2011-12 Visit us: www.trinityndt.com For refererence only.

TINT is not responsible for errors and omissions in the data if any. Page 1 of 4 ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) USEFUL FORMULAE 1. Velocity of Ultrasonic Waves in a medium (V) = f x l

OR Where f = Number of cycles per second is called frequency. Measured in Hertz. Abbreviated as Hz. One Hertz is equivalent to One cycle per second l = Distance covered in one cycle is wavelength V= Velocity of Ultrasonic wave inside the medium in mm/s 2. Acoustic Impedance (Z) = V x r Where: Z = Acoustic Impedance

r = Density V = Velocity 3. Reflection Coefficient

Where: R = Reflection Coefficient Z1 = Acoustic Impedance of Medium 1 Z2 = Acoustic Impedance of Medium 2 TRINITY NDT

Material Testing & NDT I Training& Certification I Consulting2011-12 Page 2 of 4 4. Transmission coefficient T = 4 Z1Z2/ (Z1+Z2) 2 Where: R = Reflection Coefficient Z1 = Acoustic Impedance of Medium 1 Z2 = Acoustic Impedance of Medium 2 5. Longitudinal Wave Velocity

Where: VL = Longitudinal Wave Velocity E = Modulus of Elasticity r = Density m = Poisson's Ratio 6. Shear Wave Velocity

Where: Vs = Shear Wave Velocity E = Modulus of Elasticity r = Density m = Poisson's Ratio G = Shear Modulus 7. Refraction - Snell's Law: That is the ratio of sine of the angle to the respective wave velocities are proportional.

Where: qI = Angle of the Incident Wave qR = Angle of the Reflected Wave V1 = Velocity of Incident Wave V2 = Velocity of Reflected Wave Visit us: www.trinityndt.com TRINITY NDT Material Testing & NDT I Training& Certification I Consulting For refererence only. TINT is not responsible for errors and omissions in the data if any.2011-12 Page 3 of 4 Visit us: www.trinityndt.com TRINITY NDT Material Testing & NDT I Training& Certification I Consulting For refererence only. TINT is not responsible for errors and omissions in the data if any. 8. Near Field Where: N = Near Field D = Transducer Diameter l = Wavelength V = Velocity 9. Beam Spread Half Angle Where: l = Wavelength D = Transducer Diameter

V = Velocity F = Frequency 10. Decibel (dB) Gain or Loss Where: dB = Decibel P1 = Pressure Amplitude 1 P2 = Pressure Amplitude 2

11. Angle Beam testing of Pipe t= d(1- Sin ) 2 Sin = 12t d t = Maximum wall thickness d = O.D. of Pipe = Probe angle 2011-12 Visit us: www.trinityndt.com Page 4 of 4 TRINITY NDT Material Testing & NDT I Training& Certification I Consulting For refererence only. TINT is not responsible for errors and omissions in the data if any. 12. Formulae for Angle Beam Calculations = Sound beam refracted angle in the test material T = Thickness of the test material Skip Distance

S = 2T x tan V-Path Length V-Path = 2T cos Leg Length Leg = T cos Surface Distnace SD = sin x Soundpath Length Depth in First Leg Depth (1 st Leg) = cos x Sound path Length Depth in Second Leg Depth (2 nd Leg) = 2T (cos x Sound path Length) Plot No. V-22(A), 2nd Stage, Peenya Industrial Estate, Bangalore - 560 058, INDIA. Phone: +91 99009 29439, 98441 29439, Telefax: +91-80-28366466, e-mail: training@trinityndt.com