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Topic Compression
Topic Compression
Seshu Adluri
Columns in Buildings
Columns in Buildings
Column supports
The new Tokyo Tower is set to be completed in 2011. It will stand 610m high.
Compression in equipment
Introduction
strength as per Clause 13.3 Local buckling check: Clause 11 (Table 1) Built-up members: Clause 19
Column erection
Buckling
Instability effect
To
Long column
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
Moment of inertia I x = y 2 dA A Parallel axis theorem I = I + Ax I Radius of gyration r= A Effective length kL Slenderness ratio kL/r h Principal axes (major and minor) Critical Load Pcr Factored compressive strength, Cr
2 x x
Compression members
Bucking
Elastic
Buckling modes
Overall buckling
Flexural buckling Torsional buckling Torsional-flexural buckling
Local buckling
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
Elastic Buckling
Equilibrium equation
d 2w EI 2 + Pw = 0; dx Solution :
w = 0 @ y = 0;
w=0@ y = L
satisfies the b.c. L Substituting int o the differential equation, 2 x x EI A sin + P A sin = 0 L L L EI + P = 0 L 2 EI Pcr = 2 L
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
w = A sin
Inelastic Buckling
Compression members
pl = y - /es
pl = (0.5~1.0)y
Different end conditions give different lengths for equivalent half-sine wave
US practice
k = .65
US recommended values
Boundary Conditions
Engrg. Eff. Length LeffE (1.2L) (1.2L) L (2.1L) 2L 1.2L 2.1L 0.8L 1.2L
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
Free-Free Hinged-Free Hinged-Hinged (Simply-Supported) Guided-Free Guided-Hinged Guided-Guided Clamped-Free (Cantilever) Clamped-Hinged Clamped-Guided Clamped-Clamped
0.65L
Boundary Conditions
CAN/CSA/S16-01
Engrg. Eff. Length LeffE (1.2L) (1.2L) L (2.0L) 2L 1.2L 2.0L 0.8L 1.2L
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
Free-Free Hinged-Free Hinged-Hinged (Simply-Supported) Guided-Free Guided-Hinged Guided-Guided Clamped-Free (Cantilever) Clamped-Hinged Clamped-Guided Clamped-Clamped
0.65L
Column curve
Material
kL/r < 40
kL/r > 66
kL/r < 12
kL/r > 55
kL/r < 11
(18~30)<kL/r<50
Over-all buckling
Flexural Torsional Torsional-flexural
Flexural Buckling
About minor axis (with higher kL/R) for doubly symmetric shapes About minor axis (the unsymmetric axis) for singly symmetric shapes
1964 Alaska quake, EqIIS collection
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
Flexural Buckling
Torsional buckling
Short lengths
Usually
Wide flange sections, cruciform sections, double channels, point symmetric sections, .
Not
for closed sections such as HSS since they are very strong in torsion
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
Torsion
Torque is a moment that causes twisting along the length of a bar. The twist is also the torsional deformation. For a circular shaft, the torque (or torsional moment) rotates each c/s relative to the nearby c/s.
Torsional deformation
Torsion of non-circular sections involves torsional shear and warping. Torsional shear needs the use of torsion constant J.
J is similar to the use of polar moment of inertia for circular shafts. J=bt3/3
Warping calculation needs the use od the constant Cw. Both J and Cw are listed in the Handbook In addition, we need to use the effective length in torsion (kzLz). Usually, kz is taken as 1.0
Buckling in pure torsional mode (not needed for HSS or closed sections):
Kz is normally taken as 1.0. Cw, J, rx, ry are given in the properties tables, x and y are the axes of symmetry of the section. E= 200 000 MPa (assumed), G=77 000 MPa (assumed).
Cr = AFy 1 +
2n
1 n
Shear centre
Sections always rotate about shear centre Shear centre lies on the axis of symmetry
Torsionalflexural buckling
For of singly symmetric sections, about the major axis For unsymmetric sections, about any axis Rotation is always about shear centre
Torsional-flexural buckling
Shear flow
Shear flow
Shear flow
Shear centre
Shear centre
Shear centre
Plate buckling
Plate buckling
Plate buckling
ratio end conditions for plate segments Table 1 for columns Table 2 for beams and beam-columns
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
Web buckling
Plate buckling
Built-up columns
bolts Batten plates Lacing Combined batten & lacing Perforated cover plates
Built-up columns
Built-up columns
Built-up columns
Built-up columns
acts like beams Battens get shear and moment due to the bending of the frame like built-up member at the time of buckling
Compression members -Dr. Seshu Adluri
Battened column
Built-up columns
of inertia about the axis which shifts due to the presence of gap needs parallel axis theorem Effective slenderness ratio as per Cl. 19.1
References
AISC Digital Library (2008)
ESDEP-the European Steel Design Education Programme - lectures Earthquake Image Information System
Hibbeler, R.C., 2008. Mechanics of Solids, Prentice-Hall