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Basic electrical-engineering formulas

Cross-section and diameter calculation of flexible leads

A = d2 0,785 n A Z n d = = = = lead cross-section in mm2 lead diameter in mm number of individual wires individual wire- in mm

Resistance/Temperature
RW = RK (1+ ) RW = RK + R R = RK RK RW R = = = = = cold resistance at +20C in hot resistance in change in resistance in temperature changes in C temperature coefficient

Z = 1,34nd

Conductor resistance
L R= S 1 G= R
Example =

=
R G S L = = = = = = electrical resistance in electrical conductivity in S conductor cross-section in mm2 length of conductor in m specific resistance (Rho) conductivity (Kappa)

RW RK RK

Cu = 0,0039 1/ C Alu = 0,00467 1/ C Example = 70 C RK = 100 = 0,0039 1/ C RW = RK (1+ ) RW = 100 W(1+ 0,0039 70) RW = 127,3

L R= S
1

given required

L = 800 m, R = 100 , S = 0,15 mm2 = Conductivity

Calculation route

L = R S =

800 m = 53,3 100 0,15 mm

2

m mm
2

Installation in series of ...

Resistors Rg = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

1
Capacitors

1 + L1

1 + L2

1 + ... L3

Ohm's Law
U I= R
I U R d = = = = electrical current in A electrical voltage in V electrical resistance in individual wire- in mm Inductances

Lg

Lg = L1 + L2 + L3 + ...

Installation in parallel of ...

Example U = 220 V ; R = 980 U 220 V I= = R 980 I = 0,22 A

1
Resistors

1 = + R1

1 + R2

1 + ... R3

Rg Rg =

Two Resistors

R1 R2 R1+ R2

Capacitors

Cg = C1 + C2 + C3 + ...

Characteristic wave impedance

Inductances

1 = Lg
Z L C r ln D d = = = = = = = characteristic wave impedance in inductance in H capacity in F dielectric constant natural logarithm above dielectric of inner conductor

1 + L1

1 + L2

1 + ... L3

Z=

L C

D Z = 60 In

Powers of ten
1012 109 106 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 Tera Giga Mega kilo hekto deka dezi centi milli mikro nano piko T G M k h da d c m m n p 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 100 10 1 0,1 0,01 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,000 000 000 000 000 000 000

Effective capacitance conductor/mass

C r D d ln = = = = = capacity in pF/m dielectric constant above dielectric of inner conductor natural logarithm

r 103 C= 18ln D d

001 000 001 000 000 001

Technical Guideline

35

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Basic electrical-engineering formulas

Voltage drop (power engineering)

Symbol u Designation and unit voltage drop in V Formula

Conductor cross-section (power engineering)

Symbol q Designation and unit conductor cross-section in mm2 Formula

at given current
- for AC

at given current
2 l u= q
- for DC and single-phase AC

2 l q= q

- for single-phase AC

u=
u=

2 cos l q 1,732 cos l q

- for three-phase current

- for three-phase current

1,732 cos l q= q

at given power
- for AC

at given power
2 P u= q U
- for DC and single-phase AC

2 P q= u U

- for single-phase AC

2 P u= q U

- for three-phase current

P u= q U
- for three-phase current

P u= u U
l (Kappa) u U P q operating current in A single length of power cable in m conductivity of conductor (m/ mm2) ( -Cu-conductor: 56, -Al-conductor: 33) voltage drop in Volt (V) operating voltage in V (V) power in Watt (W) conductor cross-section in mm2

l (Kappa) u U P q

operating current in A single length of power cable in m conductivity of conductor (m/mm2) ( -Cu-conductor: 56, -Al-conductor: 33) voltage drop in Volt (V) operating voltage in V (V) power in Watt (W) conductor cross-section in mm2

Rated voltage (continuous rated voltage is expressed by statement of two AC values U0/U in V)
U0 /U U0 U U0 U0 U0 /U0 = conductor earth/conductor line-to-line voltage voltage between conductor and Earth or metallic sheath (screening, reinforcement, concentric conductor) voltage between the outer conductors U/3 for three-phase moments U/2 for single-phase and AC moments one outer conductor earthed, for single-phase and AC moments

Electrical energy Abbreviation

W P t l U R

Designation
electr. energy electr. power time (duration) current voltage resistance

Symbol
Ws W S A V

Formula
W = P t

U2t W= R
W = l2 R t W = U l t

Example

given required

t = 0,05 s, U = 220 V, l = 0,25 A electrical energy Ws ( wattseconds)

Mathematical symbols
= ~ equal to not equal to proportional to appr. equal to sum, total difference < > smaller than greater than smaller than or equal to greater than or equal to infinite (3,14) sin cos tan cot sine cosine tangent cotangent intersection set union

Calculation route

W = U l t W = 220 V 0,25 A 0,05 s = 2,25 W s

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Technical Guideline