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9.5
THE WEIR
A weir is an orifice with its top face in the free surface of flow. It is a notch of geometric
shape through which water flows. The most common types are the rectangular, triangular (V-notch) and trapezoidal weirs.
9.5.1
Where
Q = discharge in cfs
C = experimental weir coefficient
b = width of weir in ft
H = head on weir above weir crest in ft
h
= velocity head of approach stream in ft
= ~ : / 2 ~
The most frequently applied practical formula for rectangular weir is the Francis formula,
Where n = the number of contractions For a rectangular fully contracted weir with negligible velocity of approach: Q = 3.33 (b - 0.2H) H3I2 and for a suppressed weir with negligible velocity of approach:
Q = 3.33 b ~ ~ / ~ For these formulas to be applicable, the nappe must be ventilated so that the water jumps free on the crest creating a bottom contraction. If this does not occur, the discharge will be greater than calculated by the above equations.
9.5.2
8 Ctan0 2
,& H5I2
Where
8 = vertex angle C = weir coefficient which varies with head and 8. For 8= 90, C = 0.59
9.5.3
Many trapezoidal configurations are possible and of greatest importance is the trapezoidal weir of Cipolletti which has sides battered at 114 vertical to 1horizontal. This slope tends to increase the flow over that of a rectangular weir with the same width b to offset the decrease in discharge from end contractions. The formula is: A = 3.367 bH3I2 Where b is the length of the weir crest
Total Head
vf
h = ~
i
4
OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
The equation for discharge over a spillway is essentially the same as for a rectangular weir:
Q = CLH~I~
10-204
The ideal spillway takes the form of the underside of the nappe of a sharp-crested weir when the flow corresponds with the maximum design discharge of the spillway. An Ogee weir is close to the ideal shape. For an Ogee-spillway, the discharge coefficient C can be approximately determined from the followingFigure 9.5 in which H' = design head for the spillway at the design discharge; Hd = height of the spillway. Figure 9.6 H' ratios. shows the variation of weir coefficient, C for various Hd
+ \
Head on Weir (a) Sharp Crested Weir
(b)
Copyright O 1994, Professional Engineering Development Publications,Inc., 5912 Bolsa Avenue, Huntington Beach, CA 92649
Copyright O 1994, Professional Engineering Development ~ublications, Inc., 5912 Bolsa Avenue, Huntington Beach, CA 92649
10-206
9.7
9.7.1
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
- SHARP-CRESTED WEIR
A sharp-crestedweir 4 ft high is constructed across the entire width in the end of a rectangular concrete canal 12 ft wide. The walls of the canal extend beyond the top of the weir, and the nappe is sufficiently ventilated. If the depth of water a short distance upstream from the weir is 5.25 ft, how much water is flowing?
Solution
55.82 12 x 5.25
0.886 fps
This value is for all practical purposes negligible. However, if it is desired to include it, recalculate the flow to include velocity of approach.
Copyright O 1994, Professional Engineering Development Publications, Inc., 5912 Bolsa Avenue, Huntington Beach, CA 92649
10-170
7.9.2
Find:
A. Depth upstream from the weir. B. Normal depth y, in the channel. C. Critical depth yc in the channel. D. Depth immediately downstream from the jump. E. Length of the channel from the depth in part (d) to the depth in part (a). Plot a graph showing the energy gradient, water surface, and the channel bottom of the reach.
Solution
+ 4 = 6.81 ft
1 b
0.385.
Copyright 0 1994, Professional Engineering Development Publications, Inc., 5912 Bolsa Avenue, Huntington Beach, CA 92649