Calculus Cheat Sheet

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Integrals
Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x ) on [ a, b] . Divide [ a, b] into n subintervals of width D x and choose x from each interval.
* i

Standard Integration Techniques Note that at many schools all but the Substitution Rule tend to be taught in a Calculus II class. u Substitution : The substitution u = g ( x ) will convert
2

is a function, F ( x ) , such that F ( x ) = f ( x ) . where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) . Indefinite Integral : f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c

a f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) dx = g( a) f (u ) du
b
2

g (b)

using

Then

lim a f ( x ) dx = n f ( x ) D x . i
b
=1 * i

du = g ( x ) dx . For indefinite integrals drop the limits of integration. Ex.

1 5x
3

cos ( x3 ) dx
2 2 1 3 3 3

1 5x

cos ( x3 ) dx =

85 cos 1 3 8

(u ) du

u=x

du = 3x dx x dx = du

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Variants of Part I : Part I : If f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b] then d u ( x) x f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f u ( x ) g ( x ) = f (t ) dt is also continuous on [ a, b] dx a a d b d x f ( t ) dt = -v ( x ) f v ( x ) and g ( x ) = f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) . dx v( x ) dx a d u ( x) Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b] , F ( x ) is f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f [ u( x)] - v ( x ) f [ v( x)] dx v( x ) an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx ) then f ( x ) dx = F ( b) - F ( a ) .
a b

x = 1 u = 1 = 1 :: x = 2 u = 2 = 8 Integration by Parts : u dv = uv - v du and Ex.

5 = 5 sin ( u ) 1 = 3 ( sin ( 8) - sin (1) ) 3

a u dv = uv
Ex.

b a

- v du . Choose u and dv from

a

integral and compute du by differentiating u and compute v using v = dv .

xe
-x

-x

dx du = dx v = -e- x
-x -x

u=x

dv = e- x

3 ln x dx
dv = dx du = 1 dx v = x x
5 5 5

xe dx = - xe

+ e dx = - xe- x - e- x + c

u = ln x
5

3 ln x dx = x ln x 3 - 3 dx = ( x ln ( x ) - x ) 3
= 5ln ( 5) - 3ln ( 3) - 2

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx b b b a f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx a g ( x ) dx a
a

Properties

cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant b b a cf ( x ) dx = c a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant a
b

Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions For sin n x cos m x dx we have the following : For tan n x secm x dx we have the following : 1. n odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to 1. cosines using sin 2 x = 1 - cos 2 x , then use the substitution u = cos x . 2. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest 2. to sines using cos2 x = 1 - sin2 x , then use the substitution u = sin x . 3. n and m both odd. Use either 1. or 2. 3. 4. n and m both even. Use double angle 4. and/or half angle formulas to reduce the integral into a form that can be integrated. Trig Formulas : sin ( 2 x ) = 2sin ( x ) cos ( x ) , cos 2 ( x ) = Ex. tan3 x sec5 x dx
3 5 2 4 tan x sec xdx = tan x sec x tan x sec xdx

f ( x ) dx = 0
a

f ( x ) dx = f ( t ) dt
a
b a

a f ( x ) dx = -b f ( x ) dx
If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then
b a b a a b

f ( x ) dx
a

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
b

f ( x ) dx 0
a

If m f ( x ) M on a x b then m ( b - a ) f ( x ) dx M ( b - a ) Common Integrals cos u du = sin u + c

n odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and convert the rest to secants using tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution u = sec x . m even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest to tangents using sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x , then use the substitution u = tan x . n odd and m even. Use either 1. or 2. n even and m odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently. 2 1 1 2 (1 + cos ( 2 x ) ) , sin ( x ) = 2 (1 - cos ( 2 x ) )
sin 5 x
3

k dx = k x + c x dx = x dx = ln x + c a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c ln u du = u ln ( u ) - u + c e du = e + c
-1 1 1 1 u u

n x dx =

x n+1 + c, n -1 n +1
1

sin u du = - cos u + c
2

sec u du = tan u + c sec u tan u du = sec u + c csc u cot udu = - csc u + c csc u du = - cot u + c
2

tan u du = ln sec u + c sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c u a + u du = a tan ( a ) + c u a 1- u du = sin ( a ) + c

1 1 -1 2 2 -1 2 2

Ex.

= ( sec2 x - 1) sec 4 x tan x sec xdx = ( u - 1) u du

2 4 1 7 7 1 5

( u = sec x )
5

= sec x - sec x + c

cos x dx (sin x ) sin x sin x sin x sin x cos x dx = cos x dx = cos x dx (1-cos x) sin x dx = ( u = cos x ) cos x = - (1-u ) du = - 1- 2u +u du u u
5 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 3 3

= 1 sec2 x + 2 ln cos x - 1 cos 2 x + c 2 2

2005 Paul Dawkins

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

2005 Paul Dawkins

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions. a 2 - b 2 x 2 x = a sin q b cos2 q = 1- sin2 q Ex. b2 x2 - a 2 x = a secq b tan 2 q = sec2 q - 1
2

Applications of Integrals Net Area :

a 2 + b2 x2 x = a tanq b sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q

12 ( 2 cosq ) dq = sin 2 q dq 3

a f ( x ) dx represents the net area between f ( x ) and the

x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.

16
2

4 -9 x 2

dx

16
4 sin 2 q ( 2cos q ) 9

Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are, y = f ( x) A =
b a
upper function

x = 2 sin q dx = 2 cosq dq 3 3 4 - 9x = 4 - 4sin q = 4 cos q = 2 cosq

2 2

= 12 csc dq = -12 cot q + c

2

- lower function dx & x = f ( y ) A =

d c

right function

- left function dy

Recall x = x . Because we have an indefinite integral well assume positive and drop absolute value bars. If we had a definite integral wed need to compute q s and remove absolute value bars based on that and, x if x 0 x = - x if x < 0
2

Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to xs. From substitution we have sin q = 32x so,

If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.

From this we see that cot q =

4 -9 x 2 3x

. So, A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx
a b

In this case we have

4 - 9x 2 = 2 cos q .
P( x)

16
2

4 - 9 x2

dx = -

4 4 -9 x 2 x

+c

A = f ( y ) - g ( y ) dy
c

A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx + g ( x ) - f ( x ) dx
a c

Partial Fractions : If integrating

Q( x) dx where the degree of P ( x ) is smaller than the degree of

Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table. Factor in Q ( x )
ax + b

Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V = A ( x ) dx and V = A ( y ) dy . Here is some general information about each method of computing and some examples. Rings Cylinders A = 2p ( radius ) ( width / height ) A = p ( outer radius) 2 - ( inner radius) 2

Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x ) A ax + b Ax + B ax 2 + bx + c

( ax + b )

ax 2 + bx + c

( ax

+ bx + c )

Term in P.F.D A1 A2 Ak + +L+ k ax + b ( ax + b )2 ( ax + b ) Ak x + Bk A1 x + B1 +L + k ax2 + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c ) =

x -1 + x2 + 4

Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of left/top ring Vert. Axis use f ( y ) , Horz. Axis use f ( x ) , g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. Ex. Axis : y = a 0

Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl. Horz. Axis use f ( y ) , Vert. Axis use f ( x ) , g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. Ex. Axis : y = a 0

Ex.

7 x2 +13 x
( x -1)( x2 + 4)

dx
3 x +16 4 x-1 + x2 + 4

( x -1)( x2 + 4 )

7 x2 +13 x

Bx + C

A( x2 + 4) +( Bx+ C) ( x -1)
( x -1)( x 2 + 4 )

( x -1)( x2 + 4 )

7 x2 +13 x

dx =

dx dx

= 4 ln x - 1 + 3 ln ( x2 + 4) + 8 tan-1 ( x ) 2 2 Here is partial fraction form and recombined.

4 3x x -1 + x2 + 4

16 x2 + 4

Set numerators equal and collect like terms. 7 x 2 + 13x = ( A + B ) x 2 + ( C - B ) x + 4 A - C Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve to get constants. A+ B = 7 C - B = 13 4A- C = 0 A=4 B=3 C = 16

outer radius : a - f ( x ) inner radius : a - g ( x )

outer radius: a + g ( x ) inner radius: a + f ( x )

radius : a - y width : f ( y ) - g ( y )

radius : a + y width : f ( y ) - g ( y )

An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in previous example : 7 x 2 + 13x = A ( x2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in. For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5A which gives A = 4 . This wont always work easily.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the y = a 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a 0 ) interchange x and y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

2005 Paul Dawkins

2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Work : If a force of F ( x ) moves an object in a x b , the work done is W = F ( x ) dx

a b

Average Function Value : The average value of f ( x ) on a x b is f avg =

1 b- a

a f ( x ) dx

Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are, L = ds
a b

SA = 2p y ds (rotate about x-axis)

a

SA = 2p x ds (rotate about y-axis)

a

where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows. ds = 1 + ds =

( ) 1+ ( )
dx dy

dy 2 dx
2

dx if y = f ( x ) , a x b dy if x = f ( y ) , a y b

ds =

( dx ) dt

( )
2

dy 2 dt

dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a t b

dr ds = r 2 + ( dq ) dq if r = f (q ) , a q b

With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute. Improper Integral An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands. Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit doesnt exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic. Infinite Limit 1. 3.

f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
t c a

2.

f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
t - t

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx +
b a

f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent.

b

Discontinuous Integrand 1. Discont. at a: f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx +

ta t

2. Discont. at b : f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx a t b a c b a c

3. Discontinuity at a < c < b :

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx provided both are convergent.

a

Comparison Test for Improper Integrals : If f ( x ) g ( x ) 0 on [ a, ) then, 1. If

a

f ( x ) dx conv. then g ( x ) dx conv.

a

2. If g ( x ) dx divg. then
a

f ( x ) dx divg.

Useful fact : If a > 0 then

xp

dx converges if p > 1 and diverges for p 1 . Approximating Definite Integrals

For given integral

divide [ a, b] into n subintervals [ x0 , x1 ] , [ x1 , x2 ] , , [ xn-1, xn ] with x0 = a and xn = b then, Midpoint Rule : Trapezoid Rule : Simpsons Rule :

n a f ( x ) dx and a n (must be even for Simpsons Rule) define Dx = b-a

and

f ( x ) dx D x f ( x ) + f ( x ) + L + f ( x ) ,
b a * 1 * 2 * n b a 0 1 2 b

xi* is midpoint [ xi -1, xi ]

n -1 n

Dx f ( x ) dx 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )
a 0 1 2 n-2 n-1

Dx f ( x ) dx 3 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x )
n

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

2005 Paul Dawkins