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Basic Stress Equations: Normal Force
Basic Stress Equations: Normal Force
Wallace
Shear Forces ( )
x "Cut Surface" z
Bending Moments ()
x
Vx Vy
Mx
My
Normal Force:
Centroid y "Cut Surface" x z P Axial Force
P A
l Uniform over the entire cross section. l Axial force must go through centroid.
Axial Stress
Shear Forces:
Cross Section
y
Point of interest LINE perpendicular to V through point of interest b = Length of LINE on the cross section
Vy
y
y Aa
Aa = Area on one side of the LINE Centroid of entire cross section Centroid of area on one side of the LINE I = Area moment of inertia of entire cross section about an axis pependicular to V. y = distance between the two centroids
Vx
V Aa y Ib
Note: The maximum shear stress for common cross sections are: Cross Section: Cross Section:
Rectangular:
max = 3 2 V A
Solid Circular:
max = 4 3 V A
I-Beam or H-Beam:
flange
Thin-walled tube:
max = 2 V A
Dr. D. B. Wallace
=
z
T Torque
Tr J
r = Distance from shaft axis to point of interest R = Shaft Radius D = Shaft Diameter
J= J=
D4 R 4 = 32 2 Do4 Di4 32
max = max =
16 T D3 16 T Do
j
for hollow shafts
Do 4 D i 4
2 1
Torsional Stress
Method 1:
max = 1 = T 3 a + 1.8 b
Method 2:
g ea
b2
j
a/b 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
1,2 =
T 1,2 a b
2
Use the appropriate from the table on the right to get the shear stress at either position 1 or 2.
Dr. D. B. Wallace
Bending Moment
y
Mx
y x
Mx y Ix
and
My x Iy
My
where: Mx and My are moments about indicated axes y and x are perpendicular from indicated axes Ix and Iy are moments of inertia about indicated axes
Moments of Inertia:
b c h
b h3 I= 12 Z=
h is perpendicular to axis
I = Z =
D4 R4 = 64 4 I D3 R3 = = c 32 4
b h2 I = c 6
I = I + A d2
I = Moment of inertia about new axis I = Moment of inertia about the centroidal axis A = Area of the region d = perpendicular distance between the two axes.
max =
Mc M = I Z
max =
32 M D
3
bSolid Circular g
max =
6 M b h2
a Rectangular f
The section modulus, Z, can be found in many tables of properties of common cross sections (i.e., I-beams, channels, angle iron, etc.).
= E
After:
y = Perpendicular distance from the centroidal axis to the point of interest (same y as with bending of a straight beam with Mx). = radius of curvature to centroid of cross section
Dr. D. B. Wallace
centroidal axis
centroid
co ci
y ro
rn =
i
neutral axis
rn
ri
A dA area e = r rn
M Stresses:
Any Position: Inside (maximum magnitude): Outside:
M y e A rn + y
i =
M ci e A ri
o =
M co e A ro
Cross Section
Rectangle r h ro Trapezoid r ti ri h ro Hollow Circle r a ri
z
h 2
area
dA
ri +
t ln
FG r IJ Hr K
o i
ht
ri + to
h ti + 2 to 3 t i + t o
g
to ti +
ro t i ri t o r ln o h ri
FG IJ H K
ti + t o 2
LM N
r 2 b2 r 2 a 2
OP Q
a 2 b2
Dr. D. B. Wallace
Centroidal Axis
c r
M
Inside Fiber:
i = Ki
Mc I Mc I
Outside Fiber:
o = Ko
A
b/4
4.0
Values of Ki for inside fiber as at A
b/8
A
b
c
B A B A
c
b/2 b
Round or Elliptical
c
b
b/6
b/3
B I or hollow rectangular
c r
I or hollow rectangular
0.5 0 1 2
10
11