Display 1. What are flight instruments?

Flight instruments are the instruments in the cockpit of an aircraft that provide the pilot with information about the flight situation of that aircraft, such as altitude, speed and direction. Altimeter, Attitude Indicator, Airspeed Indicator, Magnetic compass, heading indicator,vertical speed indicator, course deviation indicator, radio magnetic indicator. 2. Name the power plant instruments. Aircraft power-plant instruments include tachometers, engine thermometers,pressure gages, fuel-quantity gages, fuel flow meters and indicators, and manifold pressure gage. 3. Name the instrument panels that are normally available in a typical airline (e.g. 737). On what panel the flight instruments and power plant instruments are located? Briefly provide the reasons. Display Control Panel, Primary Flight Display (PFD), Navigation Display (ND), Flight Data Recorder (FDR), Electronic Flight Bag (EFB), Flight Management System (FMS), Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS), Mode Control Panel (MCP), Back-up instruments. Flight instrument at PFD, power plant instrument at

4. Name the flight instruments that comprise the basic 6 layout and state their respective positions.

5. Name the flight instruments that comparise the basic T layout and state their respective positions. Does this lay-out also apply to electronic displays?

Yes. The lay-out is also apply to electronic displays.

FLIGHTNSRUME

6. What are the differences between the basic VerticalSpd 6 and the basic T layout.
GyroInstumeTurn-adBk GyroHiznADIE DirectonIdaHSE MagneticHdRMI Refrnc BASIC6TGLASCOKPIT
+Stand-loeisrum+AnaloguesytmDi
(Stand-loesym)Fuigr multipexdabsy)

AirDatAirsped Instrume Altimer

+DirectnsumdplayEMICo (remotlydispafh)display

7. What is the glass cockpit? A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic (digital) instrument displays rather than mechanical gauges (analog).

8. What are the differences between the glass cockpit and the basic T layout?
FLIGHT INSTRU MENTS
Air Data Instrument Airspeed Altimeter Vertical Speed Gyro Instrument Turn-and-Bank Gyro Horizon Direction Indicator Magnetic Heading Reference

ADI HSI RMI BASIC T
+ Analogue system
(Stand-alone systems)

EADI EHSI RMI GLASS COCKPIT
+ Digital system
(Fully integrated digital multiplex data bus system)

BASIC 6
+ Stand-alone instruments

+ Direct instrument display

+ EM Instrument Display

+ Computer monitor

9. What do you understand by the term head-up display? With the aid of a diagram describe how the required basic flight data are displayed.

10. Name other types of the flight instrument displays and briefly state what they are.

Chapter 2 Air Data Instrument & Air Data Computer 1. What are the principal components and instrument which comprise a basic air data system? Pitot-static probe (airspeed indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator), pipelines, and drains interconnected to each other. 2. What techniques are used to measure airspeed, altitude and vertical speed? Airspeed- measure speed in terms of the difference between the pitot and static pressures detected by either (i) a combined pitot static probes or (ii) a pitot probe and static vents. Altitude- operate based on aneroid barometer principle with appropriate calibration law of which the altimeter respond to changes in atmospheric pressure, and these changes are indicated in terms of equivalent altitude values. Vertical airspeed indicator- indicates the rate of altitude change from variations in static-pressure alone. A time factor is introduced as a pressure function since vertical speed is determine by the rate at which static pressure change. A special air meter unit is incorporated in the sensing system to create a lag in static pressure across the system, in order to establish the required pressure differences. 3. Name and explain what are the pressures that measured by the pitot static probe and derive P=1/2 * (density) * (Velocity x Velocity) Pitot pressure- additional pressure produced on the surface when a flowing fluid is brought to rest at stagnation point at the surface. 1/2 * (density) * (Velocity x Velocity) is the dynamics pressure additional to the static pressure in the region of the fluid flow. Upon reach stagnation point, fluid with velocity V is brought to rest. Kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy.

Work done in raise an equal volume above the level of steam = kinetic energy of the fluid before it brought to rest. Prove :

4. What are the errors associated with airspeed terminologies: IAS, CAS, EAS, TAS ? IAS (indicated airspeed)- reading of airspeed indicator corrected only for instrument error (difference between the true and indicated value) Computed airspeed- indicated airspeed with correction of PE applied to an airspeed sensing module via an electrical correction network. CAS (calibrated airspeed)- the computed airspeed compensated for the non-linear, square-raw, response of the airspeed sensing module associated with air data computer systems. EAS (equivalent airspeed)- airspeed calculated from the measured pressure difference when using the constant sea-level value of density. TAS (true airspeed)- EAS compensated for changes in temperature and density of various flight level. 5. Define the term Mach number and explain how it is indicated by measurement in terms of the ratio (Pt Ps) / Ps? Mach number is the ratio of an aircraft speed, V to the speed of sound, C that can be computed from the pressure measurement and is indicated in the Machmeter. Machmeter utilized 2 variables to compute the ratio for the Mach number: A) airspeed- which measured in terms of pressure difference Pt Ps by

airspeed indicator. Airspeed cannot be measured but is governed by static pressure condition, altimeter is used to measure Ps and feed it into the indicating system. B) altitude- measured by means of an aneroid capsule sensitive to Ps.

Deflection of the capsule of both mechanisms is transmitted to the indicator pointer by rocking the shafts and levers. 6. What is the difference between pressure altitude and indicated altitude?

Pressure altitude- the value indicated by the altimeters under International Standard Atmosphere condition which is based on the basic of the calibration of air data instruments with regard to its ISA and assumed values.

Indicated altitude- the error value read by the altimeters under non-standard condition due to the constant changing of atmosphere pressure and temperature.

7. Explain why ADC systems are used in aircraft. The ADC circuit is integrated with their principal data modules that automatically applied the correction for PE, barometric pressure changes, compressibility effect and provision can be made for the calculation of true airspeed (TAS) from the air temperature data inputs. 8. What are TAT, SAT, RAM RISE and RECOVERY FACTOR? SAT (static air temperature)- the ideal temperature of air under pure static condition at flight levels, compatible with the operating range of any particular type of aircraft concerned. TAT (total air temperature)- the possible maximum temperature rise that can be derived when air is brought to rest without further addition or removal of heat. RAM RISE- the value of temperature rise higher than the SAT due to the result of changes in boundary layer behavior and the effects of friction. RECOVERY FACTOR- the sensitivity of the sensor that expressed in terms of percentage. Chapter 4 Gyroscopic Flight Instrument 1. What are the properties of gyroscope that are being applied in the flight instruments? i. Rigidity- the property which resists any force tending to change the plane of rotor rotation depends on: speed of rotation, mass of rotor, distance at which mass acts from the centre. ii. Precession- angular change in direction of the plane of rotation under the influence of an applied force. Rate of precession depend on: strength & direction of applied force, moment of inertia of rotor, and angular velocity of rotor.

2. How the gyroscope is used to indicate pitch and roll attitudes in the gyro horizon? By its displacement with respect to each appropriates gyroscope of which each has three degrees of freedom and consequently three mutual axes facing to each other. 3. How are the spin axes of gyroscope arranged for the detection of pitch and roll attitude changes and for establishing directional reference. Explain in detail. The spin axes of gyroscope are arranged both in horizontal and vertical manner so that it can utilize their rigidity property that provides a stabilized references unaffected by movement of the supporting body, and precession property which controls the effects of apparent and real drift, thus maintaining the stabilized gyroscope. 4. What are real drift and apparent drift? A) Apparent drift- The corrected drift of gyroscope with respect to

earth`s rotation where the attitudes of the gyroscope in the aircraft is being referenced with respect to the earth`s surface. B) Real drift- Result from the bearing friction and gimbal system

unbalanced of which these imperfections causes unwanted precession. 5. What is transport wonder? Transport wonder is the apparent tilt of the gyroscope of which its spin axis has tilted in a vertical plane during the transport period when its input axis is aligned with the local vertical component of earth`s angular velocity. 6. What do you understand by the terms gimbal lock and gimbal error? A) Gimbal Lock- The loss of the stable roll attitude reference which causes

the gimbal system to precess or topple as the gyroscope were to be turned when it is in the lock condition. This happen when the spin axis in the gimbal orientation becomes coincident with one or other axes of freedom that serves as the attitude displacement references.

 B)

Gimbal Error- Error due to gimbal system orientation where the gimbal

rings are not mutually at right angles to each other when the gyroscope is displaced from one point to the other point. 7. Describe how the rate gyroscope principle is applied to indicate the rate at which an aircraft turns. Gimbal ring has a calibrated spring connected between the gimbal ring and the casing to restrain movement about the longitudinal axis YY1. In normal operating position, the rotor spin axis which due to the spring restraint will always be horizontal and the turn pointer will be at zero datum mark. When the rotor spinning, its rigidity will increased further ensuring that equilibrium is maintained. As the indicator were to turn in F direction about a vertical input axis, the rigidity of the rotor will resist the turning movement since it detects an equivalent force being applied to its rim at point F. The gimbal ring and rotor will be tilted about the longitudinal axis as a result of precession at point p. The gimbal ring stretches the calibrated spring as it tilts until the force it exerts prevents further deflection of the gimbal ring. The spring force is a measure of the rate of turn since: Precession = constant * angular momentum * rate of turn The measure of turn rate, can thus be taken from the measurement of actual movement of the gimbal ring from the zero position. 8. What are the types of gyroscopes used in flight instrument? (Answer: NOT COMPLETE) Motor-driven gyroscope of electric type. Gyroscope that is either vacuum or pressure of pneumatic type. 9. What are the advantages of rate gyros compared to displacement gyros? Require no erecting device or correction for random precession.

 The turn pointer will respond to a faster rate of turn changes, at the same times respond to a definite turn rate instantly since a system for damping out the oscillation is incorporated in the gyro. Not necessary to rotate at high speed because the rotor is always at centre, maintained in constant stable horizontal axis that control by both of the restraint springs. 10. What are the parameters being presented by the following flight instruments and what type of gyroscopes are used: i. ii. iii. Artificial Horizon Turn and Slip Indicator Director Indicator