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'' '' .
'' e '' ''
'' ''

Yad Vashem

M a, '' ''
.


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1948-1989.. Institut National pentru Memoria Exilului Romanesc.

111


'' , '' 2002....

RANKO JAKOVLJEVI
___________________________________________________________________
INDEPENDENT RESEARCHES
1. CONFISCATION AND NATIONALIZATION AS ELEMENTS OF SOCIALIST
LEGAL SYSTEM
Publisher: Republic Chamber of Law, Belgrade, ''Pravni ivot'' (Legal Life Review)
No.10/2002 p.347-356.
Publisher: ''Rastko'' E-Library of Serbian Culture http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12437
Summary
The author thoroughly criticizes in his report the Marxist theoretical and practical conception in the sphere
of taking over private property by applying nationalization and expropriation as ''revolutionary measures''
intended to introduce a radically different social project. In the process the ideological connotation has been
applied to legal categories, while former socialist revolution was more interested to create courts than laws
and statutes, completely disregarding John Rawls (Theory of Justice) standpoint according to which every
person possesses an inviolable right founded on justice which even the well-being of society cannot
override. The author concludes that in autocratic regimes no reason may serve as a justification but only as
explanation, since although in 1948 Yugoslavia had renounced Stalinism, it never rejected Stalinist
methods in this particular field, while continuing to create State ownership over production means and
liquidating private property.

2. PARTICIPATING IN THE PROTECTION OF PUBLIC INTEREST AND THE


INSTITUTE OF MONETARY AWARD
Publisher: Republic Chamber of Law Belgrade, Legal Life Review (''Pravni ivot'')
No.9/2004 p.1271-1277.
Summary
The author uses the examples from history of law, including the ancient law, of the right of citizens to
engage in affairs otherwise reserved for the government authorities, including the instituting of action with
the court of law by individuals because of illegal conduct they have noticed. Both Roman and Greek law
speak about some kind of ''individual public sphere'' as well as of individuals right to a monetary award for
such an activity. Such examples are found also in the 13th century medieval statutes. The author then
elaborates, as far as the centuries-old practice of smuggling is concerned, the issue of solutions found in the
developed contemporary legal systems, mentioning in that respect article 259, paragraph 1, item 4 of the
current Customs Law of the Republic of Serbia. To enlighten the issue treated, the author particularly
elaborates the history and the actual situation of legal limits and grounds of participation of citizens and
other persons in the protection of public interest through discovering infractions which have no

112

characteristics of smuggling, but still fall under the statutory sanctions provided for by existing Customs
Law of Serbia.

3.JAKOV VARONS ELECTRIC POWER PLANT IN KLADOVO


Publisher: Jewish Historical Museum- Belgrade, ''Zbornik'' 8/2003 p.411-421.
The Index of Articles on Jewish Studies No 000423209, The Jewish National and University Library, The
Hebrew University RAMBI
Summary
Jakov Varons electric power plant in Kladovo became operational in 1931, after the signing of a
concession deal between ''Reflektor'' from Belgrade, on the one side, and Belgrade traders Aron and Jakov
Varon, on the other. After a long- drown- out court case, Jakov Varon became, in 1936, the exclusive
partner of the Kladovo municipality for the production and distribution of electric power. During the World
War 2, he was registered as a missing person, the fact on which the new post-war authorities in Serbia
based their decision to confiscate his property, in 1944. After a number of misinterpretations of the
regulations, and with the broadening of the jurisdiction of the Nationalization Act, it was listed as state
property in 1948. This decision points to a problem of applying ideological criteria to legal categories,
which resulted in a number of illegal steps by the Communist authorities between 1944 and 1948.

4. GYPSIES/ROMA OF KLADOVO
Publisher: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Social Sciences book 29,
Scientific Conferences Volume CXIX, Belgrade 2007, p.241-257.
Publisher: Rastko E-Library of Serbian Culture http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12778
Studie despre Baiesi, Bibliografia generala, Primavara 2011, numarul 02 125
Summary
For centuries Gypsies/Roma are present in the area of Kladovo and surroundings, confined with river
border toward Romania and slopes of Miroc mountain, with the same destiny like members of other ethnic
groups at this territory with often migrations, respectable degree of solidarity and joint participation in
social events, resulted, with certain exceptions, with their equal status in relation to other inhabitants of this
municipality. For the reason of official political course, not without fears for their future if they declare as
Roma, in past few decades people of Roma origin stated that they are Vlachs in the first time and recently
that they are Serbs, but that fact did not influence to the preservation of their cultural unique and connection
to common ethnic origins.

5. PONTIFEX MAXIMUS
Publisher: Universitatea ''Aurel Vlaicu'' Arad, Romania, ''Scientific and Technical
Bulletin'' Series: Social and Humanistic Sciences, Nr.14, 2008, p.187-203.
http://shs.uav.ro/files/Nr14-2008-decembrie.pdf
http://shs.uav.ro/php/no14.php

113

Publisher: Rastko E-Library of Serbian Culture

http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12772

Summary
Pontifex Maximus is an old title of the Roman educator whose basic meaning is not clear even today, and
whose domain goes much beyond the religious frame, being used by the Roman emperors for keeping
stability of the state system. The institution of Pontifex Maximus had, on one side, a beneficial effect on the
prolongation of existing of the Empire which is due to its adaptability to foreign influences, but it may also
be marked as a generator of agony of Roman Empire, taking into the consideration the fact that it supported
the illusion of its power even when it began to expose itself, as it turned out to be, to the destructing attacks
of the barbarians. Pontifex Maximus was a characteristic of the first among the episcopes of all the
Christian universe for more than a thousand years, and during that period its incumbents were with reason
credited with the mission of preserving the unique European civilization heritage. This kind of meaning
was the wanted prerogative of the Roman Catholic highest title, referring to ''bridge building'' as the sign of
Christian unity.

6. IDENTITY ON THE BORDER: COEXISTENCE OF ROMA, VLACHS AND SERBS IN


KLADOVO
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, International Scientific Conference The change
of Roma identity, culture and language conditioned by planned socio- economic
integration, Belgrade 2010.
Summary
The subject of this paper is realization of cultural and political aspects of the coexistence of
Roma, Vlachs and Serbs in the border area of north- eastern Serbia, seen through the prism
of multicultural efforts of members of different nations to find a mutually acceptable level
of tolerance, solidarity and cooperation, in order to make their survival functional and
political systems for a long time. Therefore, as Kladovo is a frontier region all the
similarities and differences in habits, customs, beliefs and specifics are being analyzed.
7. OTHER WORKS published in RASTKO E-LIBRARY OF SERBIAN CULTURE
ADA KALE http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12985
ATLANTIDA NA DUNAVU http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12828
ODGOVORNOST SLUBENIKA NACIONALNE ADMINISTRACIJE U OKUPIRANOJ SRBIJI 1941-1944
http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12773
JEVREJI NA SEVEROISTONIM GRANICAMA SRBIJE http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12776
/Yad Vashem Library Catalog: 2010-0346E/
RUSKI ZATITNI KORPUS U SRBIJI 1941-1944 http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12774
SRPSKA TIMOKA ELITA POETKOM XX VEKA http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12479
SRPSKO TURSKI PREGOVORI O MIRU 1808. http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12479
RUSI I SRBI IZMEDJU SIBIRA I KLADOVA http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12802
ZBRINJAVANJE JEVREJSKIH IZBEGLICA BRODOM KRALJICA MARIJA http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12777
LJUTICA DIMITRIJEVI I RADOVAN KAZIMIROVI- JEDAN POLITIKI SUKOB NA DESNICI
http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12775
JEVREJI U SRBIJI 1826-1835 http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12435

114

FILIP FERARI DE LA RENOTIERI http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12424


CRKVA U STAROJ TEKIJI http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12423
PRAVOSLAVLJE SVETOG NIKODIMA http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12771
''TAMO DALEKO''- ORE MARINKOVI http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/12400
ETNICI I PARTIZANI: PRILOZI ZA BIOGRAFIJU LEONIDE PETROVIA http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/13141
TRAJANOV MOST KOD KLADOVA
http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/13195
ONI SU GRADILI ERDAP http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/13209
MAJOR JVO BRANIMIR PETROVI I KRIZA POKRETA OTPORA U SRBIJI 1942-1944
http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/13229
KAFANSKI IVOT I USLUIVANJE ISTORIJE http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/13570
ADA KALEH http://www.rastko.rs/rastko/delo/13688

MONOGRAPHIES
Renik lokalne samouprave, ''Optina Kladovo'' Kladovo 2002.
Svi djerdapski mostovi , ''Optina Kladovo'' Kladovo 2002, 2003.
Timoka srpska elita, ''Optina Kladovo'' Kladovo 2002.
Rusi u Srbiji, ''Beoknjiga'' Beograd 2004. ISBN 86-7694-018-5
Gvozdena vrata Atlantide, ''Beoknjiga'' Beograd 2005. ISBN 86-7694-042-5
Jevrejski kod, ''Beoknjiga'' Beograd 2005, ISBN 86-7694-054-1
Umesto domovine itav svet, ''Beoknjiga'' Beograd 2006. ISBN 86-7694-088-6
http://teme.junis.ni.ac.yu/teme-1-2008/teme1/2008/19.pdf http://socioloskipregled.org.yu/Tekstovi/3(2008)/Dragoljub%20B
%2ODjordjevic.pdf

Put Svetog Nikodima, ''Beoknjiga'' Beograd 2007. ISBN 86-7694-078-9


Atlantida u Srbiji, ''Pei i sinovi'' Beograd 2008. ISBN 978-86-7540-091-2
K&S Neueingange/Vorankundigungen Serbien/Montenegro Oktober 2008 No.7822778 :
http://www.kubon-sagner..de/buch/neu/171_2008_10.html
UCL/University College London/- Londons Global University, School of Slavonic and East European studies
Library- SSEES Gen.Ju.Ser.VIII JAK http://www.ssees.ucl.ac.uk/library/nbjan10.htm
Stanford University, Socrates Stanfords Online Catalog- GN751.J352008 Catkey 7872126
http://www.astronomija.co.rs/nauka/istorija/280-atlantida.html

Istorija jedne granice Pei i sinovi Beograd 2010. ISBN 978-86-7540-132-2


Stanford University http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9349102

Kapija naroda na Djerdapu 'Pei i sinovi'' Beograd 2011. ISBN 978-86-7540-139-1


Bilo jednom jedno Kladovo ''Pei i sinovi'' Beograd 2011. ISBN 978-86-7540-142-1
Izmeu pera i maa ''Pei i sinovii Beograd 2012. ISBN 978-86-7540-151-3
San Ada Kale

''Pei i sinovi'' Beograd 2012. ISBN 978-86-7540-152-0

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Znakoslovlje

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