020. ng vnh ai 3 l mt trong nhng d n chnh trong k hoch xy dng ng. 5.1.2.4. C cu kinh t - x hi tng lai D on c cu kinh t - x hi tng lai c thc hin bi Tng cc Thng k. 5.1.3. Tnh hnh hin trng ng giao thng H thng giao thng trong khu vcgm 3 loi: ng b, ng st v ng thu ni a, trong giao thng ng b ng vai tr quan trng i vi c giao thng trong v ngoi khu vc. Cc con ng trc chnh ra vo thnh ph theo cc trc hng tm ni lin cc thnh ph ln trn c nc vi cc tnh thnh ln cn. Tuy nhin H ni tng chiu di h thng ng b khng p ng nhu cu s dng ngy cng tng. H thng ng vnh ai cha c thc hin, ng khng rng p ng cc loi xe ti trng ln, cc cy cu ang ngy cng xung cp. 5.1.4. D on yu cu giao thng tng lai. Bng 3.15. T l tng trng lu lng xe bnh qun p (%) Xe con 17 Xe but 4 Xe ti 5 Xe my -5

Do ng vnh ai 3 c mt vai tr quan trng trong mng li ng trc chnh ca Th H ni, phn tch yu cu giao thng khng thc hin nh mt on ng c lp m nh mt phn ca ton b mng li ng, mc d on ngh lm ch l mt phn ca ng vnh ai 3. D bo yu cu giao thng trong tng thi k theo lu lng xe ngy trung bnh nm cho 4 loi xe: xe my, xe con, xe but v xe ti. D on t l tng trng lu lng theo t l tng GDP (c tnh ti xu hng chuyn sang s dng xe con v xe but) ca tng loi xe nh bng 3.15 v 3.16.

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Bng 3.16. Lu lng giao thng tng lai D n cu Thanh tr Loi xe Tng PCU nm 2010 trong : xe con xe but xe ti xe my Tng PCU nm 2020 trong : xe con xe but xe ti xe my 5.2. Phn tch k thut d n cu Thanh tr 5.2.1. iu kin vt l khu vc nghin cu v kho st cng trnh 5.2.1.1. iu kin vt l khu vc nghin cu a hnh: a hnh ni chung thun li trong ton khu vc cng trng. t ai bng phng trong vng ng bng sng Hng vi cao nh hn 10 m. Cc khu vc tip gip ch yu trng la. a cht: a cht vng ng bng chu th sng Hng thuc dng bi tch hoc l tch thuc k Holocence hoc Pleistocence, bao gm cc loi si, ct, st, ph sa v st. Kh hu: Lng ma trung bnh hng nm H ni khong 1.700 mm, trong 80-85% trong ma ma. Nhit trung bnh hng nm 23,60C, thp nht 40C, cao nht 39,40C. m trung bnh 82%. 5.2.1.2. Kho st a hnh Kho st a hnh c thc hin theo 3 phng n tuyn, ni dung chnh l: - Kho st tim tuyn, ct dc - Kho st bnh - Kho st ct ngang - Kho st mt ct sng Bi Ngc Ton B/m D n v Qun l d n Lu lng (xe) 73.100 7.480 5.520 13.160 94.320 111.700 35.955 8.170 20.700 55.120

70

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng Da trn s liu kho st, thit k s b vi khi lng nh sau: 1. 28 t bn t l 1/2.000, th hin cc a hnh, a vt hai bn nh nh ca, ng s, ng dy in, rung la hoc knh ti tiu, ao c... 2. Ct dc tim tuyn t l ngang 1/1.000, ng t l 1/200, gm c cu Thanh tr. 3. Ct ngang cch nhau tng on 50 m dc tuyn vi t l ngang 1/1.000, ng t l 1/200. 4. V tr v cao mt t cc l khoan. 5. Bo co kho st a hnh. 5.2.1.3. Kho st thu vn

Mc ch ca kho st thu vn l nhm gii thch r c im ca dng chy ti hin trng d n v nhng nh hng tng tc gia cu v sng. Kho st tp trung xc nh mc nc cao v tc dng chytheo chu k tn sut thit k, m phng dng chy dc sng gn khu vc cu, xc nh mc nh hng ca cu i vi sng, v tnh ton kh nng xi l tr cu. Kt qu kho st cho thy: - Tc dng chy thay i t 0,8 m/s gn y sng v 1,5 m/s gn mt nc. - Mc nc l cao nht vi chu k lp li 20 nm trong thit k l 12,50 m. Mc nc l cao nht vi chu k lp li 100 nm l khong 13,90 m. 5.2.1.4. Kho st a cht v vt liu Kho st a cht v vt liu ch yu gm vic thm d hin trng, phn tch lp t yu v thit k chi tit v a cht. Kho st hin trng v th nghim trong phng th nghim do mt cng ty t vn Vit nam thc hin. Phn tch lp t yu c tin hnh tnh ton ln c kt v n nh nn t. Thit k chi tit c thc hin ch yu da trn x l trc ton din xut cho lp t yu, cc cng vic h tr cho cng tc x l trc v m bo n nh cho nn ng. Mc ch ca cng tc kho st a cht thu thp s liu cho thit k k thut v lnh vc a cht cng trnh bao gm xc nh tng chu lc cho kt cu, mng nn ng, phn tch n nh v ln ca lp t yu. ng thi cng tc kho st ny cng nhm thu thp s liu cho thit k k thut i vi vt liu p bao gm t, m vt liu, nc trn b-tng v b-tng trn sn... Phm vi kho st a cht bao gm cc cng tc sau: 1. Kho st hin trng 2. iu kin a cht lin quan n thit k mng cu 3. iu kin a cht lin quan n thit k mng nn ng 4. Vt liu 5. Phn tch lp t yu 6. Thit k chi tit

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT 5.2.2. Tiu chun thit k 5.2.2.1. Tiu chun thit k ng

71

Tiu chun thit k c quyt nh da trn nhng tiu chun ca Vit nam c tham kho tiu chun Nht bn v tiu chun AASHTO ca M. Ngoi ra tiu chun thit k cn da trn kt qu NCKT do JICA thc hin. Bng 3.17 v bng 3.18 tm tt tiu chun thit k cho ng chy sut, ng gom v ng nhnh ni r. Bng 3.17. Kt cu mt ng Vt liu ng chy sut Chiu dy kt cu (cm) ng gom F1 Lp b-tng asphalt ri mt Lp m b-tng asphalt Lp mng trn ti nha Lp mng trn cp phi cht Lp mng di hn hp Tng cng 5 5 10 15 40 75 5 5 10 15 30 65 F2 5 10 15 35 65 ng nhnh ni r Php vnCu gi 5 5 10 15 30 65 QL5 5 5 10 15 35 70 ng khc 5 10 15 35 65

V mt ng, kin ngh la chn o ng mm v: - mt ng cng rt nhy cm vi khu vc ng bng nc ng mt t mm. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy khu vc d n hu ht l mt t mm v cn c s n nh t thi cng ng. - ng trong d n ny l ng cao tc ni v ng thu ph, do i hi giao thng phi thng sut. Mt ng mm tt hn t gc ny. - mt ng mm m bo thi cng khn trng, c bit khu vc a cht khng thun li. - chi ph ban u thp. 5.2.2.2. Tiu chun thit k cu Ti trng thit k Da theo tiu chun thit k cu ca Vit nam (22TCN 018-79) v tiu chun AASHTO. Dng ti trng ca AASHTO HS 20-44 x 125% (ly bng 125%) lm ti trng thit k. Ti trng ny tng ng vi ti trng H30 ca Vit nam. Tnh khng

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

72

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

Tnh khng thng thuyn cn thit i vi cu l 10 m trn mc nc cao v phi c chiu rng 80 m. Bng 3.18. Tm tt tiu chun thit k cc loi ng d n cu Thanh tr M t n v
ng chy sut ng gom

Gi tr p dng
ng nhnh ni r ti nt giao 2ln xe, mt chiu ng nhnh ni r ti nt giao 1ln xe, mt chiu

Cp ng Tc thit k Cc yu t mt ct ngang s lng ln xe chiu rng ln xe chiu rng di phn cch chiu rng vai ng trong chiu rng vai ng ngoi dc ngang phn xe chy dc ng ngang vai ln xe m m m m % % % % m m m km/h

II-III 100 4 3,75 2,0 1,0 3,0 2,0 2,0 7,0 450 100 3.000

IV 60 2 3,5 0,5 0,5 2,0 2,0 6,0 150 (125) 500 500

40 2 3,5 1,0 1,0 2,0 2,0 10 11 50 140 600

40 1 3,5 2,5 1,0 2,0 2,0 10 11 50 140 600

siu cao ln nht dc dc thnh phn Bnh din tuyn bn knh ti thiu bn knh ng cong nh nht c chuyn tip bn knh ng cong nh nht khng c siu cao Trc dc tuyn dc dc ln nht bn knh nh nht ng cong ng li

6.000

1.500

900

900

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT lm Tm nhn dng xe ti thiu Tm nhn chy xe ti thiu Kh tnh khng chiu ng Chiu di ln gim tc Chiu di ln tng tc Chiu di vut Gc ra Gc vo m m m m m m m 3.000 160 700 4.75 1.000 75 350 4.5 900 40 4.75 130 260 1/25 1/40 900 40 4.5 90 180 60 1/25 1/40

73

5.2.3. Mt bng cc phng n tuyn 5.2.3.1. Nghin cu cc phng n tuyn Hin trng d n on pha nam ng vnh ai 3 H ni nm trong huyn Thanh tr v Gia lm, ct qua sng Hng v tr 6.5 km pha h lu cu Chng dng v 3,5 km h lu cng Ph en. im bt u ca on vnh ai 3 Php vn trn QL 1, im cui Si ng trn QL 5. Cc phng n tuyn Phng n 1 - chiu di cu ngn hn Gi s chiu di cu gii hn trong phm vi khong cch 2 b , im ct qua ngn nht c chn v pha bc so vi v tr ngh ca TEDI (di 1.860m so vi 2.340 m ca TEDI).Cng nh vy, chiu di ng ngn hn phng n 3 gn 700 m. Phng n 2 - t nh hng n dn c nht on nam ng vnh ai 3 H ni vt sng Hng ti im do TEDI xut v chy qua khu vc cha pht trin s t nh hng n nh dn v nh cao tng nht. Phng n 3 - t trng dng t nht ng vnh ai 3 ct qua sng Hng v tr TEDI ngh, s dng ton b ng hin c nn phm vi n b t ai t nht. 5.2.3.2. Nghin cu kt cu cu v cc kt cu khc Kt cu cu bc qua sng Hng gm cu chnh v cu dn. Trong cu dn gm c: cu dn 1, cu dn 2 v cu vt . Cu chnh: qua nghin cu mt s loi cu, i nghin cu tp trung vo cc phng n cu chnh nh sau: Phng n 1: cu dm hp lin tc, b-tng ng sut trc, chiu di nhp gia 130 v 150 m. Phng n 2: cu lng vm b-tng ng sut trc, chiu di nhp gia 180 m. Phng n 3: cu dy vng b-tng ng sut trc, chiu di nhp gia 260 m. Bi Ngc Ton B/m D n v Qun l d n

74

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng Cu dn: i nghin cu xem xt la chn 3 loi sau: - ko di dng kt cu cu chnh - dng tr n gin b-tng trc, dm b-tng ng sut trc ko sau c nhp 4050 m. - dng dm b-tng ng sut trc ko sau vi bn ni qua tr to thnh bn mt cu lin tc.

Cu vt : Mt bng cu vt H ni c gc xin 500 v c chiu di nhp yu cu khong 130 m theo tuyn ng. i nghin cu dng nhp 130 m vi 2 nhp bn 75 m. Cu qua pha Gia lm c chiu di khong 180 m dc theo tuyn ng, gia cao t hin trng. Nhp cu vt qua l 80 m vi 2 nhp bn 50 m. C 2 v tr ny i nghin cu xem xt dng cu dm hp b-tng ng sut trc, dng vn khun tm thi bn mt cu trong qu trnh thi cng. 5.2.4. La chn phng n tuyn ti u 5.2.4.1. Nguyn tc chung To nn s nht qun gia cc c quan Nh nc v phng hng pht trin ng vnh ai 3 pha nam H ni. Xc nh tuyn ti u l rt cn thit trc khi thit k s b. so snh cc phng n tuyn cn xt n cc ch tiu sau: - kh nng t ai - tc ng n mi trng - x hi - kinh t xy dng - li ch cho ngi s dng - hnh thi dc b sng 5.2.4.2. nh gi cc phng n tuyn Bng 3.19. So snh cc phng n tuyn d n cu Thanh tr Ch tiu Phng n 1 Phng n 2 Cc ch s chnh
chiu di ng chiu di cu ch s chi ph XD 11,6 km 1.860 m 0,95 12,05 km 2.340 m 1,01 12,30 2.340 m 1,00

Phng n 3

n b t ai
din tch t yu cu s nh b nh hng c dn b nh hng 68,3 ha 315 1.400 70,7 ha 225 1.000 61,7 ha 422 1.900

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT nh gi Mi trng x hi

t ai cn thit Cn n b 3,6 ha t c ngi dc theo QL 1, QL 5 v 2 b , c nh hng n 1 xng gm, nh kho Nam du h. Khng c khu vc no b nh hng mi trng cn bo v, v ng qua khu t trng nh ao h, t trng trt, vng cha pht trin. ng i qua cnh ngha trang Php vn v Yn duyn - Thanh tr cn di di mt s x nu cn thit. Phi di di mt s m m Th khi - Gia lm. Cn n b 3,0 ha t c ngi dc QL1 v QL 5, mt kho xi-mng ca nh my Chinfon Lnh nam s b nh hng mi trng cn bo v. ng s i trnh bn cnh ngha trang lit s x Lnh nam trong trng hp gii hn ng yu cu l 50 m. ng i qua cnh ngha trang Php vn v Yn duyn - Thanh tr cn di di mt s x nu cn thit. 155 trong s 255 nh b nh hng v phi di chuyn mt s m m.

75

Tc ng mi trng x hi

Cn n b 9,6 ha t dc QL 1, QL 5 v 4 km dc ng hin c ti Yn s v Thanh tr. Tuy vy, do khng gian 2 bn ng rng nn d dng ti nh c. nh hng 1 kho ximng Chinfon ti Lnh nam. on ng cn li qua khu trng nh ao, h, khu cha pht trin ng i qua khu nh dy c ca Yn s v n cha thuc x Trn ph, Thanh tr, mt s bin php cn thc hin vi cc x lin quan. 162 trong s 422 nh b nh hng, phi di di i ni khc.

Kh thi k thut
Kinh t xy dng Chiu di ng ngn nht, chiu di cu cng ngn hn. ng qua vng cha nc, ao h, phi x l nn t yu khi cn thit. Chi ph xy dng thp nhng chi ph sa cha cao, thi gian thi cng cng di hn. S tuyn ngn hn nn tit kim thi gian v chi ph chy xe Mt ct sng c kho st gm cc khu khng c dn c. Xi mn lng sng mnh hn. Tuyn ng cn kt hp vi k hoch giao thng ch o ca H ni tm cch ct qua Yn s ph hp vi quy hoch Thanh tr. Chi ph xy dng thp, li ch cho ngi s dng cao. Nhng c nhc im v s n nh hnh thi lng sng, khng gy nh hng nhiu v mi trng, x hi. Phi di chuyn mt s m m, nh ca. Tuyn ng i qua mt s vng cha nc, ao h, phi x l nn t yu khi cn thit. Chi ph xy dng v sa cha cao. Mc d tuyn ng l di nht, cu cng di hn PA 1 nhng chiu di qua khu cha nc, ao h ngn hn. Chi ph sa cha v thi gian xy dng d tnh t hn.

Li ch ngi s dng ng

Hnh thi hc dng sng Quan h quy hoch

Bn knh ng cong nm nh hn 500 m nn t l tai nn giao thng cao, cn c bin php trnh s ln xn trong khu vc c ngi . Kho st mt ct sng bit chc mc xi mn cn bng 2 b v lng sng. Tuyn ng cn kt hp vi k hoch giao thng ch o ca H ni tm cch ct qua Yn s ph hp vi quy hoch Thanh tr. Tt v mt mi trng, x hi, c bit t nh hng n con ngi. Tuy vy, km v bnh , kinh t xy dng v s vng chc ca quy hoch.

Chiu di tuyn di hn nn thi gian giao thng v chi ph chy xe cao. Kho st mt ct sng bit chc mc xi mn cn bng 2 b v lng sng. Phng n ny trng vi ng quy hoch thnh ph trong k hoch ch o ca H ni. S ngi chu nh hng c v nhiu hn nhng ch yu dc ng hin c Yn s, d dng ti nh c QL5 m rng. Hnh thi dng sng n nh, kinh t xy dng v quy hoch n nh.

nh gi ton din

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

76

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng Kt lun: La chn phng n 3 5.2.4.3. M t tuyn ng cao tc trn c s tuyn chn

Tuyn bt u nt giao cng mc ca QL 1 v ng 2 ln c l con ng ni lin pha ty (ng Thanh tr) vi QL 1. Tuyn chy dc theo con ng c to thnh mt mng li ng chnh ng Ty Thanh tr v khu vc pha nam H ni. Nhng c im c s h tng ch yu dc theo con ng ny l trm bm nc ngm, mt cu st di 23 m v 2 ng dy ti in cao p. Hin nay c rt nhiu nh ca ang xy dng dc theo tuyn ng c nn cn phi hiu rng mc d gim bt din tch thu hi t th tuyn ng ny vn c th gy nh hng i vi dn c trong vng. Tuy nhin c th di chuyn nhng ngi nh chu nh hng nm st nhng ng gom d kin ti a im khc. Lng S thng ti l trnh km3 + 800 nm nt giao ct vi ng Bc Nam Yn s Mai ng ct qua cc khu dn c ni c rt nhiu nh , trng hc trong khu vc dn c ln cn nt giao ct. Trc khi ni vi pha ty, ng Nam vnh ai 3 c quy hoch i tch khi ng c ct qua cc khu dn c ni c c nh th v cng vin. ng nam vnh ai 3 H ni sau chy v hng bc dc theo bn ra cc khu dn c v i vo khu vc nh kho xi-mng ca nh my Chinfon m bo c khong cch cn thit cho Cha Thanh tr, khu dn c mi pht trin v trng hc ti l trnh km 5 + 800. ng nam vnh ai 3 ct vo khu vc dn c ng c pha Nam D Hi m bo c khong cch cn thit cho d n mi trng v cp nc H ni - giai on 1 (1997 1999) do WB ti tr, nh my ho cht Ba Nht v ngha trang lit s lng Lnh nam ti l trnh km 6 + 800. Mt cu cn cng c thit k gim thiu nh hng n khu vc ny. ng nam vnh ai 3 d kin vt qua sng Hng ti im trn tuyn ca TEDI. Tuy nhin, tuyn s i v hng bc khong 150 m t im hiao ct ban u vi pha ng trnh di tch lch s v m m trn cnh ng huyn Gia lm. Sau tuyn chy song song vi ng c. Tuyn kt thc ti im giao ct thit k trn QL 5, ni on pha nam ca QL 1 mi do Ngn hng pht trin Chu ti tr ang c thc hin. Tng chiu di trn ng gia Php vn trn QL 1 v Si ng trn QL 5 khong 12,2 km v khong gia cc khong 2.400m. 5.2.4.4. V tr trm thu ph cu ng D kin t trm thu ph kiu Barie trn ng nam vnh ai 3 H ni thu ph ngi s dng on ng ny. V tr trm thu ph d kin t trong khong cch gia ng Gia lm v nt giao QL 5. Trm thu ph di gn 200 m s c xy dng trc ng quy hoch th v xe ti hng nng khi xung dc cn gim tc dn dn ri dng li theo hng. Nh vy, trm thu ph phi l trnh km 11+100. Tuy nhin xe c s dng nt giao thng ti cc v tr c th khng i qua trm thu ph ny. V vy, c xut 1 trm thu ph ph trn li ln xung ca nhng con ng ny.

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT 5.2.5. Nghin cu v la chn phng n cu 5.2.5.1. Cc phng n cho cu chnh Phng n 1: Cu dm hp lin tc BTST vi cc nhp: 80 m + 4 x 130 m + 80 m = 680 m

77

Theo cc h s qui nh cng cao, tr kt hp bn mt cu c dng pha H ni v Gia lm. Cc lng st trong mng cc c c thit k khc nhau (nh cc ng thp, cc ng b-tng ti ch). Qua so snh, chn loi cc ng b-tng ti ch ng knh 2.000 mm. Phng n 2: Cu lng vm BTST (PC Extradose Bridge) Tng chiu di nhp ln 180 m, cn thit dm hp b-tng cao 10,5 m ti cc tr cu. Chiu cao ny c th kh thi cng ti Vit nam nn i nghin cu ngh dng dm hp btng lai ghp. Loi cu ny kt hp vi cp neo cao thp tng cng chu lc ca on dm trn tr cu. B tr cc nhp l: 100 m + 3 x 180 m + 100 m = 740 m vi thp cao 20,0 m pha trn mt cu. Phng n 3: Cu dy vng BTST i nghin cu la chn b tr nhp kinh t nht: 130 m + 260 m + 130 m = 520 m Chiu cao thp cu khong 95 m trn mc nc bin, trong gii hn cho php bi Cc Hng khng Vit nam. 5.2.5.2. Xc nh loi cu cho cu dn v cu qua Cu dn 1 (cu gia nhp sng chnh v cu qua ): Cu dm hp lin tc BTST nhp cu 50 m. Hnh dng cc tr cu tng t cu chnh, do pha H ni v Gia lm khc nhau. Dng mng cc b-tng ti ch ng knh 1.500 mm. Cu dn 2 (cu gia cu qua v m): Dng dm b-tng c sn, tr n gin hoc lin tc theo iu kin ti trng ng vi chiu di nhp l 30 m. Tr cu c hnh ct thon. Cu qua : B tr nhp cu qua nh sau: - Pha H ni: 75 m + 130 m + 75 m = 280 m - Pha Gia lm: 50 m + 80 m + 50 m = 180 m Tuy vy, nghin cu k hn s theo kho st a hnh trong thit k k thut chi tit. Tr, mng cu tng t nh cu dn.

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

78

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng 5.2.5.3. nh gi, la chn phng n cu V cu chnh: Phng n 2 b loi b theo quyt nh ca Ban ch o Nh nc.

Cn 2 phng n, i nghin cu dng mt s phng php, trong c phng php theo tiu chun Nht bn, phng php t s... Nghin cu cc loi cu trn c thc hin trn c s phn tch kinh t y . Kt qu nghin cu th hin trong bng 3.20. Bng 3.20. Tm tt phn tch kinh t cc phng n cu .v: triu VN Hng mc 1. Chi ph xy dng ng v nt giao khc mc 2. Chi ph xy dng cu Thanh tr 3. n b t ai v ti nh c 4. Thit k v gim st Tng chi ph ti chnh Tng chi ph kinh t T l ni hon kinh t EIRR T s thu chi B/C (sut chit khu i = 12%) PA 1 - dm hp 1.390.860 2.660.900 129.654 283.623 4.465.037 3.984.452 12,55% 1,06 PA 3 - dy vng 1.390.860 3.251.600 129.654 324.972 5.097.086 4.546.512 11,34% 0,93

V cu dn: Cu dn 1: dm hp lin tc BTST, nhp 56 m. Cu dn 2: dm ch I gin n BTST, nhp 30m, mng: cc b-tng c ti ch, ng knh 1.500 mm. Cu qua : dm hp lin tc BTST, nhp nh trn (mc 5.2.5.2), mng: cc b-tng c ti ch, ng knh 1.500 mm. 5.2.6. Thit k s b ng Thit k s b ng gm nhng phn chnh sau: 1. Yu cu chung cho thit k 2. Thit k mt ct ngang 3. Thit k nt giao khc mc 4. Tm tt thit k hnh hc 5. Thit k mt ng - tiu chun thit k theo AASHTO (1972 v 1986):

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT - loi mt ng: mt ng mm - tui th thit k: 10 nm - h s tn tht tnh nng phc v: 2,5 - cng nn: CBR = 6 Kt cu cc lp mt ng (bng 3.17). 5.2.7. Thit k s b cu

79

Bng 3.21. Cu to hnh hc chung cu Thanh tr Loi cu Cu chnh Cu dn 1: - pha Thanh tr - pha Gia lm Cu qua : - pha Thanh tr - pha gia lm Cu dn 2: - pha Thanh tr - pha Gia lm dm ch I, BTST dm ch I, BTST 270 300 dm hp lin tc BTST dm hp lin tc BTST 75 + 130 + 75 = 280 50 + 80 + 50 = 180 dm hp lin tc BTST dm hp lin tc BTST 620 780 Kt cu dm hp lin tc BTST B tr nhp/chiu di(m) 80 + 4 x 130 + 80 = 680

Th t hnh hc cc phn cu theo hng t Thanh tr sang Gia lm: Thanh tr - cu dn 2 - cu qua - cu dn 1 - cu chnh - cu dn 2 - cu qua - cu dn 1 - Gia lm. 5.2.8. K hoch thi cng Gm cc mc: 1. Cc gi thi cng v phm vi 2. Vn chuyn vt liu xy dng 3. Ngun vt liu 4. Phng php thi cng 5. Tin thi cng V k hoch thc hin d n: La chn nh thu: Vic la chn nh thu cho d n c quyt nh vi s t vn ca OECF, thng qua u thu cnh tranh quc t c s s tuyn thu ph hp vi hng dn ca OECF cho vn vay OECF. Dch v t vn cho d n:

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n

80

Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

Vic la chn v thu t vn cho cc dch v t vn k thut (thit k chi tit v gim st thi cng) phi c tin hnh theo phng php danh sch ngn, ph hp vi hng dn ca OECF v vic thu t vn ca bn vay OECF. V ngn qu dnh cho d n: Bt k khon no khng c ti tr bng vn vay OECF u phi do Chnh ph trang tri. Tin thc hin: Ton b qu trnh thi cng c chia thnh 4 gi thu. c c tin u t ti u, vic thi cng tt c cc gi thu s hon thnh cng lc vo thng th 48. - Gi 1 - cu Thanh tr, tng thi gian thi cng 48 thng, gm 7 phn: + cu dn 2 (pha Thanh tr) + cu qua (pha Thanh tr) + cu dn 1 (pha thanh tr) + cu chnh + cu dn 1 (pha Gia lm) + cu qua (pha Gia lm) + cu dn 2 (pha Gia lm) gm: + ng chy sut 4 ln xe, ng gom v ng dnh cho xe th s, ngi i b + mt nt giao bn hoa th ni on tuyn pha nam vnh ai 3 H ni vi QL 5 v cu vt + mt nt giao hnh bn thoi ni cu Thanh tr v ng Gia lm + 3 cu cho ng chy sut v 2 cu trn nhnh ni r ti nt giao (cu cong) vi loi cu dm b-tng d ng lc. Trong cc cu chnh l: + cu vt QL 5 + cu cong ti nt giao QL 5 + cu vt ng Gia lm + cu vt knh Cu by 30 thng 14 thng 08 thng 20 thng 19 thng 31 thng 33 thng 46 thng 36 thng 31 thng 17 thng

- Gi 2 - phn pha Gia lm, tng thi gian cn thit 42 thng, tng chiu di 3,5 km,

- Gi 3 - phn pha Thanh tr, tng thi gian thi cng cn thit 42 thng, tng chiu di 6,2 km, gm: + ng chy sut 4 ln xe, ng gom v ng dnh cho xe th s, ngi i b + mt nt giao hnh kn trumpet n ni on tuyn pha nam vnh ai 3 H ni vi QL 1, k c cu cn + mt nt giao hnh thoi hon chnh ni cu Thanh tr v ng Thanh tr

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Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT

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+ mt nt giao hnh bn thoi ni on tuyn pha nam vnh ai 3 h ni v ng Nguyn Tam Trinh + mt trm thu ph loi barie + 4 cu cho ng chy sut v 3 cu trn nhnh ni r ti nt giao vi loi dm b-tng d ng lc. Trong cc cu chnh l: + cu cn Php vn + cu cong ti nt giao Php vn - Cu gi + cu vt sng Kim ngu + cu Nguyn Tam Trinh + cu Lnh nam 26 thng 20 thng 12 thng 09 thng 09 thng

- Gi 4 - xy dng khu ti nh c; tng thi gian thi cng cn thit xy dng c s h tng khu ti nh c khong 18 thng, gm: + ng dn v ng ni b + h thng cung cp v thot nc + khu dnh cho hot ng cng cng v cng vin 5.2.9. Qun l v khai thc cng trnh 5.2.9.1. H thng duy tu sa cha ng t c yu cu qun l, sa cha ng, ton b h thng duy tu sa cha ng phi hot ng c nguyn tc v theo mt cch thc hon chnh. Cc t chc qun l c thnh lp phi bao gm cc thnh phn cng vic yu cu v c nng lc cn thit. Cng tc duy tu sa cha ng bao gm cc cng vic khc nhau lin quan n kim tra, duy tu, sa cha. Nhng cng tc ny cn thc hin nhanh m bo giao thng lin tc. 5.2.9.2. H thng hot ng duy tu sa cha thc hin cc hot ng duy tu, sa cha, cn quy nh cc vn sau: - H thng thng tin, lin lc (ch dn, ph trch, nhim v, ra quyt nh v hp tc) gia vn phng ch huy Khu ng b, Phn khu sa cha ng b. - Tng cng hot ng v trch nhim gia Khu ng b vi Phn khu ng b. Cn khuyn khch nh thu thc hin sa cha ng b: - Hot ng sa cha da trn k hoch hng nm, hng thng. - Ch r cc ch tiu cng vic duy tu v sa cha. - Xy dng mt h thng hp ng kim tra v nghim thu cng tc duy tu sa cha ng. - Hng dn trc cc nh thu cc quy nh cho cng tc duy tu sa cha ng. 5.2.9.3. H thng qun l v c s d liu

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng

H thng qun l v c s d liu l khng th thiu trong cng tc duy tu sa cha ng. Mt trong nhng hot ng quan trng nht l thu thp cc s liu cn thit, c bit l cc bn v thi cng v cc vn bn nh bo co thit k, tiu chun k thut, ghi chp thi cng v lch s sa cha. 5.2.9.4. Hot ng v nhim v duy tu sa cha ng Cc hot ng v nhim v duy tu sa cha ng th hin trn hnh 3.2. Thanh tra
Thanh tra thng xuyn, nh k v c bit

Dn sch mt ng, hm, tng, thot nc v cc thit b trn ng Kim tra cy c - ct c - trng cy

Sa cha an ton giao thng - lan can - bin bo chiu sng v thit b qun l

Duy tu Duy tu sa cha ng

Sa cha mt ng: v g, trng mt, x l mt, vt ln, nt gy Sa cha nh cu: b va, lan can, sn

Sa cha nh kt cu khc: cng, kt cu thot nc Cc vic khc, sa cha nh ngn nga tai ho v phc hi Sa cha mt ng, p ph v thay th

Sa cha

S cha cu: bn, dm, khe ni, gi, tr, m

Sa cha cc kt cu khc: cng, thot nc

Nga tai ho v phc hi bo v ta luy - tng chn - mt ng, cu

Hnh 3.2. Hot ng v nhim v duy tu sa cha ng

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Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT 5.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng d n cu Thanh tr 5.3.1. Phm vi, mc ch v ni dung nghin cu Cng tc nghin cu tc ng mi trng bao gm:

83

- nh gi s b v mi trng IEE, c thc hin theo 3 phng n tuyn, nhm mc ch xc nh cc yu t mi trng trong cc phng n . - nh gi tc ng mi trng EIA: c thc hin dc tuyn ng la chn. Phm vi kho st mi trng trn mt di rng 200 m (tc l rng 100 m mi pha, tnh t tim tuyn). Mc ch ca nh gi tc ng mi trng EIA l d on tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng v xem xt mc gim nh cc tc ng nghim trng c th xy ra. Ni dung nghin cu: - Nu r cc iu kin mi trng hin ti ca khu vc nghin cu; - Phn tch v d bo cc hng mc gy tc hi cho mi trng trong giai on xy dng v s dng cng trnh; - Lp k hoch qun l tc ng mi trng cho d n bao gm cc bin php gim thiu ting n v k hoch theo di kim tra tc ng mi trng; - Lp k hoch ti nh c. 5.3.2. Phng php nghin cu Xem xt mi trng ban u IEE c thc hin trn c s thu thp cc s liu thng tin t cc c quan lin quan v iu tra hin trng. M rng hn, da trn cc kt qu ca IEE v cc thng tin hu ch khc, iu kin mi trng hin c trn tuyn c chn v trn vng ln cn, thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng EIA theo cc giai on thi cng v sa cha. Cui cng, da trn cc phn tch ra bin php gim nh cc tc ng nghim trng c th xy ra. Nghin cu bao gm c d tnh chi ph thc hin cc bin php . 5.3.3. nh gi mi trng Da trn kt qu ca IEE v phn tch EIA, nh gi mi trng trong giai on xy dng, hot ng v duy tu sa cha theo tuyn ng c chn th hin trong bng 3.22. 5.3.4. Cc bin php gim nh tc ng bt li ti mi trng Thit k k thut v phng php thi cng s xem xt c cc bin php gim nh tc ng bt li ti mi trng. Cc bin php l: 5.3.4.1. Giai on thi cng - kim tra nhim cc cht c, a-xit hoc cc cht kim; - kim tra cht lng nc dng trc khi thi cng; - hn ch xi mn v lng ng bng cch trng li cy c trn vng t b xo trn; - hn ch nhim kh quyn bng trng nha mt ng; - o kim tra cht lng khng kh do xe thi cng gy ra; - hn ch ting n v chn ng, c bit nh my trn b-tng; Bi Ngc Ton B/m D n v Qun l d n

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng - qun l vic mua/loi b vt liu xy dng nh cc cc mng cu; - qun l cc cng trnh tm; - ch dn cng nhn hiu bit cc c im vn ho quan trng. 5.3.4.2. Giai on hot ng, duy tu sa cha - hn ch xi mn bng trng cy c ven b sng; - kim tra nhim nc do nc bn ra sng; - o kim tra cht lng khng kh do lu lng giao thng tng ln; - o kim tra ting n giao thng; - xem xt lp ro chn ting n dc Trng tiu hc Trn Ph. Bng 3.22. Tm tt nh gi mi trng d n cu Thanh tr

t/t

Danh mc mi trng Ti nh c Hot ng kinh t Phng tin giao thng / cng cng Lng x ri rc c tnh vn ho Quyn cng cng iu kin sc kho cng cng Rc bn Tai nn (s nguy him)

nh gi

Tc ng v nguyn nhn

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Mi trng - X hi BLL (C) Khong 100 nh v 12 ha t nng nghip phi ph b. BLN (C) Mt mt s rung la v ao c mt vi on. Tuy TN (O) vy hot ng kinh t s c tng cng do c d n. Tuyn ng ti u c thit k qua rt gn mt s cng trnh cng cng nh trng tiu hc. Tuyn ng ti u c quy hoch trnh khu mt dn c cao. Tuyn ng ti u bo m khong cch cn thit ti cc cng trnh vn ho. Khng c quy tc Nh nc cho ni nui c. Khng c hu qu v sc kho cho d n. BLN (C) Qun l rc bn trong giai on xy dng s c xem xt. Tai nn, nguy him tng ln khi c d n.

10 a hnh, a cht 11 Xi mn t 12 Nc ngm 13 Tnh trng thu vn 14 Vng ven bin 15 H ng vt v thc vt 16 Kh hu

Mi trng t nhin Phm vi d n khng ln, khng gy ra s thay i ng k v a hnh, a cht. BLN (O) Cn c bin php gim nh xi mn nh trn khu t cao do ma, sau khi cy trng b ph b. Khng c s thay i phn b nc ngm. Khng c s thay i lu lng v dng chy ca sng. D n khng c vng ven bin. Khng c hoc c t ging loi trong khu vc d n v tc ng n h sinh thi rt t. Khng c s nh hng n kh hu. -

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Chng 3. Phng php xy dng cc ni dung ca d n XDGT 17 Phong cnh BLN (C) TN (O)

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18 nhim kh quyn 19 nhim nc 20 nhim t ai 21 Ting n v chn ng 22 Ln st t ai 23 S lan to cc mi Ghi ch:

Mc du m quan phong cnh c th b nh hng khi xy dng, nh rc bn, nhng thit k cu xt n s hi ho vi phong cnh t nhin. nhim mi trng BLN (C) Do lu lng giao thng tng ln c th gy tng nh BLN (O) nhim kh quyn. Cn c bin php gim nh. BLN (C) nhim c th tng nh khi thi cng, ch yu do nc bn. Cn c bin php gim nh. Phng php thi cng cn xt n bin php chng nhim t ai. nh hng ny s rt nh. BLN (C) V mt vi on ng c thit k gn khu nh BLN (O) nn c nh hng nh v ting n, chn ng. Cn c bin php gim nh. Phng php thi cng cn c bin php chng st l t ai. Tc ng ny s rt nh. C rt t yu t gy lan to cc mi bi d n.

TL: chu tc ng ln; TN: chu tc ng nh; BLL: tc ng bt li ln; BLN: tc ng bt li nh; (C): trong giai on thi cng; (O): trong giai on hot ng, duy tu sa cha.

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Mn hc: Lp v phn tch d n u t xy dng giao thng Cu hi n tp 1. Ngi ta da vo nhng cn c no chng minh s cn thit phi u t xy dng mt cng trnh giao thng? Trnh by s cn thit phi xy dng cu Thanh tr? 2. iu tra giao thng l lm g, nhm mc ch g? 3. Hiu th no l lng giao thng v thnh phn giao thng? V d? 4. Trnh by ni dung phng php iu tra kinh t. Ti sao iu tra kinh t li c th gip vch hng tuyn? 5. Trnh by cc phng php m xe v phm vi p dng. 6. Hiu th no l lng giao thng tng bnh thng, lng giao thng hp dn v lng giao thng pht sinh? 7. Trnh by cc phng php d bo lng giao thng? 8. Trnh by khi nim mi trng, k tn cc yu t mi trng m mt d n xy dng giao thng c th nh hng. 9. Hiu th no l phn tch tc ng mi trng? Cc giai on phn tch tc ng mi trng quan h nh th no vi cc giai on lp d n? Da n cu Thanh tr nh hng nh th no ti mi trng? 10. Trnh by ni dung ca giai on sng lc v mi trng? Cc giai on nh gi s b v nh gi chi tit c khc bit g so vi sng lc v mi trng?

Bi Ngc Ton

B/m D n v Qun l d n