I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

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HIU NG N PHA TRONG H THNG 256-QAM

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t - Vin thng

H NI 2005

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

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HIU NG N PHA TRONG H THNG 256-QAM

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t - Vin thng Cn b hng dn: TS. Trnh Anh V

H NI 2005

Mc lc
Trang Li ni u.....................................................................................................................1 Chng 1 CC PHNG PHP IU CH S...................................................3 1.1 Ti sao cn iu ch tn hiu....................................................................3 1.2 Cc phng php iu ch s c bn.......................................................4 1.2.1 Kho dch chuyn bin -ASK(Amplitude Shift Keying)..........4 1.2.1.1 iu ch tn hiu ASK.......................................................4 1.2.1.2 Gii iu tn hiu ASK......................................................4 1.2.2 Kho dch chuyn tn s-FSK(Frequency Shift Keying).............5 1.2.2.1 iu ch tn hiu FSK.......................................................5 1.2.2.2 Gii iu ch tn hiu FSK................................................6 1.2.3 Kho dch chuyn pha PSK(Phase Shift Keying).........................7 1.2.3.1 iu ch 2PSK (BPSK).....................................................7 1.2.3.2 Gii iu ch tn hiu 2PSK..............................................8 1.2.4 Tn hiu QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)..................10 1.2.4.1 nh ngha QAM.............................................................10 1.2.4.2 iu ch bin vung gc (QAM)...............................12 1.2.4.3Gii iu ch v tch tn hiu QAM.................................13 1.2.4.4 c im ca tn hiu QAM............................................14 1.2.4.5 Xc sut xc nh sai tn hiu QAM................................15 Chng 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 N PHA.................................................................................................21 M u....................................................................................................21 Th no l n pha....................................................................................22 Mt s nguyn nhn gy n pha.............................................................23 2.3.1 S dch tn do b to dao ng...................................................23 2.3.2 nh hng ca hiu ng Doppler...............................................23 2.3.3 Hiu ng ca ho ba....................................................................24 Mt ph cng sut ca n pha...........................................................26 Hiu ng n pha trong h thng QAM...................................................28

2.4 2.5

Chng 3 3.1 3.2

3.3

M PHNG..........................................................................................31 M u....................................................................................................31 Cu trc, chc nng v hot ng ca cc khi.....................................33 3.2.1 Khi pht s nguyn ngu nhin.................................................33 3.2.2 iu ch v gii iu ch QAM..................................................33 3.2.3 AWGN Channel..........................................................................36 3.2.4 n pha.........................................................................................38 3.2.5 Khi tnh ton li.........................................................................41 3.2.6 Gin chm sao........................................................................45 3.2.7 Khi hin th................................................................................46 M phng................................................................................................46

Kt lun.........................................................................................................................52 Ti liu tham kho........................................................................................................53

Tm tt.

Ngy nay, ng dng cc qu trnh iu ch s tr nn ph bin. c bit, qu trnh iu ch s ca tn hiu QAM c dng trong nhiu ng dng thc t nh truyn hnh s, m thanh s, mng in thoi k thut s, cng ngh viba s,... Mc d, QAM c s dng rng ri nh vy, nhng cng khng trnh khi cc hiu ng tn hiu truyn. Mt trong nhng hiu ng l hin tng n pha. Trong kho lun ny, em trnh by tng quan v cc k thut iu ch s v i su vo iu ch s tn hiu QAM. Tm hiu v n pha, nguyn nhn gy n pha v cc hiu ng ca n pha trong h thng QAM. C th, em tm hiu cc hiu ng n pha trong h thng 256-QAM da vo s khi Phase Noise Effects in 256-QAM trong MATLAB 7.0 v m phng c t s bt trn nhiu (BER) ca tn hiu. S dng QAM mc cao s c xc sut gy li cao hn nhng do p ng c tc truyn cao nn vn c s dng trong cc h thng c nhu cu. Khi thay i t l BER, mc n pha (phase noise levels) cng lm thay i n pha trong h thng. C th, BER v mc n pha nh th s sai khc s t hn. Qu trnh m phng s gip quan st iu ny.

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Li ni u
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, cc k thut iu ch ngy cng c ng dng nhiu. X l s l mt loi k thut x l tn hiu bng gc, thng c dng trong hu ht cc h thng thng tin. c bit, k thut iu ch s QAM c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh cao, in hnh nh trong v tuyn. X l tn hiu s QAM c s dng rng ri trong k thut v tuyn. V d, 16QAM dng trong mng WLAN, 256-QAM dng trong truyn hnh s, m thanh s, in thoi di ng s, ... Tu thuc vo yu cu khc nhau ca cc h thng m chng ta s dng loi tn hiu QAM ph hp. Khi c yu cu v tc truyn dn cao, th chng ta dng tn hiu QAM mc cao. c bit, trong k thut truyn hnh s, m thanh s hay in thoi s, do yu cu cao v cht lng m thanh, hnh nh cho nn ngi ta dng tn hiu 256-QAM. Tn hiu 256-QAM p ng c tc truyn hnh nh cao nhng li b hn ch l xc sut li bt rt ln. Mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy li bt l n pha. Hin tng n pha xy ra do nhiu nguyn nhn nh: do ni ti trong h thng, do hiu ng Doppler v khong cch truyn trong thng tin v tuyn l rt ln, hay do cc yu t ca mi trng,... Khi c hin tng n pha xy ra, tn hiu truyn b sai khc i v khi ni thu, tn hiu thu c s b li. iu ny xy ra khin cho cht lng tn hiu truyn gim xung. h thng truyn hon thin, cn c cng ngh k thut cao c th khc phc c cc hiu ng ca n pha, nng cao cht lng truyn v phn u tin ti cng ngh s ho. c c bn kho lun hon thin ngy hm nay, em phi dnh nhiu thi gian, tr tu v cng sc trong sut qu trnh lm kho lun. Mc d trong thi gian ny, em gp phi khng t kh khn, song nh s quan tm gip , ch bo tn tnh ca cc Thy gio, C gio v bn b cng nh ngi thn trong gia nh gip em vt qua. Trc ht, em xin gi ti Thy gio TS. Trnh Anh V, ngi tn tnh ch bo v gip em trong sut thi gian lm kho lun li chc sc kho v lng bit n su sc. Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti tt c cc Thy gio, C gio trong trng cho em c c nhiu kin thc b ch trong sut thi gian hc tp ti trng.

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Cm n gia nh v bn b dnh nhiu s gip cho em trong thi gian thc hin kho lun va qua. H Ni ngy 05 thng 06 nm 2005 Sinh vin H Th Thu Cc

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Hiu ng n pha trong h thng 256-QAM

CHNG 1 CC PHNG PHP IU CH S

Chng ny trnh by v cc phng php iu ch s c bn thng s dng trong cc h thng thng tin. Cc phng php iu ch bin , iu ch tn s v iu ch pha s c nghin cu. c bit l iu ch M-QAM c nhiu u im v c s dng kh rng ri trong cc h thng vin thng, nht l trong h thng truyn thng tc cao. Trc ht, ta xem ti sao li phi iu ch tn hiu, sau ta s tm hiu chi tit v tng k thut iu ch.

1.1 Ti sao cn iu ch tn hiu.

Tn hiu bng gc c pht ra bi cc ngun thng tin khc nhau, khng phi lc no cng thch hp cho vic truyn trc tip qua mt knh cho trc. Cc tn hiu ny thng c bin i vic truyn c d dng. Mt trong nhng qu trnh ny gi l iu ch. Trong qu trnh iu ch ny tn hiu bng gc dng lm bin i mt vi thng s ca tn hiu sng mang cao tn nh bin , tn s hoc pha. iu ch l mt thnh phn ca b pht trong h truyn thng, c lin quan n hiu qu v kh nng ca h. iu ch gii quyt vn bng truyn. Vi cc tn hiu c cng rng ph, nu truyn ng thi trn mt knh truyn m khng bin i chng s can nhiu ln nhau. gii quyt vn ny, ta dng cc ngun tn hiu khc nhau iu ch cc tn s sng mang khc nhau. Nu tn s sng mang c chn ph hp, ph ca cc tn hiu dn tri trn mt bng truyn ph hp. Phng php iu ch ny gi l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM. iu ch cng gip cho vic bc x d dng. Trong truyn thng v tuyn, bc x c hiu qu, nng lng sng in t ng ten pht phi c kch thc ti thiu 1/10 chiu di bc sng tn hiu bc x. Vi nhiu tn hiu bng gc tn s thp nh tn hiu m tn, c bc sng rt ln do vic bc x rt kh v khng hiu qu. c th bc x, ta cn iu ch tn hiu ny ln min tn s cao, khi ng ten pht s c kch c ph hp hn.

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1.2 Cc phng php iu ch s c bn.

1.2.1 Kho dch chuyn bin - ASK ( Amplitude Shift Keying). 1.2.1.1 iu ch tn hiu ASK:

Trong iu ch bin , bin sng mang b thay i t l vi tn hiu iu ch (tn hiu bng gc). Tn hiu bng gc l tn hiu ng m s(t). Khi bin ca tn hiu sng mang cosct thay i t l vi tn hiu d liu s(t), kt qu l ta c sng mang iu ch y(t) = (t/T)acosct. Tn hiu ny vn l tn hiu ng m, do c gi l kho ng m hay kho dch bin . AVi tn hiu li vo l phn cc dng NRZ (non-return to zero), li ra b o cc cosct khi tn hiu xung mc thp 0, v cosct khi tn hiu xung mc cao 1. Tn hiu iu ch thu c b o pha v c gi l ASK o pha hay kho o pha (PSK). D liu Sng mang x(t)=cosct Hnh1.1 S iu ch ASK. 1.2.1.2 Gii iu ch tn hiu ASK:
X

ASK y(t)

Gii iu ch tn hiu ASK c th l kt hp hoc khng kt hp. Vi phng php gii iu ch thch hp mch phc tp hn nhng chng nh hng ca nhiu hiu qu hn. Mch l mt b tch sng ca tch gia tn hiu ASK v sng mang c khi phc ti ch. Trong gii iu ch khng kt hp, hnh bao ca tn hiu ASK c tch sng bng it. Trong c hai trng hp, b tch sng km theo mt mch lc thng thp ly i thnh phn sng mang cn d v mt b to dng tn hiu. ASK D liu Hnh 1.2a Gii iu ch tn hiu ASK khng kt hp.
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D liu

pht li sng mang Hnh 1.2b Gii iu ch tn hiu ASK kt hp. Cc tnh cht ch yu ca ASK l: - Dng ch yu trong in tn v tuyn. - Yu cu mch n gin. - Kh nhy vi nhiu (xc sut sai s rt ln). - Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, ph cc tiu Bw ca tn hiu b iu ch ln hn Fb. - Hiu sut truyn c xc nh bi t s gia Fb v Bw b hn 1. - Baud hay tc Baud c nh ngha nh tc iu ch bng tc truyn Fb. 1.2.2 Kho dch chuyn tn s FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): 1.2.2.1 iu ch tn hiu FSK:

Trong dng iu ch ny, sng mang hnh sin nhn 2 gi tr tn s, xc nh bi tn hiu d liu c s 2. Nguyn tc iu ch FSK: Gi s c sng mang: x(t) = a.cos[ct + (t)] = a.cos[(t)] vi (t) = ct + (t) Ta gi nguyn bin , pha v ch thay i tn s: i = d(t)/dt = c + d(t)/dt i l tn s tc thi d(t)/dt l s thay i tn so vi tn s sng mang. Ta gi l iu tn khi d(t)/dt = kf.s(t) s(t) l tn hiu sin kf l h s iu tn.

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Hiu ng n pha trong h thng 256-QAM

kf.s().d
0

Suy ra y(t) = a.cos[ ct +

kf.s().d]
0

Trong trng hp iu ch s FSK th s ( t ) =

1 bit "1 " 1 bit " 0 "

Khi y(t) = a.cos(ct kft) = a.cos(c kf)t. Tn s ng vi mt bt no : - i vi bt 0 tn s sng mang l f1, ta c 1 = c - - i vi bt 1 tn s sng mang l f2, ta c 2 = c + rng bng khi iu ch FSK c tnh l: Bw = F1 + 2/Tp (F2 - 2/Tp) = F1 F2 +2/Tp = 2(F + 1/Tp) Trong : Bw l rng bng tn. Tp l rng xung. rng bng tn khi iu ch FSK ph thuc vo dch tn F, tc l khong cch gia hai tn s F1 v F2 v rng bt s liu Tp. FSK

Clock

:N

D liu Hnh 1.3 S iu ch FSK

1.2.2.2

Gii iu ch FSK.

Mch ph bin nht ca b gii iu ch cc tn hiu FSK l vng kho pha (PLL). Tn hiu FSK li vo ca vng kho pha ly hai gi tr tn s. in th lch mt chiu li ra ca b so pha theo di nhng s dch chuyn tn s ny v cho ta hai mc (mc cao v mc thp) ca tn hiu li vo FSK.

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B gii iu ch PLL c km theo mt mch lc thng thp ly i nhng thnh phn cn d ca sng mang v mt mch to li dng xung to khi phc dng xung chnh xc nht cho tn hiu iu ch.

FSK

PLL

D liu

VCO

Hnh 1.4 Gii iu ch FSK. Nhng tnh cht ch yu ca FSK: Ch yu dng trong modem truyn d liu v trong truyn v tuyn s. i hi phc tp ca mch mc trung bnh. t li hn ASK. Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, ph cc tiu Bw ca tn hiu b iu ch l cao hn Fb. Hiu sut truyn l t s gia Fb v Bw, b hn 1. Baud hay tc Baud l tc iu ch, bng tc truyn Fb. 1.2.3 Kho dch chuyn pha PSK (Phase Shift Keying). 1.2.3.1 iu ch 2PSK (BPSK).

Loi iu ch ny c gi l pha chia 2 hay PSK c s 2 (BPSK) hay kho ngc pha (PSK). Sng mang hnh sin ly hai gi tr pha c xc nh bi tn hiu d liu c s 2. K thut iu ch ny dng b iu ch vng cn bng. Dng sng hnh sin li ra ca b iu ch l cng pha hay ngc pha (c ngha l lch pha 1800) vi tn hiu li vo, l hm s ca tn hiu d liu.

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Khi truyn thng tin, cc bt tn hiu cn truyn l 0 v 1, mi bt ng vi mt trng thi pha ca sng mang v lch pha gia hai bt phi t cc i. Ngha l: - i vi bt 0 th tng ng vi gc pha sng mang l 0. - i vi bt 1 th tng ng vi gc pha sng mang l . Biu thc ton hc ca sng mang by gi l: U0(t) = Um.cos(0t + 0 + 0) U1(t) = Um.cos(0t + + 0)

D liu B so snh c s 2 b pht sng mang Hnh 1.5 B gii iu ch 2PSK.

b lc knh

2PSK

Tn hiu vo dng m RZ n cc, trc khi a ti u vo ca b trn M th n c a qua b chuyn i sang m lng cc (mc -1 ng vi bt 0 v mc +1 ng vi bt 1). M lng cc c hai mc in p l dng v m s to ra hai trng thi pha cho dao ng sng mang 00 v 1800. u ra b trn ta c sng mang iu ch 2PSK. Nhn vo dng sng mang 2PSK ta thy, iu ch pha 2PSK gc lch pha gia hai bt l 1800. ng vi thi im chuyn i pha lun c s chuyn i bin trong mt thi gian ngn hay di. iu bin sinh ra khi thc hin iu ch pha v iu bin ny gi iu bin k sinh. 1.2.3.2 Gii iu ch 2PSK.

B gii iu ch tn hiu 2PSK l gii iu ch kt hp, sng mang c khi phc t tn hiu iu ch, sau to ra mt s tn hiu sng mang c pha khc nhau phc v cho qu trnh iu ch. Gii iu ch bng cch nhn cc

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sng mang vi tn hiu iu ch, sau khi qua mch lc thng thp ta thu c tn hiu d liu. Qu trnh gii iu ch gm hai bc: - Khi phc sng mang. - Gii iu ch.

2PSK

()2

PL L

:2

D liu

Hnh 1.6 B gii iu ch 2PSK Qu trnh gii iu ch 2PSK: Mt cch ton hc, qu trnh iu ch nh sau: +sinct l tn hiu tc thi PSK ng vi bt d liu 1, trong fc = c/2 l tn s sng mang. - sinct l tn hiu PSK ng vi bt d liu 0. sinct l tn hiu sng mang c pht lp. Khi tn hiu PSK l +sinct, b gii iu ch cho: (+sinct)( sinct) = sin2ct =
1 1 1 (1- cos2ct) = - cos2ct 2 2 2

Cha mt thnh phn mt chiu (+ ) v mt thnh phn xoay chiu c tn s gp hai ln tn s sng mang cos2ct. Thnh phn xoay chiu c th lc bng mch lc thng thp v cn li th dng (+ ) c trng cho bt 1. Khi tn hiu PSK l - sinct, b gii iu ch cho: (+sinct)( sinct) = - sin2ct = - (1- cos2ct) = - +
1 2 1 2 1 cos2ct. 2 1 2

1 2

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1 2

Cha mt thnh phn mt chiu (- ) v mt thnh phn xoay chiu c tn s gp hai ln tn s sng mang cos2ct. Thnh phn xoay chiu b lc bi mch lc thng thp v cn li th m (- )c trng cho bt 0. Nhng tnh cht chnh ca 2PSK: - Ch yu dng trong pht v tuyn truyn thanh s. - i hi mch lc phc tp trung bnh. - Hot ng t li hn FSK. - Nu Fb l tc truyn bt, ph cc tiu Bw ca tn hiu b iu ch bng Fb. - Hiu sut truyn bng 1. - Baud hay tc Baud bng Fb. 1.2.4 Tn hiu QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). 1.2.4.1 nh ngha QAM:
1 2

QAM s dng mt s pha khc nhau c bit n nh l cc trng thi: 16,32,64 v 256. Mi trng thi c nh ngha bi bin v pha xc nh. Ngha l vic to v xc nh cc symbol kh khn hn mt tn hiu n pha hay mt n bin. Ti mi thi im s trng thi trn symbol tng s lm ton b d liu v gii thng tng. Lc iu ch chim bng thng nh vy (sau khi lc) nhng c hiu qu thay i t nht (theo l thuyt). Gin chm sao ca QAM: Gin chm sao miu t bng th cht lng v s mo ca mt tn hiu s. Trong thc t, iu ny lun c mt t hp li iu ch c th gy kh khn cho vic tch v nhn bit nu cn nh gi gin chm sao theo phng php ton hc v thng k. Cc hnh sau s cung cp cc ng dng v gii thch thng tin ca gin chm sao ca tn hiu iu ch.

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Hnh 1.7 Cc loi gin chm sao ca QAM Bin m t s khc nhau v h s khuch i ca thnh phn I v Q ca mt tn hiu. Trong mt gin chm sao, s khng cn bng bin c th hin bng mt thnh phn tn hiu m rng ra v tn hiu khc b nn li. y l thc t ci m b thu AGC to nn mt mc tn hiu trung bnh khng i. Li pha l s khc nhau gia gc pha ca thnh phn I v Q so vi 90 . Mt li pha to ra do nguyn nhn l s dch pha ca iu ch I/Q. Thnh phn I v Q trong hon cnh ny khng trc giao nhau sau khi gii iu ch. Nhiu c hiu l tn hiu gi sin c tm thy trong dy tn s truyn i v thm vo trn tn hiu QAM ti mt vi im trong ng truyn. Sau khi gii iu ch, nhiu cha trong bng c s ca tn hiu gi sin tn s thp. Tn s ca cc tn hiu ny ph hp vi s khc nhau gia tn s ca nhiu sin gc v tn s sng mang trong bng RF. Trong gin chm sao, nhiu biu hin trong dng ca mt s xoay vng con tr chng ln nhau ti mi trng thi tn hiu. iu ny khng p dng cc iu kin li xy ra cng mt thi im. Gin chm sao biu hin hng i ca con tr nh l mt vng trn vi mi trng thi tn hiu l tng.

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S trit sng mang hoc d knh l mt loi c bit ca nhiu trong tn s ca n bng tn s sng mang trong knh RF. D sng mang c th c thm vo trn tn hiu QAM trong iu ch I/Q. Nhiu Gausse cng c th lm nhiu tn hiu iu ch s trong sut qu trnh truyn tng t, cho v d trong knh tng t. Nhiu chng cng thng c mt cng sut xc nh v phn b bin Gauss trn bng thng ca knh. Nu ti cng mt thi gian khng c nhiu khc, trng thi tn hiu l tng trnh by l hnh m my vng trn. ( ch : gin ny c th thu c cc kiu khc ca nhiu v vy n l s khc bit m vic to dng pha khng th lm c ). Rung pha hoc n pha trong tn hiu QAM do h thng nhn v pht tn hiu li trong hng truyn hoc bi b iu ch I/Q. N c th xut hin khi khi phc hoc loi b sng mang ti y. Khc vi s miu t li pha, rung pha l mt lng c th thng k c l hiu ng ngang nhau ca I v Q. Trong gin chm sao, rung pha th hin bi cc trng thi tn hiu b dch i so vi tn hiu gc. 1.2.4.2 iu ch bin vung gc (QAM).

Mt tn hiu iu ch bin vung gc QAM (Quadrture-AmplitudeModulated signal) s dng hai sng mang vung gc l cos2ct v sin2ct, mi sng mang c iu ch bi mt chui c lp cc bt thng tin. Cc sng tn hiu c truyn i c dng: um(t) = AmcgT (t) cos2ct + AmsgT (t) sin2ct m=1,2,...,M (1.1)

Trong {Amc} v {Ams} l cc tp cc mc bin nhn c bng cch nh x cc chui k bt thnh cc bin tn hiu. V d, mt gin chm sao tn hiu 16-QAM nhn c bng cch iu ch bin tng sng mang bng 4-QAM. Ni chung, cc gin hnh sao tn hiu hnh vung c sinh ra khi tng sng mang trong hai sng mang c iu ch bi PAM. Tng qut hn, QAM c th c xem nh mt dng hn hp ca iu ch bin s v iu ch pha s. Nh th, cc dng sng tn hiu QAM c truyn c th biu din theo: umn(t) = AmcgT (t) cos(2ct+n)
12

m=1,2,...,M1, n=1,2,...,M1.

(1.2)

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Nu M1 = 2k1 cn M2 = 2k2 th phng php iu ch bin v pha kt hp dn n vic truyn dn ng thi k1+k2=log2M1M2 digit nh phn xy ra vi mt tc symbol l Rb/(k1+k2). Vic biu din hnh hc cc tn hiu cho bi (III.2.1) v (III.2.2) l biu din bng cc vct tn hiu hai chiu c dng:
sm =

E s Amc

E s Ams

m=1,2,...,M

(1.3)

b lc pht g(t) d liu nh phn bin i ni tip_song song b dao ng

iu ch cn bng

Quay pha 900 b lc pht g(t) iu ch cn bng

QAM

Hnh 1.8 S khi chc nng ca mt b iu ch QAM 1.2.4.3 Gii iu ch v tch tn hiu QAM.

Gi s rng mt lng dch pha sng mang c a vo trong qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu qua knh. Thm vo , tn hiu thu c b nhiu lon bi tp m cng Gauss. V vy, r(t) c th c biu din theo: R(t) = AmcgT (t) cos(2ct + ) + AmsgT (t) sin(2ct + ) +n(t) (1.4)

Trong l lng dch pha ca sng mang v n(t) = nc(t) cos2ct ns sin2ct. Tn hiu thu c c tnh tng quan vi hai hm c s trc giao c dch pha 1(t) = gT (t) cos(2ct + ) (1.5) 2(t) = gT (t) sin(2ct + ) Nh c minh ho trn hnh 1.9, cn cc b tng quan c ly mu ri c a ti b tch tn hiu. Mch vng kho pha (PLL) trn hnh 1.10 c
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lng lng dch pha sng mang ca tn hiu thu c v b lng dch pha ny bng cch dch pha 1(t) v 2(t) nh ch ra trong (1.5). ng h trn hnh 1.9 c gi thit l ng b vi tn hiu thu c sao cho cc li ra ca cc b tng quan c ly mu ti cc thi im ly mu chnh xc. Vi cc iu kin ny, cc li ra t hai b tng quan l: rc = Amc + nccos - nssin (1.6) rs = Amc + nc sin - nscos Trong
1 nc = 2 1 ns = 2
T

nc(t)gT(t)dt
0

ns(t)gT(t)dt
0

(1.7)

Cc thnh phn n l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss khng tng quan, trung bnh 0 vi varian N0/2. B tch tn hiu ti u tnh cc metric khong cch m = 1,2,..., M (1.8) D(r,sm) = |r sm|2, Trong r = (rc,rs) v sm cho bi (1.3).
T

1(t)
t/h thu c

(.)dt
0

l y mu

X PLL Quay pha 900 gr(t)

ng h

Tnh metric D(sm)

QAM

2(t)
X

(.)dt
0

l y mu

Hnh1.9 Gii iu ch v tch tn hiu QAM.

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c im ca tn hiu QAM.

Tn hiu QAM l s kt hp ca iu ch bin ASK v iu ch pha PSK, do n mang cc c im ca ASK v PSK. Ngoi ra n cn mang mt s c im khc do s kt hp ny. Khi tn hiu sng mang c cc gi tr bin v pha l hng s bt k th ph tn s ca sng mang cng khng thay i. Nh vy, c th truyn d liu c tc bt cao hn qua mt knh cho trc, ta c th s dng cc loi iu ch ASK hoc PSK. y l u im ca iu ch ASK v PSK so vi FSK v trong FSK mun truyn d liu c tc bt cao hn th cn tng rng ph ca knh truyn. Hiu sut s dng ph ca iu ch QAM l cao hn iu ch FSK. S mc bin hoc pha ca sng mang trong iu ch ASK hay PSK cng ln th cho php mang nhiu thng tin hn, nhng s lng ny b gii hn do nhiu knh truyn. S mc cng tng ko theo phc tp trong mch iu ch v gii iu ch cng tng. Vi iu ch n-PSK sng mang truyn ng thi n bt thng tin. S lng pha cn c l 2n, n tng lm cho lch gia hai pha k tip l = 2/2n gim rt nhanh, do rt d b nhiu tc ng lm li bt. iu ch 8PSK cng p ng kh nng truyn bng iu ch QAM, nhng tn hiu QAM c xc sut li bt t hn tn hiu 8PSK, do trong tn hiu QAM ch s dng iu ch 4PSK cn 4 gi tr pha so vi iu ch 8PSK cn s dng 8 mc pha khc nhau. V vy, xc sut li ca 4PSK ch bng 50% xc sut li ca tn hiu 8PSK. Bin ca sng mang trong iu ch QAM c 2 mc, do c th t chnh lch cc gi tr bin ln c th khng nhiu. 1.2.4.5 Xc sut xc nh sai tn hiu QAM.

Tn hiu QAM c th c biu din nh sau: 0tT (1.9) um(t) = AmcgT (t) cos2ct + AmsgT (t) sin2ct Vi Amc v Ams l bin ca cc thnh phn vung gc (chng mang thng tin v g(t) l tn hiu xung. Vct biu din tn hiu ny l: um =

Amc 1 g
2

Ams

1 g 2

(1.10)

xc nh xc sut xc nh sai tn hiu QAM, ta phi xc nh cc im tn hiu. Ta bt u vi tn hiu QAM c M = 4im. Hnh 1.10 m t hai
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tp hp bn im tn hiu. Tp hp th nht l tn hiu iu ch pha bn mc v tp hp th hai l tn hiu QAM hai mc bin , k hiu l A1 v A2 vi bn gi tr pha. Do xc sut xc nh li gn vi khong cch nh nht gia hai im tn hiu v ta c d(e)min = 2A vi c hai loi tn hiu. Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu pht i (trn c s tt c cc tn hiu l ng xc sut) vi tn hiu bn mc l: Pav =
1 .4.2A2 = 2A2 4

(1.11)

Vi tn hiu hai mc bin , bn mc pha, cc im tn hiu nm trn hai ng trn bn knh A, 3 A v d(e)min = 2A, ta c: Pav =
1 [ 2.3.A2 + 2.A2 ] = 2A2 4

(1.12)

Nh vy vi cc ng dng trong thc t, t l sai s ca hai tn hiu ny l nh nhau. Ni cch khc, khng c s khc bit gia hai loi tn hiu ny khi s dng trong thc t.
d=2A
2A

A2

. . .

.A

Hnh 1.10 Hai tp hp bn im tn hiu. Xt trng hp QAM vi M = 8. C nhiu tp hp cc im tn hiu, v ta xt bn tp hp cc im tn hiu nh trn hnh 1.11, tt c cc loi tn hiu u c hai mc bin v khong cch nh nht gia hai im tn hiu l 2A. Cc gi tr (Amc,Ams) c chun ha bi A. Gi s cc tn hiu ng xc sut, cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu truyn i l: Pav =
A2 1 M 2 2 (A + A ) = mc ms M M m=1

(a2mc + a2ms )
m=1

(1.13)

vi (amc, ams) l to cc im tn hiu c chun ho bi A.

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( 3.1)

.. .. 2 .( . ) . .(3. 1)
1. 1

(1.1) (3.1)

.. ( . ). .. . .
1.1

(C .C )

(a)

(b)

( 2. 2)

. . (2..2) . . .(c) . . (0. 2)

(1 .1) . . . . . .1 + (d) .
2 2

3.0

Hnh 1.11Bn tp hp im tn hiu QAM tm im (M=8) Hai tp hp tn hiu (a) v (c) c cc im tn hiu trong mt hnh ch nht v Pav = 6A2. Tn hiu trong hnh (b) c cng sut trung bnh Pav = 6,83A2 v hnh (d) l 4,73A2. Nh vy tn hiu (d) yu cu cng sut thp hn 1dB so vi tn hiu th nht v 1,6dB so vi tn hiu th hai vi cng mt xc sut li. Loi tn hiu ny l loi tn hiu QAM vi M=8 tt nht do yu cu v cng sut nh nht vi khong cch cc tiu gia hai im tn hiu cho. Vi M 16, c nhiu kh nng la chn tn hiu QAM trong khng gian hai chiu. V d, ta c th chn tn hiu nhiu mc bin . Loi tn hiu QAM vi M=16 ny l m rng ca tn hiu QAM vi M=8 ti u. Tuy nhin tn hiu loi ny khng phi l tt nht trong knh AWGN. Tp hp tn hiu QAM ch nht c u im l d dng to ra t hai tn hiu PAM iu ch vo cc tn hiu pha vung gc. Hn na, chng d dng trong gii iu ch. Mc d chng khng phi l tn hiu QAM vi M 16 tt nht, cng sut trung bnh yu cu ch ln hn mt cht so vi tn hiu ti u cho mt xc sut xc nh sai (vi cng mt khong cch cc tiu). V nhng l do , tn hiu QAM M mc hnh ch nht thng c s dng trong thc t.
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Tn hiu QAM hnh ch nht vi M=2k vi k chn tng ng vi hai tn hiu PAM trong tn hiu sng mang vung gc, mi tn hiu c M = 2k/2 im tn hiu. Do cc tn hiu trong cc thnh phn pha vung gc c th phn tch mt cch r rng ti b gii iu ch, xc sut xc nh sai ca tn hiu QAM c th xc nh d dng t xc sut xc nh sai ca tn hiu PAM. Xc sut xc nh ng ca tn hiu QAM M mc l: Pc = (1-
M

)2

(1.14)
M mc vi mt na

Vi P M l xc sut xc nh sai ca tn hiu PAM

cng sut trung bnh trong mi tn hiu l vung gc ca tn hiu QAM tng ng. Sa i xc sut xc nh sai ca tn hiu PAM M mc, ta c:
1 M 3 av ) ( M 1) N 0

= 2(1

)Q (

(1.15)

V i

av
N0

l SNR trung bnh ca mi k hiu. Xc sut xc nh sai k

hiu tn hiu QAM M mc l:

PM = 1 1 P

(1.16)

Ch rng kt qu ny ng vi k chn. Vi k l th khng c h thng PAM M mc tng ng. Tuy nhin c th d dng xc nh tc xc nh sai cho tp hp cc im tn hiu hnh ch nht. Nu s dng b xc nh ti u da trn o khong cch th xc sut xc nh sai k hiu b chn trn bi:
P
M

1 1 2Q

3 av (M 1)N 0

4Q

3k av (M 1)N 0

(1.17)

Vi k 1 v

av
N0

l SNR trung bnh ca tng bt. Xc sut sai k hiu

c v trn hnh 1.12 theo SNR trung bnh tng bt. Vi tn hiu QAM khng ch nht, ta c th xc nh gii hn trn ca xc sut sai bng cch s dng gii hn hp:
P
M

< (M 1)Q

(d

(e)

min

2N 0

(1.18)

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64-QAM

16-QAM

4-QAM

Hnh 1.12 Xc sut xc nh sai k hiu ca tn hiu QAM Ta c th so snh hiu qu hai tn hiu QAM v PSK vi cng mt gi tr M v hai tn hiu cng c hai chiu. Xc sut xc nh sai k hiu ca tn hiu PSK M mc l:
PM 2Q 2 s sin M

(1.19)

Vi s l SNR ca tng k hiu. Do cc xc sut sai u ph thuc vo i s ca hm Q nn ta c th so snh cc i s ny vi nhau. T s hai i s ny l:

RM = 3 / (M 1) 2 sin 2 M

(1.20)

Vi M=4 th RM = 1. Nh vy tn hiu PSK v QAM bn mc c hiu qu tng ng nhau vi cng SNR tng tn hiu. Mt khc, nu M<4 th RM>1 nn tn hiu QAM M mc c hiu qu cao hn so vi tn hiu PSK M mc.

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Bng sau cho ta mt s s liu v t l s RM. M 8 16 32 64 10log10RM 1,56 4.20 7,02 9,95

Li v SNR ca tn hiu QAM so vi tn hiu PSK.

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CHNG 2 N PHA
2.1 M u.
S khng hon ho ca b dao ng l mt vn hay gp trong thit k modem truyn thng. S suy gim mch in phn cng dng ny c rt nhiu tc ng trong cc loi iu bin mc cao s dng trong nhng ng dng khng dy di rng. Nhng ng dng bao gm h thngim-a im (PTM) nh dch v Local Multipoint Distribution (LMDS), mt dch v khng dy hai chiu s cho s truyn ting ni, video v d liu. Chu u, LMDS s dng bng 40GHz trong khi Hoa k di c phn phi 28 GHz. n pha ca b dao ng trong mi trng n gaux trng (Additive White Gaussian Noise - AWGN) s cho thy tc ng ca n ln hot ng ca c h thng. Trong cc ln kt End to End s dng cc m iu khin li tin tin v s cn bng, vic nghin cu nhng hiu ng ca n pha ln hot ng c h thng khng m ha cho php chng ta kho st vi hin tng th v. c bit, chng ta c th nhn thy nhng hiu ng ca n pha trn Bit Error Rates (BER), Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR), Intersymbol Interference (ISI), Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) v nhng chi tit k thut khc. Mt cng c thit k h thng a ra cho k s mt mi trng kim tra cc k thut iu bin khc nhau, nhng s m ha, cc kiu knh v thit k my thu. Nhng nhng khun dng tn hiu tr nn phc tp hn, tc ng khng l tng trong nhng thnh phn th gii thc t gy ra s suy gim ln hn khi thc hin trong truyn thng lin kt. Nh vy, mt mi trng thit k cho vicnh gi thit k phn thu trong nhng ng dng di rng c nh bao gm nhng m hnh cho loi s iu bin cao hn ca nhng h thng ny nhng m hnh chnh xc th hin nhng s thay i phn cng. Nhng m hnh ny c th s dng d on s thc hin th gii thc. Nhng cng c o c th s dng cho php hiu thu o nh hng ng ca nhng kin trc v nhng gii thut my thu.

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2.2 Th no l n pha.
Mt b to dao ng s to ra mt dng sng sin chun c dng s(t) = A sin (t) (2.1) nhng thng thng tn hiu lun lun c cha nhiu. iu ny c th c m t bi s dao ng bin ca tn hiu (thay i A) v bi s dao ng pha tn hiu (pha s bng t + n pha). Mt cch tng qut, chng ta c th miu t n tn hiu dao ng nh sau: s(t) = ( A + (t)) sin (t + (t)) (2.2) y: (t) m t s thay i bin trong tn hiu, gi n bin . (t) m t s thay i pha hay n pha. Ch rng n bin khng nh hng im ct zero v n pha khng nh hng bin ca tn hiu nh (signal peaks). Mt tn hiu gc tt l tn hiu c n bin nh. n bin c th loi b khi s dng h thng iu khin mc t ng ALC ( Automatic level control ), hoc do tn hiu truyn qua mt b khuch i hn ch. (Li ra ca mt b khuch i l tng hn ch c xc nh theo im ct zero ca tn hiu, v v vy khng b nh hng bi n bin .) n bin cng b lm mt i mt vi bi mt cc b trn s dng trong cc h thng sng v tuyn (rai). n pha l mt loi khc. Khi c n pha trong tn hiu l rt kh loi b n, n pha l nh hng chnh ln hot ng ca h thng. Nh vy, ta coi rng tn hiu ch gm c n pha v c bit di dng s(t) = A sin (t + (t)) (2.3) Trong min thi gian, nu tn hiu s(t) ca (2.3) l tng qut trn my hin sng l tng th hiu ng ca (t) s l nguyn nhn x dch thi gian trn im ct zero ca dng sng:

Hnh 2.1: Tn hiu vi n pha rt t.

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x dch thi gian c th nh hng ln mt vi ng dng, v d nh s(t) dng lm kho d liu trong cc h thng truyn s, dch thi gian cn c th l nguyn nhn lm sai d liu ly mu. iu ny khng lin quan ti cc k s v tuyn, n pha thng lm cho tn hiu nhiu (nh trong hnh 2.1) l nguyn nhn gy li nh thi. Cc mc ca n pha qu nh thy c trn my hin sng song c th l nguyn nhn thay i ph ca tn hiu l rt quan trng trong cc ng dng v tuyn. n pha trn b pht tn hiu c th lm nhiu n cc dch v khc, trong khi n pha pht trn b nhn ph ca b to dao ng pha thu c th lm gim mt chn lc hoc cc nh hng khng mong mun khc. Cc hiu ng ny lin quan n cc k s v tuyn v l i tng xem xt trong nhng phn sau.

2.3 Mt s nguyn nhn gy n pha.

n pha do rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn, trong phn ny ch a ra mt vi nguyn nhn ch yu thng gp v n nh hng ln n pha ca sng mang. 2.3.1 S dch tn do b to dao ng. B to dao ng, nu l l tng th n ch pht ra mt tn s nht nh. Khi tn hiu khng b dch tn v khng ko theo hin tng n pha. Nhng trong thc t, b to dao ng thng b nh hng do cc linh kin in t bn trong, nn tn s c to ra khng c nh. Tn s s b thay i i mt lng no , hin tng ny gi l s dch tn. S dch tn ny l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn to ra hin tng n pha. 2.3.2 nh hng do hiu ng Doppler. Ngoi nguyn nhn to n pha do trc tip c s thay i bn trong tn hiu, ta cn xt n nguyn nhn khc t bn ngoi tn hiu tc ng vo, c th l t mi trng truyn. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn l hiu ng Doppler. Khi mt ngun sng v mt b thu u chuyn ng tng i vi th mt trong hai tn s ca tn hiu nhn c s khng ging tn hiu gc. Khi chng chuyn ng ra xa nhau th tn s ca tn hiu thu cao hn tn s tn hiu
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gc, v khi chng chuyn ng li gn nhau th ngc li tn s thu thp hn tn s tn hiu gc. y l hiu ng Doppler. Tn s thay i gy ra hiu ng Doppler, n ph thuc vo chuyn ng tng i gia tn hiu thu v tn hiu pht ng thi ph thuc vo tc ca tn hiu truyn. dch tn trong min tn s c th vit: = 0 v
c

(2.4)

l tn s sng mang ca tn hiu gc ti ni thu. 0 l tn s ca tn hiu gc. v l chnh lch gia tc tn hiu gc v tn hiu nhn. c l tc sng in t trong chn khng. Nu vt chuyn ng vi tc v s to ra so vi phng thng ng mt gc . Khi lch tn l: = 0 v cos
c

(2.5)

2.3.3 Hiu ng ca ho ba. n pha c th hi b n i vi nhng k s tr ch quen vi cc loi n thng thng v mt ph cng sut thng thng c th mang n tc nhanh hn. u ra ca mt b to dao ng c th c miu t bi mt b so pha.

Tn hiu c i din bi mt vect c chiu di tng ng vi gc quay ca bin tn hiu ti tn s dao ng. Ti u mt vect c mt vct ngu nhin nh i din cho n ca b dao ng. vect n ny c i din bi hai vect trc giao, mt ch phng hng ca vect mt ch phng hng ca s quay. Vect bin th hin n bin cn vect tn hiu cn li l vect th hin s n pha. R rng vect bin thay i th bin ca b dao ng thay i, vect n pha thay i th pha ca b dao ng thay i. Mc d dng trc
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gic so snh s bin ng phc tp ca bin vi bin ton b, n c th c so snh s bin ng phc tp ca bin mt vi Radian vi bin ca sng mang hai kiu ny c l khng lin quan nhau. Ta gi thit i vi gc nh th sin ca n gn bng chnh gc . Khi n pha nh v c xc nh, n bin i nh trong phm vi gc pha th chiu di vect n pha c suy ra. Gi thit rng gc n pha nh c th biu din chiu di ca vect n pha bng vi gc o c nhn vi kch thc tn hiu. (i vi cc b dao ng tt c gc n kh nh). Ch rng nu vect n nh, n s c lp vi n ca b to dao ng (n cng). Cc mc dao ng ln hn s cho n pha nh hn nh vi tn hiu AM, t s tn trn tp s c ci thin. Nu s bin i pha c iu ch pha th vect nh s ln ln cng vi vect tn hiu gi cho gc khng thay i nh mt di bin n AM s ln ln cng vi kch thc ca sng mang. Khi c quan st trn mt b phn tch ph, n bin v n pha s xut hin nh n di bin trn c hai mt ca sng mang. Thng thng nhng c im ca di bin n pha c biu th bi mt nguyn bn L (nh biu di). a s cc php o phn n pha hai bn di bin, nh cch mt b d tm AM n gin kt hp c hai di bin v do n c o s s cao hn khong 3dB so vi n ca mt di bin ph thuc vo lin kt ca cc di bin. (Nguyn bn L(f) mi y nh ngha nh mt na tng ca c hai di bin, nh vy trnh c ton b vn ca s lin kt ca hai di bin). o gc n hay chnh xc hn l mt ph ca gc n th n gin. B to dao ng s c o kho pha vi mt b to dao ng s dng mt hng s thi gian. Nhng s bin i pha ca b dao ng s gy ra nhng bin i trong in p u ra ca b trn. Mt tc nhn chuyn i c th c xc nh cho b trn/b tch sng pha bi vic quan st dc im ghp ghi ch ti v tr in p bng khng khi nhng b dao ng c kho (nh X V/rad). Mt ph ca in p n sau khi c o (vi cc b dao ng c kho cng nhau) bng cc k thut thng thng bao gm nhng phn tch FFT hoc phn tch sng. Mt vi vn phc tp s xut hin, c bit khi o n tiu biu nhng b dao ng lm n i chiu. Nhiu bi bo miu t chi tit cc kh khn ca n pha c th tm thy t NIST.

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Ni dung ho m u ra ca mt b dao ng thng thng khng quan trng v mc ca n thng nh hn 30dB. S suy gim cao nhiu ca cc ho m ny c th t c khi ho m ring bit b trit tiu trn mt tn s ti hn nh trong nhy ca b nhn nhng ch phi ngn nga s pht li ca cc ho m khng a thch khi cc tn hiu ca b dao ng c x l bi cc mch in ca ngi thit k.

2.4 Mt ph cng sut ca n pha.

Cc b gii iu ch s dng ti b thu c phn loi kt hp hay khng kt hp (coherent or non-coherent) ph thuc vo chng s dng sng mang hay khng v nu l tng l c pha v tn s bng vi pha v tn s ti b truyn, gii iu ch tn hiu ti b thu. Pha v tn s in hnh l ly li t tn hiu nhn bi mt vng kho pha (PLL), ci m s dng vo mt b to dao ng ni ti (local oscillator). Khi phc sng mang c th khc vi sng mang truyn do n pha, do ch n nh trong thi gian ngn (s tri tn s _ frequency drift) ca b to dao ng v do nh hng v x l tm thi ca b PLL. Sng mang thu c dng nh sau: v(t) = V0 [1+(t) ] cos ( 0t + j(t) + dt2/2) y d ( lch di hn_long-term drift) th hin nh hng n s lo ho (lm gi) ca b to dao ng, a(t) l bin n v j(t) biu th n pha. Bnh thng bin n a(t) nh hiu ng ca s lo ho (lm gi), c th khng cn . n pha thng c trnh by trong h thng truyn nh hnh sau:

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Additive noise and interference r(bb)(t)
X

w (bb)

(t)

Transmission medium s
(bb)

(t)

HPA

1 gCh(bb) 2

g(bb) Ch(t)

ejj(t)

Phase noise

Hnh 2.2 M hnh bng gc tng ng ca knh truyn bao gm thit b khng tuyn tnh. n pha j(t) bao gm cc thnh phn xc nh v n ngu nhin. V d, nhit , in p ngun thay i cn tr khng li ra ca b to dao ng l cc thnh phn c nh trc. Khng n cc nh hng xc nh v loi b s tri tn s th mt ph cng sut ca j(t) gm 5 thnh phn nh sau:

(2.6) tn s ngu nhin vi l h Mt h thng n gin thng s dng c cho bi phng trnh sau: n rung tn s ngu n rung tn s nhin hoc n pha tn s trng n pha trng

a P j ( f ) = c + 1 b f2

f f1 f1 f < f 2
(2.7)

y thng s a v c ln lt l i din ca -65dBc/Hz v 125dBc/Hz, v b xc nh nhn t m ph thuc vo 1 , 2 v tip tc m bo PSD. dBc l dB carrier, l n trnh by cng sut trng thi ca n pha, vit tt

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l dB vi ch l cng sut trng thi ca tn hiu mong mun nhn trong di thng. Ph thuc vo gi tr ca a,b,c,1 v 2 th hin cng sut trng thi ca j(t) t 10-2 n 10-4. Hnh di th hin vi 1 = 0.1MHz, 2 = 2MHz, a = 65dBc/Hz v c = -125dBc/Hz.

Hnh 2.3 M hnh n gin ca ph cng sut n pha.

2.5 Hiu ng n pha trong h thng QAM.

Nhng dch nh theo v tr nhng im trn gin chm sao c th ch ra BER ca tn hiu c gii iu ch. Hnh 2.3a trnh by s khc nhau gia gin chm sao 16-QAM l tng, v gin chm sao b nhng nh hng n pha nh trong hnh 2.3 b. Tht vy, vi tn hiu QAM mc nh, xc sut gy n pha l rt b v mun xy ra hin tng nhiu pha, th gc pha phi dch i mt gc kh ln, iu ny l rt kh khn. Cn vi tn hiu QAM mc cao, th ch cn dch pha i mt gc nh cng c th gy ra hin tng n pha.

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Hnh 2.4a. Chm sao 16-QAM l tng

Hnh 2.4 b. Chm sao QAM 16 vi s bin ng tp pha n pha mt mc chp nhn c vi QPSK c th gy ra nhng vn khi vic s dng s iu bin cao hn. Trong hnh 2.4 trnh by s tn x ca 16-QAM v 64-QAM. (Trong hnh ny, Es/N0 c t l 100.0 dB, thc cht loi tr nhng nh hng ca AWGN. Ch rng vi 16-QAM, nhng im trong gin chm sao tt trong cc vng quyt nh, trong khi 64-QAM ch r rng nhng li quyt nh c gy ra bi ch nhng n nh.)

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Hnh 2.5. S Tn x phc ha ca 16 - QAM v 64 QAM T l li k hiu ca QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM v 256-QAM cho thy c cho trong hnh 2.5. R rng, s suy gim tng theo kch thc. Nh nhng vng quyt nh b thu hp, s tn sc trong gin tn x tr nn hn ch hn trong vic nh gi s thc hin li.

Hnh 2.6. Li k hiu nh gi nh nhiu kiu iu bin. Ngoi ra, tng cng sut n pha, hnh dng ph ca n pha c th c hn ch. Trong trng hp, di thng b dao ng l t hn t l k hiu, nhng s bin i pha c th c theo di v nhng hiu ng ca mt pha bin i chm c th c chuyn dch. iu ny c th thy r hn v nhng hiu ng n pha trong iu bin a sng mang.
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CHNG 3 M PHNG
3.1 M u
Trong qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu s ta thy rng tn hiu thng b nh hng bi mt s nguyn nhn lm cho tn hiu thu c b sai khc i so vi tn hiu gc. Mt trong s cc nguyn nhn l hin tng n pha. Hin tng n pha xy ra lm cho pha ca sng mang ca tn hiu ti ni nhn ca b gii iu ch khc vi sng mang ban u. n pha trong tn hiu l rt kh loi b v cc hiu ng ca n ln hot ng ca h thng l rt ln. Trong khun kh kho lun ny chng ti xin trnh by cc hiu ng ca n pha trong h thng 256-QAM c m phng trong chng trnh phasenoise_sim ca Matlab 7.0. Chng trnh phasenoise_sim minh ho hiu ng n pha ti ni nhn trong h thng 256-QAM. iu ch QAM vi mt s ln cc im trong gin chm sao th tng i nhy vi n pha. Cc phn sau y gip ta hiu hn v h thng ny: Cu trc ca khi m phng demo. H thng m phng ny s dng cc khi truyn thng khc nhau thit lp m hnh nhn QAM c n pha. H thng m phng bao gm cc khi nh: 1. Mt ngun pht s ngu nhin t 0 n 255. 2. Mt b iu ch bng tn c s 256_QAM. 3. Mt knh nhiu cng tnh AWGN. 4. Mt ngun n pha. 5. Mt b gii iu ch bng tn c s 256_QAM. 6. Mt b tnh ton v thng k li. 7. B hin th thng k li khi chy m phng. 8. Mt gin pha ng vi tn hiu nhn, gm c n pha. Khi n pha. Khi ny lm dch pha ca tn hiu mt lng ngu nhin. Ta c th iu chnh gi tr varion ca pha ngu nhin bng cch iu chnh tham s mc n pha (Phase noise level) trong mt n khi n pha. Kt qu v hin th. H thng m phng bao gm cc khi gip ta hiu cch thc hin ca s :
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Biu tng hin th cho thy vic thng k cc li thay i trong h thng. Thng k cc tc li, s li c pht hin v tng s cc k hiu so snh. 2. Gin pha hin th tn hiu nhn c, bao gm c nhiu cng tnh v n pha. Gn mi im trn gin chm sao chun l tp hp cc im. Gn cc im trn gin chm sao xa gc to , mt m cc im c th khp li to thnh mt hnh vng cung. Hnh vng cung ny l mt hiu ng ca n pha. 3. Tc li bt trong h thng vi cc mc khc nhau ca n pha c th hin trong s . xem s ny ta kch p chut vo display figure trong s m hnh. Mi ng cong trong s th hin tc bt li nh l hm ca t s Eb/N0 trong knh AWGN i vi mt lng n pha c nh. to nn cc hnh v c th chy s m phng, thay i cc tham s v ghi li kt qu bng s. Mt cch hiu qu thc hin iu ny l thay cc tham s then cht trong s bng cc bin, chn mt khi to Workspace ghi li thng k li v sau chy m phng dng vng lp trong MATLAB. Trong phn ny, ta s gii thiu tng quan v cc khi trong s m phng. y ta s ni n cu trc, chc nng ca tng khi v kho st s hot ng ca s . Ta s m phng c th hot ng ca s thy c hiu ng ca n pha ln h thng 256-QAM.

1.

Hnh 3.1 Hiu ng n pha trong h thng 256-QAM

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3.2 Cu trc, chc nng v hot ng cc khi.

3.2.1 Khi pht s nguyn ngu nhin.

Khi ny pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0, M-1]. M l s mc ca tn hiu QAM c iu ch. Trong kho lun ny ta xt M=256. i lng M c th l i lng v hng hoc vct. Nu l v hng, cc li ra ngu nhin l c lp nhau v phn b u. Nu M l vct, di ca n phi bng vi di ca thng s xc lp ban u (Initial seed) c xc lp t u. Trong trng hp ny mi li ra phi c mt di xc nh. Nu tham s xc lp ban u (Initial seed) l khng i th kt qu ca n c th lp li. c trng ca tn hiu li ra Tn hiu li ra c th l ma trn da theo nguyn tc khung, mt vc t hng hay ct da theo nguyn tc mu hoc mng mt chiu da theo nguyn tc mu. Cc thuc tnh c iu khin bi thng s Frame-based outputs, Samples per frame, v Interpret vector parameters as 1-D. S cc phn t trong thng s Initial seed tr thnh s cc ct li ra da theo nguyn tc khung hoc s cc phn t ca vc t li ra da theo nguyn tc mu. Ngoi ra, dng (hng hay ct) ca tham s Initial seed tr thnh dng ca tn hiu hai chiu da theo nguyn tc mu. Trong khi ny ta c th thay i cc thng s M-ary, Initinal seed, Sample time v Sample per frame to ra cc li vo khc nhau. 3.2.2 iu ch v gii iu ch QAM. Phng php tng qut v iu ch v gii iu ch c nu ra r rng trong chng I. y ta ni c th v iu ch v gii iu ch QAM trong s c cp trong kho lun ny. iu ch QAM.

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iu ch tn hiu li vo s dng phng php iu ch bin xung vung. Gi tr s M phi l lu tha ca 2. Li vo c th l cc bt hoc cc s n guyn. Trong trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc ly mu, rng ca xung li vo phi bng s bt trn mt symbol. Trong trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc khung, rng xung li vo phi l s nguyn v l bi ca s bt trn mt symbol. Cc bt c th l kiu nh phn hoc kiu Gray. Trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc ly mu th li vo phi l i lng v hng. Trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc khung th li vo phi l mt vecto ct. Trng hp lp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc khung th rng ca khung li ra bng tch ca s k hiu v s mu trn mt k hiu. Trong trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc ly mu th thi gian ly mu li ra bng chu k mt k hiu chia cho s mu ca mt k hiu. Cc thng s M-ary number, input type, Normalization method, Minimum distance, Phase offset (rad), Samples per symbol c th thay i c. Gi tr tn hiu li vo Li vo v li ra ca khi ny l cc tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian. Thng s Input type xc nh khi tip nhn s nguyn trong khong [0, M-1] hay s biu din nh phn ca s nguyn: - Nu Input type t s nguyn th khi tip nhn cc s nguyn. Li vo c th l v hng hoc mt vc t ct da theo nguyn tc khung. -Nu li vo l Bit th khi chp nhn mt nhm K Bit, gi l cc t nh phn. Li vo c th l cc vc t c di K hoc mt vc t ct da theo nguyn tc khung m di l bi ca K. Thng s Constellation ordering ch ra cc t nh phn gn cho cc im trn gin chm sao. Vic gn khng ph thuc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca li vo: 1. Nu thng s Constellation ordering l s nh phn th khi s dng gin chm sao dng nh phn. 2. Nu thng s Constellation ordering l m gray v K l s chn th khi s dng gin chm sao dng m gray.
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3. Nu thng s Constellation ordering l m gray v K l s l th khi m ho cc cp im gn nhau nht trn gin chm sao cn mt hoc hai bit. Gin chm sao c dng cho nhau v cc cp im yu cu 2 bt. S s dng M=128 nhng ngh cho trng hp tng qut

Hnh3.2 Gin chm sao 128-QAM Gii iu ch tn hiu QAM

Gii iu ch tn hiu li vo s dng phng php iu ch bin xung vung. Gi tr s M phi l lu tha ca 2. Trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc ly mu th li vo phi l i lng v hng. Trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc khung th li vo phi l mt vecto ct. Li ra c th l cc bt hay cc s nguyn. Trong trng hp li ra l bit, li ra l s nguyn bi ca s bit trn mt symbol. Cc bt trong symbol c th l kiu nh phn hoc kiu Gray. Trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc khung th rng ca khung li vo bng tch ca s k hiu v s mu trn mt k hiu. Trong trng hp li vo l cc bt da trn nguyn tc ly mu th thi gian ly mu li vo bng chu k mt k hiu chia cho s mu ca mt k hiu. Cc thng s M-ary number, output type, Normalization method, Minimum distance, Phase offset (rad), Samples per symbol c th thay i c.
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Gin chm sao ca khi gii iu ch QAM Gin chm sao ca khi gii iu ch QAM c M im, M l s mc ca tn hiu QAM iu ch. M phi c dng 2k vi k l mt s nguyn dng. Khi thay i thng s Normalization method s lm thay i tn hiu gin chm sao c s. Li vo c th l mt i lng v hng hay mt vct ct da trn nguyn tc khung. Gi tr tn hiu li ra (Output Signal Values). Thng s Output type xc nh kt qu ca li vo. Nu Output type l s nguyn th khi kt qu l s nguyn. Nu Output type l bt, th khi kt qu l mt nhm ca k bt gi l mt t nh phn cho mi symbol. Thng s Constellation ordering cho bit t nh phn gn cho mi im trn gin chm sao. 3.2.3 AWGN Channel.

Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s thc hoc s phc. Nu tn hiu v o l thc th khi ny s cng nhiu Gauss thc v to ra mt tn hiu thc li ra. Khi tn hiu li vo l phc, khi ny cng tn hiu Gauss phc v to ra mt li ra tn hiu phc. Khi s dng s thay i mode vi li vo phc, gi tr thay i ngang bng thnh phn thc chia cho thnh phn o ca tn hiu li vo. Thng s c th thay i c l Initial seed, Mode, Eb/No (dB), Number of bits per symbol, Input signal power (watts), Symbol period (s). Khi ny s dng khi Signal Processing Blockset's Random Source to ra nhiu. Thng s Initial seed trong khi khi chy to nhiu. Gi tr xc

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lp ban u (Initial seed) c th l s hoc vct m di l s knh trong tn hiu li vo. Cch thc a nhiu vo trong tn hiu li vo ph thuc vo dng d liu v trng thi khung: Nu li vo l mt s mu c s th khi ny s cng nhiu Gauss vo tn hiu. Nu li vo l vecto mu c s hoc vecto hng khung c s th cng c lp nhiu Gauss vo mi knh. Nu li vo l vecto ct khung c s th khi ny s cng mt khung ca nhiu Gauss vo tn hiu mt knh n. Nu li vo l ma trn (nxm) khung c s th khi cng di m khung ca nhiu Gauss n tng knh trong n knh. Li vo c th l mt ma trn (nxm) nu c n v m u ln hn 1. C th xc nh s khc nhau ca b to nhiu bi knh AWGN t s tn hiu trn n Eb/N0 v Eb/N0 vi tn hiu ln lt l bt v l symbol, hay t l tn trn tp SNR. Vi tn hiu li vo l phc, cc t s Eb/N0, Es/N0 v SNR xc nh bi AWGN theo cng thc sau: Es/N0 = SNR . (Tsym/Tsamp) Es/N0 = Eb/N0 + 10log10(k) Trong : Es = nng lng tn hiu (Joules). Eb = nng lng bt (Joules). N0 = mt ca ngun nhiu quang (Watts/Hz). Tsym l thng s Symbol period ca khi trong m hnh Es/N0. k l s bt thng tin trn symbol li vo. Tsamp l thi gian ly mu ca khi, tnh bng giy. (dB)

Vi tn hiu vo l s thc Es/N0 v SNR do AWGN c xc nh theo cng thc:

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Ch rng trng hp tn hiu vo l s thc khc vi tn hiu vo l s phc bi tha s 2. Nguyn nhn l v s dng mt ph cng sut N0/2 Watts/Hz cho trng hp tn hiu vo l thc v N0 Watts/Hz cho trng hp tn hiu vo l phc. 3.2.4 n pha.

Li ra ca khi ny l n vi tnh cht ph c xc nh bng gi tr h s gc 1/f. Mc ca ph xc nh cng sut n cha trong mt Hz dch gii thng t tn s sng mang. Cc mc ca ph theo l thuyt l cng sut nhiu trong mt Hz dch di tn sng mang bi tn s xc nh no . Cc thng s Phase noise level (dBc/Hz), Frequency offset (Hz), Initial seed c th thay i c. Khi n pha cng nhiu pha ti tn hiu phc, tn hiu bng c s. Khi cung cp nhiu pha nh sau: To ra nhiu Gauss cng tnh (AWGN) v lc nhiu ny bng b lc s. Cng nhiu vo thnh phn gc ca tn hiu vo. Ta c th quan st hot ng ca khi bng cch kch phi chut vo khi v chn Look under Mask t hp menu. V cho ta m phng sau:

Chng ta c th quan st cu trc ca khi ngun nhiu th kch p chut vo n.

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Cc thng s ca khi c cc hiu ng thay i c minh ho trong khi hin th phn tn ca tn hiu iu ch 16-QAM nh cc hnh di y. Ta thy rng n pha c sinh ra do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau v s dch tn, dch pha cng l mt nguyn nhn gy ra n pha. Khi d ch tn/pha (phase/frequency offset) ny cung cp dch pha v sau cung cp dch tn ca tn hiu bng gc. Khi thc hin vic ny trong cc khi nh c ch ra trong s sau:

Bn c th xem hot ng ca khi dch pha/tn bng cch kch p chut vo khi nh Phase Offset hay Frequency Offset di dng mt n. Khi Phase Offset xc nh dch pha v khi Frequency Offset xc nh dch tn ca tn hiu li vo. Cc gin sau s m t c th cc nh hng . Ta s minh ho gin chm sao trong trng hp khng c nhiu, trng hp ch c dch tn m khng c dch pha v trng hp ch c dch pha m khng c dch tn. Cc gin chm sao s cho ta thy s nh hng ca cc yu t trn n cc im trn gin chm sao chun nh th no. Gin chm sao khi khng c nh hng ca dch pha/tn c ch trong hnh sau:

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Cn hnh v sau l hin th gin chm sao ca tn hiu ra, cng c m ho 16-QAM, t khi nhiu pha vi mc nhiu (tnh theo dBc/Hz) l -70 cn lch tn l 100. Khi ta c hnh v:

Hnh sau l gin chm sao trong trng hp tn hiu ra iu ch 16QAM v c nh hng ca dch pha/tn tng ng vi Phase offset (deg) l 20 v Frequency offset (Hz) l 0 ngha l ch c dch pha ch khng c dch tn:

Quan st gin chm sao ta s thy cc im trn gin chm sao quay vng mt gc 20 theo chiu ngc kim ng h ngha l cc im b dch i mt gc l 20 theo chiu ngc kim ng h.
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Nu thit lp Phase offset (deg) l 0 v Frequency offset (Hz) l 2 ngha l khng c dch pha m ch c dch tn th gc quay ca cc im trn gin chm sao thay i mt cch tuyn tnh. Nguyn nhn l do cc im trong s tn x dch i mt gc vi mt gi tr rad no ngha l mc d thng s dich pha c thit lp bng 0 nhng do s dch tn ko theo s dch pha, nh hnh di y:

Ch mi im trong s tn x c ln bng vi mt im trong gin chm sao gc. 3.2.5 Khi tnh ton li. Khi ny dng tnh ton t l li bt hoc t l li symbol ca d liu li vo.

Tc li ca d liu thu c xc nh bng tr ca d liu truyn. Khi thu l 3 phn t vect bao gm tc li, tng s li l s cc bt khc nhau
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v tng s k hiu c so snh. Vct ny c th chuyn khng gian lm vic hoc cng li ra. tr l do tc dng ca ph m khng cn ch xem li vo l mt s hay mt vct. Li vo Tx v Rx phi l i lng v hng da trn nguyn tc ly mu hoc l vct ct da trn nguyn tc khung. Thng s Receive delay, Computation delay, Computation mode, Output data c th thay i c. Ngoi ra nu bn chn Stop simulation bn cn c th thay i c thng s Target number of errors v Maximum number of symbols. Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nhng con s thay i lin tc, bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. Ta c th s dng khi ny tnh t l li bit hay t l li k hiu, v n khng tnh n s khc nhau gia cc thnh phn d liu vo. Nu li vo dng bit th khi s tnh t l li bit. Nu li vo l cc k hiu th n tnh t l li k hiu. Khi ny k tha thi gian ly mu ca tn hiu li vo. Khi ny c t 2 n 4 cng vo, ph thuc vo thit lp cho cc thng s. Cng Tx v Rx ln lt l tn hiu truyn v tn hiu nhn. Tn hiu Tx v Rx phi c cng tc ly mu. Cc li vo Tx v Rx c th l mt i lng v hng hay mt vect ct da trn nguyn tc khung. Nu Tx l i lng v hng v Rx l vect (c hng) hoc ngc li (Tx l vect, Rx l v hng) th khi so snh i lng v hng vi tng thnh phn ca vect. Nu bn kim tra hp Reset port th mt cng vo na xut hin v t l Rst. Cng Rst phi l tn hiu v hng da trn nguyn tc ly mu v c cng tc ly mu vi tn hiu Rx v Tx. Khi Rst khc khng th khi xo li sau tnh li. Nu bn t cho thng s Computation mode l Select samples from port th mt cng thm na li xut hin v t l Sel. Cng Sel ch cc thnh phn no ca khung lin quan n s tnh ton, iu ny s c gii thch k hn trong phn di. Li vo Sel c th l vect ct da trn nguyn tc ly mu hoc vect mt chiu.

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Nu c hai li vo u l v hng th khi so snh tn hiu v hng Tx vi tn hiu v hng Rx. Nu c hai tn hiu vo l vect th khi so snh mt s hay ton b d liu Tx vi Rx: - Nu t thng s Computation mode l Entire frame th khi so snh ton b khung Tx vi khung Rx. - Nu t Computation mode l Select samples from mask th trng Selected samples from frame xut hin trong hp thoi. Trng thng s ny nhn mt vect l danh sch cc ch s ca nhng thnh phn ca khung Rx m bn mun khi xt n. V d, ch xt thnh phn u v cui ca khung thu chiu di l 6 th t thng s Selected samples from frame l [1 6]. Nu vect Selected samples from frame gm cc s 0 th khi b qua chng. D liu ra (Output Data) Khi ny a ra vct c 3 mc ph hp sau: - Tc li. - Tng s li l s cc bt khc nhau. - Tng s cc bt c so snh. tr (Delays) Thng s tr b nhn (Receive delay) v tr trong tnh ton (Computation delay) l 2 kiu khc nhau v s tr ca khi. Tr b nhn c tc dng khi mt phn ca h thng l nguyn nhn ca s tr d liu nhn v tr trong tnh ton c tc dng khi mun b qua s tr ca c hai tn hiu li vo: - Thng s tr b nhn (Receive delay) l s mu do s tr ca b nhn sau khi truyn d liu. Thng s ny xc nh cho khi cc mu "correspond" cho mi phn khc nhau v s em ra so snh. S m phng s th hin tr ca b nhn. - Thng s tr trong tnh ton (Computation delay) xc nhn khi b qua cc s trn l thuyt ca mu khi bt u s so snh.

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V d (Examples). Hnh di y ch ra s so snh cc cp phn t v m s li. V d sau cho thy thi gian ly mu ca tn hiu li vo l 1 giy v thng s ca li c cho nh sau: o Receive delay = 2 o Computation delay = 0 o Computation mode = Entire frame Tn hiu li vo l di ca c vct ct da trn nguyn tc khung c di l 3 phn t. Mc d vy, cc phn t ca mi vect ct c xp xp theo chiu ngang v hai li vo tr nhau 2 mu. Ti mi thi im, khi so snh cc phn t ca tn hiu Rx vi cc phn t ca tn hiu Tx m xut hin pha trc. V d, ti thi im t = 1 khi so snh 2,4 v 1 t tn hiu Rx vi 2,3 v 1 t tn hiu Tx. Gi tr ca hai phn t u tin ca Rx du hoa th v chng khng khng nh hng n li ra. Tng t nh vy, phn t 5 v 6 ca tn hiu Tx khng nh hng n li ra ti thi im t = 3 mc d chng c nh hng n li ra ti thi im t = 4. Tc li trong phn phi ca s di, tnh ti thi im t no cho ra mt s li xc nh khi xt cc phn t ca li vo Rx ti thi im t.

Nu Reset port ca khi c kim tra v thit lp li trong thi gian 3 giy th cui cng t l li l 2/3 thay v 4/10 v sau thi im t = 3 khi tnh ton li c thit lp li. Lc ny n ch tnh ton n s bt khc nhau c so snh trn tng s bt c so snh m thi. Gi tr 2/3 ny l kt qu so snh ca 3,2 v 1 t tn hiu Rx vi 7,7v 1 t tn hiu Tx. Hnh di y s gii thch iu ny.

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3.2.6 Gin chm sao. Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch.

Gin chm sao m t s phn b ca cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca mt tn hiu iu ch, th hin ra cc c im nh hnh dng xung hoc s mo ca tn hiu. Khi ny c mt cng li vov tn hiu li vo phi l tn hiu phc. t thng s mu trn k hiu (Samples per symbol) l 8, tng dn cc im hin th ln 100 v chy chng trnh trong 100 giy, ta c s phn b di y:

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Khi ny hin th cc gi tr li ca khi li vo.

Khi hin th cho ta thy t l li trn k t, tng s li v tng s k t.

3.3 M PHNG
Gin chm sao ca khi khi khng c n tc dng vo.

Lc ny cc im trn gin chm sao l l tng. Chng l cc chm xc nh v khng b dao ng ra xung quanh.

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Gin chm sao sau m t h thng khi tn hiu truyn c nhiu trng AWGN.

Nhiu ny lm cho cc im trn gin chm sao b dao ng ra xung quanh v tr chun ca n mt i lng no y. Mc d nh hng ca nhiu ny cha lm cho cc im trong gin chm sao ln vo nhau xong n cng gy nh hng n qu trnh truyn ca h thng. Gin chm sao sau l s nh hng tng cng ca nhiu trng AWGN v n pha ln tn hiu truyn ca h thng.

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Ta thy s nh hng y l rt ln. Cc im trn gin chm sao b nhiu ln ln nhau. Nh vy, ti li ra chng khi phc li tn hiu s rt kh. M phng bng cng c bertool. Ta s dng cng c bertool trong MATLAB 7.0, s dng m phng Monte Carlo m phng hiu ng n pha trong h thng 256-QAM. Ta thc hin ln lt theo cc bc sau: 1. Ta m chng trnh MATLAB 7.0, sau nh `demo` vo ca s lnh ca MATLAB. Sau ta chn s phasenoise_sim theo ng dn sau: Blocksets/Communications/Channel Models and Impairments/Phase Noise Effect in 256-QAM v kch p vo open this model. Lc ny ta c s phasenoise_sim. 2. nh vo ca s lnh ca MATLAB dng lnh: Eb/N0 = 0; maxNumErrs = 100; maxNumBits = 1e8; 3. Kch p chut vo khi AWGN, sau thit lp thng s Es/N0 l EbN0 v kch vo OK. 4. Kch p chut vo khi Error Rate Calculation sau chn stop simulation v thit lp thng s Target Number of Errors l maxNumErrs, thng s Maxnumber of Symbols l maxNumBits ri n OK. 5. Ta m s phasenoise_sim sau kch vo biu tng ca Library Browser, lc ny ta c mt ca s Simulink Library Browser. Ta theo ng dn Signal Processing Blockset/DSP Sinks ri ta ly khi yout a vo s phasenoise_sim nh hnh v.

6. Kch p chut vo khi yout sau ci t thng s Variable manu l BER, thng s Limit data points to last l 1 v n OK. 7. Sau ta ghi file va thc hin li vo mt th vin trong MATLAB

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8. Ta m ca s Monte Carlo bng cch nh Bertool vo ca s lnh MATLAB. Ta thit lp cc thng s nh trong hnh sau v sau n Run:

Sau khi ta n Run chng trnh trong MATLAB chy v cho ta c kt qu nh sau:

Cc im (*) th hin cho ta thy ng cong BER ca h thng 256QAM.

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Sau ta chn ca s Theoretical trong Bit Error Rate AnalysisTool. Ta thit lp cc thng s nh hnh di v n Plot.

Vi mc n pha l -66, khi n Plot ta c kt qu nh sau:

Ta thy ng m phng Monte Carlo v ng l thuyt khc xa nhau, iu ny chng t s sai khc gy ra do n pha l rt ln.

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Vi mc n pha l -88, khi n Plot ta c hnh sau:

Ta thy, khi gim mc n pha i, ng thc nghim v ng l thuyt ca BER trong tn hiu sai khc i rt t. iu ny chng t, vi mc n pha nh, nhiu gy ra do n pha c th khng lm sai khc i tn hiu truyn.

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Kt lun Sau mt thi gian nghin cu v tm hiu vi s ch bo tn tnh ca thy hng dn, kho lun Hiu ng n pha trong h thng 256-QAM c hon thnh. Trong qu trnh thc hin kho lun, em lm c nhng vic sau: Tm hiu c tng quan v cc qu trnh iu ch s. Tm hiu c th no l n pha v xc sut xc nh sai tn hiu QAM. Tm hiu c cc hiu ng ca n pha n h thng khi thay i mc n pha a vo. M phng c s sai khc ca t s BER trong h thng tn hiu vi n pha l thuyt. Vi khong thi gian c hn v do iu kin cha cho php, nn cc vn em tm hiu c gii hn nh trn. Khi no iu kin cho php, em s tm hiu i su hn, c th l qu trnh khc phc hin tng n pha.

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TI LIU THAM KHO [1] MATLAB 7.0 [2] Nguyn Vit Knh: Cc h thng thng tin tng t v s hin i. [3] Proakis, J.G., vaf Salehi, M.:Communication Symtems Engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall, 1994. [4] Nevio Benvenuto and Giovanni Cherubini: Algorithms for Communications Symtems and Their Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2002. [5] Heinrich Meyr, Marc Moenclaey, Stefan A. Fechtel: Digital Communication Receivers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. [6] Cc ti liu ly t Internet.