Science Form 3 Chapter 1

RESPIRATION

1. The heart has 4 chambers:

i. ii. iii. iv. Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle

2. When the 2 atria contract, the 2 ventricles relax, and vice versa. 3. The left ventricle is the largest chamber and has the thickest wall. This is because it has to pump blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

4. The left side of the heart contain oxygenated blood. 5. The right side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood. 6. 2 blood vessels (arteries) transport blood away from the heart. (a) The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lung (b) The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood.

7. Two blood vessels (veins) transport blood towards the heart

(a) The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium (b) The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lung back to the left ventricle. These are the only veins which carry oxygenated blood.

8. The heart has valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards (a) The bicuspid valve: directs blood from left atrium to left ventricle (b) The tricuspid valve: directs blood from right atrium to right ventricle (c) The semilunar valve: situated at the beginning of pulmonary artery, prevents blood from flowing backwards into the heart.

B. Types of Blood Vessels

1. 3 main types:
i. Arteries ii. Veins iii. Capillaries

2. The characteristics, properties & function of arteries, veins, and capillaries

Property Function Type of blood carried Artery Carries blood away from the heart Oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries Blood under high pressure Fast Small Vein Capillary Carries blood towards the Joins an artery to a heart vein Deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary veins Blood under low pressure Slow Large Brings oxygenated blood to the cells and deoxygenated blood from the cell Blood under very low pressure Very slow Very small

Blood pressure Blood flowing rate Lumen

2. The characteristics, properties & function of arteries, veins, and capillaries

Property Structure of the wall Valves Artery Muscular & elastic Has no valves Vein Less muscular & less elastic Has valves Capillary One cell thick Has no valves

Pulse
Drawing

Has pulse

Has no pulse

Has no pulse

C. Blood Circulation in the Body

2 parts: 1. Pulmonary (lung) circulation: from heart to lung back to heart 2. Systemic circulation: from heart to all parts of body except lungs

D. Human Blood
Platelets

Human Blood

Blood cells (45% by volume)

Red blood cells

Plasma (55% by volume)

Dissolved substances (10% by volume) Water (90% by volume)

White blood cells

D. Human Blood
Platelets

Tiny fragments from certain large cells in the bone marrow

D. Human Blood
Small, circular, and biconcave

Red blood cells

To absorb oxygen in its haemoglobin. Transport the oxygen and release it to the cells which require it

No nuclei

D. Human Blood
Larger than red blood cells, irregular shape White blood cells Protects the body from harmful substances Has nuclei

D. Human Blood
Dissolved food (amino acids, glucose) Mineral salts & vitamins Dissolved substances

Waste (urea, CO2

Hormones

Heat

Blood Group
1. 2 types of antigens: Antigen A & Antigen B
Blood group O has no antigens
Blood group A Can receive blood from A, O Can donate blood to A, AB

B
AB O

B. O
A, B, AB, O O

B, AB
AB A, B, AB, O

Blood Group
2. People from blood group AB are called universal recipients because they receive blood from donors of all the four groups. 3. People from blood group O are called universal donors because they can donate their blood to recipient of all the group groups.

Blood Group
Blood group
A B

Antigen on the red blood cells

Antigen A Antigen B

Antibody in the plasma

Anti-B Anti-A

AB
O

Antigen A & Antigen B

None

None
Anti-A and Anti B

4. Blood transfusion rule: The donors red blood cells must be compatible with the recipients plasma

E. Transport System in Plants

Transport system in plants

1. Transpiration is the process which plants release water into the air through their stems and leaves 2. The stems have tiny openings called lenticels and the leaves have stomata to transpire water

Transport system in plants

3. Factors affecting transpiration:
a) b) c) d) e) Humidity Temperature Wind Light Surface of leaves

Transport system in plants

4. Water enters the root of a plant by a process called osmosis 5. In the stem, the phloem is situated on the outer side of the xylem 6. Excess food is changed into starch