(..

..

..

. 2536 - 2555

..

. 2536-2555

1.
1.1

1.2

2.
. 2535-2555
2.1

(area sampling)

2.2

(personal sampling)
30 cm

2.3

(random sampling)
3
(1)
(2)
(3) (similar exposure
group, SEG)

2.4

(toxicity)

-1-

. 2536-2555
2.5

(direct reading)

(real time)

2.6

(breathing zone sample)

30 cm

2.7

(breakthrough)

5%

2.8

(monitoring program)

2.9

(air sampling strategy)

2.10 (action level, AL)

AL 50%


AL
2.11 (immediately dangerous to life and health, IDLH)

2.12 (lower confidential limit, LCL)

95%
2.13 (upper confidential limit, UCL)
95%

-2-

. 2536-2555

3.
3.1

3.1.1

(preliminary survey walk-through survey)

3.1.2

(process analysis and operation)

3.1.3

(epidemiologic study)

3.1.4

. 2535-2555

3.1.5

(1)
(
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods : method
number 0500 method number 0600)

-3-

. 2536-2555
(2)
(
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods : method number 1501)
3.1.6

3.1.7

3.1.7.1
3.1.7.2
3.1.7.3 (breathing zone sampling)
3.1.8

(sampling strategy) 6
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

3.1.8.1

(1) 4 ( 1)

(1.1) 8 h (single sample for full period)

(1.2) 8 h (consecutive samples

for full period)

-4-

. 2536-2555

3.1.8.1(1.1)

(1.3)
8 h (consecutive samples for partial period)
3.1.8.1(1.2)
70%

(1.4) (grab sampling)

15 min

OEL (short-term exposure limit, STEL)
1
2
3
4
1

1 4
( 3.1.8.1)
(2) (sampling duration)


-5-

. 2536-2555
(2.1) (sensitivity)

(2.2)

(2.3) OEL-TWA OEL-STEL OEL-C

IDLH
(3)

(4)

(5)

3.1.9

SEG



SEG
1 90%
10%

-6-

. 2536-2555
1 SEG
( 3.1.9)

()
7
8
9
10
11 12
13 14
15 17

()
7
7
8
9
10
11
12

()
18 20
21 24
25 29
30 37
38 49
50

()
13
14
15
16
17
18

3.1.10 3
3.1.10.1 ( OEL)
3.1.10.2 ( OEL)
3.1.10.3
3.1.10.1 3.1.10.2
3.2

(1)
(
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Method : method number 0500 method number
0600)
(2)
(
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Method : method number 1501)

.
-7-

. 2536-2555
3.3

. 2535-2555

2
2
( 3.3)

1-3

3-12

1-3

3-5

-8-

. 2536-2555

( 3.1.6 3.2)
.1

(confidence interval limits)

(variation)


X S.E.

S.E. (standard error)

95% UCL
LCL
(one-tail interval) UCL LCL



( .1)
.1.1

A; LCL OEL 95%

OEL

.1.2

C; UCL OEL 95%

OEL

.1.3

B1 B2; UCL LCL

OEL

-9-

. 2536-2555

A
B
(B1)

LCL

OEL

UCL

LCL

(B2)

UCL

A =
B = /
C =
= X
.1 UCL 95% LCL 95%
( .1)
.2

3
(1)
(2)
(3)

OEL

.2.1

OEL 8 h OEL (TWA)

8 h/d 4 3.1.8.1 (1)

.2.1.1 8 h

-10-

. 2536-2555
1 (alpha
chloroacetophenone) (charcoal tube)
100 cm3/min 8 h
0.2 mg/m3
(estimate of overall precision, Srt )
0.09 OELTWA = 0.3 mg/m3

() X
Std. (OEL-TWA)
Srt
/
NIOSH
method
() (X) (Std.)
x x = X/Std. x LCL UCL
1
x =

3
0.2 mg/m
3
0.3 mg/m

= 0.67

() LCL UCL
LCL (95%)
LCL (95%)
= x - (1.645) (Srt)
LCL
= 0.67 (1.645 ) (0.09) = 0.52
UCL (95%)
UCL (95%)
= x + (1.645) (Srt)
UCL
= 0.67 + (1.645 ) (0.09) = 0.82
()
(.1) LCL
LCL > 1

x > 1 LCL < 1

-11-

. 2536-2555
x < 1

LCL 1

x = 0.67
95%
(.2) UCL
UCL < 1

UCL > 1

x > 1
UCL 1
UCL = 0.82
95%
.2.1.2 8 h 8 h



(uniform exposure)
8 h




LCL UCL

(1)
2 3
50 cm3/min
(isoamyl alcohol)
X1 = 325 mg/m3 X2 = 505 mg/m3 X3 = 397 mg/m3 T1
= 150 min T2 = 100 min T3 = 230 min
Srt = 0.08 (Std. TWA) = 360 mg/m3
-12-

. 2536-2555

() X1,X2,.., Xn
T1,T2,, Tn
Srt
() TWA TWA = XiTi/480
TWA = ((150325) +(100 505)+(230397))/480
= 397 mg/m3
() (X) (Std.) x
x = X/Std. x LCL UCL
1
x = 397
360
x = 1.10
() LCL UCL
LCL (95%)

UCL (95%)

x 1.645( S rt )

x 1.645( S rt )

Ti 2
T

T
T

LCL (95%)

UCL (95%)

x 1.645

( S rt )

n
(S )
x 1.645 rt
n

n =
LCL (95%)
LCL = 1.10 (1.645)(0.08) (

(150)2 (100)2 (230)2 )

150 100 250

= 1.10-0.08 = 1.02
UCL x > 1
()
(.1)
LCL > 1

-13-

. 2536-2555
x > 1 LCL < 1
x <1

LCL = 1.02
95%
(.2)
UCL < 1

UCL > 1

x >1
UCL 1
(2)

LCL UCL

3
2
50 cm3/min
X1 = 108 mg/m3 X2 = 505 mg/m3 T1 = 300 min T2 = 180
min Srt = 0.08 Std. (OEL-TWA) = 360 mg/m3

() X1 X2 ,Xn
T1 T2 ,Tn
Srt

() TWA TWA = (TiXi)
Ti
TWA = (300x108)+(180x505)
300+180
= 257 mg/m3

-14-

. 2536-2555
() (X) (Std) x
x = X/Std. x LCL UCL
1
x = TWA
Std
x = 257
360
x = 0.71
()

LCL UCL
(.1)
LCL(95%) =

Ti 2 X i2

x (1.645)( S rt )
Std ( Ti) 1 S rt2

x 1 LCL
(.2)
UCL (95%) =

Ti 2 X i2
x (1.645 )( S rt )
Std ( Ti ) 1 S rt2

300 2 * 30 2 180 2 * 140 2

2
100(300 180) * 1 0.08

UCL(95%) = 0.71 (1.645)(0.08)

UCL (95%) = 0.71 + 0.07 = 0.78

LCL (95%) =

X i2

x (1.645)(S rt )
Std (n) 1 S 2
rt

UCL (95%) =

X i2

x (1.645)( S rt )
Std ( n) 1 S 2
rt

()
(.1)
LCL > 1

x > 1 LCL < 1
x<1

x = 0.71

-15-

. 2536-2555
(.2)
UCL < 1

UCL > 1

x>1

UCL = 0.78 TWA

.2.1.3 8 h

8 h .2.1.2


(partial
period limit, PPL)
PPL =

Std. (OELTWA 8 )

4
3
50 cm3/min
X1 = 325 X2 = 505 X3 = 397 mg/m3
T1 = 100 T2 = 100 T3 = 200 min Srt = 0.08 Std. (OELTWA) = 360 mg/m3

() PPL = 480 min

400 min
= 1.2
() (TWA) = XiTi /480
TWA = ((325x100) + (505x100) + (397x200))
480
3
= 338 mg/m
x = TWA
Std.
-16-

. 2536-2555
= 338
360
x = 0.9375
() LCL UCL .2.1.2

LCL (95%) =

Ti 2
x 1.645( S rt )
Ti

()
LCL > PPL

x > PPL LCL < PPL


x < PPL
x = 0.9375 PPL 1.2 LCL
LCL

LCL = 0.9375 [1.645(0.08)(1002+1002+2002)1/2]

400
LCL = 0.9375 0.08 = 0.86

UCL
.2.1.4
2 h 8 h
= 0
2

(1) 30
5 (ethyl alcohol)
25 cm3/min
8 20 min OEL-TWA (Std.) = 1 900 mg/m3 SrT = 0.06
X1 = 2 315 mg/m3 X2 = 1 512 mg/m3 X3 = 2 117 mg/m3 X4 = 2 759 mg/m3 X5 = 1
843 mg/m3 X6 = 1 852 mg/m3 X7 = 992 mg/m3 X8 = 2 438 mg/m3
-17-

. 2536-2555

() (X) (Std) x
x = X/Std. x LCL UCL
1
x = Xi
Std.
x yi = log xi
Xi (mg/m3)
2 328
1 520
2 128
2 774
1 853
1 862
998
2 451

xi
1.23
0.80
1.12
1.46
0.98
0.98
0.53
1.29

yi
0.0881
-0.0969
0.0492
0.1644
-0.0110
-0.0088
-0.2798
0.1106

() (classification variables)
y = yi = (yi )/n
= 0.002
s = yi
=

( yi y )2
n 1

= 0.140
n =
=8
() (plot) y s (classification chart) .2
n n 3
25
(.1) y s .2
(.2) (upper curve) n

-18-

. 2536-2555
(.3) (lower curve) n

(.4)

(.5) s > 0.5 xi

y = 0.002 s =
0.140 n = 8

.2
( .2.1.4 ())

-19-

. 2536-2555
()

( X *) s
.3 ( X *)
Std.
y s
(.1) y s
(.2) X *
Std.
(.3) X * Std. X *
Std.
s 3

X* 1
xi
Std . n

.3
( .2.1.4 () )
(2) 30
(normal distribution )

-20-

. 2536-2555
6 8 h
TWA = 0.2 mg/m3
35
0.165
0.122
0.249
0.112
0.198
0.141
0.151
0.284
0.165
0.198
0.206
0.245
0.149
0.084
0.155
0.153
0.131
0.143
0.135
0.165
0.120
0.129
0.172
0.157
0.139
0.202
0.147
0.137
0.094
0.180
0.129
0.214
0.216
1.117
0.210
() X1..Xn n > 30 (X
OEL = 0)
() (X) (Std) x
x = X/Std. x LCL UCL
1

0.84 0.62 1.27 0.57 1.01 0.72 0.77 1.45 0.84 1.01
1.05 1.25 0.76 0.43 0.79 0.78 0.67 0.73 0.69 0.84
0.61 0.66 0.85 0.80 0.71 1.03 0.75 0.70 0.48 0.92
0.66 1.09 1.10 0.57 1.07
() (arithmetic mean, x ) (standard
deviation, s)
x = 0.831
s = 0.230
n = 35
() LCL UCL
(.1) LCL (95%)
LCL x

1.645(s)
n

(.2) UCL (95%)

UCL x

1.645(s)
n

-21-

. 2536-2555
x < 1 ( x mean Xi )
Std.
(1.645)(0.230)
= 0.89
UCL 0.831
35

() TWA
(.1)
LCL > 1
x > 1 LCL
x1

(.2)
UCL 1

UCL > 1


x >1
UCL=0.89 1
95%
.2.2

OELC
OEL-TWA
OEL-C

2

.2.2.1
7 (H2S) 16 1
OEL-C H2S = 30 mg/m3 (midget impinge)
0.2 l/min 10 min Srt
= 0.12 5 16
X1 = 17 mg/m3 X2 = 20 mg/m3 X3 = 18 mg/m3 X4 = 22 mg/m3 X5 = 21 mg/m3

(1) X1 X2 X n 1
X X = 22 mg/m3
-22-

. 2536-2555
(2) x OELC = 22/30 = 0.80
(3) LCL, UCL .2.1.1 .2.1.2
.2.1.2

UCL(95%) = 0.80+ (1.645)(0.12) = 0.997 0.9971

.2.1.2

8 7

() x xi = Xi/Std-C yi = log(10) xi
Xi (mg/m3)
xi
12
0.600
14
0.700
13
0.650
16
0.800
15
0.750

yi
-0.2218
-0.1549
-0.1871
-0.0969
-0.1249

() yi = y s yi
y1 y 2 y n
yi

y =
=
n
n
= -0.1571

s=

( yi y ) 2
n 1

= 0.0494
()
( ) zy = y Prop z
s

-23-

. 2536-2555
.1 y < 0; = 1 (prop z .1)
2

Zy

0; =

0.1517
3.18
0.0494

.1 zy = 3.18 = 0.9993
() y < 0
= 1 0.9993 = 0.0007
0.07%
Std-C
()

(1- )

K

Pc (1 ) K

8 h 15 min (
480 min /15 min = 32 ) 5 325 = 27
K = 27 8
(1- ) = 1 0.0007 = 0.9993
K = 16 5 = 11
PC = (0.9993)11 = 0.992
11
99.2%

PC > 0.9

PC < 0.1

0.1 PC 0.9
PC = 0.992

-24-

. 2536-2555
.1 (Z-table)
( .2.2.1)
zp
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554

0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591

0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628

0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664

0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700

0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736

0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772

0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808

0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844

0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159

0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186

0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212

0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238

0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264

0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289

0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315

0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340

0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365

0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192

0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207

0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222

0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236

0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251

0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265

0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279

0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292

0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306

0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713

0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719

0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726

0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732

0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738

0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744

0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750

0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756

0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761

0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918

0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920

0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922

0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925

0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927

0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929

0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931

0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932

0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934

0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981

0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982

0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982

0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983

0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984

0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984

0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985

0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985

0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986

0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997

0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997

0.9987
0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997

0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997

0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997

0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

-25-

. 2536-2555

.1

( 3.1.6)

1. .......
2. ........
.... ...
3. ..................
l/min ........
4.
Lot No..
Lot No...
5.
-......
...
6. .......min
......min
7.
oC .%RH
.Pa
8. ...
..

..

-26-

. 2536-2555
.2

.....
.
.........

..
....
.

-----------------------------------------------

..
------------------------

-27-