F.

Jerry Lucia
Carbonate
Reservoir
Characterization
An Integrated Approach
Second Edition
With 233 Figures

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UieHHR Ka11ecrea npornOJa <t>nioH.11.a c noMOlllbJO KOMnhtoTepttoro Mo.11.em1posa-
HHll. B Hacrnsnuert KHMre oco6oe BHHMattHe ynem1eTCll npttpo.D.e ropttblX nopo.ll KaK <!iaKTopy
HHTerp11posaHHJl reonorn11eCKJ1X, neTpo<l>HJHlJeCKHX H reocTaTHCTHlJeCKHX MeTO.llOB nOCTpo-
eHHR MO.D.enH npo.nyKTHBHOrO nnacTa, npHMeHHMOH .!J.Jlll JarpyJKH B nporpaMMHblH KOMnneKC
.11.JJll CHMynllUHH npHTOKa <t>ntoH.lla. BTopoe HJ.D.aHHe KHHrH co.nep'lKHT ttoey10 rnaey, noCBllllleH-
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ISBN 978-5-93972-880-5
Springer-Verlag, 1999, 2007
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66K 33.36
OrJiaeJieuue
OT pe.llaKunoaaoro coeeTa . . . . .
Upe.llHCJioene K pyccKoMy H3Jl3HHIO
Ilpe,llHCJIOBHe ........... .
fJlABA 1. IleTpocl>H3H<teCKHe CBOHCTBa nopO.ll
I. I. Bse.u.em1e . . . .
1.2. IlopHCTOCTb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3. IlpOHHuaeMOCTb . . . . . . . .....
1.4. Pa1Mep nop H cj>moH.zi;oHacbIIUeHHOCTh .
1.5. 0THOCHTeJibHa" npoHHuaeMOCTb .
1.6. Pe110Me
JlHTeparypa .............. .
fJIABA 2. KJiaccuct>nKauua cTpyirrypuo-TeKCTypnbIX ocooeunoCTen ropnbIX
13
15
17
20
20
20
25
29
39
43
44
nopo.i:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1. Bee.zi;ettHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2. TepMHHOJIOrH" H KJiaccmjmKaQHSI noposoro npocTpaHCTBa. . . . 47
2.3. CTpyKTypHo-TeKcryptta"/neTpocjlH1H1:1ecKaS1 KJJaccml>HKaUH" . . . 51
2.3.1. Knaccml>HKaUHSI Me)KllacTwrnoro nopoeoro npocTpattcTea 51
2.3.2. KnaccHcj>HKaum1 KaeepHoeoro nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa . . 54
Ilopoeoe npocTpattCTBO H30JIHpoeaHHhIX KaeepH . . . 55
B1aHMOCB"3aHHo-Kaeepttoeoe noposoe npocTpaHCTBO 56
2.4. CooTHOUJeHHSI Me'iKJlY cTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypttbIMH oco6eHHOCrnMH no-
po.ll H HX nerpocj>H3H4eCKHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.4.1. CooTHOIIIeHHSI Me'iKJJ.Y Me'iK4aCTH4HOH nopHCTOCThlO H npoHH-
uaeMOCTblO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
CTpyKT)'pHo-TeKcTypHbie oco6eHHOCTH H3BecTH"KOB 56
CTpyKT)'pHO-TeKcTypttbie oco6eHHOCTH JJ.OJIOMHTOB 62
CpaeHeHHe H3BecTHSIKOB 11 JlOJIOMHTOB . . . . . . . . 66
OueHKa npottHuaeMocrn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4.2. CoornoIIIeHH" Me'iK.llY cTpyKryptto-TeKcTypttbIMH oco6eHHO-
cTS1MH nopo.u, nopHCTOCTblO H BOJJ.OHaCb!IUeHHOCTblO . . . . . . 71
2.4.3. CTpyKryptto-TeKCTYPHhie/neTp0<j>H3HlJ:ecKHe Knaccb1 . . . . . . 73
2.4.4. IleTpOcjlH3HlJ:eCKHe ceoikTBa H30JIHpOBaHHO-KaeepHOBOfO no-
poeoro npocTpattcTBa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
8 OfJIABJIEHHE
2.4.5. neTpO<f>H3H'leCKHe CBOHCTBa B3aHMOCB113aHHO-KaBepHOBOro no-
poeoro npocTpaHCTBa .
2.5. PeJIOMe
JlHTeparypa . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
82
87
DIABA 3. reociHJH'leCKHe HCCJie)lOB&HHH CKB3:lKHH 91
91
91
92
94
94
95
97
3.1. Bee)lettHe ..... .
3.2. Hccne.n.oeaHne KepHa ............. .
3.3. AttaJIH3 KepHa ................. .
3.4. nocTpoeHHe H aHaJIH3 JaBHCHMOCTCH KepH-fl1C.
3.4.1. Mern.n.HKa nocTpoeHH11 3asHCHMOCTeH KepH-fl1C
3.4.2. faMMa-KapoTIDK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .
3.4.3. CKsa)KHHHbre ycnosH11 ............... .
3.4.4. BbI'IHCJICHHe nopHCTOCTH no .uattHbIM ueiiTpOHHoro H nnoT-
HOCTHoro KapOTa)l(a . . .
3.4.5. JlHTOJIOfH11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.6. AKycTH'ICCKHH KapoTa)K . . . . . . . .
3.4. 7. MeTO.UbI onpe.D.eJieHH11 conpOTHsneHH11
3.4.8. CKaHHpoeauHe nnacTa . . . . . . . ..
3.5. Onpe.n.eJieHHe npOHHI..{aeMOCTH no .n.aHHbIM r11c
3.6. Ha'la.rrbHM so.noHachrIUeHHOCTb
3.7. PeJIOMe
JlHTepaTypa ............. .
fllABA 4. CTPYKTYPbI oca.llKOH&KODJieHHH H neTpociH3HKa
4.1. Bee.n.eHHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. CeoiicTBa Kap6ouaTHbIX oca..nKos . . .
4.3. CeKseuc-cTpaTHrpa<t>nqecKHH KapKac
4.3. l. Bb!COKO'lacToTHbre UHKJibI . .
4.3.2. BbrCOKO'laCTOTHbie ceKseHUHH
4.4. npHMep
4.5. PeJIOMe
JlHTeparypa .
e nporpaMMHbte
99
106
107
115
124
126
128
129
133
136
136
137
145
147
157
160
165
167
fJlABA 5. IlocrpoeuHe MO,lleJieii DJl3CTa H HX HMDOpT
rHJlPOJlHH&MH'leCKHe CHMYJIHTOpbl . . . . . . .
5.1. Bse..neune . . . . . . . . ..
5.2. feOCTaTHCTH'leCKHC MeTO.Llbl . . .
5.2.1. BapHorpa<l>n11 ...... .
5.2.2. Ycnosuoe Mo.aennpoeaHne
. . . . . . . . . 170
170
173
173
175
5.3. MacwTa6b1 H3MCH'IHBOCTH H ocpe.uueHHbie ceoiicTea . 177
5.4. Mo.aenHposauHe KOJIJieKTopcKHX CBOHCTB pa3pe3a Jloiiep-KaHbOH Me-
TO.llOM aHaJIOfHH 188
5.4.1. Bse.ueune ............................. 188
OrJ1ABnEHHE 9
5.4.2. C03.uam1e Mo.uenH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.4.3. CTpyKT}'ptto-'reKcrypttb1e cnoH cpHJibTpauHH . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.4.4. 3KcnepHMeHTaJihHOe MO,!J,eJIHpOBaHHe npoueccoa cpHJibTpaUHH . 193
5.5. MeTO.UHKa nocTpoeHHSI reonoro-rn.upo.UHHaMw-1ecKOH Mo.uenH 198
5.6. Pe3f0Me 208
JlHTeparypa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
fJIABA 6. H1secTHHKOBb1e KOJIJieKTOpb1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.1. Bae.ueHHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.2. UeMeHTaUH.SI, ynnOTHeHHe H H36HpaTeJihHOe Bb1mena
1
rnaaHHe 216
6.2.1. UeMeHTaUHSI Kap6ottaToM KaJihUHSI . 216
6.2.2. YnnoTHettHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.2.3. l136HpaTeJibHOe Bh1mena
1
rnsaHHe. . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.2.4. BJIHSIHHe .UHarette3a tta pacnpe.uenettHe neTpocpH3H11ecKHx
CBOHCTB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.3. OpHMephI H3BeCTHSIKOBhIX KonneKTopoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.3.1. MecTopo)l(.uettHe qecTep (OKJiaxoMa, ClllA), MHCCHCHnCKHH
gpyc ................................ 227
6.3.2. MeJIOBbJe OTJIO)l(eHHSI MeCTOpo:>K,UeHHJI Ty6apao, rneJibcp opa-
3HJIHH ............................... 228
6.3.3. MoJI,UHKOBblH rpeHHCTOYH nepMCKOro 803pacrn, rOpbl raa.ua-
nyne (ClllA) ........................... 234
6.3.4. Menosag 3aJie)l(h MecrnpO)l(.l(eHHJI 11.u.U-'3Jib-lllaprn (KaTap,
oJIHiKHHH BoCToK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
6.3.5. BepxHe.uesottcKHe pmt>osb1e nocTpOHKH, AJ1h6eprn (Katta.ua) 244
fJIABA 7. ,l(OJIOMHTOBble KOJIJJeKTOpbI ..... .
7.1. Bse.uem1e ........... .
7.2. }J,OJIOMHTH3aUHSI ........ .
7 .2.1. fH.D.POJIOfH'leCKHe MO.UeJIH
7.2.2. )J,onoMHTH3aUHJI H nerpocpH3H11eCKHe caoiicTBa .
7.2.3. Pacnpe.ueneHHe .uonoMHTOB .
7.2.4. KaJihUHTH3aUHJI .D.OJIOMHTOB ... .
7.3. 3aanopHTOBaSI MHHepanHJamrn ..... .
7.3.1. KaJihUHTH3aUHJI aHrn.UpHTa H rnnca
7.4. OpHMephI MecTopO)l()J.eHHH - .D.OJIOMHTOBhie H H3BeCTHJIKOBbie KOJIJieK-
248
252
252
253
253
256
267
268
269
272
TOpbl .................................... 273
7.4.1. KoJIJieKTOpbI Pe.D. PHsep, rnTaThI Mottrntta H CeaepHaSI .[(aKOTa
(ClllA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
7.4.2. .[(esottcKM 3aJie)l(h MecrnpO)l(.D.eHHSI 3tt.D.proc CayT, 3ana.D.HbIH
Texac (ClllA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
7.4.3. nnoma.Ub Xapa.u MeCTOpO)l(,!J,eHHJI rasap ............. 278
10 OrnABJIEHHE
Bepn1Ka11btta.S1 noc11e.!lOBaTeJ1bHOCTb ce.u.1-1MettTaUHOHHbIX
CTPYKTYP ........................... 279
OnHcauHe cTpyK'fypuo-TeKcTypttbIX oco6eHHOCTeli H neT-
pocpH3Ht:IecKHe CBOHCTBa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
np11BUKa KpHBblX r11c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Pacqer seprnKaJihHblX npoqmJieli neTpocp11311qecKHX
CBOMCTB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
00CTpOeHHe MO.!leJIH KOJIJleKTOpa . . . . . . . . . 284
7.5. OpHMeph1 MecrnpO)f()l.eHHH c .!lOJJOMHTOBhlMH KonneKTopaMH . 286
7.5. l. Kom1eKTop CaH-AH.upec, Mecrnpo)f(.ueu11e CeMHHOJl, OKpyr
fettuc, Texac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
BepTHKaJJhHa.SI nocne.uosaTeJlhHOCTb ce.u11MeHTau110HHhlX
CTPYKTYP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
On11cam1e cTpyKTypuo-TeKczypttbJX oco6euuocTeH 11 ner-
poQ>H3H'leCKHe CBOHCTBa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
0pHB.Sl3Ka )laHHb!X rHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
PacqeT sepTHKaJJhHhIX npoQ>Hneii nerpo<t>H3H'leCKHX
CBOHCTB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
OocTpOeHHe MO)leJJH KOJIJleKTopa 298
Mo.llen11posau11e npoueccos cpHJihTpau1111 303
7.5.2. 3aJJe)f(b B CBHTe Kn11p <l>opK MecTOpO)f()l.eHH.SI CaYT Yoccou 305
BepTHKaJ1bHa.S1 nocneJJ,oBaTeJlbHOCTh ce.u11Meurau110HHhIX
CTPYKTYP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
OnHcan11.S1 cTpyKTypuo-TeKcTypttbIX oco6e1rnocreif H ner-
po<t>11311qecK11x CBOHCTB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
HopMaJ1H3aUH.SI )l.aHHblX r11c H Keptta . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Pac'leTbI sepTHKaJibHbIX npoQ>Hneli neTpocp11311qecKHX
CBOHCTB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
00CTpOeHHe M0,11,emt KOJIJJeKTOpa 315
r11JJ,pO,llHHaM11'leCKa.S1 MO,UeJlb . . . 316
7.5.3. KonneKTop B CBHTe Kn11p <l>opK Ha Mecrnpo)f(.neu1111 <l>annepToH 320
BePT11KaJ1bHa.S1 nocne.nosaTeJJbHOCTb ce.n11MeHTaUHOHHhIX
Jl11Tepazypa .
CTPYKTYP ........................... 320
OnHcau11e cTpyKTypuo-TeKcTypHbIX oco6euuocTeli 11 ner-
poQ>113114ecKHe CBOHCTBa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
HopMaJJH3aUH.SI pa3JJHlJHhJX CTPYKTypuo-TeKcTypHbIX oco-
6euuocTeH nopo.n, ce.n11MeurauHOHHbIX CTPYKTYP H .!laH-
HhIX rttc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Pac'leT sepTHKaJJhHhIX npocp11nei1 neTpocpH3H'leCKHX
CBOHCTB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
00CTpOeHHe 0606ma10meH JVIO.Uem1 MeCTOpO)f()leHHSI 334
rH.!lpO.UHHaMH'leCKYIO MO)l.eJlb Q>HJJbTpaUHH 336
338
OrnABJJEHHE 11
fJIABA 8. KoJ1J1e1rropL1 c Kaeepnoeo-ceH1aunL1M THDOM nop . . . . . . . 344
8.1. Bse.ueHHe . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.2. MeJIKOMaCIIITa6Hbie nJJemu1 BhIIUeJiarneamrn, o6pyweHH}l (cMuu.si:)
H <t>opMHpOBaHH}l MHKpOTpelUHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
8.2.1. Bnmrnue Ha neTpo<t>HJH'JeCKHe CBOHCTBa ............ 347
8.2.2. Kom1eKTOph1 c cucTeMOH MeJIKOMacIIITa6HbIX e1aHMOCB}JJaH-
HhIX KaaepH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
KonJieICTop B CBHTe rpei16ypr, MeCTOpO)l(,UeHHe CaYT Koy,ll.eH 348
8.3. KpynttoMacuna6Hoe Bh1IUeJia"1HBaHue, o6pyrneHHe H <t>opMuposattue
TpeuurnoeaTOcrn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
8.3.1. BJIH}JHHe Ha pacnpe,ueJJettne neTpo<l>u3wiecKHX ceoifcTB ... 358
8.3.2. KoJIJieKTopbI, xapaKTep1nyiow.uec.si: KpynHoMacwTa6HbIM B3aH-
MOCB.si:3aHHO-KaaepHOBhIM nopOBblM npocTpaHCTBOM . . . . . . 362
MecTOpo)l(JJ:eHH.si::, npnypolleHHbie K CBHTe CaH-AH.ll.pec, 3a-
na,uHbIH Texac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
KonJieKTop MnccucnncKoro so3pacTa, MecTopmK.ZJ.eHHe 3JIK
JluTeparypa .
EJHCHH ............................ 366
MecTOpO)l(,UeHH.si:, npnypolleHHbie K CBHTe 3nnett6yprep
HH)l(Heop,nOBHKCKOI'O B03pacTa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
MecTOpo)l(JJ:eHH.si:, npHypolleHHbie K pH<t>aM cnnypuif cKoro
B03pacTa. 373
375
Dpe.z.MeTHLiii yKaJaTeJIL 378
14 OT PE,lJ,AKUHOHHOro COBETA
,Ll.OCTOHHCTBOM .aaHHOH KHHrH XBJl.JleTCX ee UOJIHOe H B TO)[(e BpeMX npOCTOe
H flOH.JITHOe H3JIO)l(eHue KaK TeopeTHIJeCKHX KOHI.(enun:H Kap6oHaT-
HhIX nopo.a, npHeMOB reocTaTHCTHIJeCKOro MO,u.em1.poBaHHX, TaK H 6oni.rnoro KOnuqe-
CTBa npHMepoB H HJIIllOCTpal(HH, OCHOBaHHhIX ua pe3ym.TaTaX MHOroJJeTHHX uccne.ao-
BaHHH aBTopa u ero xonner.
Mox<Ho c ysepeHHOCThlO CKaJaTb, IJTO IlocTpoeuHe reonoro-nmpo,u.HHaMH1Je-
CKOH MO,U.eJIH Kap6onaTnoro KOJIJieKTopa He CTatteT KHHrOH B CTOJI, a OKa'.lKeTC.JI
none3HOH .llJ1.JI rnupoKoro Kpyra cneQHaJIHCTOB, 3anuMa10I.QHXC.J1 u3yqeuueM xap60-
uaTH1.1x nopo.u. u HX MO.llenuposauueM.
fnaBHhIH reonor
KopnopaTHBHoro uayquo-TeXHHIJecxoro QeHTpa
OAO HK Pocue<f>Ti., .llOKTOp reon.-MHH. nayK
Ha1IaJihHHK ynpaBJieHnx reonoruqecKoro
MO.n.enuposaHH.JI KopnopaTHBHoro
Hayrno-TexuuqecKoro ueuTpa OAO HK PocHe<f>Th
H. A. MaJI&rwee
E.M. SupyH
IlpeJJ.HCJIOBHe K pycc.KOMY H3)],3HHIO
Kap60HaTHb1e Ko1rneKTopb1 o6wrno O<teHb CJlO)l(Hht no CTpoeHHIO, H Hx nose-
.ueHHe Tpy.nttonporno3HpyeMo HJ-3a BbtCOKOH cTeneHH HeOJJ.ttopo.nHocTH. Heo.uHopo.u-
HOCTh He 3aBHCHT OT Macwrn6a HCCJie,nosaHHit H3y<taeTe JlH Bbl WJIH<pbl HJIH KpynHble
o6pa3Ubl KepHa, .D.HarpaMMbl fl1C HJIH CXeMbl HHTepnomtUHH Me)l(.UY CKBa)l(Httarvm,
MeCTOpO)l(,!J,eHHe HJIH J].a)l(e Beeb paHOH, - BO BCex c11y<ta11x HeO)lHO-
pOJl.HOCTb. B pe3yJibTaTe onwcaHHe WllHcpoB MO)l(eT no11y'IHTbc11 o'leHb JJ.ernmnHpo-
saHHhIM H CJIO'.lKHbIM. Pe3yJibTaThI 11a6opaTopHhrx HCCJieJJ.oBaHHH nopHCTOCTH, npo-
HHuaeMOCTH, KanHJIJij(pttoro J].aBJieHH11, OTHOCHTeJihHOH npOHHUaeMOCTH H .upyn1x
CBOHCTB MoryT B 3HallHTeJibHOH CTeneHH pa3JIH<taTbCSI ,na')!(e B 6JIH3KO oT06pattHbIX
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TalOKe OKa3bIBalOT KOHOKO/<l>HJIJIHTTC, Aua.napKO, CTaTOHJI, 3HH, TOTaJib,
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OcTHH, Texac
Mali 2007 r.
JluTeparypa
<P. jJ:eeppu .!Jycua
[ 1] Archie G. E. ( 1952) Classification of carbonate reservoir rocks and petrophysical
considerations. AAPG Bulletin 36, 2:278-298.
[2] Archie G. E. ( 1942) The electrical resistivity log as an aid in detennining some
reservoir characteristics. Trans AIME, 146:54-62.
[3] Archie G. E. ( 1950) Introduction to petrophysics of reservoir rocks. AAPG
Bulletin 34, 5 :943-961.
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o6l>eM, B3.!ITbIH )lm1 pacqern. Onpe.uen.si.si nopwcrnCTb nopo.u c 11cnonl>30Batt11eM rpa-
HHY:HhIX 3HaY:eHHH IlOJIHOro o6'l>eMa, nonyqaeM B pe3yJibTaTe eemfY:HHY nopHCTOCTH
npHMeptto e 0,5 % (CacoaCKHH, JTHY:Hoe coo6mem1e). TaKHM o6pa30M, nopwcTOCTb
acer.ua Bbipa)f(aeTc.si Y:HCJTOM, eem1Y:HHa KOToporo 3aa11c11T OT nonttoro o6beMa BbI-
6paHHOro 06pa3ua. TepMHH nop11CTOCTb 3a
1
rncTy10 ttenpaBHJibHO wcnoJil>3yeTc.si KaK
CHHOHHM nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa, KOTOpoe, Ha caMOM .uene, onHCbIBaeT nycTO-
Tbl B nopo.uax. flopHCTOCTb - )TO pe3yJibTaT HJMepeHHH 11 Il03TOMY He MO)f(eT 6b!Tb
Bl1.llHMOH, B TO speM.si, KaK TO, qTo Mb! tta6mo.n.aeM B nopo.ue - 3TO noposoe npo-
cTpattcrno HJIH nopl>I. HenpaBHJThHOe wcnonh30BaHHe yKa3aHHbIX Tepl\IllHOB ttepe.nKo
Be.UeT K ttepa36epwxe, oco6eHHO npH o6cy)f(.ueHHH <<npOHCXO)f(Jl.eHH.!I nopHCTOCTH,
XOT.!I Ha caMOM .uene npH )TOM HMeeTC.!I B BM.UY npoHCXO)f()leHHe noposoro npocTpaH-
CTBa HJIH HCTOp11.!1 H3MeHeHHH nopHCTOCTl1.
DopHCTOCTb onpe.uen.sieTc.si e113yanhHbIM11 MeTO.Ual\m HJIH a xo.ue na6opaTopHblX
H3Mepettwif. 8113yanbHbie MeTO.Uhl onpe.uenettw.si cyMMapHoH nopHCTOCTH, a JTY4WC!\I
cnyqae, JJ,alOT npw6mf3HTeJibHbie 3HaY:eHH.!I, nOCKOJTbKY KOJTH"'leCTBO BHJl.HMblX nop 3a-
BHCHT OT Mero.ua tta6JJIO)leHH.!I - Y:eM BbIWe yaenw-teHHe MHKpOCKOna, TCM JIY'llllL' UJl-
Jl.HMOCTb nopoeoro npOCTpaHCTBa. 06bIY:HO nopHCTOCTb onpe.ueJT.!leTC.!I MeTOllOM Bll-
3yaJJbHbIX 11ccne.uoeaHHH WJIHQlOB nopO.Ubl no.D. MHKpOCKOilOM Hl13KOro yaenwqeHH.!1.
KnaccwqrnKau1rn Apq11 [2] .sien.sierc.si MeTO.D.OM, no3eon.si10m11M coeMeCTHTb TeKcryp-
Hl>te Kp1nep1111 H BH.UHMhIH o6beM nop .D.n.si onpe.D.enettw.si o6meH: nop11cTOCTH. B11.r:111-
Moe nopoeoe npocTpattcrno wn11cpa MO)f(eT 6bITh 113Mepetto MeTO.rtOM no.uc<teTa TOLJeK
(no.ucqern BH)JJ1MblX nop) HJTH c HCilOJTb30BaHHeM KOMnbIOTepttbIX nporpaMM aHaJIH3a
11106pa)f(eHHH .un.si pacqern nopoeoro npocrpattcTBa. CaM wnmp npH 3TOM 6eperc11 KaK
noJTtthIH o6beM. BH3yanhHa.si ouettKa MO)f(eT 6h1Tb oY:eHh npwMepttoH:, ec;rn np11 3TOM
He cpaBHHBaTb ee co 3HaqeHH.!IMH, nonylfeHHhIMH Mero.uoM no.ucY:eTa TOY:eK. KaK npa-
awno, B nepBOM cnyiiae 3HalJeHH11 MoryT 6hITb BllBOe 60JlbWe. 3ttaqeHH.!I nopHCTOCTH,
H3MepeHHble B na6opaTOpHH, 06b1qHo BhIWe nonylfeHHhlX np11 BH3yaJTbHOH oueHKe
BCJie.D.CTBHe Toro, LITO OlfCHb MaJTeHbKHe nopbl He Bl1llHbl np11 Henocpe.uCTBeHHOM Ha-
6J110.UeHHH. B cnyqa.six, Korna ace nopbI - Kpyntthie, KaK, HanpwMep, s rpeiiHcToyttax,
3HaY:eHH.!I, noJJy<IeHHbie c noM01UhlO MCTO.Ua nO.[(CL!eTa TO'leK, conocTaBHMbl c .uaHHbl-
MH BH3YaJibHblX 113MepeHHH.
BbI'IHcnettwe nopHCTOCTH ropttbIX nopo.u no o6pa3uaM B JTa6opaTopHbIX ycnos11-
.six Tpe6yer 3H8HHH o nonHOM o6beMe nopo.uhl H nw6o 06 o6beMe nop, n1160 06 06-beMe
MHHepanbHOro CKeJTeTa nopO.Uhl. nonHblH o6beM o6bJqHo H3Mep.sieTC.!I no KOJIM'!eCTBY
(o6beMy) BbITecttettttoH: HecMa
1
mea10meif mH.UKOCTH (rnKoii, KaK pryTb) 11n11 c noMo-
lUhIO np.!!Mh!X 113MepeHHH Ha 06pa3uax npaBHJibHOH cpopMbl. 06-beM nop MO)f(eT 6bJTb
nonyi1eH pa3JTH'IHbIMH cnoco6aMH. EcnH H3BecTeH MHHepanorntteCKHH COCTaB o6pa3-
ua, TO 06beM MHHepanbHOro CKenCTa nopOJl.bl l\fO)f(CT 6b1Tb pacCY:HTaH no IlJIOTHOCTH
3epett H secy 06pa3ua. Tor.ua .um1 onpe.uenettw.si o6beMa nop HY)f(HO lf3 nonHoro o6b-
eMa BbIY:CCTb o6beM MHHepaJlbHOH COCTaBJl.!IIOlUeH. Haw6onee .D.OCTOBepHblM MeTO-
)lOM H3MepeHH.!I nopHCTOCTH ClJHTaeTCSI MeTO.U c HCnOJJb30B8HHeM pacurnpstlOIUCfOCSI
22 fJJABA I
reJJm1 (ra30BOJI10MeTpH11ecKHH MeTOJJ.). Bb1cywettttbIH 06pa3eu nopo.llbl ycrnttasJJHBa-
eTC.ff B KaMepe H3BeCTttoro o6beMa. B KaMepy ttarnerneTC.ff nocTO.ffHHbIH o6beM ra3a
H H3Mep.SleTC.ff .naBJieHHe npH HaJIHLfHH H OTCYTCTBHH B HeH HCCJieJJ.yeMOfO o6pa3Ua.
Pa3HHUa 3Ha'leHHH .nasneHJrn onpe.nen.HeTC.ff o6oeMOM nop . .D:n.SI Ka)J(.uoro 06pa3ua 3a-
nHCbIBaeTC.ff fiJIOTHOCTb 3epeH nopO.ll.bl, H TO'IHOCTb noJiy'leHHbIX B pe3yJibTaTe H3Me-
peHHH 3Ha'leHHH nopHCTOCTH MO)J(eT 6bITb oueHeHa no 6JIH30CTH noKa3aTenei1 )TOH
nnoTHOCTl1 H 113secTHOH nnoTHOCTH M11HepanhHoro cKenera nopO.ll.bJ. Ecn11, ttanp11-
Mep, onpe.neneHHa.ff no HCCJie)lOB8Hl1.ffM IlJIOTHOCTb .ll.OJlOMHTOBOfO o6pa3ua Hl1)J(e 2,8,
TO nony'leHHbie 3HalleHl1.SI nopHCTOCTH, BH)J.HMO, CJI11IIIKOM HH3KH. ,[{JI.ff onpe.ueneHl1.ff
3Ha'leHl1H nop11CTOCTl1 TaK)J(e 11CilOJlb3YeTC.ff H8fHeTaH11e pTYTH no)J. O'leHb BblCOK11M
)J.8BJieHHeM (B 113Mep11TeJie nopHCTOCTH, nopo3HMeTpe). 0.nHaKO B )TOM MeTO)J.e pa3py-
IllaeTC.SI o6pa3eU, no3TOMY o6bl'IH0 OH HCnOJib3YeTC.SI TOJihKO B cneuHaJihHbIX CJiylla.ffx.
l13MepeHHe C)'MMapttoro o6beMa cI>1110H.Ua, 113BJie'leHHoro 113 noposoro npocTpaHCTBa,
.ffBJI.ffeTc.H CTapbIM MeTO.ll.OM onpe.nenett11.ff o6beMa nop. Ott orn11qaeTcH HeBhICOKOH
TO'-IHOCTh!O pe3yJihTaTOB 11 B H8CTO.ffLUee speMH He npHMeHHeTC.ff. 0.ll.H8KO CJie.ll.yT noM-
HHTb, <ITO H3MepeHl1H nopHCTOCTl1, nposeJJ.eHHbie cpaBHHTeJibHO .ll.8BHO, B03MO')f(HO,
6blJ1H CJJ.enaHbl HMeHHO 3THM HeTO'IHbIM cnoco6oM.
,[{JIH nony<IeHH.ff TO'-IHbIX pe3yJibTaTOB H3MepeHHH nopHCTOCTH o6pa3ua Kpai1He
BallCHO nOJIHOe y.naneHHe scex cPJIIOH.llOB (3KCTparnpoBaHHe o6pa3ua). Jll060H HeH3-
BJie'leHHblH cpmoHJJ. 6y..11er Y'IHThIB8TbCH KaK 'laCTb MHHepanbHOH COCTaBJI.ff!OLUeii no-
PO.ll.bl, 'ITO npHse,neT K nony'leHHIO 3aHH')f(eHHbIX 3Haqemttt nopHCTOCTH. B KallecTBe
npHMepa TaKoro Henonttoro yJJ.aneHHH cl>JIIOHJJ.OB B3.ffThI 11ccne.nosaHHH, nposeJJ.eHHhie
Ha MecrnpO)J(..QeHHH CeMHHOJI B OTJIO)l(eHHHX CBHTbI Catt-AH.npec [ 15]. 3tta'leHlrn no-
pHCTOCTl1, noJiylieHHbie B xo.ue aHaJJH3a ITOJIHopa3Mepttoro Keptta, OKa38JIHCb nOJJ.03pH-
TeJibHO HH3KHMH, n03TOMY 11 o6pa3UOB IlOJIHopa3Mepttoro Keptta 6bIJUf JaHOBO npo-
8HaJIH311pOB8Hhl nYTeM Bhin11JlHBaHHH Tpex UHJIHHJJ.p11lleCKHX npo6 JJ.HaMeTpOM 2,5 CM
H3 Ka)l(.L{OfO o6pa3lla 11 noc11e..11y10LUett O'IHCTKH JTHX npo6 B npOMblllIJieHHOH na6opa-
TOpH11, np11 3TOM oco6oe BHHMaHHe 6b1J10 y.ueneHO y..11aneHHIO BO.Ubl 11 Hecl>nt 113 npo-
6bJ. Bo scex 06pa3uax, KpoMe OJJ.HOro, cpe.nHHe 3Ha'leH11.S1 nopwcrocn1 oKa3aJIHCh
Ha .use eJJ,HHHUhl BbIWe no cpasHeHHIO c pe3yJibTaTaMH, nony'leHHbIMH B XOJJ.e H3Me-
peHHH no nonttopa3MepttoMy Keptty (p11c. 1.1 ).
BoJJJ.ettcrn11e BbICOK11x TeMnepaTyp tta o6pa3UhI, coJJ.ep)l(aw11e rnnc, B na6opa-
TOpHbIX ycnOBH.SIX npHBOJJ.HT K )J.ertt)J.paTaUl1H rnnca 11 ero nepexo.uy B nonyrnJJ.paTHYIO
<t>opMy
1
, Ha3b1saeMy10 6accaHHT (cM. cl>opMyny (2)). npu JTOM 06pa3yerc.S1 noposoe
npocTpaHCTBO H BbIJJ,eJIHeTC.SI CB060JJ.Ha.SI so.ua, npH'IeM o6a 3THX <j>aKTopa 06ycJIOB-
JIHB8lOT no.Hsnettwe 3HallHTenbHbIX olll1160K B H3MepeHHHX nopwcrocTH (Ta6n. I). Ilo-
posoe npocTpaHCTBO o6pa3yeTC.ff OOTOMy, 'ITO 6accaHHT (11Me10LUl1H IlJIOTHOCTb 2, 70)
o6na.uaer MeHbIUHM o6oeMOM, 'leM rune (nnornocrh 2,35) [5]. Ba)l(HO coxpaHHTb ypo-
seHb Tel\lmeparypbl B XOJJ.e 8H8JlH38 Keptta HH')f(e 70 C, 'IT06bi npeJJ.OTBp8THTh TaKOe
113MeHeHHe nop11crocrn [I I].
1
T. e. co.nep)f(a!lly!O .aec MOJICKYJlbl nmca Ha O.llHY MOJICKYJIY 80.'lbl. - np1L11. 11epe6.
1.2. noPHCTOCTb 23
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20
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co
co :f
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15
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0 -
3Haqemu1 nopHCTOCTH no UHJIHH.llpHqeCKHM t:: .a

1:11::
:i::
o6pa3UaM Keptta
:s:
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a:i
x Cpe.nHHe 3HaqeHH.SI nopucTOCTH, Q)
0
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noJiyl.feHHbie B UHJIHHpHqecKHX 06pa3uax
:i::
:s:
M
1-.
MaKCHMaJibHa.11 ourn6Ka .uaHHbIX no Keptty co
c.
1-o
(.)
0
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I
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6 8 10 12 14
16 18
3ttaqeHH.ll nopHCTOCTH, H3MepeHHble B nOJIHOpa3MepHOM KepHe (%)
PHc. 1.1. fpacjmK cpasHeH11ll 3Hal!eH11i1 nopHCTOCTH, nonytfeHHhrx B xo.n.e attaJI111a noJ1HO-
pa1Mepttoro KepHa, 11 3Ha<reHHH nopHCTOCTH, onpe.lleJieHHblX no UHJIHH.llPHtfeCKHM 06pa1uaM,
83.llTblM 113 Toro )!(e KepHa H no.useprttyTblX .llOflOJIHHTeJibHOH O'IHCTKC. 3Ha<reHHll nopHCTOCTl1
no noJittopa3MCpHOMY KepHy OKa3aJIHCb MeHhllle Ha 0-4 %.
H3Mepemrn nopttCTOCTH .nomKHbJ npoHJBO.QHTbc.11 npH .nasneHHH, cooTaeTCTay10-
meM nnaCTOBblM ycnOBH.SIM, noCKOJibKY Kap6oHaTHbie nopO.Ubl 06na.ua10T cnOCOOHO-
CTblO CiKHMaTbC.11 11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 3H8'IeHH.SI nopHCTOCTH yr.teHbllJa!OTC.SI no Mepe
yaeJI11qeHH.ll .nasneHH.SI. 06ruenpHH.llTblH na6opaTOpHblH MeTO.U 3aKJII01.JaeTC.ll B TOM,
'IT06bl yseJIHqHB8Tb nasJieHHe ofoKHMa o6pa3Qa (JcpcpeKTHBHOe .uasJietttte) H B TO
)!(e speM.11 coxpatt.llTb nocTO.SIHHoe noposoe .uaaJieHHe. Pe3yJibTaTbl 11ccne.nosatt11it no-
KaJaJrn, qTo yMeHbllleHHe 3Hal!eHHH nopHCTOCTH o6bll!HO OlfeHb MaJIO B naJie030H-
CKHX H MHOrHX Me3030HCKHX KOJIJieKTopax (2 %) (pHC. 1.2), H H3MepeHH.SI nopHCTOCTH
B nnacTOBblX ycnoa11.11x, KaK npaettno, oKa3bIBaJIHCb nocraTO'IHO TO'IHbIMH [IO]. 0J:tHa-
KO B cnyqae BbICOKOnopttCTblX Kap6oHaTHblX nopo.n .UOJiiKHa npOBO.llHTbC.11 nposepKa
B03MO:>KHOCTH yMeHbllleHH.11 3Hal.JeHH.ll nopHCTOCTH nptt yaeJIHlJeHHH 3cp<f>eKTHBHOro
.nasnetttt.11.
06b1qtto nopbl B oca]J.Ol.fHblX nopo.aax OTHOC.SITC.SI K Me)f(3epHOBOMY THny. 0oKa-
3aTeJTH Me)f(3epHOBOH nopttCTOCTH 3aBHC.llT He OT pa3Mepa caMHX 3epett, a OT HX cop-
THpOBKH. 3Hal.feHH.SI Mexoepttoaoii nopHCTOCTH a e.nHHHU.e o6bel';ta oKpyrnhIX 3epeH,
xapaKTepH3YIOlllHXC.ll Ky6ttl!eCKOH ynaKOBKOH, MOryT COCTaBJI.S!Tb 47,6% (pttc. 1.3,A).
Ky6HqecKa.11 ynaKOBKa o6ecne'IHBaeT Hatt6onhrnee KOJTHlJecrno OTKpbITblX nop. HaH-
6onee 3aKpbITa.SI (nnoTHa.11) ynaKOBKa oKpyrnhIX 3epeH - poM6HtJecKa.11. B JTOM cnyqae
24 fJJABA I
Ta6m1ua I. Yeem1LJeHHC 3HaLJCHHH nop11cTocrn e 06pa3uax rnncoco.nep)f(a1Uero .nonoMHTa
B pe3yJJbTaTe 803.[lCHCTBHll BblCOKHX (no [I I],%)
C o.uep"'aH ne
00pHCTOCTb
YeemtLJCHHe
rnnca
OpH Hll3KOH Op11 BblCOKOH
nopHCTOCTH
TeMneparype TeMneparype
4.3 2,8 3,7 0.9
11,0 6.4 11,2 4,8
14,6 2,5 8,4 5.9
14,9 3.4 8,9 5,5
JHatfeHllJI nopHCTOCTll COCTaBJIJllOT 25.9 % Ha e)lHHllUY o6oeMa (p11c. 1.3, B). 3<f><f>eKT
BJlllJIHllJI copT11pOBKH JepeH Ha BeJJH'lllHY nopllCTOCTll MO)KHO npocJJe)lllTb Ha np11Me-
pe HecueMeHT11poeaHHbIX neclfaHllKOB. EcnH nopHCTOCTb OlfeHb xopowo 0Tcopr11po-
eaHHblX HecueMeHTllpOBaHHblX neclfaHllKOB JlOCTllraeT 42 %, TO B nnoxo OTCOpr11po-
eaHHblX - scero 27 % [6].
-
ii
:s:

-
0
THnH'IHbte na.neo3oi-icK11e Kap6oHaTbl
(nepMCKHH 6acceiiH, 3ana.11HblH Texac,
CWA)
x IOpcK11e Kap6011aTbI
(CayJJ.OBCKaJJ Apae11ll) [ 10]
136 272
PeJyJJbT11py10mee .u.aBJ1e1111e (an.1)
408
PHc. 1.2. BmtllHHe 1<j><l>eKT11e11oro naencHHll Ha nop11cTOCTb e nancoJolicKHX 11 iopcKnx Kap-
6011aTt1btX KOJJJJCKTOpax. YMCHbWCllHC nopllCTOCTH onpC.!lCJlllCTCll KaK LJacrnoe OT !lCJleHHll
nopHCTOCTH npH Jlf><l>cKTHBHOM ]laBJleHHH Ha nopHCTOCTb npH 3TMoclf>epHOM !l3WICHHll.
B Kap6oHaTHblX orno)KeHllJJX <f>opMa JepeH 11 HaJIHlflle Me)KJepHOBbtX nop. a TaK-
)Ke 11x copT11poeKa, 0Ka3b1ea10T JHalfHTCJibHblH J<f><f>cKT Ha eenH'IHHY nop11cTocT11. Ha-
JIH'llle nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa Me)K)ly paKywKaMll H neJIOH)laMH, KOTOpbte 06pa3y-
IOT 3CpHa Kap6oHaTHblX oca)lKOB, nOBblllJaCT JH3'1CHHJI nopHCTOCTH no cpaBHCHHIO
c TCMH, KOTOpble MO)KHO 6blJIO 6bt Q)KH)laTb npH OJlHOH TOJlbKO MC)KJCpHOBOH noptt-
CTOCTH [8]. 8JlliJIHHC, OKa3blBaeMoe coprnpOBKOH Ha nopHCTOCTb Kap6oHaTHblX no-
pOJl, npHMO npOTHBOnOJIO)KHO TOMy, KOTOpoe B KpCMHHCT0-06JJOM0
1
1HblX
nopoJlax. OopHCTOCTb e coepeMeHHbtx oott.UHbtX rpei1Hcrny11ax cocrnenJJeT e cpe.u-
1.3. nroHllUAEMOCTb 25
A B
nopHCTOCTb 4 7% nopHCTOCTb 26%
Puc. 1.3. CpaeHeHHe noKa1aTencit nop11cTocrn npu Ky611'1CCKOH (A) 11 poM611'1ecKoit (8) yna-
KOBKax 0Kpyrnb1x 1cpeH nopo.a.b1. OopHCTOCTb 1ae11c11T OT e11.ua ynaKoBKll, a pa'3Mep nop onpe-
.aem1eTCll pa1MepoM II BHllOM ynaKOBKH OKp)'rJlblX 1epeH nopO;J.bl.
HeM 45 %, HO no Mepe yMeHbrneum1 cTeneHH copntpOBKH noT noKa3aTeJ1b eo1pacTaeT
.uo 70 % [9]. ROT pOCT B OCHOBHOM o6ycJ10BJ1eH Hrno6pa3HOH <l>opMOH 04eHb MeJl-
KHX KpHCTaJlJlOB aparoHHTa. B pe1y11bTaTe. olfeBHLlHOH B3aHMOCBSl3H Me:iK.a.y nopHCTO-
CTbto, pa3MepoM 3epeH H BH1J.OM HX copntpOBKH B Kap6oHaTHbJX nopo.nax )'CTaHOBllTb
He )'llaJJOCb.
Xorn OlfeBH.UHOH 01aHMOCBHJH Me:iK.UY nopHCTOCTbto H cTp)'KT)'pHO-TeKCDf1111.1-
MH oco6eHHOCTSIMH nopo.a. He cymecTByeT, onbITHblM nyTeM .UOCTOBepHO )'CTaHOB-
JieHO, lfTO pa1Mep Me:iK1epHOBblX nop yMeHbUJaeTCSI c yMeHbllJCHHCM pa3Mepa 3epeH
H nOBblllJeHHeM nJIOTHOCTH HX ynaKOBKH. CTopHCTOCTb TaK:lKe )'MeHbW3eTCSI C 803-
paCTaHHeM CTeneHH ynJIOTHeHHSI ynaKOBKH 3epeH. lfTO o6yCJJOBJJeHO 33BHCHMOCTbJO
pa3Mepoe Me:iKJepHOBblX nop OT pa3MepoB JepeH, CTeneHH HX copTHpOBKH H Me:iK1ep-
HOBOH nopHCTOCTH. PaJMep H o6oeM Me:iK1epHoeoro nopoeoro npocTpaHcTea onpe.ue-
JISleTCSI )'CJIOBHSIMH OC3,.!1KOHaKOnJICHHSI H HCTOpHeH nocne.uyJOUlHX npeo6pa3083HHH
oca.nKoB.
1.3. OpouuuaeMOCTb
CTpoHHUaCMOCTb - ea:iKHblH napaMCTp, noTOMY 4TO S1BJJS1eTCS1 CBOHCTBOM nopo-
llbl, CBSl33HHblM c ne6HTOM .uo6bl'rn yrneBOJJ.OpOJJ.08. 3Ha'feHHSI npOHHUaeMOCTH KO-
ne6JJJOTCSI e rn1tpoKHX npenenax OT 0,0 l MHJ1mt.uapc1t ( MJ.I.) no I napctt H 6011ee.
CTpoHHUaeMOCTb BeJJHlflfHOH 0.1 MJ.I. o6bl4HO ClfHTaeTCSI MHHHM3JlbHO .uonycTHMOH
JJ.JlSI pa3pa6oTKH uecjHHHblX JaJJe)l{CH. Bb1coKonpo.11.yKTHBHb1e KOJJJJeKTopbl o6bllfHO xa-
paKTCpHJ)'JOTCH npott11uaeMOCTbJO nopS1.aKa I napcH.
CTpoHHuaeMOCTb Bb1pa)l{aeTCH HJ JaKoHa JJ.apc11:
( :3)
r.ue Q - o6oeM noToKa cj>n101t.ua. k"P - npomtuaeMOCTb, 11 - BSl3KOCTb ct>n1011.ua.
(!1P)/ L - rpanHCHT .naenem1S1 e ropttJOHTaJJbHOM 06pa3ue, A - rnmuta.ub none-
pelfHOro ce4CHHSI 06pa1ua. CTpmmuaeMOCTb - JTO ceoiicTeo nopo.ubl, BSl1KOCTb
ceoifcTBo cj>n101rna. a (/1P)/ L - JTO noKaJaTeJJb ct>11nbTpau110HHOro noTeHu1tana.
26 fJJABA I
IlpoH11uaeMOCTb H3MepS110T e na6oparnpHblX ycnoe11.11x, noMemaR 06pa1eu 111-
eecTHOH M11Hbl 11 11.11aMeTpa B BO'l.UyxouenpoH11uaeMblH UHJIHH.UP ( KepHO.ilep)!(aTeJib
Xaccnepa) e rop1110HTaJibHOM nono)!(eH1111. <l>nlOH.LJ. 111eecTHOH B.!13KOCTl1 HarHeTaeT-
Cff e 06pa3eu, y KOTOporo H3MepeHbl .nn11tta 11 nttaMeTp. 06pa1eu npe.ZJ.crnenReT co6oi1
JIH60 nOJIHopa3MepHblH KepH, 06bl'HIO - .!1Jll1HOH 15,2 CM, n1160 UHJIHH.Up JlHaMeT-
poM 2.5 CM, BbinHJieHHblH 113 KepHa. Me)!(.!J.Y pa3Hb1MH KOHUaMH 06pa1ua C03.!J.aeTC.!I
nepena.ll .uaeneuH.11 11 JaMepReTcR o6beM nornKa nio11.na 1.1epe1 06pa1eu. a npoH11ua-
eMOCTb pacc1.1HTb1BaCTcll c 11cnonb30BaimeM ypaeHeHHSI ,llapc11 (p11c. 1.4). KaK npae11-
J10, B Kal.feCTBC <l>JIIOH)la HCnOJib3YIOT B03llYX HJIH COJISIHOH pacrnop. Korna CKOpOCTb
11nbTpau1111 eb1c0Ka, TO pe3yJibTaTbl .llOCTaTOl.fHO 6JIH3KH. Ecm1 )Ke cKopocTb Q>ttJibTpa-
u11u HH3Ka, TO npH nponycKaHHH B03.llyxa 1.1epe3 06pa1eu nonyLJalOTC.11 6onee Bb1coK11e
noKaJaTeJ111 npOHHuaeMOCTH, l.feM B onblTe c COJil!HblM paCTBOpOM. 3TO o6bl!CHSleT-
Cll TeM, 'ITO ra3 C03.!J.aeT ropa1.no MeHbWCe TpeH11e 0 CTeHKH nop (He npHJIHnaCT
K HHM), 'leM )!(HJIKOCTb, a cnoco6HOCTb ra'JOB CKOJlb'lHTb B.llOJlb CTeHOK nop npHBOllHT
K 33811CHMOCTl1 noKa3aTeJ1eH OT eenHl.fHHbl naeJICHHSI. 3TOT <l>eHO-
MeH HOCHT Ha3B3HHC <ncpcpeKT KnHHKCH6epra 11 oco6eHHO Ba)!(eH Jlnll HCCJie.llOB3HHH
HH3KonpottuuaeMblX nopo.a.
Q
Puc. 1.4. Mcrn.u u1McpeHHll npoH11uacMocrn e UHJHIH!lpH'ICCKOM o6pa'1uc KepHa e na6oparnp-
HblX YCIIOBHllX (CM. 06bllCHCHl!ll B TCKCTC). 06pa1Ubl pacnonaralOTCll rop1noHTaJlbHO c UCJlblO
ycTpamnb BJJHllHHC Cl!Jlbl TlliKCCTH.
IlpOHHUaCMOCTb MO)!(HO TaK)!(e H3MCpl!Tb C nOMOUlblO cnCUHaJibHOfO 11p116opa,
tta3bleacMoro MHHH-nepMeaMeTp [12]. 3rn np1tcnoco6neH1te C03llaHo JlJill ucnonb-
30BaHHR Ha rna.!J.KHX noeepxHOCn!X, TaKHX, KaK o6tta)!(eHHll nopOJl HJIH cnHJibl KepHa,
H n03BOJlllCT 6b!CTpo H c HC60JlbUJHMH 3aTpaTaMH noJiy'IHTb MHOfO'IHCJieHHble pe3yJib-
TaTbl H3MepeHHll npom1uaeMOCTH. JTOT MCTO.n, 0.ll.HaKO, xapaKTepH3yeTCll MeHbUJeH
TO'IHOCTblO, 'ICM Mern.u c ucnoJib30BaHHeM Kepuonep)!(aTeJill XaccJ1cpa. Tpe6yeMoe
06opy11.oeau11e cocTOHT H3 6am1mia nm1 C)!(aToro ra1a, HH!lHKaTopa 11.aeneHHSI H OT-
pe1Ka nnacTHKOBoro WJiaHra co cncuuaJibHblM uaKOHC'IHHKOM HJIH KOHycoo6pa3HblM
..'{aT'IHKOM, CKOHCTpy11poeaHHblM TaK. l.fT06b! llJIOTHO npHneraTb K 06pa1uy nop0.%1.
,llJill pacl.feTa npomtUaCMOCTlt HCnOJib3YIOT naHHblC 0 .naBJICHHlt ra3a H ero o6bCMe,
nporne.aweM LJepe1 06pa1eu nopOJlbl.
l13MCpCHHll JlOJl)!(Hbl np0113B0,111TbCll Ha 06pa1uax, Haxo.nRIUHXCSI 11011 HeKoTOpblM
3cpcpeKTHBHblM )laBJICHHeM, npe,!lllO'ITHTeJibHO paBHblM naeJleHHIO, KOTopoe KOJIJieKTO-
1.3. nrOIHll.lAEMOCTb 27
pbl HCnb!TbIBa!OT B nnaCTOBblX ycJIOBHJIX. 3TO oco6eHHO Ba'1\HO B CJiy<!a'1X, Kor.na
B o6pa3ue npHCYfCTBYIOT TpemHHbl H CTHJIOJIHTbl, nOTOMy lffO npH OTCYT-
CTBHH "J<f><j>eKTHBHOro .nasneHH'1 )TH JJieMeHTbl MoryT CTaTb KaHanaMH A/1'1 npOXO)K)lC-
HH'1 <j>JJIOH.UOB, 'ITO MO)KeT npHBeCTH K noJJy<leHHIO Heonpas.naHHO BblCOKHX 3Ha'ICHHH
npoHHuaeMOCTH.
0pOHHUaCMOCTb - JTO BCKTOpHa'1 H CKaJ1'1pHa'1 BCJIH'IHHa. ropH30HTaJibHa'1 npo-
HHUaCMOCTb MO)KeT pa3JIH'laTbC'1 B pa3HbIX HanpaoneHH'1X. BepTHKaJlbHa'1 npoHHUa-
eMOCTb 06bl'IHO HH)KC, 'leM ropH30HTaJlbHa'1. 00JTOMY rtpOHHUaCMOCTb 'laCTO H306-
pa)KaCTC'1 B BH.Ue BCKTOpa 8 KOOp.UHHarnx x. y H z. B OT'ICTaX no HCCJIC.UOBaHHJIM
KepHa s cJJy'la'1x aHaJIH3a nonHopa3MepHoro KepHa npHBOJlUC'1 TPH 3Ha'leHH'1 npo-
HHuaeMOCTH: nsa o ropH30HTaJibHOM Hanpao11eHHH H O.UHO no oepTHKaJlH. Optt HC-
cnenooaHHH UHJIHH.UpH'ICCKHX o6pa3UOB onpe.ueJJ'1CTC'1 TOJlbKO 0.llHO ropH30HTaJlbHOe
3Ha'leHHe npoHHuaeMOCTH. HanpasneHH'1 H3MepeHHH ropH30HTaJlbHOH npmrnuael'lto-
crn Bbl6Hpa10TC'1 non yrnoM 90 .r\pyr K npyry H o6bl'IHO COOTBeTCTBYIOT MaKCH-
MaJibHOH npoHuuaeMOCTH H npOHHuaeMOCTH 8 nepneH,llHKYJJJlpHOM K MaKCllMYMY Ha-
npaoJieHHH.
BenH'IHHa npoHHu.aeMOCTH 3aouc1n OT o6beMa uccnenyeMoro o6pa3ua rnK
KaK H OT op1teHTHpOBKH. 3aKOH )].apcH noKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO npOHHuaeMOCTb 3aBHCi IT
OT nJJmuamt nonepe1.Juoro ce1.JeHH'1 06pa3ua 11 nepenana naoneHH'1 Ha y1.JacTKe 3a.u;111-
Hoii .llJlHHbl. B Kap6oHaTHblX KonneKTopax npo1rnuaeMOCTb eapbHpyeT B 3ae11c1tMOC 111
OT pa1Mepa 06pa3ua. Hatt6oJJee '1pKo npo6JJeMbl, cmnaoaeMb1e Bb16opoM 06pa1ua, MO-
ryT 6b1Tb npmrnmocTpuposaHbl Ha npuMepe 06pa3ua KepHa c KpynHblMH KasepHaMH,
B3'1TOro H3 Kap6oHaTHOH nocTpOHKH CHJJY-
pHHCKOro B03pacrn (pHc. 1.5). B "JTOM 06-
pa"Jue npoHnuaeMOCTb, cKopee ocero, JlOJJ)K-
Ha 6b1Tb oICHb BblCOKOH H3-3a 60JibWOro
KOJJHlJCCTBa conpHKaCalOIUHXC'1 KaeepH, HO
aHaJJH3 KepHa noKa3blBaCT BCJIHlUfHY npo-
HltUaeMOCTH MeHec 0, l M.ll 3TO 3Ha'leHHe
nony<JeHO Ha UHJIHH,npH'ICCKOM o6pa3ue JlJ)H-
HOH 2.5 CM, KOTOpblH 6b1Jl HCfl0Jlb30BaH no-
TOMy, no nposecnt H3Mepem1e npomma-
eMocrn Ha nOJIHOpa3MCpHOM KepHe 6blJIO
6bl O'ICHb TPY.llHO. noJTOMY .!1J1'1 Toro, 'IT0-
6bl MO)KHO 6blJIO HCnOJib30BaTb pe3yJibTaTbl
na6opaTOpHblX HCCJJe.nosaHHH Kepua, 01.JCHb
Puc. 1.5. 06pa1cu KCpHa, co.ucp1Kauu1ii KpynHb1e
KaBepHbl, OT06paHHblH H'l CH11ypHttCKllX pmpoB
B wrnTe Mwmra11 (CWA). B pc"1y11bTaTC HJMe-
pe111111 npoHHUaCMOCTll Ha UHJIHH.Up114CCKOM 06-
pa1ue Kcp11a llOJJY4CHO 'JH34CHllC MCHCC 0.1 MD..
4TO llBJlllCTCll 04CBli,'lHOit llCllOOUCHKOii peaJJb-
Hoii 11po111macMocrn s noM 06pa1uc.
28 fJlABA I
Ba)l(HO 3HaTb, Ha KaKHX o6pa:JUaX OHH 6bIJIH npose.uettbl. KaK npaBHJIO, He C7eOyem
uc110,1b306amh OaHHble no KepHy u1 Kap6oHamHblX KO,;UeKmopoe, ec.m ucc.11eooeame.qb
ca.\/ He 6Uoe1 :Jmom KepH u ue Ha6..110oa,7 w npoi,ecco.11 om6opa 06pa1i106.
BenttlJHHbI npoHHuaeMOCTH MoryT 6b1Th nonyi,1eHhI B npouecce 11cnb1Tattm1 cKsa-
)KHHbI c HCnOJib30BaHHeM KpHBhlX BOCCTaHOBJieHHH .uasJieHHH. )l,asneHHe B CKBa)KiiHe
yMeHhWaeTCH B peJyJibTaTe OT6opa <i>JIIOH,llOB, 3aTeM CKBa)KHHa OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH H Ja-
MepHeTCH CKOpOCTb HapacTaHHH (BOCCTaHOBJieHHH) .uasJieHHH. 0Ha JaBHCHT OT J<l><i>eK-
THBHOH npoHHuaeMOCTH KonneKTopa. Cpe.um1H 1<P<PeKTHBHaH npottwuaeMOCTh wccne-
.LlyeMoro HHTepsana paccIHThIBaeTCH no ypastteHHIO
( H3MeHemte .uasneHHH )
302 84
( q11Bo) (
4
)
HaKJIOH KpHBOH m = . -- '
noraptt<l>Mtt'leCKHH HHTepsan speMeHH knph
me q - .ue6HT (M
3
/cyT), p - BjJJKOCTb (caHrnnyaJ, cCT), B
0
- o6DeMHblH KOJ<i>qmuH-
eHT He<Pnr, kllp - npom1uaeMOCTb (M)l,), h - 1<P<PeKTHBHaH TOJIW.HHa KOJIJieKTOpa (M).
Attantt3 KpttBhIX soccrnHosneHttjj' nnacTosoro .nasneHtt.si: cJiy)KHT .[(Jl.sI oueHKH 1<P-
<PeKTHBHOH npoHHuaeMOCTH, nnaCTOBOfO .LlaBJieHHH H CTeneHH HapyweHHH npOHHUa-
eMOCTH B npHJa60HHOH JOHe nnacTa (CKHH-<l>aKTopa) (pttc. 1.6). TaKHe KpHBhie MOryT
6b1Th noJiy<leHbl nyTeM 3aMepoB .Lle6HTOB c nOMOlUblO HCObJTaTeJIH nnacTa Ha 6ypHJih-
HbIX Tpy6ax HJIH s .ll06hrnat0mei1 CKBa)Ktttte nocne Toro, KaK nocne.uu.si:.si: 6Lma ocTa-
HOBJieHa tta KaKOH-TO nepHOJJ.. lhMeHeHHH .1J.e61na H .llaBJieHHH nO,llBepraJOTC.sI aHaJIHJY
c noMOIUhlO .u.11arpaMMbI soccTaHOBJieHHH nnacTosoro .uasnettm1, npe.u.no:>KeHHOH Xop-
ttepoM . .D,ttarpaMMa OTpa:>KaeT H3MeHeHHH 3HaIeHHH .nasneHHH B 6eCKOHe4HO MaJible
npoMe:>KyTKH speMeHH ( t + 6.t) / 6.t. nnacrnsoe .uasnettwe B KOJIJieKTope onpe.u.enHeTcH
Mero.uoM 3KCTpanom1mrn npjj'MOIIHHeHHbIX y
1
-1acTKOB Kp11BOH .uo 0 (c waroM B I). Bm-1-
HHHe CKHH-cjJaKTopa oueHHBaeTC.sI no TeMny BOCCTaHOBJieHH.sI llaBJieHHH .llO HalJaJibHOH
BeJJH'lHHbl. IlpOHHuaeMOCTh xapaKTep1nyeT CnOC06HOCTb cjlJIJ-OH.Ua npOHHKaTb qepC3
nopucryio cpe.u.y. E.u1rnuuei1 HJMepemrn :noi1 cnoco6ttocTH HBm1eTc.si: npottttuae-
MOCTh Ha MeTp 3Hal{ettHH JcjJcjJeKTHBHOH npom1uaeMOCTH o6b!'IHO nony'lalOT
l13MepeHHble BeJJH'l!HHbl
HttTepnom1um1
__ .... _ ....
-- .


4 3
.... -
........
......
2
t + 6.t
6.t
I'*
----fm
0
P11c. 1.6. TnnHIHblH rpa<f>HK Xopttepa .llJlll aoccrnttosneHMll nnacrnaoro ,ilaonettm1 (110 [7]).
Yron HaKJIOHa KpHBOH llBJIHeTCll <f>yHKUHeH COOTHOWCHHSI OpOHHU.aCMOCTb - .amrna HHTCp-
BaJJa (k
11
p/i ).
1.4. PA3MEP nor H <I>JIIOHJlOHACbll.llEHHOCTb 29
nyTeM )leJieHHH knph Ha nporn:>KeHHOCTb HCnhITbIBaeMOfO HHTepsana.
HeToqHble 3aMepbl nporn:>KeHHOCTH HHTepsana HCnbIT8HHSI H 06'beMa HCCJie.[(yeMoro
KOJIJieKTopa Moryr npHBeCTH K 3HaIHTeJihHblM OllIH6Ka.M B onpe,lleJieHHH 3<l><l>eKT11B-
HOH npoHHQaeMOCTH.
1.4. Pan1ep nop H J>nroui.ouacb1rueuuocTb
Pa1Mep nap SIBJISieTcsi CBSI3YIOIUHM <t>aKTopoM Me:>Kny npott11u.aeMOCTb10 H Hacb1-
1L1.eHHOCThfO KOJIJieKTopa yrneBO,ll,Opo.uaMH. 06bJqHo B MO,ll,eJISIX npOHHQaeMOCTH nopo-
soe npOCTpaHCTBO onHCbIBaJIH KaK <l>YHKU.HfO pa.llHYCOB COBOKynHOCTH KanHJIJIS!pHblX
Kattanos. Kom1qecTBO KanHJIJIS!pHbIX KaHaJIOB np11pastt11san11 K nopHCTOCTH, a npouH-
u.aeMOCTh 38BHCeJia OT nopHCTOCTH H KB8,llparn BeJIHqHHbl pa.u11yca nop <<t>opMyJia (!j),
no [I], c. 97). KoJeHH [14] 3aMemrn nnoma.[(h noaepxttocrn noposoro npocTpaHCTsa
Ha pa.[(ttyc nop 11 pa3pa6oTaJI rrrnpoKo HJaecTHoe HhIHe ypasttett11e Ko3eHH, KOTopoe
onpe.11.ensieT COOTHOllleHHe Me:>K.uy npOHHU.aeMOCTbfO H nopHCTOCTblO, BeJI11q1rnoti no-
sepXHOCTH (a Kaa.upaTe) 11 nocTOSIHHOH K03eHH (cpopMyJia (6)).
9 2
knp = m-/32. HJIH k = k
11
r /8, (;i)
k
11
P = kn/kzs;. ((i)
06hillHOH npaKTHKOH SIBJISieTCSI ou.eHKa npOHHU.aeMOCTH c HCnOJib30B8HHe.M npo-
CTblX cpopMyJI pacqera npOHHU.aeMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH, nony1eHHblX no ,ll,aHHblM
HCCJie.uoaaHHH KepHa. 0.uHaKO .[(JISI Kap6ottaTHblX KOJIJieKTopoa rpaHK 3aBHCHMOCTH
Me:>K.uy nopHCTOCTbfO H npOHHU.aeMOCTbtO, KaK npaBHJIO, orn11qaeTCSI 60JiblllHM pa3-
6pocoM ,[(aHHbIX (pHC. 1.7). 3TO yKa3bJBaer Ha TO, 'iTO KpOMe nopHCTOCTH cymecrsyior
H ..a.pyrne <t>aKTOpbl, KOTOpbie aa:>KHbl .llJISI MO,lleJIHpOBaHHSI npOHHU.aeMOCTH. 3rn. ypaa-
HCHHSI ,JJ.eMOHCTPHPYfOT, llTO pa3Mep H pacnpe.[(eJieHHe nopoaoro npocTpaHCTBa, HJIH
pacnpe..a.eJieHHe nap no pa3Mepy, TaK :>Ke sa:>KHbI .llJISI ou.eHKH npom1u.aeMOCTH, KaK
H nopHCTOCTh. B o6meM cnyqae MO:>KHO c..a.enaTb BblBO.ll, qTo 6e1 y
1
1ema pacnpede..7e-
HUR nop no pai11epy 11e601.110.J1C110 youdemb C8Jl3h ,11e.J1Coy 11opuc111ocmb10 u 11po11ul{a-
e11ocmb10 e Kap6011am11b1x nopo<)ax.
Pa3MepbI nap Moryr 6hITb onpe]lenettbl no KpHBhIM PTYTHoro Kan11nnsipuo-
ro )lasneHHSI, KOTOpoe co311.aeTcS1 np11 ttarnerntt1111 pTyTH (ttecMaqHsaiomasi cpa3a)
B o6pa3eu., co.uep:>Kalll.HH B0'3llYX (cMaqHBat0masi <t>aJa). IlpH OOBblllJeHHH .[(aBJieHHSI
non .[(eiicrnHeM HarnerneMoii PTYTH nonyqaercsi ..a.11arpaMMa JaBHCHMOCTH Me:>K.AY se-
JI11q11ttoii 11.aaneHHSI HarHeTaHHSI " o6neMOM 3aKaqeHHOH PTYTH (pT)'THoe ttachil..lle-
HHe) (pHC. 1.8). PTyrttoe HaCblIUeHHe MO:>KeT 6b!Tb rpacfmqecKH OTpa:>KeHO B npo-
u.eHTaX OT 06beJVJa nop HJIH OT noJIHOro o6beMa nopO.llbl. 3rn KpHBaSI H83bIBaCTCSI
KpHBOH OT60pa :>KH.[(KOCTH. Ila Mepe CHH:>KeHHSI ,llaBJieHHH HartteTaHHSI CM8llHBa-
fOlUHH cpmOH.[( (80311.YX HJIH BO.lla) Haq11Ha10T npOHHKaTb B nopoaoe npocTpaHCTBO
H BbITeCHHTb HeCM8llHB810lll.YIO cpa3y. 3TOT npouecc H83bIBaeTCH nponHTKOH (HM-
6H6HQHeii), a rpacpHK, OTpa:>KafOllJHH 3aBHCHMOCTb Me:>KD.Y )laBJieHHeM H HaCbllll.eHHeM
B XO.[(e yMeHbilleHHH ..a.asJieHHSI HarneTaHHH, - KpHBOH nponHTKH (KpHBOH HM6H6H-
UHH) (pHC. J .8).
30
-I:::(
:.
-..0
t
0
:.
Q)

:s:
:c
0
c..
t::
1000
100
10
fJIABA I
t. .... .&
. ..... .
. .... , , ..
. .. .. .;. .. . . .
........... ,, ... . . \
. . ... ,. \. . ..
.. . .. ,.. . . ' ...
. .. .. . . . . ... '
:.&.::.: !
. .. .. . . \ . . . . , ..... ,.
- It
.. ........... :. t ::; .:.
I. :. ; .. ;::., ........ t
... .. . ., t1.:l 1 ,. ,
. ... . . .... .. . ..
.: ::!: . . . .
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. . . . . . . . .
. . .. : . . . .

0,05 0, I 0 0, 15 0,20 0,30 0,40
TiopHCTOCTb (JJ.OJJH e.u..)
Pttc. 1.7. CxeMa 3aBHCHMOCTH nopHCTOCTH H npottHuaeMOCTH e Kap6ottaTHbIX nopoJlax, 1rn-
mocTpttpy10maS1 OTCyTCTBHe CBSIJH Me)KJlY nopHCTOCTblO H npoHHUaeMOCTblO B cnyqae HC-
KJIIOlfeHHSI H3 pacqera .u.onOJIHHTeJihHOro lflaKTopa - pacnpeJleneHHH nop no pa3Mepy.
-
136
g
-
:s:
t 109
Cl:
:s:
:c
"'
a;
82
:i:
'-
"'
KptteaH nponttTKH
:c
Q)
:s:
54
:c
Q)
t::
=
"'
t:i
TiepeXO)lHblH
Q)
27
0 '3Tan
:c

3aeepwa!OIUHH
a
0
:nan
(,)
100 80 60 40 20 0

HacbIIUeHtte nopo.nh1 PTYThlO
(% OT o6beMa nop)
Pttc. 1.8. nmH'lHble KpHBble KanHJIJIHpHoro Jl.aBnemrn, noKa3bJBalOIUHe rpalf>HKH npOilHTKH
H BbITecHeHI-tll CMa'lHBatow.eii Q>a3bl. Jl,aHHble )lJIH KpHBOH BbITeCHCHHSI nony'leHbl MeTO)lOM
yeeJIH"-IeHHSI Jl.aBJieHHSI, a .uaHHblC .llJlll KpHBOH npomtTKH - MeTOJJ.OM CHH)KCHHll }laBJieHHSI.
3Ha'lemrn pa3Mepa nop, nony'leHHbie yKaJaHHbIM MeTO.llOM, HJBeCTHbl KaK pa3-
Mep noposoro KaHaJia. 3ToT napaMeTp onpe.11.em1eTcH KaK paJMep nop, KOTopb1e co-
e.UHHHIOT 6onee Kpynttble nopbl. OH OCHOBaH Ha npennoJIO)KCHHH 0 TOM, 'ITO nopoeoe
npoCTpaHCTBO MC)K.ll.Y l.faCTHuaMH nopO.llbl (MC)Kl.faCTHllHOe) MO)KeT 6b!Tb BHJyaJJbHO
npe.nCTaBJJeHO B BH.ne KOMHaT, coe.11.HHeHHbIX .11.eepbMH. )J;sepH - 3TO nopOBbie Ka-
HaJibl, KOTOpb!e coe,11.HHHIOT 6onee Kpyntthle nopbl - KOMHaTbl.
1.4. PA3MEP nor 1-1 <1>1110H.llOHAcb1ll.lEHHOCTb 31
PTyTHoe HaCbillletttte JaBHCHT, so-nepBbIX, OT se1rnqttttb1 nosepxHOCTHOro Ha-
rn)l(eHH}I Me)l(.uy BOJJ.OH H PTYTblO, BO-BTOpbIX, OT CB}l3YIOlllHX CHJI Me)l(J:ly Q>JIIOH.UaMH
H MHHepaJiaMH, o6pa3ylOI.UHMH CTeHKH nop, B-TpeTbHX, OT pa3HOCTH nasJieHHH Me:>K.uy
PTYTHOH H BO.ll.}IHOH Q>aJaMH (KanHJIJI}lpttoro .uasnettH}I), H, B-lfeTBepTbIX, OT pa3Mepa
nopoBbIX KaHaJios. nocne.uHHH napaMeTp paccl.fHTblBaeTC}I no cI>opMyne
re= 0.145(2acos0/P"), (7)
r.ue l'c - pa.uwyc noposoro KattaJia (MKM),
2
a - nosepXHOCTHOe Harn)l(ettHe oo-:J H/M),
Pc - KanHJrn}lpHoe .uasJieHHe (a6coJIIOTHoe .uasJieHHe, aTM), 0, 145 - K03<l>cl>ttutteHT
nepeso.ua B MHKpOHbI.
IlosepXHOCTHOe Harn)l(eHHe Me)l(ny }IBmieTC}I pe3yJibTaTOl\I B3aHMHOfO
npHrn)l(eHH}I MOJieKyJI )l(H.I(KOCTdi. Ero MO)l(HO Bbipa3HTb JaBHCHMOCTblO Me)l(.uy .uas-
JieHHeM B.I(OJib rpaHHUbl conpHKOCHOBeHH}I Q>JIIOH.I(OB H panttyCOM KpHBH3Hbl 3TOH
rpaHHUbl (pHC. 1.9):
(8)
r.ne (P
1
- P
2
) - nepena.n nasneHH}I snonb MeHttcKa (KamrnJI}lpttoe .uasJieuwe), rr -
nosepxHOCTHOe HaT}l)l(eHHe, r, - pa.uttyc KpHBH3Hbl rpaHHUbl Me)l(J:ly )l(H.UKOCT111\1ll.
<l>opMyJiy (8) MO)l(HO BbJBeCTH, HCXO.IVI H3 npe.ucTaBJieHHH 0 nonyccl>epw1ec1,111i
HH)l(HeH qaCTH KanJIH BO.Ubl, KOTOpa11 BbJTeKaeT H3 He60JibllIOrO Kpaua 3a MfHOBeHHe
.uo Toro, KaK oHa yna.ueT. MoneKyJibI BHYJPH Kanmt npurnmsa101c11 .upyr K .upyry
c 0.UHHaKOBOH CHJIOH, HO MOJieKyJibl, HaXO,Z(}lll{HeC}I Ha nosepXHOCTH Kamm, HCilblTbl-
BalOT nplfT}l)l(eHHe B .usyx ttanpasneHH11X - K ueHTPY KanJIH H K .upymM MOJieKyJiaM
nosepXHOCTH,
1
ITO npHBO.l(HT K B03HHKHOBeHHIO pe3yJJbTHpy10meii CHJJbl, HanpaBJJeH-
HOH BHYJpb Karnrn (cjlopMyJia (9)).
EcnH Fl - C)'MMaptta}I cwna, .uettcrsy10ma}I Ha Kanmo s ttanpasneHHH BHH3, ro:
(9)
r.ue m'f - nnoma.ub nonepequoro cel.feHH11 Karnrn, (P
1
- P2) - pa3HOCTb Me:>K.uy
.uasneHHeM BHYJPH Kanmt (.uasneHHe BO.Ubl) H .uasnetttteM BHe KanJJH (arMocQ>epttoe
.uasneuwe ).
EcnH Fl - CB}!Jy10mtte (KoreJHOHHbie) CHJibI, KOTOpb1e nep)l(aT MoneKyJibI KannH
BMecre H ttanpasnettbl ssepx, To:
r.ue r
1
- pa.uHyc KpHBH3HbI nosepxuoc1H )l(H.UKOCTH, 21rr
1
- .UJIHHa oKpy)l(ttOCTH
KanJIH (nepHMeTp Kannw B pa3pe3e), a - nosepxttoCTHoe HaT}l)l(eHHe.
B cocrn11HHH pasHosectt11 Fl= FL cooTBercTBeHuo:
MHKpOH.
32 r11AeA 1
... : .. z ,. a
...
... ..:i- ...
.. .. .: .. \ ,l' ..... ,_,
,. . . .. . ,, .. ..,
.. ..
.. .

Fl= 1rr[ !:l.P
Fl= 27rr
1
a
!:l.P = 2a
r1
PHc. 1.9. Ceinyioumc (Kore1HOHHb1e) CHllbt 11 onpenenctt11e noeepxHOCTHOro 11an11Kc1rn11.
HJIH
(11)
HecMOTpll Ha TO, lfTO CBll3YIOlUHC CHJlbl CKpenJilllOT KaTIJIH iKHllKOCTH BMCCTC,
CHJJbl cuenJJCHHJI (anre3HOHHbIC) MCiKllY TBCp.llblM eemecTBOM H iKH.llKOCTblO cnoco6-
CTBYIOT pacTeKaHHIO nocne.nHeii. Korna cj>JJIOH.ll acTpelfaCTcR c Teepnoii noeepxHo-
CTblO, OH cTpeMHTCll HJIH pacTClfbCll no Heii, HJJH ccj>opMHpoeaTb Ha HCH map. npHlfCM
yron MCiKJlY TBCp.llOH noeepXHOCTblO H KpHBl13HOH iKHJlKOro wapa 6yneT 3aBHCCTb
OT BJIHllHl1JI CHJI anre31111. Yron KaCaHlill MCiKJlY iK11.llKOCTblO H TBep.11oif noeepxHOCTblO
6yneT MCHee 90 B CJJylfaC, CCJJH iKl1JlKOCTb pacTCKJJaCb no noeepXHOCTH, 11 6oJJb-
rne 90 - ecJJ11 iKl1IlKOCTb co6paJJacb e <j>opMe wapa. EcJJH yron KacaHHll MCHbWe
npllMOro, TO cf>JTIOH.ll OTHOCHTCJI K THny a ec.rm 60JlhlllC - TO HeCMa-
111eaiom11x (pHc. I. I 0).
C11n1>1 cuenneH11J1 MCiKilY TBCPilOH noecpxHOCTblO H eo.11oii npeeb1rna10T aHa-
nornlfHbie CHJlbl MC)l(.llY TBCPilOH noeepxHOCTblO H B03IlYXOM B 803.llYWHO-BOllHO-
TBCpilOH Kan11JJJ1RpHOH Cl1CTCMC, lfTO Bbl3bIBaeT nO.UbCM BO.Ubl no Kan11nn11pHbIM
Tpy6KaM (p11c. 1.11 ). Ben11lf11Ha 1rnx CHJJ paeHa cos B. lfTO, e cao10 01epe.nb, paa-
HO OTHOWCHHIO pan11yca KanHJIJIRpHOH Tpy6KH K pa.u.Hycy KpHBl13Hbl noecpxHOCTH
i!C11.UKOCTH (cj>opMyna (12)):
cos 0 = r,./ ,., . HJIH ,., = r,./ ('OS 0. (12)
r.uc ,., - pa.1111yc KpHBH3Hbl noeepXHOCTH iKl1.UKOCTH (pa.nuyc MCHHCKa), ,.c - pa.n11-
yc Kan1111n11pHOH Tpy6KH, cos(} - CHJJa cuennem111 MCiK.!lY TBCPilOH noaepXHOCTbIO
11 iK11.llKOCTbIO.
Kam111n11pHoe naaneHHe pa311HlfHO Ha pa3HbIX ylfaCTKax KOHTaKTa MCiKllY eoJny-
xoM 11 BO.llOH. Ero MOiKHO Bblpa311Tb B 011.ue COOTHOlllCHHll MCiK.!lY noaepXHOCTHbIM
HaTlliKCHHCM (a) H pan11ycoM KpHBl1"3Hbl noeepXHOCTl1 MCiK.ll.Y JTHMl1 .Ll.BYMll cj>a3a-
MH (r
1
):
r
1
= 2a/(P
1
- P".!) (cM. <j>opMyny (7)).
noncrnwm1 BbiweyKaJaHHoe ypaaHeH11e .nn11 r
1
e cj>opMyJJy ( 12), nonyiaeM:
2C1 cos 0 / r,. = ( P
1
- P
2
) = a6coJJt0THoe Kan1111n11pHoe .i1,aeneHHC ( P,.).
1.4. PA3MEP noP H <J>JllOH,llOHACbllUEHHOCTb
HecMattueaioma.11
>KH)lKOCTb
TeepllWl noeepxHOCTb
CM8'1HB810lll8JI
>KH,llKOCTb
:>KH,llKOCTb
0
\
Teep;J.a.11 noeepxHOCTh
33
Puc. I. I 0. Cnnhl cuenneHH.11 (aitre:moHHble) H onpelleneHHe cMarneaeMocTH. Ecnu CHJJbl cuen-
neHH.11 MC>K.ll.Y >KHJlKOCTblO H noeepXHOCTblO cna6ee CB.11"3bl88lOUlHX (KOre3HOHHblX) CHn MC>K.lly
KanJJ.llMH >KH,llKOCTH (0 > 90), TO >KH,llKOCTb C
1
1HT8CTC.ll HCCM3'1HB810lUCH. B npOTHBHOM cny-
11ae (0 < 90) - CM3'1HB810lUCH.
HJUf
re = 0,01 (20' cos 0 /Pc), {13)
r.ne r,_. - pa.nHyc nopos1>1x KaHanos (MKM), a - nosepxuocn1oe uau>KeHHe (I o-:i HIM),
P,_. - a6comornoe KanHmu1puoe .naWieHHe (aTM), 0,01 - KOJcj>cj>HUHeHT nepeso.zta
B MHKpOHbl.
Pa3Mepb1 nopoBblX KaHanos paccttHTblBalOTCJI .nnR Ka:>K-
.noii TOl.fKH KpHBOH rpacj>HKa KanHJIJIJlpHoro .naWJeHHJI
H npe,llCTaWIJllOTCJI B BH.ne .nHarpaMMbl HaKOUJleHHOH l.fa- 803,llyx
CTOTbl (pHC. 1.12). TaKHe .llHarpaMMbl xapaKTepH3YIOT CTa-
THCTHl.feCKOe pacnpen.eneuHe nopoBblX KaHanos no pa3Me-
py B HCCJle.nyeMblX o6pa3uax, HO He HMelOT OTHOWeHHJI
K HX npocTpaucTeeuuoMy pacnpe.lle11eHH10. KpoMe TOro,
JTH KpHBble xapaKTepH3YIOT ue see nopb1 B 06pa3ue, a TOJlb-
KO noposb1e Kauanb1. OnuaKO 6blJIH pa3pa60TaHbl cneuH-
a111>H1>1e MeTO.llbl nonyl.feHHJI pa3Mepos 6onee Kpynub1x nop
c noMOlllblO MeTO.lla uarneTaHHJI pYyTH. Pac11peOe.'1e1111e pa1- Puc. I. I I. CooTHoweuu.11
.uepo6 11op 6 1110,u C"llblC.le, 6 KQKO.M 0110 uc110,1b3_Vel11CR KanHJJJJ.llpHblX ,ll3BJICHHH
6 oa1111oii KHU<'e, onpeiJf!..J1RemcR KaK 11pocmpa11cm6eHHoe e Kanunm1pHoit TPY6Ke.
pac11peoew11ue paJ,uepoB Bcex 11op 6 nopode, HK.mo'laR pa1-
.uepb1nopoHblX1<a11a,.106.
,lJ.nJI TOro lfT06bl MO:>KHO 6bJJIO ycTaHOBHTb CBJl3b Me:>K.ny pa3MepaMH nopoBblX
Kauanos, onpeneneHHblX Ha ocHose PTYTHOH KanHJ1J1J1pHMeTpHH, npouHuaeMOCTblO
H nopHCTOCTblO, 0 KOTOpOH Mbl rosopHJIH BblWe, ueo6XOJJ.HMO Bb16paTb HOpMaJIH3YI0-
1UHH pa3Mep nop [21 ]. YcrauoBJieuo, lfTO uaH6onee TOl.fHb1e pe3ynbTaTb1 nonyl.falOTCJI
npH H3ylfeHHH pa3MepoB nopOBblX KaHaJIOB npH pTyTHOM HaCbJIUeHHH 35 % [ 13, 18).
06mHe cpopMyJlbl, ycTaHaBJIHB810IUHe CBJl3H MC:>KJJ.Y nopHCTOCTblO, npOHHUaeMO-
CTblO H pa3MepoM nopOBblX KaHaJIOB npH pa3JIHlfHblX 3H8l.fCHHJIX H8CblIUeHHJI pYyTblO
KpeMHHCTO-o6noMOlfHblX nopon., ony6nHKOBaHbl B pa6ornx 0HTTMaHa [ 18). Ha nua-
rpaMMe, nocTpoeHuoii c HCDOJlb30BaHHeM 35 %-Horo Hacb1IUeHHJ1 PTYfblO (pHc. 1.13),
BHllHO, 'ITO npOHHU8CMOCTb 60JibWC 38BHCHT OT pa3Mepa nopOBblX KaHaJIOB, l.feM OT
nopHCTOCTH. B CHJIY Toro, lfTO yKaJaHHble ypaBHeHHJI nonyqeubl .!l.IUI KpeMHHCTO-
34 fJIABA I
A
25
,.....
20

,_,
Q,
15
0
c:
"
10 11)

0
5

0,01 0,1 10 JOO
Pa3Mep nopoBblX KaHaJJOB (MKM)
B

0 \._
100 80 60 40 20
Hac&1UleHHe nop pry-r&io
(% OT ofu.eMa nop)
0
PHc. 1.12. JlHarpaMMa pacnpelleJJeHHR pa3JJH'IHbIX pa3MepoB nopoe&1x KaHanoe (A), noCTpo-
eHHax Ha OCHOBe KpHBOH KamrnJJRpHoro .naBJJCHHR npH PT)'THOM HaCbllllCHHH (8).
o6JIOMOl.fHblX nopon, 8 HHX yttHTbIBaeTCSI TOJlbKO MC)IC3CpHOBaSI nopHCTOCTb, a He o6Sl-
3aTeJJbHO 06maS1:
Log(r;15) = 0.255 + 0,565Log(A
11
p) - 0,523Log(kn),
r.ue r:1:i - panHyc nopOBblX KaHaJIOB npH 35 %-HOM H3Cbll.l{CHHH pT)'TblO (MKM), knp -
npOHHU3CMOCTb (M.lO. kll - MC)IC3CpHOB3SI nopHCTOCTb (llOJIH e.u.).
AttanornttHaSI cl>opMyna 6bma ony6JIHKOBatta [ 13]. Otta HOCHT HaJBaHHe paeett-
CTBO YHHJiaHna H HCnOJib3yeTC.!I 8 Hecl>TSIHOH npOMblWJICHHOCTH ttame, 'ICM <t>opMyna
10000 Log{r35) =0,255+0.565Log(k0p)-0,523Log(k11 )
PaJMep nopoB&tx KaHanoe npH
35%-HOM HaCbllllCHHH

,!
I 000 nopo.!lbt P1Yfbl0 (MM)
100
(.)
0
"
10
= ::i:
:c
8.. 1,0
c:
0,1
CTOpHCTOCTb (.llOJIH C.ll.)
PHc. 1.13. Jl11arpaMMa JaBHCHl\IOCTH nopncTOcTH. npoH11uaeMoCTH 11 paJMcpa nopoe&1x KaHa-
noe !lJIR KpeMHHCTO-o6noMO'IHbIX nopo.ll. nocTpoeHHaR np11 35 %-HOM Hac&1meHm1 pry-r&io.
,UJIR onpellCJICHHR pa3Mepa nopOBblX K3HaJJOB no KpHBbll\I KanHJJJIRpHoro .aaBJJCHHR [ 18].
1.4. PA"lMEP llOP H <I>Jll011.UOHACbllllEH HOC Tb 35
k
=
49
r;r.I.4i0
1
.l.iOI
np v"n :35
Hacb1U{eHHocmb KO/LWKmopa yc?.1eooopooa.11u 3as11c11r or pa3Mepa nop, a TalOKe
OT KanHJTJUlpHoro .uaBJieHHH H KanHJIJJHpHblX CHJI. AKK}'MYJIHUHJI Hect>r11 B JIOBYWKe
11 cj>opM11posaH11e JaJie)l(H npo11cxo.llJ1T TOJibKO ror.ua, Korna npeo.rtoJieHo noeepxHocr-
HOe HaTH)l(eHHe Me)l(.rty BOJlOH H He<l>TblO. JTO 03Halfaer, lfTO .uasJJeHHe B He$THHOH
lj>aJe o6uareJibHO .UOJJ)l(HO 6bITb JHalfHTeJibHO Bblllle nasneHHH s BO.UHHOH ct>aJe. Ecn11
.uaeJieHHe B Helj>TH JIHlllb HeMHOro npeBbllllaeT aHaJIOrHlfHblH napaMeTp B so.ue, TO pa-
.u11yc KpHBH3Hbl nosepXHOCTH KOHTaKTa Me)l(.uy )l(H,'lKOCTHMH 6y.uer 60JiblUHM H Hecl>Tb
6yner cnoco6tta npottHKHYTb TOJJbKO s Kpy11Hb1e nopb1. no Mepe so3pacraHHH .uas;1e-
HHJ1 B Heq>TH :nor pa.rtHYC yMeHbIUaeTCJI H He<j>Tb npomtKaeT B 6onee MCJIKHe nopbl
(pHC. 1.14).
rny6HHa
llaBJJCHHe
HenpoHHuaeMaJI
noKpblWKa KOJIJleKTopa
BblCOTa
3aJJeJKH
KanHnnHpHoe
JlaBJieHHe
YposeHb
llaBJieHHe
B HC<j>TJIHOH
<j>ale
__ Hyneooro __ __..._ __
KanHJIJIHpHoro
Jl3BJieHHJI
BoJla
He<j>Th
YseJIHlfeHHe cTeneHH
HC<j>TeHaCbllUCHHOCTJI
no Mepe pocTa
K3nHJIJJJlpHoro ]laBJICHHJI
C M o o ~ m ~
B
3eptta nopOJlhI
PHc. 1.14. llnarpaMMa. noKaJ1>1ea10maJ1 npouecc JaMelUCHHll cMalf11Ba10mcro cpmoHJla (BO.llbt)
HCCMa'lHBalOlUHM (HCcj>TblO) 8 nopax HC60JJbWOro palMCpa no Mepe JJllHCHHOrO BOlpacTaHHJI
KammnJ1pHoro n.aBJJeH1111 npH yscm1lfeHHH BhtCOThl JaJJCIKH. Pa1Mep nop onpe.11eJJJ1eTCJ1 no pa1-
McpaM lCpCH II HX copntpOBKC. (A) TOJlbKO C3Mble KpynHblC nopbl 8 OCHOB3HllH 111.ileiKll co-
.acpJKaT HC<j>Tb. (B) 6onee MCJJKHe nopbl "JanoJJHlllOTCll HCcpTblO no Mepe yeeJIH'fCHllll BblCOTbl
If Kam1;rn11pHoro naw1eHH11. (C) CaMbtC MeJJKllC nopb1 Hacb11Ua10rcJ1 Hecprbto B sepxHefi lfacrn
"JaJJe1K11.
B ccrecrseHHblX ycnoBHJIX pa3HOCTb .uasneHHH (Kamuuu1pttoe .uasneHHe) coJ,a-
ercH B pe1yJibTaTe pa3JJH'IHH B nJIOTHOCTH B01lbl H He<j>Tlf. JTOT <j>eHOMCH HOCHT Ha-
3BaHHe Jlj><j>eKTa nnaey'IeCTH. Ilpn ttynesoM KanHJIJIHpttoM naanemm (zero capillary
pressure - zcp) naenem1e B KOJIJlCKTOpe paBHO .uaBJJCHHIO B BO.UHOll <j>a3e (paCC'-IH-
36 rJJABA l
TbIBaeMoe yMHO)f(eHHeM rny6HHbI Ha nJioTHOCTb BO.Ubl). Bh1rne ypoBH.ff zcp .uasne-
HHe B BO.ll.HOH cl>aJe 6yJJ.eT yMeHhlllaTbC.ff Ha senwmtty, KOTopyJO MO)f(HO onpe.n.enHTh,
YMHO)f(a.ff Bb!COTY Ha.ll. ypOBHeM Hynesoro JJ.aBJieHH.ff Ha nJIOTHOCTb BOJJ.bl. TipH )TOM
JJ.aBneHHe B Hecl>rnHOH cl>aJe 6yJJ.eT yMeHblllaTbC.ff Ha BeJIH'IHHy, paBHYJO npOH3BeJJ.e-
HH}() BbICOTbl Ha)J. ypoBHeM ttynesoro JJ.aBJieHH.ff Ha IlJIOTHOCTb Hecpnt.
.ZJ:asJieHHe B BO.ll.HOH cpa3e:
.ZJ:asneHHe B Hecpnrnoi1 cpa3e:
PB = Pzcp - Ho.
PH= Pzcp - Hp".
{14)
{15)
B mo6oi1 TO'l!Ke Hecl>rnHoro CTOJI6a pa3HHl.(a JJ.aBJieHHH B BOJJ.e H Hecl>TH (KanHJI-
JI.ffpHoe JJ.aBJieHHe) - 3TO pa3HOCTb Me)f(JJ.Y y11:enhHbIMH secaMH JJ.Byx cl>moH.uos, YMHO-
)f(eHHa.ff Ha Bb!COTY Hecl>T11HOro CTOJI6a:
{16)
rJJ.e H - BbICOTa Ha.D. yposHeM Hynesoro KanHJIJI11pHoro 11:asneHH.ff, p
11
- nnoTHOCTb
ttecl>TH, p
8
- nJIOTHOCTb BOJJ.bI, 0,098 - Ko3cl>cl>HuHeHT nepeBOJJ.a B MeTpb1.
.ZJ:aHHbie H3MepeHHH KanHJIJI.ff PHOro ,naBJieHH11 npH HaCbIU.{eHHH pryTblO MOryT
6b!Tb npeo6pa30BaHbl B 3HaqeHHe BblCOTbl Ha.ll. ypOBHeM Hynesoro 11:asneHH1I (BbICO-
TY 3aJie)f(H) nyTeM nepeso11:a 3HaqeHHH nosepXHOCTHOrO HanJ)f(eHH.ff H yrna KOHTaKTa
Me)f(JJ.Y .ll.BYM.ff cpnIOHJJ.aMH, HCilOJib30BaHHbIMH B na6opaTOpHbIX ycnoBH.ffX, B 3HaqeHH11
)J.JI.ff cl>JIIOH.ll.OB, HaXOJJ.1!U.{HXC11 B nnacrnx HCCJie.uyeMoro KOJIJieKTopa. <l>opMyna 3TOro
npeo6pa30BaHH.ff MO)f(eT 6b!Tb 3aHMCTBOBaHa H3 KanHJIJI.ffpHOM TeopHH:
{17)
rae B/H/TB - CHCTeMa, BKJ110qa10ma11 so.ny, Hecl>Tb H rnep,!1.b!H MaTepHan, pT/Bo3/TB -
CHCTeMa, BKmoqaJ0ma11 pryTb, 803.ll.YX H TBepJJ.bIM MaTepHaJI.
THnOBbie KoJ<l>cl>HUHeHTbI nepesoJJ.a KanHJIJI11pHoro aasJieHH.ff H3 pTyrno-B03Jlyrn-
HOM CHCTeMbl B BOJlHO-Hecl>rnHylO CHCTeMy, cymecTBy10my10 B peanbHbJX KOJIJieKTO-
pax, npHse.neHbI B rn6JIHQe 2.
Ta6miUa 2. T1mosb1e K03cli<jmu11ettTb1 nepeso)la Kanttnn11pttoro ,!l,aBJJettm1 HJ pzyrno-soJ.uyw-
HOH CHCTeMbl B nnaCTOBble ycnosm1 - BO)lHO-HecliT.ffHYIO CHCTeMy
Jia6opaTOpHb1e ycnosH11 TinacTOBbie ycnoBH11
PTyTb, B03JlYX BoJJ.a, ttecl>Tb
TIJIOTHOCTb, r / CM
3
H TBep]lblM MaTepHan H TBepJJ.blM MaTepHaJI
(1 = 480 . 10-
3
H/M a = 28 10-:
3
H/M BoJJ.a (p
8
) I, 1
e = 140 e = 33-55 He<l>Tb (p") 0,8
KpHBbie KanHJIJI11pHoro .uasneHH.ff onHCbIBaIOT xapaKTep Hacb1meHH11 HecMaq1rna-
10meti <1>a3oii, a TaK)f(e paJMep nopoBbIX KaHaJIOB. fpacl>HK 3aqacryJO paJ.n.e1111eTc11 Ha
1.4. PA3MEP nop H <l>JllOH.UOHACbIIUEHHOCTb 37
HeCKOJlbKO cpa.3: Ha Ha'laJibHYIO cpa3y (cpa3y 3aKpblTHSI), npH KOTOpOH 3anOJIHSllOTCSI ny-
CTbie MeCTa Ha noaepXHOCTH' 06pa3u:a; npoMe)l(yTO'IHYIO cpa3y, KOr.n.a 60JlblllaSI 'iaCTb
noposoro npocTpaHcTBa JanonHeHa; H npe.ue11bHY10 cpa3y, Ha Kornpoii JIHIIJb ca-
Mble MaJibie nopbl OCTalOTCSI CB060)l.Hb!MH OT HaCbIIIJ.eHHSI HeCMa'IHBaKHUHM cpJIIOH.lJ,OM
(pHC. 1.8). 3Ta TaK)l(e HCTIOJib3YeTCSI npH OTIHCaHHH KOJIJieKTOpOB. 0)lHaKO
c TIOSIBJieHHeM pTyTHblX nop03HMeTpOB BblCOKOro .llaBJieHHSI CTaJIO O'leBH)J.HbIM, L!TO
ttaCbIIIJ.eHHe HeCMarnaaIOIIJ.HM Q>JIIOHLl,OM npO.llOJJ)l(aeT B03pacTaTb Ll,a)l(e BbIIIJe npo-
Me)l(yTO'IHOH 30Hbl B pe3yJJbTaTe npOHHKHOBeHHSI <l>JJIOH.Ua B caMbie MeJJKHe nOpbl,
npaa)la, B ropa3LJ.O 6onee Me.llJieHHOM TeMne, 'ieM npOHCXOLl,HJIO 3anOJIHeHHe KpynHblX
nop Ha npe,Llbl).J,YIIJ.eH (npoMe)l(yTO'IHOH) CTa,UHH.
XapaKTep CHCTeMbl B HH)l(HeH (no).J,OIIJBeHHOH) qacrn nnacrn (KOJlJieKTopa) MO-
)l(eT 6bITb OilHCaH KpHBblMH BbITeCHeHHSI HJIH nponHTKH, KOTOpb!e 3aBHCSIT OT HCTOpHH
H3MeHeHHSI JJ;asneHH.si B Te'leHHe tteKOToporo nepHo)l.a apeMeHH [ 16]. EcJIH .n.aaneHHe
B KOJIJieKTOpe no KaKHM-TO reoJJOrH'ieCKHM npH'IHHaM yMeHblllaJIOCb, TO TIJJaCTOBaSI
BO)l.a )l.OJI)l(Ha 6brna 3anoJIHHTb nopoaoe npocTpaHCTBO H BbITecHHTb HecpTb. HeKo-
TOpoe KOJIH'leCTBO HeQ>rn )l.OJl)l(HO 6b!J10 OCTaTbCSI 3aKynopeHHblM B nopax, TIOTOMY
'ITO .uaaJieHHe B tteQ>TSIHOH $a3e 6hIJIO He)l.OCTaTO'IHblM ).J,JlSI TOro, 'IT06bJ npeO)l.OJieTb
KanH11n.sipHb1e CHJibl. 3rn 3aKynopettHa.si He$Th Ha3bIBaeTc.si ocTaTO'IHOH. B :noii CHTY-
auHH KOJJJieKTop HaXO).J,HTCSI B COCTOSIHHH nponHTKH, H )l.JISI OTIHCaHHSI pacnpe.ue11eH I I }I
$JIIOH)l.OB B HH)l(HeH 'iaCTH KOJIJieKTopa ).J,OJI)l(Ha 6b!Tb HCTIOJib30BaHa COOTBeTCTBYIO-
IIJ.aSI KpHBaSI. nepeXO.llHaSI 30Ha BbITeCHeHHSI 3aMemaeTCSI 6onee TOHKOH nepeXO)l.HOH
30HOH nponHTKH H 30HOH HaJJHlJHSI OCTaTO'IHOH He$TH.
Pa3JJH'IHe B nnoTHOCTSIX BO)l.bI H yr11esoJJ;opo.llOB coJJJ;aeT pa3JIH'IHSI J.J.asneHHH
B CTOJI6e BO).J,bl H CTOJI6e yrneBO.UOpOJ.J.OB. fpaJ.J.HeHT .llaBJieHHSI B KOJIJieKTopax MO-
)l(eT 6b!Tb HCTIOJib30BaH .llJISI onpe)l.eJJeHHSI BbICOTbl Ha.LI. ypoBHeM zcp (Hy11esoro Ka-
TIHJJJISIPHOro .uasneHHSI). MHoroKpaTHhie 3aMepb1 nnacToaoro .uaaneHHSI B CKBa)l(HHe
MoryT 6b!Tb IlOJiy<IeHbl c TIOMOIUblO HCTiblTaTeJISI nnacTOB [20]. 0pH6op MO)l(eT H3-
BJie'lb HeCKOJlbKO npo6 $JIIOH,Ua 3a 0).1,HH cnycK, HO rnaBHOe ero npeHMyu.i:ecTBO -
cnoco6HOCTb )l.eJiaTb MHOfO'IHCJieHHbie 3aMepbl .uaaJJeHHSI Ha pa3Hb!X rny6HHax. 3ToT
np116op TI03BOJISleT TIOJIY'IHTb 6oJibIIJOe KOJIH'ieCTBO 3Ha'leHHH )l.aBJieHHSI B BbI6paHHhlX
HHTepsanax, no TI03BOJJSleT paCC'iHTaTb rpa)l.HeHT )l.aBJieHHSI. 3TH ).J,aHHbie MOryT 6bJTb
HCnOJih30BaHbI )l.JlSI onpe.ueneHHSI ypoBHSI Hynesoro KanHJrn.sipttoro .uasneHHSI H BbI.Ue-
11eHHS1 rH.UpO)l.HHaMH'ieCKH H30JIHpOBaHHblX yrnCTKOB nnacrn (pHC. 1.15).
)l,aBJieHHe B BO.llOHaCblll.{eHHOM n11acTe
3
3aBHCHT OT CTenettH CBSl3H CTOJI6a <PmoH-
.ua c 3eMHOH nosepxHOCTblO. B OTKpblTOH CHCTeMe .uaaJieHHe $JIIOH)la paBHO npOH3Be-
.lleHHIO my6HHbl Ha TIJlOTHOCTb qmioH.ua H Ha3bJBaeTCSI rn.upoCTaTH'ieCKHM (pHC. 1.16).
fpa.n.HeHT rn.upocTaTH'ieCKOro )laBJieHHSI npHMepHO paseH 0,098 aTMIM. fopttoe .uas-
nem1e 3aBHCHT OT Beca BbillleJie)l(all{HX OTJIO)l(eHHH H xapaKTep1nyeTCSI rpa.uHeH-
TOM 0,223 anvt/M. 0TKJIOHeHHSI OT rn.upocTaTHl!eCKOfO .uaaneHHSI - aHOMaJibHOe J:(aB-
nettHe - npOHCXO.USIT Tor.ua, KOr.ua nJiaCTOBblH cj>JIIOH.lJ. HCTib!TbJBaeT .uaaneHHe co scex
cTopoH, He ypaBHOBelIIHBaeMoe rn.upocrnT11'1eCKHM J:(as11eHHeM. nosbillleHHOe .uaa11e-
HHe - JTO HaH6onee qacTo acTpeqaiou.i:Hiic.si aapHaHT aHoMaJibHoro .aas11eHHS1. Ero
-
1
n1raCTOBOe .llaBJJeHHC B 80,'lOHaCblmeHHOM KOnJJeKTopc. - flp11.11. 11epe6.
38 fJIABA
A B
I
2
J{aBJiem1e -
PHC. 1.15. JlHarpaMMa, HJJnlOCTPHPYIOIUall HCnOJJb30BaHHe rpallHCHTa .naeneHHll lUIH Bbllle-
JJeHHH rn.upo.nHHaMH'leCKH 1130!1HpOBaHHblX KOJJJJeKTopoB H 80,'lOHaCbllUeHHblX ropH30HTOB.
(A) fpaqmK HJMeHeHHH ;i.aeneHHH c rny6HHOH e CKBa)KHHax I H 2, noKaJaHHblX Ha pttcyH-
Ke (8). nepece'ICHHll rpaQIHKOB C JIHHHClt perHOHaJlbHOro rpalUfCHTa nJJaCTOBOfO ll3BneHHH
(rny6HHbl d, " d2) yKa3blBalOT Ha HaJJH'IHe H"lOJJHpoBaHHblX KOJUJeKTopoo, Ka)K.!lbllt H3 KOTO-
pblX HMeeT co6CTBeHHblH 80.!lOHe<fmmoii KOHTaKT. (B) Pa3pe3, noKa3blBalOIUHH Mecrnnono-
)KeHHe CKBa)KHH, rny6HHbl oroopa npo6 H JKpaHHpy101Uero pa3!10Ma. p33.UeJJHIOIUero JaJJe)Kb
ua .uea pe3epoyapa.
npwrnHoii MOryT 6wTb: I) ynnorneHHe B npouecce 6blcTporo norp}')KeHHst ocanKos;
2) TeKTOHH4ecKoe C)f(arne; 3) reHepaum1 H MHrpau11si yrneeonopo.noe [ 17]. B HCKJJI0-
4HTeJJbHbIX cnyqasix }laBJieHHe cpJJIOHll3 MO)f(eT paBHSITbCSI H lla)f(e npeBbllli3Tb ropHoe
.naBJieHHe . .lJ.aBJieHHe MO)f(eT 6b1Tb H HH)f(e rHllpOCT3TH4eCKOro, 0.llH3KO 3TO - HeTH-
A6con10THoe llaBJJeHHe (aTM)
\
\
AHOMaJJbHO \
HH3KOe llaBJieHHe \
\
\
\ AHOMaJibHO
\ BblCOKOe
\ .naBJJeHHe
\
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fH.npocTaTH4CCKOe
naBJJeHHe
fopHOe ll3BJICHHe
P11c. 1.16. Jl1tarpaMMa, HJJJJIOCTpHpy101UaH pa3JJH'IHble THnbl .aaeneHHH - ropHoe, HopManbHOC
rn.npoCTaTH'ICCKoe. aHOMaJlbHO BblCOKOe" aHOMaJJbHO HH3KOe (no [7]).
1.5. 0THOCHTEJlbHMI nPOHllUAEMOCTb 39
mttIHaJI CHTyaUHJI. 00HH)l(eHHOe )laBJJeHHe 1aCTO CBJI3aHo C 3p03HOHHblMH npouecca-
MH, KOTOpble npHBO.ZlJIT K yseJJH'IeHHIO o6beMa nop B pe3yJibTaTe ynpyroi1 ..uecj>opMa-
UHH nopo..u npH CHH)l(eHHH ropHoro )J.aeJieHHJI [4].
1.5. 0THOCHTeJJLH8H npouuuaeMOCTb
Hecj>Tb, ra3 H eo..ua npHCYTCTBYIOT B 3aJJe)l(aX 8 pa3JJH'IHblX COOTHOWeHHJIX. lhMe-
peHHJI npOHHuaeMOCTH, TeM He MeHee, 06bJ'IHO npOH3BO.ZlJITCJI c npHMeHeHHeM JJl1lllb
o.nuoro c)>JJIOHD.a - KaK npaeHJIO, 803..Uyxa HJIH 80.llbl, nOJTOMY pe3yJJbTaTbl .llOJJ)l(-
Hbl 6b1Tb CKOppeKTHposaHbl B 3a8HCHMOCTH OT CTeneHH HaCbtlUeHHOCTH KOJIJleKTopa
80JlOH, HCcpTbK> H ra30M. 3-ra KOppeKUHJI He06XOllHMa, TaK KaK B CllTyaUHH, KOr.na
HeCMatIH8aK>lUHH cpJJK>H.ll., HanpHMep, uecpTb, npOHHKaeT 8 y)l(e HaCbllllCHHblH 80.llOH
KOJIJJeKTop, OH 3artoJJmleT JJHlllb ueHTpaJibHYIO 'IaCTb caMblX KpynHblX nop, coe)J.HHeH-
HblX Me)l(JlY co6oi1, 8 TO 0peMJI KaK 00..ua 0680JiaKHBaeT CTeHKH KpynHblX nop H 3a-
noJIHJieT caMhie MCJJKHe H3 HHX. TaKoe pacnpe..ueneHHe cpHIOHLlOB npH80LtHT K yMeHb-
weHHIO nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa, 1epe3 KOTOpoe HCcpTb liJIH BOJJ,a MOfYT MHrpHpo8aTb.
OpH 3aKatIKe 0onb1 (mm nponHTbIBaHHH e10) 0 rn.npoc)>HJJbHYIO CHCTeMy nop HecpTb
B pe3yJlbTaTe 803.IlCHCTBHJI KanHJlJlJipHblX CHJl OKa3bIBaeTCJI 3aKynopeHHOH B m ip; \.
HMCIOIUHX HaHMeHbUJYK> nnoma.nb coeJJ.HHeHHst c .npyrnMH nopaMH. TaKasi HecpTb i;a-
3brnaeTcst OCTaTO'IHOH Hecf>TbK> npH 3aBO,llHCHHH (pHC. 1.17).
A. Me>K'laCTHtIHOe nopo8oe
npocrpaHCT80 3anOJIHCHO 80.0.0iL
B. MHrpaUHJI ue<f>TH
(HCCMa\fHBatoIUHH <f>ntoH.ll)
8 nopoeoe npocTPattcr00.
Bo.o.a (cMa'fH8atoIUHH <f>ntoH.O.)
noKpblBaCT CTCHKH nop.
C. nocrynJJeHHe 80.0.bl npHB0.0.HT
K 3aKYnOpKe OCTaTO\fHOH tte<f>TH
no.o. BJIHJIHHeM KanHJJJIJipHblX CHJI
B nopax c HaHMeHbWHMH
nopOBblMH KaHanaMH.
PHC. 1.17. L\HarpaMMa, ltJJJJIOCTpHpytoIUall pacnpene11em1e HClf>TH " 80.0.bl 8 HaCbllUCHHOH eo-
.:toil nopo.ae 8 TPCX Cltl)'aUHJIX: (A) 100%-all HaCbllUCHHOCTb 80.!lOH, (8) 3aKatIKa HCCMamea-
IOlUCrO QJJllOHlla (He<f>rn), (C) 3aKa\fKa CMa'11tBaJ01UCro lf>mouita (80llbl).
40 fJIABA l
On1Hocume.i1bHaH npom111ae,uocmb - :no Ta )Ke npom1uaeMOCTb, HO H3MepeH-
Ha.11 B ycJIOBH.!IX HaCbIIUeHHOCTH KOJIJieKTopa onpe.neneHHbIM c}>lllOH.llOM H Bbipa)l(eHHa.!l
s .no;uix OT noJIHOH (a6coJIIOTHOH) npom1uaeMOCTH. A6comomHa.R 11p0Hui1ae.Mocmb -
3TO npOHHUaeMOCTb nopo.n, Ha l 00 % 3anOJIHeHHbIX KaKHM-JIH60 0.llHHM c}>JIIOH.llOM.
B rn.npocfmnbHbIX nopo.nax TOJibKO so.na MO)l(eT noJIHOCTbIO 3aH.!ITb see nop1>1 H npo-
HHuaeMoCTb, H3MepeHHa.!l npH 3anonHemrn nopO.Ubl MHHepaJIH30BaHHOH nnacTOBOH
BO.UOH, 06b1qHO npHHHMaeTC.11 3a a6cOJIIOTHYIO. 0.nttaKO npOHHuaeMOCTb ymeso.nopo.u-
co.nep)l(aIUHX nopo.n npH HaJJH'IHH B nopax OCTaTO"iHOH BO.Ubl 3aqacTyIO HCilOJib3YIOT
B Ka"!eCTBe a6COJIIOTHOH npH HCcne.uosaHH.!IX, CB.!13aHHblX c pa3pa6oTKOH npo.uyKTHB-
HblX nnaCTOB. 3<jJrjJeKmU6HllR npOHlllfll.MOCmb - )TO npoHHUaeMOCTb .llll.11 0.llHOfO
c}>JIIOH.na npH HaJIHqHH B nopo.ne .upyroro c}>JIIOH.lla. 3c}>c}>eKTHBHCUI npOHHUaeMOCTb
scer.na HH)l(e a6conIOTHOH H H3Mett.11erc.11 npH H3MeHeHHH HaCbIIUeHHOCTH. TaK, ec-
JIH nopo.na, IlOJIHOCTblO HaCbIIUeHHa.11 MHHepaJIH30BaHHOH nnaCTOBOH 80,UOH, HMeeT
npOHHuaeMOCTb 50 M.[{, a npH HaJIHqHH 50 % Hec}>TH - I 0 M,[{, TO OTHOCHTeJibHa.!l
npOHHuaeMOCTb 3TOH nopO.llbl npH HaCbIIUeHHOCTH nnaCTOBOH BO.UOH H Hec}>TblO B npo-
nopUHH l: l 6y.neT paBHa 0,2. fpac}>HKH 3aBHCHMOCTH OTHOCHTeJibHOH npOHHuaeMOCTH
OT HaCbllUeHHOCTH (pHC. 1.18) KpaiiHe Ba)l(Hbl, IlOCKOJibKY MOryT 6bITb HCilOJib30BaHbl
.llJl.!l nporH03a H3MeHeHHH .ne6HTa CKBa)l(HH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTeneHH HaCblIUeHHO-
CTH KOJIJieKTopa 80.llOH. 3TH noKa3aTeJIH OTpa)l(alOT <l>YH.UaMeHTaJibHble nOH.!ITH.11 npH
C03.llaHHH MO.nendi cjJHJibTpaUHH c}>JIIOH.UOB, a H3MCHeHH.!l OTHOCHTeJibHOH npOHHuae-
MOCTH OKa3bIBaIOT 3Haq11TeJibHblH 3cjJ<l>eKT Ha OKOHqaTeJibHblH nportt03 .uo6blqH,
CymecTBylOT .nsa ocHOBHbIX MeTo.na H3MepeHH.!l npoHHUaeMOCTH JJ.Jl.!l pa3JIHqHbIX
CTa.UHH HaCbIIUeHHOCTH c l.leJiblO nonyqeHH.!l 3HaqeHHH OTHOCHTeJibHOH npOHHl..laeMO-
CTH - llJI.!l ycTaHOBHBllJerocH ( CTau11ottapuoro, CTa6HJibHOro) H HeycTaHOBHBUJeroc.!l
to:
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Bo.uoHaCblIUeHHOCTb (.uonH e.u.)
PHC. 1.18. THOOBOH rpa<jmK OTHOCHTeJJbHOH npOHHUaeMOCTH .!lJISI KOTOporo a6comoTHall npo-
HHUaCMOCTb 83.stTa no He<jnw np11 HaHMeHblllCH B03MO)l(HOH BO.!lOHaCbIIUeHHOCTH.
1.5. 0THOCHTEJlhHA51
A. MeTo.u HeycTaHOBHBlllerocB nornKa
Bo.ua
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o6pa3eu
8. ycrnHOBHBlllerocB nOTOKa
HeQ>Tb

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41
P11c. 1.19. ITpwMeHCHHe MeTo.uoe ycTaHOBHBlllerocB 11 HeycTaHOBHBUJcrocB noToKa .!l,JlB H'3Me-
peHHR .ueyx<fia3HOH (eo.ua H HeQ>Tb) OTHOCHTeJlbHOH npom1uaeMOCTH.
(HecrnuttoHapHoro, ttecrn6ttJibHoro) noToKa (pttc. 1. I 9). IlepBbIH MeTOll ClfHTaei C51
Hatt6onee TO'IHblM, HO OH JaHHMaeT npO,LIOJDKHTeJTbHOe speMJI H .uopor, IlOTOMY 'HO
npe.uycMaTpHBaeT 0.LlHOBpeMeHHOe HarneTaHHe B 06pa1eu BO.Ubl H HeqJTH .uo Tex nop,
noKa CKOpOCTb HCTelfeHHJI $JTIOH,LIOB He cpaBmleTCB co CKOpOCTblO HX nocTynneHHB.
8Topoi1 MeTOll (.UJIJI tteycTaHOBHBillerocsi IlOTOKa) Mettee TO'IHblH, HO 6onee 6hJCTpblH,
IlOTOMy 'ITO B HeM HCnOJTb3YeTCSI HarHeTaHHe BO.Ubl B HeqnettaCbJUJ.eHHblH o6pa3el{
KepHa. COOTHOllJeHHSI Me)l(.uy OTHOCHTeJihHOH npOHHuaeMOCTblO H HaCblllleHHOCTblO,
noJiylfeHHbie npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH JTHX .llBYX MeTO.LlOB, 06blllHO CHJibHO pa3JIHlfalOTCSI.
CymecTByeT eme H TpeTHH MeTo,n:, 6b1cTpb1i1 H cpasHHTeJTbHO He.uoporoii, JaKn10qa10-
lUHiicsi B H3MepeHHSIX npoHHl..{aeMOCTH npH OCTaTO'IHblX BO.UO- H Hecl>TeHaCbllUeHHO-
CTJIX. Ott tta3bIBaeTcsi MeTo,n:oM KOHelfHOH TOlfKH.
Cepbe3Hoii npo6neMoii nptt HJMepettHSIX OTHOCHTenhHOH npottttuaeMOCTH B na-
6opaTopHbIX ycnoBHJIX 51BJJS!eTCSI MO.UeJTHposaHHe nnaCTOBblX ycnOBHH B HCCJie,ll.ye-
MblX o6pa3uax. IlosepxttocTh nop, oco6eHHO B Kap6oHaTHhIX nopo.uax, qyscTBHTeJib-
tta K H3MeHeHHIO HaCbllUalOUJ.HX $JTIOH)lOB, 'ITO MO)l(eT IlOBJlHJ!Tb Ha THil CMalfHBae-
MOCTH nopo.u. TmaTenbHO pa3pa60TaHHb1e MeTOJJ.bI no3sonsi10T coxpaHHTh Hal!anbHYIO
CMalfHBaeMOCTb nopO,Llbl, H OT Jcl>$eKTHBHOCTH npHMeHeHHJI JTHX MeTO,LlOB JaBHCHT
TOl!HOCTb JII06b1X H3MepeHHH OTHOCHTeJlbHOH npOHHuaeMOCTH. B HaCTOSIUJ.ee speMJI
ClfHTaeTCJI, 'ITO MHOrne Kap6ottaTHble KOJIJieKTOpbl 06na.ua10T CMernaHHOH CMalfHB8C-
MOCTblO: CTeHKH OllHHX nop CMalfHBalOTCJI He$Tbl0, JJ.pyrnx - BOllOH. 0,n:HaKO HaH6o-
nee sepOJ!THO TO, 'ITO B nepHOJJ. MHrpau1rn HecjlTH KOJIJleKTOpbl 6blJIH rn.upocpHJibHblMH.
BblCOTa JaJie)l(H (Bb!pa)l(aeMaB KanHJIJ151pHblM .uaBJICHHeM), OTHOCHTeJlbHaSI npOHH-
uaeMOCTb H CTeneHb HaCbllUeHHOCTH B3aHMOCBJl3aHbl, lfTO OTpa)l(etto Ha pwc. I .20 [3].
HecpTb npHo6perneT no)lBH)l(HOCTb TOJihKO npw JJ.OCTH)l(eHHH JHalfeHHJI HeqneHacb1-
meHHOCTH (onpeneneHHOrO no KpHBOH OTHOCHTeJThHOH npoHHUaeMOCTH), COOTBeT-
CTBy10mero BblCOTe 3aJie)l(H ( onpe.ueneHHOH no KpHBOH KanHJTJIS!pttoro )J.aBJTeHHSI ). 3TO
42 rnABA 1
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npOHHUaeMOCTJIMH no BO.Ile H HeQITH, Kamrnn11pHblM .1l38JleHHeM, Bblpa11<eHHblM 'lepe3 BblCO-
TY JaJtelKH, B0.1lOHacb11UeHHOCTb10 H paJMepoM nop. 811HJ1HHe. 0KaJb1eaeMoe pa3MepoM nop,
noKaJaHo c noMouti.10 nayx KpHBblX KanH11Jt11pttoro .naBJJemfJI (AJUI CKBa)l(HH A H 8) e Kap-
6oHaTHblX nopo.llax c pa311H'lHbJMH paJMepaMH nop. Pa3JJHlfHb1e paJMepbl nop 06yc110BJ1HBa-
10T pa311HlfHblH COCTaB npHTOKa: I) 6cJBO!lH3JI He<l>Tb B CKBalKHHe A H BO.llOHC<f>TJIH3.ll CMCCb
B CKB311<HHe 8; 2) BO!lOHe<f>TJIH3JI CMCCb B CK83)1(HHC A 11 eo.na 8 CKB3)1(HHC B.
COCTOjlHHe 33"13CTYIO onpeaeJrneT MeCTOnOJJO)f(eHHe BO.llOHe<j>uHoro KOHTaKTa Ha Me-
CTOpO>K.LleHHH. Hecj>Th H eona no6hrnat0TCH o.nHospeMeHHO BL1we yKaJaHHoro ypoBHH
3aJJe)l(H .uo Tex nop, noKa OTHOCHTeJJbHaH npOHHUaeMOCTb .LlJIH BO.Ubl He CTaHeT KpaHHe
MaJJOH " He Ha"IHeTCH nocrynneHHe "IHCTOH He<j>TH. Bb1corn 3aJJe)ICH, npH KOTopoH JTO
1.6. PEJIOME 43
npOHCXO.!lHT, onpenem1eTCH no KpHBOH KanHJlnHpHoro naBJleHHH. l1HTep8an Me)K.ny
JOHaMH ,r1,06b1'IH Hecpnt If 80.llbl" 06b11Ho Ha'lbrnaeTcH nepexo.nttoii JOHOH. Bb1rne JToro
HHTepsana cnenyeT O)KHJl.aTb .uo6w1y 6eJoo.nHoii HeQ>TH.
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JIHTepaTypa
[I] Amyx J. W., Bass D. M. Jr.. Whiting R. L. ( 1960) Petroleum reservoir engineering.
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[2] Archie G. E. (1952) Classification of carbonate reservoir rocks and petrophysical
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[ 5] Bebout D. G., Lucia F. J., Hocott C. F.. Fogg G. E., Vander Stoep G. W. (I 987)
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[7] Dake L. P (1978) Fundamentals of reservoir engineering: developments in petro-
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[8] Dunham R. J. ( 1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional
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[9] Enos P, Sawatsky l. H. (1981) Pore networks in Holocene carbonate sediments.
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[IO] Harari Z., Sang Shu-Tek. Saner S. (1995) Pore-compressibility study of Arabian
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J111TEPATYPA 45
[11] Hurd B. G., Fitch J L. (1959) The effect of gypsum on core analysis results. J Pet
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fJIABA 2
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noposoro npocTpaHCTBa Ha nsa OCHOBHbIX THna - HaXOJl.llLUeecH MeJKJlY 3epHaMH
H KpHCTaJTJI8MH (MeJK"laCTH"IHa.ll nopHCTOCTb) H see OCTaJibHbie BH,nhl noposoro npo-
CTpaHCTBa, 06be)lHHSIMbie o61ll,HM TepMHHOM KasepHOBaSI nopHCTOCTb (puc. 2.2).
KasepHosasi nopHCTOCTb .uanee no.upa3.ueJI.si:eTcsi B pa6ornx JiycHa [20] Ha .use rpyn-
nb1 Ha OCHOBe TOro, KaK KasepHbl coeJJ.HH11lOTC.ll MeJKJJ.Y co6oH:: 1) KaBepHbl, KOTOpb!e
COe)lHH.lllOTCSI TOJibKO nocpeJJ.CTBOM ceTH Me)f(qacTH"IHblX nop (ll30.1llp06aHHble), 2) Ka-
sepHbl, C03)J.aIOruHe uenyio CHCTeMy B3aHMOCB1!3aHHbIX nop (tnau.110C6.H3CIHHble).
B pa6oTe [7] 06cy)f(Jlettb1 reoJiornqecKHe KoHuenuHH on11caHH.ll noposoro npo-
CTpaHCTBa B Kap6oHaTHbIX noponax H npe.nnoJKetta KJiaCCHcpHKaUHSI, WHpOKO npHMe-
H.lleMa51 B ttacTOSILUee speM11. ABTOpbI cnenanH aKuettT Ha Ba)f(HOCTH rette3uca nopo-
soro npOCTpaHCTBa, IlO'.HOMY no.upa1neneHHe Ha KJiaCCbl 8 HX KJiaCCHcpHK8UHH HOCHT
retteTH'ICCKHH, a He ne-rpocpH3H'leCKHH xapaKTep. 0HH pa3.uenHJIH noposoe npocTpaH-
CTBO Kap6oHaTHbIX nopo.u Ha )lBa KJiacca: CB.ll3aHHOe co CTpyKTypoif nopO.D.bl H He CB11-
33HHOe c tteH: (pHc. 2.2). BHyTpHnonocTHhie (o6pa3oBaHHbie B pe3yJihTaTe pacrnope-
HH.si: KOMnOHeHTOB nopO)lbl, MOJI.D.HKOBble) H BHyTpHqacTHllHble nOpbl OTHOCHTCSI no
KJiaccmtmKauHH lliOKeTa H flpe51 [7] K nepBOMY KJiaccy H BXOlVIT B eJJ.HHYIO rpynny
c Me)f(qacTH'lHblMH H Me)f(KpHCTaJIJTH'leCKHMH nopaMH. 0.D.HaKO JlycHa [20] noKa3aJI,
'ITO sttyTpHnonocTHbie 11 BHyTp11qacTH'lHb1e nopb1 oKa3brnaioT Ha neTpocf>11311qecKHe
CBOHCTBa BJIHSIHHe, OTJIH"IHOe OT Toro, KaKoe OKa3blB3!0T .Me)f(lJaCTH'lHbie H MeJKKpH-
CTaJIJIHlJeCKHe nopbl, H, cnenosaTeJibHO, OHH .D.OJIJKHbl BXO.llHTb B pa3JIHlJHbie rpyn-
Ilbl. TepMHHonornsi, npHMem1eMa11 Jlyc11a [20] nptt Knaccmp11Kau1111 THna nop, npH-
se.ueHa Ha pHC. 2.3, me OHa cpaBHHB3eTC51 c attaJIOrH'lHOH KJiaCCHcpHKauHeH llioKeTa
and flpesi [7]. Xoni 6oJibWHHCTBO TepMHHOB, npe.nno)f(eHHbIX nocne.D.HHMH asTopaMH,
TaK)f(e HCilOJib3YeTC.ll H JiycHa, MeJK"laCTH"IHa1! H KasepHOBa1! nopHCTOCTH nonyq11JIH
.D.pyme onpe.neneHHSI. Jlyc11a [20] npo.D.eMOHCTpttposan, <JTO nopoBbie npocTpattcTsa.
pacnoJTO)f(eHHhle Me)f(JJ.Y 3epHal\rn (MeJK3epHOBa.ll nopHCTOCTb) H MeJK.ny KpHCTaJJJiaMH
(MeJKKpHCTaJIJIH"leCKa.ll nopHCTOCTb), CXOJ{Hbl no CBOHM neTpOcpH3H"leCKHM xapaKTe-
pHCTHKaM, n03TOMy Heo6XO.lJ.HM cneuHaJJbHblH TepMHH, KOTOpblH OnHCbIBaJI 6bl o6a
JTH THna. TepMHH Me)f(qacTH'lHbIH 6hrn Bb16paH scnencTBHe csoero urnpoKoro,
o6o6m.aiom.ero CMbicna. K11acc11qmKaum1 llioKeTa H T1pe11 [7] He HMeeT TepMHHa, Ko-
TOpbIH 6b1 o6beJJ.HH11JI 3TH nsa BHJJ.a neTpocpu3H'leCKH noxoJKHX nop. B HeH TepMHHbI
Me)f(qaCTH'lHbIH H Me)f(3epHOBblH 11BJI11IOTC11 npocTO CHHOHHM3MH.
50 fJIABA 2
A66peeuatypbI
TepMHH
KnaccmpHKaUHll KnaccH$HKal.{Hll
Lucia Choquette and Pray [7]
Me)!(llaCTH'iHOe IP BP
Me)K3epHoeoe IG
Me)KKpHCTannH'leCKoe IX BC
KaeepHoeoe VUG VUG
l130JIHpoeaHHO-KaeepHOBOe sv
Mon.D.HKoeoe MO MO
BHYTPH'laCTH'IHoe WP WP
BHyTpH3epHoeoe WG
BHyTpHKpHCTanJIH'lecKoe wx
BHyTpH$occHnhHOe WF
BeyTpH3epuoeall ig<j>
MHKponopHCTOCTb
CTO.llKpbilllKoeoe SH SH
B3HMOCBll3aHHo-KasepHoeoe TV
TpemHHHoe FR FR
Cell3aHHoe c TpemuHaMH, SF CH*
yeeJIH'leHHbIMH npu
paCTBopeHHH qaCTHU nopO.llbl
CTyCTOTbI Bhrmenaq11eaH11ll CV CV
6peK'1HeBH.D.HOe
3
BR BR
<l>eHeCTpOBOe ( OKOH'laTOe) FE FE
*KaHanbHOe
PHc. 2.3. CpaeHeHHe TepMHHOJIOrHH, Hcnonb3yeMoii Mll KJiaccH<J>HKaUHH rnnoe nop (nopo-
eoro npocTpaHCTBa), npHMeHlleMOH B .o.aHHOH KHHre, H B pa6oTe llioKeTa H Opell [7].
KaeepttoeaS1 nop11cTOCTb, no onpe.D.enett1110 Jlyc11a [20], xapaKTepH3yeT nopo-
eoe npocTpaHCTBO, 06pa3oeaerneecS1 np11 conp11KocHoeett1111 rpaHeH 3epeH 11n11 KpM-
cTannoe, 11n11 3Ha'IMTenbHO 6onee Kpynttoe, t.feM 3eptta 11 KpMCTaJIIIbI, T. e. nopoeoe
npocTpaHCTBO, He S1BJIS110lll.eecS1 Me:>K'laCTMl.fHbIM. KaeepHhI - :no qacTo BCTpeqa10-
m11iicS1 pe3yJibTaT paCTBopeHMSI 3epeH, norpe6eHHbIX OCTaTKOB opraHM3MOB, CTeHOK
Tpem11H MIIH KpynHbIX nonocTeH Henpae11nbHOH cpopMbl. Xorn TpeIUHHbI Moryr o6pa-
30BaTbCSI H He B pe3yJihTaTe npoueccoe OC3.llKOH3KOnJieHml HJIH .D.MareHe3a, TpelllHH-
HaSI nopHCTOCTb BKJIIOl.feHa B '.HY rpynny, nOTOMY t{TO '.HO onpe.D.eJISleT YHMKaJibHOCTb
nopHCTOCTH B Kap6oHaTHblX KOJIJieKTopax. )J.aHHOe onpe.D.eJieHMe KaeepH HeCKOJibKO
OTJIH'laeTCSI OT CTpororo onpe.D.eJieHHSI, npe.D.JIO)l(eHHOrO B [7] H OTHOCSllllero KaeepHbl
K TPY.llHOOnMcbreaeMbIM (Tpy,utto <PopMan113yeMbIM) nopaM, He ce.sl3aHHbIM co CTPYKTY-
poii nopo.llbl. Ho '.HO onpe.neneHHe nonHOCThIO coorneTcTeyeT TepM11Honorn11 Apq11,
H B HeqlT.SIHOH npOMblllJJieHHOCTH HCilOJib3083HHe TepMMHa KaBepHOBaSI nopHCTOCTb
no3BOJISleT 6onee rn11p0Ko npHMeHSITh ero .!lJISI on11caHH.S1 BHJJ.MMoro nopoeoro npo-
CTpattcTea B Kap6ottaTHbIX nopo.uax.
3
MeJKo6noMO'!Hoe noposoe npocTpaHCTBO B 6pe!(l{ .. rn. - flp1w. neperi.
2.3. CTPYKTYPHO-TEKCTYPHARlnETPO<l>lfl11YECKAR KJIACCl1<l>HKAU11R 51
2.3. CTpyKrypuo-TeKC'fYpHaH/neTpoctu1u'lecK:aH K:Jiaccuctu1eauuH
'
B ocHoae KJiaccmpmcauuu Jlycua, TaK )f(e KaK 11 KJiaccmjmKauirn Ap411, Jie)l(HT
11.uejf o TOM, 4TO pacnpe.ueJiem1e nop no pa3Mepy, }IBJI}llOIUeecsi npocTpaHcTBeHHbIM
pacnpe.ueJieH11eM nop a nopo.ue, onpe.uensieT npoHuuaeMOCTb 11 xapaKTep HaCbIIUeHHO-
CTH 11 4TO TaKoe pacnpe.ZJ.eneH11e CB}l3aHo co CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbIMH oco6eHHocrn-
MH nopo.llbl. .[(ml Toro 4T06b1 HattTH COOTHorneH11e Me)f(Jl.Y CTpyKTypHo-TeKcrypHbIMH
oco6eHHOCrnMH Kap6oHaTHbIX nopo.u 11 pacnpe.neJieH11eM nop no pa3Mepy, aa)f(HO Bhl-
RCHHTb, np11Ha)].Jie)f(HT JIH nopoaoe npocTpaHCTBO K 0.UHOMY 113 Tpex rnaBHblX KJiaccoa:
Me)f(4aCTH4HOMy, 1130JI11poaaHHO- 11n11 B3aHMOCBR3aHHO-KasepHOBOMy. Ka)f(.llbIH KJiacc
HMeeT pa3JIHYHblH THn pacnpe.ZJ.eJieHH}I nop no pa3Mepy H B3aHMOCB}l3eH Me)f(JJ.Y HH-
MH. KaK noKa3aHo a rnaae l, pa3Mep Me)f(YaCTHYHblX nop KOHTpo;mpyeTCJI pa3MepoM
H copTHpOBKOH YaCTHU, a TaK)f(e o6beMOM Me)f('l3CTHYHOro ueMeHTa; npH JJ.aHHblX
pa3Mepe 11 copT11posKe 'laCTHU pa3Mep Me)f(YaCTJ1l1Hb1x nop YMeHbrnaeTC}l nponopuuo-
HaJibHO o6beMy ueMeHT11py10IUero aemecrna. Pa3Mep nop np11 HaJIH'IHH 113on11poaaH-
HbIX KaaepH MO)f(eT aapbHpOBaTb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX npOHCXO)f(,lleHHJI - OT KpynHblX
JJ.O MHKponop a caMHX 3epHax.
2.3.1. KJiaccucJmKa._uH MeiK'laCTH'lnoro nopoBoro npoCTpaHCTBa
B ycnoBH}IX OTCYTCTBH}l KaaepHoaoif nop11cTOCTH pacnpeJJ.eneH11e nop no pa3Me-
py B Kap6oHaTHblX nopoJJ.aX MO)f(eT 6bITb onHCaHO B TepMHHax pa3Mepa YaCTHU H HX
copTHpOBKH, a TaK)f(e Me)f(4aCTHlJHOH nopHCTOCTH (pHC. 2.4). Jlyc11a [20] noKa3aJI,
'ITO pa3Mep YaCTHU B HeKaaepH03HblX Kap6oHaTHblX nopo.uax c npOHHuaeMOCTblO Bbl-
rne 0, l M.L\ MO)f(eT 6bITb CB}l3aH c Kan11nnJ1pHblM .ZJ.aBJieHMeM BbITecHeHm1 PTYT"' nO.ll-
rnep)f(Jl.ajf, YTO pa3Mep qacTHU onpeJl.eJI}leT pa3Mep caMhlX KpynHhIX nop (p11c. 2.5).
B To apeM}I KaK .uaa11eH11e BhnecHeHH}l xapaKTep113yeT Ha116onee KpynHble nophl, BH.ll.
Kp11aoif Karmmui:pHoro .uasJieHH}I yKa3hIBaeT Ha pa3Mep Ha116onee MeJIKHX nop H 3a-
BHCHT OT Me)f(Y3CTHYHOH nopHCTOCTH [20].
3aBHCHMOCTh, OTpa)f(alOIUaR COOTHOIIIeHHe Me)f(Jl.Y JJ.aBJieHHeM BbJTecHeHH}l H pa3-
MepoM YaCTHU (pHC. 2.5), HMeeT rnnep60JIHYeCKHH xapaKTep, 'ITO npe.u.noJiaraeT Ba)f(-
HOCTb BbI)].eJieHH}l rpaHHYHblX pa3Mepoa YaCTHU, paBHblX l 00 H 20 MKM. Jlycua [20]
noKa3aJI, YTO TpH o6JiaCTH npOHHUaeMOCTH MoryT 6h1Tb BbI)].eJieHbl c IlOMOlJ.lhlO HMeH-
HO 3THX rpaHHU. 3To, B CBOIO OYepe.llb, CBH)].eTeJihCTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO BblJIBJieHHble
COOTHomeHH}l orpaHH'IeHhl qacrnuaMH pa3MepoM MeHee 500 MKM (pHC. 2.6).
Bb1,lleJieH11e yKa3aHHbIX Tpex o6nacTei1 npoH11uaeMOCTH ocHoaaHo Ha .uaHHblX
Me)f(KpHCTaJIJIH'leCKOH nopHCTOCTH, 3aMepeHHOH npeHMymecTBeHHO B .llOJIOMHTax.
B HaCTOJlllleH pa6oTe, BKJI10Ya10IUeli 3Ha'IHTeJihHO 6011bme .ll3HHblX no 113aecTHJ1KaM,
nOKa3aHO, 'ITO yqacTKH c pa3JIHYHOH npOHHU,aeMOCTblO MOryT 6bITb JiytJme on11caHbl
c HCnOJib30BaHHeM reoJIOrHYeCKHX TepMHHOB, eCJIH npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaH11e pa3-
Mep H copTupoaKy qacrnu nopo.n:h1. Ilo)].XOJl. K onpeJl.eJieHHIO pa3Mepa 11 COPTHPOBKH
YaCTHU,, npHMeHeHHblH B .naHHOH netpocjrn3HYeCKOH KJ1accmp11Kau,1111. CXO,lleH c npHH-
UHnOM pa3)].eJieHHR nopo.n Ha co.nep)f(am11e rnHHHCTblH ueMeHT 11 Heco.uep)f(alJ.lHe ero,
KOTOpb!H npHMeHHJI npH C03JJ.aHHH CBOeH KJiaccmp11KaUHH .[laHX3Ma [ l l ]. 0JJ.HaKo no-
'$.
,..::i
t;

u
:s::
0..
0
c:
e>:;
<
:r
';;'

<

z
ME)l(4ACTl14HOE f!OPOBOE nPOCTPAHCTBO
11 coprnposKa iacrnu

flPEHMYutECTBEHHO 3EPHHCTAJI f!OPO,[IA
113BCCTllRK
rPEAHCTOYH nAKCTOYH
Pa3MCp nop

Pa:iMep nop

p3'.IMCpoM 3Cpeu II
rJl llllllCTblX
1' ;::Jil'4C: XI
a
p33MCpoM 3Cpe11
/"'C=OD I\ 4 I
Mei.."'laCT11111oc
noposoc npocrpau-
CTBO 111111 UC.,CllT

PaJMep
Kp11CTI111J10R
MCllCC
100 MKM -

noposoe npoCTpaH- . .
CTBO 11m1 UCMeHT CTBO 1cn11 UCMCllT
PaJMCp nop
PaJMCp Rpa:iMcpoM Kp.HCTannos
Kp11CT3JIJIOB
OOJlhUIC
100MKM - _
Me;i;KpltCTilll MC)f(KpllCTaJJ
nll 'ICCKOC
11oposoe nopoeoc
npoCTpai1CTBO npOCTp311CTBO
flp11MC'l31111C: M3CUITa6 p38CH 100 MKM
nPEHMYutECTBEHllO rmrnHCTMI nOPOJlA
f!AKCTOYH BAKCTOYH MAJlCTOYH
PaJMep COCJlllllRIOIUllXCA uop K011Tp01111pyeTCR
p33MCpOM ffi llllllCTLIX 'laCTllU
-
PaJMCp coc111111R10UlllXCR nop
,Aon OMllT
PaJMCp @:10 di 0 " n
KpllCTMJIOU <::> \;;::;:;:!/
MCnec20MKM Q Q - G G
Pa3MCp
Kp11CT3JIJIOll
20-IOOMKM
Pa3MCp
Kp11CT3JIJ10B
OOJlblllC
100MKM

M3CUITa6 p38Ctl I 00 MKM
P11c. 2.4. reonoro-ncTpocj>11111ttecKa11 1CJ1acc11cj>HKal.lHJ1 Me:lK4aCTH'fHOro nopoeoro npocTpaHCTea e Kap6oHaTHblX nopo.nax c pa1.neJ1eHHeM
110 paJMepy H THny coprHpOBKH JcpeH It KpllCTaJIJIOB. 06nCM MC>K'taCTH'IHOro nopoeoro npocrpaHCTBa Ba>KCH, noTOMY 'fTO OH OTpa>KaeT
pacnpe.ncneHHC nop no pa1Mepy.
v.
N
;;;i
>
Cl
>
N
2.3. CTPYKTYPHO-TEKCTYPHMl/nETPOct>UJll4ECKA.R KJlACOlct>llKAUIUI 53
12,7
22
..-.
::E
')
nopHCTOCTb (%)
~ 11,2
.-
::E
0
><
19
~ 9,8
..,
0
Ill
:s:
10
~ 8,4
14
c..
DI:
:s:
7,0 :c
Cl)
:c
0
Cl)
....
5,6 :a
Ill
~
:s:
:i:
~
4,2
a
"' t:f
Cl)
0
2,8
:i:
2
a
1,4
0
~
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Cpe;i.HHH paJMep ttacrnu (MKM)
PHc. 2.5. CoornoweHHe Mejj(;i.y J(aBJJemteM BblTecHeHHR PTYT" 11 cpc.aHHM paJMcpoM iacTHu
nopO.llbl .!Ulll HCKaBepH03HblX Kap6oHaTHblX nopo.a c npom1uaeMOCTblO BblWe 0.1 M)l [20].
)laBJieHHe BblTCCHeHHll onpe;teJJeHO MeTO.UOM "lKCTpanoJJllUHll KpllBOH KanHJJJJRpHoro naBJJe-
HHll .ao cocT011H1111 HyJJeooii 1tacb11UeHHocrn PTYTblO.
cne.nHSUI aKUCHTttpyeT BHlfMaHHC Jllflllb Ha CTpyKType, o6pa3ooasrnei1csi B peJyJJbTa-
Te npoueccoe OCallKOHaKOnJieHlfSI, B TO BpeMSI KaK neTpOQ>HJH
1
1CCKaSI KJiaccmf>11 Ka-
UlfSI OCHOBblBaeTCSI Ha COBpeMeHHOM CTpOCHHH nopO.Ilbl, KOTopoe YlfHTblBaeT BJIHSIHHe
npoueccos KaK ocall.KOHaKonnem1si, TaK u n11arcHeJa. C11e.nooaTCJibHO, nnsi Toro, lfT0-
6b1 KJJaCCHCpHKaUHSI .ll.aHXJMa 6blJia npHMCHHMa B Ka
1
1ccrne neTpocpHJHlfCCKOH, B Hee
.uomKHbl 6b1Tb BHCCeHbl He60JlbllJHC H3MeHeHHSI.
BMecrn paJ.11.encHHSI nopo.11. Ha co11epiKaw11e u Heco.uepiKaw11e rnHHHCTblH ue-
MCHT, KaK JTO c.11.enaHO B KJJacctt<f>HKaUHH .ll.aHXJMa, OHH pa3D.CJICHbl Ha npeHMYUte-
CTBCHHO 3epHHCTble nopOD.bl H npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO rmlHHCTble; JTH TCpMHHbl no.n-
ttepKHBalOT JHal1em1e CTPYKTYPHO-TCKCTYPHhlX cj>aKTopos. 011usi1ow11x Ha paJMep nop
(p11c. 2.4). BaiKHOe KattecTBO npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO 1cpHHCTblX nopo.n - JTO npu-
cyTcToHe OTKpblTblX HJIH JaKpblTblX MCiK3epHOBblX nop H OTCYTCTBHC fJlHHHCTOro
ueMeHTa. BaiKHbIM KattecTBOM npeHMywecTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblX nopo.u SIBJISICTCSI TO,
lfTO yttaCTKH MCiK.UY JCpHaMH JanOJIHCHbl TOHKOrJJHHllCTblMH lfaCTHUaMH naiKe B cny-
ttae, Korna 3CpHa 06pa3y10T nollD.epiKHBalOlUHH MHHepaJibHblH CKCJJCT nopO.Ubl.
54 fJIABA 2
PA3MEP lJACTHU,
I
x 6onee I 00 MKM
0 20-100 MKM
I
x x
MeHee 20 MKM
I
x
100
I
xX
I
x
,-..
I
I::{
0
:ii
..._,
I
..0
E-<
u
Ix
x
0
10
::E
Ul
I x
<
::r x
I
= ::c:
0
I
x
0...
c::

I
I
x
x

I

J

0,14
10 20 40
ME)l(lJACTHlJHMI IlOPHCTOCTb (%)
PHc. 2.6. CooTHollleHHe Me)l()l.y nopHcTOCTblO H npom1uaeMoCTb10 no B03)1.yxy npH pa3JIH'IHbIX
pa3Mepax tJacrnu B HeKaaepH03HbIX Kap6oHaTHbIX nopo)l.ax [20].
fpeHHCTOYH - HpKHH npHMep npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTOH CTpyKTypbl, xo-
TH no KJiaccHCpHKaUHH .[{aHXJMa naKCTOYH c6JimtcaeT rpaHHUbl Me)IC)].y KpynHhIMH
Me:>1nepHOBblMH nopaMH B rpeHHCTOyHe H MaJieHhKHMH Me)l(qaCTH'rnbIMH nopaMH
B BaKcToytte H MancrnyHe. Hetc0Top1>1e BH)].hI natccToytta xapaKTepH3yJOTCH ttaJmqHeM
Me)IC3epHOBOfO nopoaoro npOCTpaHCTBa " npu 3TOM conep)l(aT fJIHHHCTble qacTHUhI,
B npyrnx BH)].aX Me)IC3epttOBOe npocTpaHCTBO 3anOJIHeHO TOHKOH fJIHHOH. CTpyKTyp-
HbIH KJlacc naKCTOYHOB MO)l(eT 6b!Tb pa3)].eJieH Ha )].Ba Knacca: npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO
3epHHCTbIH naKCTOytt, KOTOpbIH xapaKTepH3yeTCH HaJIH':IHeM Me)l(3epHOBOfO nopoaoro
npocTpaHCTBa HJIH ueMeHTa, H npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTbIH naKCTOyH, B KOTOpOM
Me)l(3eptt0Bble nopbI 3anOJIHeHbl fJIHHHCTblMH qaCTHUaMH (pHC. 2.4).
2.3.2. KJiaccucf>nKaunH Kaeepuoeoro nopoeoro npoCTpauCTBa
.[{o6aaJieHHe KaBepHOBOro nopoaoro npOCTpaHCTBa K Me)l(t:faCTH4HOMY MeHH-
eT neTpo<j>H3Hl.(eCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH, noCKOJlbKY MeHHeTC.ff xapaKTep CBH3aHHOCTH
nopoaoro npocTpattcTaa - ace nopoaoe npocTpaHCTBO OKa3hrnaeTC.ff coenHHeHHhIM
2.3. CTPYKTYPHO-TEKCTYPHMl/nETPO$H3H4EC'KAR KJ1ACCH$HKAL.U1R 55
KaKHM-JJH6o o6pa30M. H3on11poeaHHb1e KaeepHbI onpe.aen.1110rc.11 KaK nopoeoe npo-
'
crpaHCTBO, coe.llHHeHHoe TOJibKO nocpe.acTBOM Me)f(qacTwrnoro nopoeoro npocrpaH-
CTBa. B3aHMOCB.ll3aHHbie KaeepHbl onpe.aeJI.lllOTC.sI KaK nopoeoe npocrpaHCTBO, KOTO-
poe <t>opMHpyeT CHCTeMy nop, CB.ll3aHHblX Me)f(ey co6oii He3aBHCHMO OT Me)f('laCTH"I-
HOro nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa (pHc. 2. 7).
llopoBoe npocmpancmBo u3011upo6aHHbLX 1<aBepn
J13on11poeaHHo-Kaeepttoeoe noposoe npocTpaHCTBO - 3TO noposoe npocrpaH-
CTBO, KOTOpoe .llBJI.lleTC.sI: l) COH3MepHMblM no pa3Mepy c 11acnn.i:aMH nopO.!l.bl HJIH 3Ha-
"IHTeJibHO 6onee KpynHbIM, "IeM 3TH 11aCTHI.(bl (o6bI'IHO 6onee, 'leM B.llBOe) H 2) coe.D;H-
HeHHbIM Me)f(.llY co6oii TOJibKO nocpe.ncTBOM Me)f(lJaCTH'IHOro nopoeoro npocrpaHcTBa
(pHC. 2. 7). l130JIHpoeaHHbie KaeepHbl no CBOeMy npOHCXO)f(.L{eHHIO - TMnH'IHbie nycTO-
Tbl, CB.ll3aHHhie co cTpyKTypoii nopOJJ:hI. BHyTpH<t>occHJihHOe nopoeoe npocrpaHCTBO
(TaKoe, KaK ocraerneec.ll OT )f(HJIOH KaMepbI e paKOBMHe racrpono.ai.1)
4
, peJIHKTbl BbI-
meno'leHHI.IX 3epeH (TaKHe, KaK OOH.llHbie cnenKH H OTne"IaTKH 6bIBWHX CKeJJeTHbIX
3epeH) a TaK)f(e BHYTpH3epHOBbie MHKponopbI .llBJI.llIOTC.ll npHMepaMH H30JIHpoeaHHblX
BHyTp1111acTH'IHi.1x KaeepH, ce.113aHHbtX co crpyKTypoii nopo.ab1. KaeepHbl, 06pa3osa11-
w11ec11 B pe3yJibTaTe pacTBopeHH.ll KpHCTaJIJIOB 3BanopHTOB H CB.ll3aHHbie c pacrnnpL'-
HHeM HCKOnaeMblX opraHH3MOB, Haii.neHHbie B npeHMyLQeCTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbIX nopo-
nax, CJiy)f(aT npHMepaMH H30JIHpOBaHHblX KaeepH, CB.ll3aHHblX co CTpyKrypoH nopO.llbl,
KOTOpb1e no pa3Mepy 3Ha'IHTeJihHO 6onbrne qacTHQ nopo.ai.1. B npeHMymecreeHHO
rmrnHCTbIX nopo.aax no.aKpbirnKoeoe noposoe npocTpaucreo, KaK npae11no, uaMHO-
ro npeBbJlllaeT no pa3Mepy lJaCTHUbl nopOJJ:bl H nopHCTOCTb KJiaccH<l>HQHpyeTC.sI KaK
H30JJMpOB3HHO-KaBepHOB3.ll, B TO BpeM.ll KaK B npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epliHCTbIX nopo.nax
noposoe npocTpaHCTBO 3TOro BH)J.a no pa3Mepy 6JIH3KO K pa3Mepy "IaCTHI.( If KJiaCCH-
<t>11u11pyerc.ll KaK Me>1nepHOBa.ll nopHCTOCTb.
B npe11MymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTblX nopo.aax CM.llTHe 3epeH c KpynttbIMH BHYTPH-
3epHOBbIMH nopaMH no.n .naeneHHeM Bb1rneJie)f(aLQ11x rniacToe MO)f(eT yny'lrnHTb ce.si3i.
Me)f(.ny Me)f(3epHOBbIM H eHyrp113epHOBbIM nopoBbIM npocTpaHCTBOM, nocKOJibKY e xo-
.ne 3Toro npoQecca pacTpecKHBaIOTC.ll CTeHKH 3epeH. B KpaiiHHX cnyqa11x 3epHa Moryr
6hITb pa3pyrneHbl )lO TaKOH CTenem1, 'ITO pacn03HaTb HX y)f(e HeB03MO)f(H0 H pa3JIH4He
Me)f(Jl.Y BHYTPM- H Me>1nepHOBbIM nopoBhIM npocrpaHCTBOM <jlaKTH'leCKH CTHpaerc11;
e 3TOM cnyqae o6noMKH 3epeu npespama10rc11 e .LJ.HareHeTH'leCKH 06pa3oeaHHb1e qa-
CTHUbI. B noXO)f(eH CMryaUHH ueHTpaJibHble qacTH KpHCTaJIJIOB )J.OJIOMMTa MOryr 6h1Tb
Bb16opo'1HO paCTBOpeHhI, npH 3TOM KpHCTaJIJibl, COCTaBJI.lllOLQHe CKeJieT .UOJIOMHTOBblX
nopo.a, pa3pyrnaIOTC.ll H nepeXO)J..llT B COCTO.llHHe .a11areHeTH'IeCKH o6pa30BaHHbIX '18-
CTHQ, COCTO.llLQHX H3 06JIOMKOB 3THX KpHCTaJJJIOB.
Ope11MymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTh1e nopOJJ:bI Moryr co.nep)f(aTb 3epHa c BHYTPH3ep-
HHCTOH MHKponopHCTOCTbIO [ 14, 29, 31 ]. ,lla)f(e HeCMOTp.ll Ha TO, 'ITO nopbl HMelOT
He60JibllIOH pa3Mep, BHyrpH3epHOBa.ll MHKponopHCTOCTb KJiaccH<t>mmpyerc.si: KaK npH-
Ha)lJie)f(aLQa.ll K H30mtpoeautto-KasepHoBoMy THny, noToMy 'ITO nopb1 HaXO.U.llTC.ll BHYT-
pH qacTHQ nopo.ai.1. OopO.llbI c npeHMymecreeHHO rnHHHCTOH CTPYKTYPOH TaK)f(e MO-
4
Mccro B paKOBHHC, KOTOpoc 6blJJO 33HllTO TCJIOM MOJIJllOCKa. - flp1w. nepe6.
56 fJlABA 2
ryr conepiKaTb JepHa c MHKponopaMH, HO c neTpo<IJH3H4eCKOH T04KH 3peHHSI OHH
HC SIBnSllOTCSI YHHKa.rtbHbIMH, noToMy no nOpbl, onpe.11enS110IUHe MHKponopHCTOCTb
B rnHHHCTOH MaTpHue nopOJJ.bl H B 3CpHax, CXO.llHbl no pa3Mepy.
B1a1utoc6R1a11110-Ka6ep1106oe nopo6oe 11poc111pa11c11160
CHcTeMbI B3aHMOCBSl3aHHbIX nop o6pa3yt0T noposoe npocTpaHcTso, KOTopoe
I) JHa4HTCJlbHO KpynHee paJMepa 4acrnu nopO.llbI H 2) <IJopMHpyeT CHCTCMY B3a-
HMOCBSIJaHHbIX nop 6onbwoii npOTSliKCHHocrn (p11c. 2. 7). KoHTaKTHpyt0m11e .upyr
c .upyroM KasepHbI o6bt4HO 06paJyt0TCS1 BHe MaTpHUbI nopo.nbt. TaKHe nycTOTbt,
KaK KasepH03Hbte, CBSIJaHHbte c pa1pyweHHeM 6peK4HH, 06bI4HbIMH 11 yseJIH4CH-
HbIMH B npouecce pacTBopeHHSI nopO.llbl TpeIUHHaMH, B OCHOBHOM cpopMHpytOT CH-
CTCMY B3aHMOCBSl3aHHblX nop B Macuna6e scero KOJIJieKTopa H o6pa3ytOT nmH4HOC
B3aHMOCBSl3aHHO-KasepHOBOe nopOBOC npoCTpaHCTBO. nopOBOe npOCTpaHCTBO QlCHe-
CTpOBOro THna o6bl4HO TaKiKC CBSl3aHO co BCCH TOJllUCH KOnJieKTopa H BXO.UHT B 0.llHY
rpynny c B3aHMOCBSl3aHHblMH KasepHaMH, fIOTOMy 4TO OHO HC CBSl3aHO c pa3MepoM
4acrnu nopO.llbl HJIH HX coprnpOBKOH [28).
TpeIUHHHaSI nopHCTOCTb BXOllHT e rpynny s1aHMOCBS11aHHO-Kasepttosoii nopH-
CTOCTH B CHJlY BaiKHOCTH ee BJJHSIHHSI Ha npOHHI.taCMOCTb BO MHOrHX Kap6ottaTHblX
KOJJJJCKTopax H, CJJCJJ.OBaTCJlbHO, OHa .uoniKHa 6btTb BKJllO'ICHa BO ece fICTpocpH3H'IC-
CKHC KnaccH<pHKaum1 noposoro npocTpaHCTBa. Xorn o6pa3oeaHHe TpeuutH 3a4acTyt0
CBSl3aHo c TCKTOHH'ICCKHMH npwrnHaMH H IIOJTOMY He OTHOCHTCSI K reOJIOfHH Kap6o-
HaTHblX nopo.u, m1areHCTH4CCKHe npouecCbl, 06bI'IHble .!lJISI Kap6m1aTHbIX KOJlnCKTO-
poB, TaKHC, KaK o6pa30BaHHe Kapcrn [ 15), Moryr npHBecrn K o6pa30BaHHIO WHpOKOH
CHCTCMbt TpeIUHH H csS13aHHOH c HCH nopHcTocrn. )la11HaS1 KnaccmfrnKaum1 cl>oKyc11-
pyeTcS1 60JiblllC Ha neTpocpH3H
1
1CCKHX CBOHCTBaX, a He Ha reHCJHCC, If noJTOMY .'lOJliK-
Ha BKntO'laTb TpelUHHbl KaK omrn H3 nmoe nop, HCJaBHCHMO OT HX npmtCXOiKllCHHSI.
2.4. CooTHOWCHHH l\teil\lly CTpyKrypuo-TeKcTypHblMH oco6e11uocTHMH
nopOJJ H HX neTpO(j>HlH'ICCKHMH xapaKTepHCTHK3MH
2.4. t. Coon1oweu11H MCll\llY MCiKlfaCTll'IHOii nop11cTOCTb10 11 npou11uaeMOCTb10
CmpyKmyp110-111eKc111yp11bte oco6e1111oc11111 1116ec:11111R1<06
npHMCpbl CTPYKTYPHO-TCKCTYPHblX oco6eHHOCTeif H3BeCTHSIKOB, xapaKTepH3ylO-
IUHXCSI HC60JJbWOH KasepHOBOH nopHCTOCTblO, noKa3aHbl Ha pucy11Ke 2.8. B !'.taTpHUC
rpeHHCTOyHa (pHC. 2.8. a. b) pacnpe.neneHHC nop 110 pa1Mepy KOHTpOJmpyeTCSI paJMC-
poM H copntpOBKOH 3epcH nopO.Ubl, a TaK)f(C o6bCMOM MC:>K3CpHoeoro ueMCHTa, KO-
TOpbtH oTpaiKaCTCSI 1rn BCJJH'IHHC MC)f(tacn1411oii nopucTOCTH. B npe11MywecTBCHHO
JepHHCTbIX naKCTOyHax pacnpe..::teJJeHHC nop no pa3Mepy JaBHCHT OT pa3Mepa 1epcH.
MC:>K'laCTH4110fO UCMeHTa, a TaK)f(C pa1Mepa II nopHCTOCTH Me:>K1epttoeoro
(pHc. 2.8, c. d). B npem.1ywecTBeHHO mHHHCTbtX naKcrnyttax. eaKcToyHax H Ma.ucrn-
y1rnx (puc. 2.8, C, f. g) 110.uo6HOC pacnpe.neneHHC KOllTpOJIHpycTCSI pa3MCpOM 'laCTHU
KABEPHOBOE nOPOBO TPAHCTBO
Yl30JlJ.1POBAHHblE KABEPHbl
KOHTAKT TVtnA KBEPHA-MATPYIUA-KABEPHA
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npc11MyWeCTBCtlliO
JepHHCTall CTpyKTypa
npeHMylUeCTBeHHO
rJJHHHCTall CTpyKT)'pa
np11Mepb1 np11MCpbl
MOJlllHKO-
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HblC 110pb1
BHyrpH-
3epHOB3ll
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<jJOCCHJlb-
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B3AHMOCB513AJ-IHblE KABEPHhl
KOHTAKT THTIA KABEPHA-KABEPHA
nopOJlbl C npe11Myll.lCCTBeHHO 3epH11CTOH
H npeHMYll.lCCTBCHHO rTIHllHCTOH CTpyi..1)'p3MH
OpHMCpbl
Kaoep"o'"oe tv] -_:> I Tpe"'"""'
1, "
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nopOJJ.bJ
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ll.lHHb1,
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nopb1
PHC. 2.7. rco11oro-nerpoct>HJH'lCCKall KJl3CCH<j>HK3UHJI KaeepHOBOro nopoeoro npOCTJ)3HCTBa. OCHOB3HHIUI Ha XapaKTepe KOHTaKTa MCll<.ilY
KasepHaMH. 06beM mom1posaHHblX KaeepH ea11<eH .illlll on11camU1 pacnpe.!lCJleHHJI pa1Mcpoe nop.
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58 fJJABA 2
MHKpttrn 11 o6oeMOM MC:>KlfaCTHlfHhlX nop e rnHHHCTOH cocrnem1iomeif. MenKHe no-
phl 3a'IaCTYIO OTHOCSITCSI K MHKponopHCTOCTH H BHllHbl B CKaHHpylOIUHH JJieKTpOHHblH
MHKpOCKOn (C3M) (pHC. 2.8, h).
Ha pttcyHKe 2.9, a noKaJaH rpacpttK JaBHCHMOCTH Me:>KllY npoH11uaeMOCTbt0
no 803.ayxy H MC:>KlfaCTHlfHOH nopHCTOCTblO Ha npHMCpe rpeHHCTOYHOB. )laHHble 3a-
HMCTBOBaHbl H3 pa60Tbl Choquette and Steinem [8], B KOTOpOH paccMaTpHeaeTCSI
ooJIHTOBaSI cpopMaUHSI Cett-)l(etteebeB KaMeHttoyroJibHOro B03pacTa, H H3 ny6n11Ka-
UHH J1yc11a et al. [27] o cpopMaUHH Apa6 )l iopcKoro eo3pacrn. Pa3Mep OOJIHTOBbIX
3epett KOJIC6JieTCSI OT 500 .uo 200 MKM. TOlfKH Ha rpaqmKe KOHUeHTpHpylOTCSI B o6-
J1aCTH c paJMepaMH 3epeu CBhillle 100 MKM. B npe.neJiax o6JiaCTH rpeifucrnyHa pa3-
Mep nop H BCJIHlfHHa npOHHuaeMOCTH yMeHblllaIOTCSI 11ponopUHOllaJibHO yMeHbllle-
HHIO MC:>K3epHOBOH nopHCTOCTH, npOHCXOllS!UlCMY B pe3yJibTaTe ueMeHTaUHH H ynnoT-
HeHHSI nopo.a.
Ha p11cyHKe 2.9, b npe11crnBJieH rpacpHK JaBHCHMOCTH npottHuaeMocrn H MC:>K-
lfaCTHlfHOH nopHcTocTH WIS! npeHMymecTeettHo 3epttHCThlX naKcToyttoe. HcnoJibJO-
eaHHbie .llaHtth1e 6bmH np11ee.ue11b1 e pa6ornx [9, 23, 27]. BeJIHlfHHbI npou11uaeMo-
CTH MS! MCCTOpO:>KllCHHSI faeap [27] H3XOD.SITCSI 8 o6JiaCTH 3epeH pa3MepoM OT 20
no I 00 MKM. neTpOCTpyKTypa 3.UeCb npe.UCTaBJieHa npCHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblMH
neJIOHllHblMH naKcTOyHaMH, HMCIOUlHMH pa3MCp 3CpCH 150-300 MKM. 061>CM MC:>K-
3CpHOBblX H3BeCTKOBHCTblX rJIHH eapbHpyeT OT HCCKOJlbKHX npoueHTOB no 40 % OT
nom10ro o6oeMa noponb1. )laHHbIC, npHBC.UCHHbie J1yc11a and Conti [23] MS! o6pa3-
uoe Kepua HJ cpopMau1111 Bymf>KJMn e 3ana,nHoM Texace. no3BOJISllOT BbI.UeJIHTb .nea
ylfaCTKa KOHUCHTpaUHH 3H3lfeHHH npoHHUaCMOCTH - HHTCpBaJI 20-100 MKM H HH-
Tepean Mettee 20 MKM, H onHCblBalOT yKa3aHHble nopO.Ubl KaK TOHK03CpHHCTblC npe-
HMYIUCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTble naKCTOYHbl c pa3MCpOM 3epeH 80-100 MKM. B pa6oTe [9]
om1caHhI KOJIJICKTOpbI Menoeoro eo3pacrn 11a menbcpe 6pa3HJIHH, npe11crnBJ1eHHb1e
001111Ho-0HK01uu1b1MH npettMymecTeettuo 3CpHHCTblMH naKcToyHaMH. Oott.Ubl HMelOT
pa3MCpbl OKOJIO 400 MKM B .attaMeTpe. OHKOH,.r\bl - 1-2 MM 8 .UHaMCTpC, a l.faCTHUbl
H3BCCTKOBHCTblX rnHH - 5 MKM. 3HalfCHHSI npOHHuaeMOCTH, llOJIYlfeHHble llJISI 3TO-
ro BH.Ua neTpOCTPYKTYPbl, npttypolfCHbl B OCHOBHOM K o6JiaCTH c BCJJHlfHHOH 3Cpett
OT I 00 .no 20 MKM, 6ntt:>Ke K ero eepxHeH rpatt11ue, H3-3a BJIHSIHHSI 6oJiblllHX pa3Mcpoe
OHKOH.ZlOB. Pa3Mep 3Cpett H o6"bCM MC:>KlfaCTHlfHblX H3BCCTKOBHCTblX rJIHH 3H3lfHTCJlbHO
eapbHpytoT B npe.uenax TOJ11Ulf npCHMYLUCCTBCHllO 3epHHCTblX naKCTOYHOB H onpe.ne-
JISllOT nono:>KeHHe TOl.feK Ha rpaqmKe e npe.uenax o6nacTH 20-100 MKM. B npe.aenax
o6nacTH npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblX naKCTOYHOB pa3MCp nop H npoHuuaeMOCTb
yMeHb11Jat0TCS1 nponopu110HaJibHO yMCHblllCHHIO Me:>Kl.faCTHlfHOH nopHcTocTH, KOTO-
poe SIBJISICTCSI pe3yJibTaTOM ueMCHTaUHH H ynJIOTHCHHSI nopo.n.
Ha pttcyttKe 2. 9. c np11eeneH rpacf>HK JaBHCHMOCTH MC:>KllY npo1111uaeMOCTb10
no 8031\YXY H MC:>KlfaCTHlfHOH nopHCTOCTblO }l.TISI BaKCTOYHOB, Ma,ZlCTOYHOB H npcHMY-
lUCCTBCHHO JepHHCTbIX naKcTOyHoB H3 Kon,1eKrnpoe cpopMaum1 Apa6 .ll [27] c ylfc-
TOM HeKOTOpOH tteony6nHKOBaHHOH HHcf>OpMaUHH no MCJIOBblM KOJIJ1eKTopaM DJ1H)f(-
t1ero BocrnKa. CTPYKTYPHblH n11anaJOH npocTHpaCTCSI OT Ma.rtcToyttoe c Kpttcrnnnat.rn
pa3MepoM B cpenHeM OKOJ10 5 MKM .llO npCHMYIUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblX naKCTOYHOB, co-
nep:>KaIUHX IICJIOH.llbl pa3MepoM 80-300 MKM. 3HaICHHSI npoHHUaeMOCTH B OCHOBHOM
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OCOl>EHHOCTH H XAPAKTEPHCTHKH nOPO.n 59
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) (f)
PHc. 2.8. CTpHMepbl HeKasepH03HOH MaTpHUbl Kap6oHaros. (a) fpeitHCToyH. (b) fpeitHCToyH.
c He60JJbllJHMH H30JJHpoBaHHl.IMH KasepHaMH. (c) IlpeHMyJUeCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblH naKCTOyH.
(d) KpynHoJepHHCTblH npeHMyJUeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTblH naKcToyH. (e) TipeHMymecTBeuuo rnH-
HHCTblH naKCTOyH. (f) IlpeHMyll.leCTBeHHO rJJHHHCTblH naKCTOyH, c HeOOJJbWHMH H30JJHpoeaH-
HblMH KaBepHaMH. (g) BaKCTOYH c MHKponopHCTOCTblO. (h) <l>ororpact>HJI MHKponopHCTOCTH
B BaKcroyHe, nony'feHH3JI c DOMOll.lblO CK3HHpyiomero 3JlelITpOHHOro MHKpOCKona.
60 fJIABA 2
(a)
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0,0 I 0,05 0, I 0,4
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(c)
10001---+--+--+-t-+-t-+H+----t_,_+-t
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(b)
; Kpynu03cpHHCTb1ii I

3epHHCTLIH naKCTOYll
104
1000
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0,0 I 0,05 0, I
MelK'!acrn11Hasi nopHCTOCTb (nonH en.)
P11c. 2.9. 3aBHCHMOCTb npoHuuaeMoCTH no B03.llyxy OT nopHCTOCTH .!lJIJI HeKasepHOJHoro
H3BeCTHJIKa B cpaBHeHHH c TpeMll y<laCTKaMH npom1uaeMOCTH, noKa3aHHblMl1
Ha p11c. 2.6. (a) OOH.llHblH rpei1ttcTOyH, <J>0pMaU.HJ1 M11cc1tcHnH [8], H 10pcKHH rpewHcrn-
YH [27]. (b) IOpcKHH nenOH.!lHblH npem.1ymccrneHHO JepHHCTblH naKCTOYH [27), OHKOHll-
HblH npem .. 1ymccTBeHHO 3epHHCTblH naKCTOYH MeJJOBOro BOJpacrn [9), neJJOH,llHblH npem.1y-
IUCCTBeHHO 1epHHCTbIH naKCTOyH, <j>opMaU.Hll Bymj>KJMn [23). (c) BaKCTOYHbI 11 Ma.llCTOYHbl
MCJJOBOro B03pacTa ( Heony6JJHKOBaHHble naHHble, [29]). ( d) KoKKOJJHTOBbJtt
5
MeJJ. MCJIOBOro
Bo'3pacrn [33).
cocpe.uoTolfeHbI s 06nacn1 pa3Mepa 3epeH MeHee 20 MKM. Ma.llCTOYHbI onpe,LlensiIOT
HH)l(HlOlO :noro JJ.Hana30Ha, a npCHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbJe naKCTOYHbl -
sepxH1010. B npe.uenax :n11x naKcrnyHos pa1Mep 3epett H npoH11uaeMOCTb yMeHbUJa-
IOTCH nponopUHOHaJibHO yMeHbWeHHlO pa3Mepos Me)!(JaCTHLIHblX nop,
1
ff0 SIBJlS!eTCSI
pe3yJibTaTOM ueMeHTaUI1H H ynJJOTHeHHSI nopo.u.
Ha p11cyHKe 2.9, d npe.llCTaBnett rpa<l>HK 3as11c11Mocrn Me)!(JlY npom1uaeMOCTbfO
no BOJJJ.yxy H o6mei1 nop11cTOCTbJO .um1 OTJIO)!(em1n KOKKon11rnsoro Mena CesepHoro
MOPS! [33]. Cpe.UHHH pa3Mep 3epett KOKKOJIHTa - oKono I MKM. 6onbWHHCTBO T04eK
rpaqrnKa (3Ha4eHHSI npoHttuaeMOCTH) pacnonarafOTCsi Ha yqacTKe c pa1MepaMH 3epeH
.uo 20 MKM, 'I.TO SIBJISleTCSI pe3yJibTaTOM HaMHOfO MCHbrnero pa3Mepa nop, onpe.nensie-
MOfO pa3MepoM qacTHU MeHee 5 MKl\L
5
3epHHCJO-aBrHTOBblH. - np11.11. nepefl.
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OC06EHHOCTl1 1-1 nETPO<l>M3114ECKME XAPAKTEPMCTHKM noPO.ll 61
Ha p11c. 2.10 noKa3aHhI see .uatttth1e AJTSI msecTH}!KOB s pa3Jil1'1HhIX o6Jiacrnx
npOH11UaeMOCTH. rpeHHCTOYHhI, npe11MyIUeCTBeHHO rJil1HHCThie BaKCTOYHbl 11 Ma,!J,CTO-
YHbl OKaJhIBalOT OCHOBHOe BJIH}!HHe Ha pacnpe.neJieHHe o6JiacTeH KOHUeHTpau11H 3Ha-
'leHl1H npOHHUaeMOCTl1. npe11MyIUeCTBeHHO 3epttHCTbie naKCTOYHbl pacnoJiaraJOTCH
B 11HTepsane Me'.lK.UY rpeHHCTOyHaMH 11 H3BeCTHHKaMH c npeHMymecTBeHHO rJil1Hl1-
CTOH CTpyKTypoH. np11 pa3Mepax 3epeH CBhIWe 500 MKM 06JiaCTl1 pacnpe,neJieHJrn
rpeHHCTOYHOB 11 naKCTOYHOB nepeKpbIBaJOTCH. np11 pa3Mepax 3epeH MeHee I 00 MKM
npe11MymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl nepeKpbIBaJOTCH y'.lKe c npe11MymecTBeHHO
rJIHHHCThIMl1 nopo.uaMH, TaK '.lKe KaK H Ha ytiaCTKax, Ha KOTOpb!X pa3,UeJieHHe Me'.lK-
JJ.Y 3THMH .UBYMH Tl1IlaMH nopo.u HelfeTKoe. 06JiaCTl1 JHa'leHHH npoHwuaeMOCTl1 .U:JIH
rny6oKOBOJlHhIX MeJIOBhlX OTJIO)l(eHl1H pacnoJiaraJOTCH HH'.lKe HHTepsana npe11MyIUe-
CTBeHHO rJIHHHCThIX nopo.u 11 o6pa3yJOT OT.UeJibHYIO o6JiaCTb B no.11e JaBHCHMOCTH
npott11uaeMOCTl1 OT nopHCTOCTH.
HecMoTpH Ha 3Ha'IHTeJihHhIH pa36poc .uaHHhIX, rpeitttcTOyH, npe11MyIUeCTBeHHO
3epH11CTblH naKCTOYH H npeHMymecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbie nopOJlhl MOryT 6bITh ,'.l,OBOJlb-
Knacc 1
104
e fpeHHCTOYH
+
IlpeHMymecrneHHO 3epHHCTblH
Knacc 2
naKCTOYH
1000
<> IlpewMymecrneHHO rJIHHHCTbJe
nopo.UbI
... Men
,.....

::; Knacc 3
.._.
100
..c
'"'
u
+
0
::;
0
ell
::f
= 10 :i:
0
c..
t::
+


0,01 0,05 0,1
0,4
Me)J(4acT111rna.11 nopwcTOCTb (.non11 e.u.)
PHc. 2.10. Ceon.HbIH rpa<j>uK 1aeuc111\locT11 Me)l{.ny nop11CTOCTb10 H npott11uaeMOCTb10 no eoJ-
.ilYXY .ilJl.11 KasepH03HblX HJBeCTH.llKOB B cpasttemm c TpeM.11 o6JJaCT.llMl1 3Ha'leHHH npOHHll,a-
el\IOCTH, yKaJaHHbll\IH Ha puc. 2.6. )laHHble no l\leJIOBblM nopo,LlaM CBH.UeTeJJbCTBYIOT 0 TOM,
<ITO ,!lJI.11 HHX ,!lOJI)l{Ha 6bITb BbI,UeJJeHa oco6a.11 JaBHCHMOCTb Me)l{.uy nopHCTOCTblO 11 npOHHI.la-
Cl\IOCTblO.
62 rnABA 2
HO l.fCTKO paJ,neJJeHbJ Ha TpH o6JJaCTH JHal.feHHH npoHm.taeMOCTH. Yl.fHTbIBasi, 'ITO paJ-
Mep H coprnpOBKa JepeH HrpalOT onpe.neJJSllOUlYIO pOJtb B Bbl..UCJJCmrn 3THX o6naCTCH,
MO:>KHO CKaJaTb, 'ITO Me:>Kl.faCTHl.fHaJI nopHCTOCTb onpe.nensieT npOHHitaeMOCTb B npe-
.uenax onpe.uenCHHOH o6nacTH B CHJIY Toro. 'ITO pa3Mep nop CBS!JaH c 06bCMOM MC)K-
1.faCTHl.fHOro noposoro npocrpaHCTBa, a TaK:lKC c pa3MepoM H copTHpOBKOH l.faCTHI.{.
flOCJie}l.OBaTCJlbHOe HJMCHemte MC:>KJCpHOBOH nopHCTOCTH B pCJYJJbTaTC UCMCHTaUHH,
ymJOTHCHHSI 11 np01teccos BbJUlenal.fHBaHHSI npHBO..UHT K cooTBCTCTBYIOIUHM 11JMCHC-
HHS1M B pacnpe.neneHHH nop no pa3Mepy H, KaK pCJYJtbTaT, 113MeHCHHIO npoHm.tae-
MOCTH. CJJe.uosaTCJJbHO, npoH11uaeMOCTb HJBCCTHSIKOB, xapaKTep11Jy10IUHXCJ1 Hl1JKOH
KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTblO, JaBHCl1T OT MC:>Kl.faCTHl.fHOH nopHCTOCTH 11 pa3Mepa H cop-
THpOBKH 3CpCH.
CmpyKmyp110-111eKc111yp11we oco6en11ocmu 00110.iH11mos
flpHMep CTPYK'fYPHO-TeKcrypHbJX oco6eHHOCTCH .llOJJOMHTOB, 06na.naioul11x HHJ-
KOH KasepHosoii nopHCTOCTblO, npHse.ueH Ha pHc. 2.11. )1.oJJOMHTHJau11" MO:>KeT
JHal.fHTCJJbHO 113MCHl1Tb CTPYK'fYPY nopo.ll. Onpe}leJJHTb CTpyl\rypy H3BeCTHJIKOB
o6bJl.fHO HeTpy.nHo. 0.uHaKo ccn11 nopo.n.a 6bma .uonoMl1Tl13HposaHa, HaJJO:>Kcu11e Kp11-
crannos Jl.OJJOMHTa 3al.faCrylO uapyrnaeT Ha'laJlbHYIO 11JBCCTHSIKOBYIO CTpyKTypy. flep-
BOHa'laJibHYIO CTPYKTYPY B TOHKOKpHCTaJJJJHl.feCK11x JJ.OJJOMHTaX pacnoJHaTb nerKo.
0..uHaKo no Mepc yscn11l.feHHJ1 paJMepos KpHCTaJIJIOB onpc.llCJJHTb ncpsoHal.faJ1bHY10
CTPYK'fYPY noponb1 crnuosHTCJI see TPY.llHee H Tpy.nuce.
KpHcTan11b1 ..uonoM11Ta (s .naHHOH KJiaccmjmKaUHH HaJbrnaeMble '!aCTHUaMH)
06bJl.fHO HMCIOT pa3MCpbl OT HCCKOJlbKHX MHKpOHOB .no 6oncc 'ICM 200 MKM. 4a-
CTl1Ilbl MHKpHTa, KaK npaBHJJO, 6b1Ba10T no 20 MKM. TaKHM o6paJOM, nonoMHTHJa-
u11J1 Kap6oHaTHblX npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO fnHHHCTblX nopo.u MO:>KCT npl1BCCTH K yscn11lfe-
HHIO paJMepoB l.faCTHU OT MCHCC 'ICM 20 MKM .uo paJMepoB CBblWC 200 MKM, a poCT
KpHCTaJJJIOB .UOJIOMHTa BCJlCT K nponopUHOHaJlbHOMY yseJJHl.fCHHIO pa3Mepa nop
(pHC. 2.11, e-h). rpa<j>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH MC:>KJlY MC:>Kl.faCTHl.fHOH nop11CTOCTblO H npmrn-
uaeMOCTblO (pHC. 2.12, a) .ltCMOHCrnpyeT npaBHJIO, no KOTOpOMY B npeHMYlUCCTBCH-
HO rnHHHCTblX noponax npoHmtaeMoCTb soJpacrneT no Mepe yscJJHl.feH11J1 paJMcpos
Kp11CTaJIJIOB .l{OJJOMl1Ta 11, COOTBCTCTBeHHO, pa1McpoB nop. ToHKOKp11CTaJJJll11.fCCKHC
(cpe.D.HHH paJMCp KpHCTaJJJJOB - 15 MKM) npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblC JlOJIOMHTbl
HJ MCCTOpO')K.lJ.CHHH Cf>apMep H T3HJJOp JlHHK B nepMCKOM 6accei1HC (CWA) [8,24,26]
HaXO.UJITCJI B o6naCTH JHal.fCHHH npoHHUaCMOCTl1, COOTBCTCTBYIOlllCH pa3MepaM 1epeH
MCHCC 20 MKM. CpC.llHCKp11CTaJJJJHl.fCCKHC (cpC.UHHH pa3Mep - 50 MKM) npcm.1yme-
CTBCHHO rnHHHCTblC llOJIOMHTbl 113 MCCTOpO:>K..UCHHJI )1.IOH B TOM )KC nepMCKOM 6ac-
ceHHC [5] - B o6nacrn, COOTBCTCTBYIOlllCH pa3MepaM 20-100 MKM. KpynHOKpHCTaJJ-
JlHl.fCCKHC .!l.OJJOMHTbl HJ ceKTopa Xapall Ha MCCTOpO:>KJl.CHHl1 rasap [27], KpynHOKpH-
CTaJIJJHl.feCKHC npem.1y1UCCTBCHHO rnHH11CTblC Jl0JJOMl1Tbl 11J MCCTOpO:>K)leHHJI 3u..up10C
Cayr (ncpMCKl1H 6acccHH) [ 19] Haxo.usiTCSI B o6Jiacrn JHal.fCHHH npmmuaeMocrn np11
paJMepax JepcH 60;1ec I 00 MKM.
rpeHHCTOYHbl 06bl'IHO COCTOJIT 11J 3CpCH, JHal.fHTCJlbHO npCBblUJa!OUll1X Kp11CTaJl-
Jlbl .UOJJOMHTa no paJMCpy (pHC. 2. 11, a, b ), no1TOMY 11X ..UOJIOMHTHJaUHJI He OKa-
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OCOJiEHHOCTH H nETPOcJ>H3HlfECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH nOPOJl 63
(a)
(b)
._______.
I MM
(f)
PHc. 2. 11. IlpHMepw HetcasepH03HhlX .llOnoMHTOB. (a) Cpe.u.HeKpHCTaJUIH'ICCKHii OOHJlHhlii .AO-
norpeiiHcroyH. (b) KpynHoKpHCT8.llJJH'ICCKHii .llOnorpciiHcToyH. (c) Me11KOne110H.llH&Iii cpe.llHe-
KpHCTannH'leCKHH npeHMyUleCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTbIH .llOnonaKCTOYH c nOHKHnOTOOHblM aHnutpH-
TOM (6enoro ueeTa). (d) TienOHJlHblK Cpe.llHeKpHCTanJIH'ieCKHH npeHMyUleCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTa.lii
.llOnonaKcroyu c noiiKHnOTOnH&JM aHnt.llpHTOM (6enoro ueera). (e) ToHKOKpHCTa.llJJH'ieCKHii
.llOJloeaKCTOyH. (f) Cpe.llHCKpHCTa.llJJH'lecKHii .llOnoeaKcroyu. (g) KpynuoicpHCTaJJJIH'lecKHH .no-
noeaKCToyu. (h) KpynuoKpHcTannH'fecKHii .llOnOMHT.
64 fJJABA 2
3hIBaeT 3aMernoro 3<P<PeKTa Ha pacnpe.neneHtte nop no pa3Mepy. 3TOT npHHQHn
npo.l(eMOHCTpHpOBaH Ha pHC. 2.12, b, noKa3bIBa!OIUeM Me)l('IaCTH'I-
HOH nopHcTOCTH H npOHHQaeMOCTH s .nonoMHTH3HposaHHhIX rpeHHCToyHax. Pa3-
Mep 3epeH s .l(OJIOrpei1HcToyttax cocrnsm1eT 200 MKM. ToHKOKpHcrnnnH'IecKHe
(H3 MecrnpO)!(.D.eHm1 T3i1nop JlHHK, nepMCKHH 6accei1H), cpe.l(HeKpHcrnnnw1ecKtte
(H3 MeCTOpO)l()l.eHHll ,l1.IOH, nepMCKHH 6accei1H) H KpynHOKpHCTaJJJlH'IeCKHe (H3 06-
HaJKeHH.SI Ha YcTyne An.n)!(epHTa, llITaT Hb!O-MeKCHKO) JlOnorpeiiHCTOYHhJ HaXO.D.llT-
Cll B 0611aCTH 3Ha'IeHHH npOHHQaeMOCTH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUeH pa3MepaM 3epeH CBbI-
Uie I 00 MKM.
(a)
104
,-...
t:::{
31000
..ll
!--
u
100
0
:E
Q)
ctl
10
:1
=
:i::
0
1,0
Q.
c::
0,1
(c)
104
-- t:::{
3 1000
..ll
!--
u
100
0
:E
Q)
ctl
10
:1
=
:i::
0
1,0
Q.
c::
(b) 4

10
IHllC ble .llOllOMHTbl
Kpyn11ble KPllCTallllbl
>< Kp11cranm.1
3 1000
..ll
D eJIKllC KpHCTanllbl
Knacc 3 t;
100
I 5 10 40
Me)l("laCTH'IHM nopwcTOCTb (%)
o Tomro- 11 cpe.a11eicp1tcTaJJ-
Jlll'<eCKHii I I I

3ep1111CTblll I
.11011onaKCTO)'.H
5 10 40
Me)l("laCTH"IHall nopHCTOCTb (%)
0
:E
Q)
ctl
10
:1
=
::i:
0
1,0
Q.
c::
Me)l(qacTH'IHall nopHCTOCTb (%)
Pwc. 2.12. fpaqrnK 3aeHCHMOCTH npottuuaeMOCTH no eoJ.uyxy OT nop11crncTH Jl!lll tteKaeep-
H03HblX .UOJJOMHTOB B cpastteHHH c TpeM.11 o6nacTllMH Jtta"leHHH npottnuael\IOCTH, npttee.uett-
Hbll\IH Ha p11C. 2.6. (a) fipeHMYlllCCTBCHHO f!lHHHCTble ,l:IOJIOMHTbI C KpHCTaJIJJaMH pa3MepoM
10-500 MKM. (b) )loJJorpeHHCTOYHbl (cpe.UHHll pa3Mep 3epett 200 MKM) c KpHCT3JIJl3MH .UOJIO-
MHTa pa3MCpOM 15-150 MKl\I. (c) CTpeHMyuteCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblC LlOJJOnaKCTOYHbl C TOHKO- H
cpentteKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKHMH ;lOJJOMHTaMH.
l13MepeHml MeJK'IaCTHllHOH nopHCTOCTH H npoHHUaCMOCTH B TOHKO- H cpe.l(He-
KpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKHX .l(OJionaKcToyHax c npettMymecrneHHO 3epHHCTOH cTpyKTypoif npH-
se.n.eHbr Ha rpa<i>11Ke Ha pttc. 2.12, c. Cpe.UHHH pa3Mep 3epeH cocrnsm1eT 200 MKM.
06pa3UbI B3llTbJ H3 CBHThr CaH-AH.n.pec Ha Mecrnpo)!(,D.eHHH CeMHHOJI [35] H H3 cj>op-
2.4. CTPYKTYPHbIE OCOoEHHOCTH 11 nETPO<l>l13114ECKl1E XAPAKTEPl1CTl1Kl1 nOPO)l 65
Mal.{HH rpeJ:i6ypr
6
Ha MeCTOpO:>K)J.eHHH ,[{IOH B nepMCKOM 6acceHHe [5]. 0pHBe)J.eHHble
.uaHHble HaXO,!J,UC.SI B o6nac1.'H 3Ha4eHHH npOHHuaeMOCTH, COOTBeTCTBYIOllleH pa3Me-
paM 3epeH 20-100 MKM.
Ha pHc. 2.13 noKa3aHbl o6nacTH 3Ha<JeHHH npoHHuaeMOCTH, nocTpoeHHbie c yqe-
TOM scex HMelOll{HXC.SI .!J.aHHblX no ,!J,OJIOMHTaM. ,[{onorpeHHCTOYHbl H KpynHOKpHCTaJI-
JIH4eCKHe ,!J,OJIOMHTbl COOTBeTCTBYIOT o6JiaCTH c pa3MepoM KpHCTaJIJIH4eCKHX qaCTHU
CBblllle 100 MKM. Pacn03HaTb 3epHa B .LlOJIOMHTax c pa3MepoM KpHCTaJIJIOB CBbIWe
100 MKM Kpaiitte 3aTPY.LlHHTeJibHO. 0,nHaKo H3-3a Toro, 4TO see KpynHOKpHCTaJIJIH4e-
CKHe .LlOJIOMHTbl nona,naIOT B o6JiaCTb 3Ha4eHHH npoHHuaeMOCTH, COOTBeTCTBYIOW:YIO
pa3MepaM qacTHU CBbIWe I 00 MKM, nepBOHa4aJibHa.SI CTpyKTypa nopOJlbl MaJIO H3Me-
H.SleTC.SI c neTpo<PH3H4eCKOH T04KH 3peHH.SI. TottKO- H cpe.ntteKpHCTaJIJIH4eCKHe rrpe-
HMymecrneHHO 3epHHCTble .LlOJIOilaKCTOYHbl H cpe.!J.HeKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKne npeHMYIIle-
CTBeHHO rJIHHHCTble .LlOJIOMHTbl nona,nalOT B o6JiaCTb 3Ha4eHHH npOHHuaeMOCTH npH
pa3Mepax qacTHU 20-100 MKM, a TOHKOKpHCTaJIJIH4eCKHe npeHMymecrneHHO rJIHHH-
CTble JlOJIOMHTbl - B o6JiaCTb npH pa3Mepe qaCTHU Mettee 20 MKM.
Knacc I
X Knacc 2
c Knacc 3
Me)l(l{aCTH'IHaJI nopHCTOCTb (%)
P11c. 2.13. CBO.!lHbIH rpa$HK 3aBHCHMOCTH 11pottHuaeMOCTH 110 B03.!lYXY OT nop11cTOCTH .'l)lJI
HeKaeepH03HblX JJ.OJIOMHTOB B cpaBHeHHH c TpeM.11 o6naCTJIMH 3Ha<JeHHH llpOHHUaeMOCTH, yKa-
3aHHblMH Ha pHC. 2.6.
06nacn1 3Ha4eHHH npOHHuaeMOCTH ,!),JI.SI JlOJIOMHTOB Ha rpa<t>HKe onpe.!J.eJI.SllOT-
c.si pa3MepoM KpHCTaJIJIOB .!J.OJIOMHTa, a TaK:>Ke pa3MepoM H copTHpOBKOH 3epeH HC-
1
'<I>aum1 Kapnc6a.u, rpynna ApTe3Hll. - npu.11. 11epe6.
66 fJIABA 2
XO.UHblX HJBecTWIKOB. B npe.uenax Ka)l(.uoii 06nacT11 paJMep nop 11 npoH11uaeMoCTb
onpe.uemnoTC.ff eenwrnHOH Me:>KLiaCTHqHoro noposoro npocTpaHCTBa. C11cTeMaTw1e-
CKHe H3MeHeHH.ff semlLIHH Me)l(JepHOBOH H Me)l(KpHCTaJIJIHl{eCKOH nopHCTOCTH B npo-
uecce ueMeHTaUHH llOJIOMHTOB H HX ynJIOTHeHH.ff B npouecce norpy)l(eHHSI npHBO.U.ffT
K COOTBeTCTsy10meMy H3MeHeHHlO B pacnpeneJieHHH nop no pa3Mepy, LITO, B CBOIO
oLiepenb, ee.uer K c11cTeMan1qecKHM H3MeHeHHSIM npoHHuaeMOCTH. TaKHM o6paJOM,
Me)l(qacTwrna.ff nopHCTOCTb onpe.lleJI.11eT npOHHuaeMOCTb
7
a npe.uenax o6JiaCTH JHaqe-
HHH npOHHuaeMOCTH, KOTopa.11 HaXO.D.HTC.11 B JaBHCHMOCTH OT pa3Mepoe H copTHpOBKH
KpHCTaJIJIOB .UOJIOMHTa H 3epeH HJBeCTH.llKa.
Cpa6uenue 1116ecnrHHK06 u ()01101-.11mo6
PeJyJihTaTbI aHaJIHJa cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHblX oco6eHHOCTeii H3BeCTH.llKOB H .no-
JIOMHTOB 6bIJIH o6be.UHHeHbl H npe.ucrnsJieHbl Ha rpacl>uKe JaBHCHMOCTH npOHHuaeMO-
CTH OT nopHCTOCTH (pHC. 2.14). 06JiaCTH JHaqeHHH npoH11uaeMOCT11 6blJIH paJ.neneHbl
Ha neTpocl>H3HtiecKHe KJiaCCbI (l, 2 H 3 ), xapaKTep113y10m11e CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbie
oco6eHHOCTH nopo.n. 06JiaCTl1, COOTBeTCTBYIOll.lHe palJiffllHblM KJiaccaM, no.uo6Hbl HC-
XO.lJ.HblM o6JiaCT.llM 3HaqeHHH npOHHuaeMOCTH, Ja HCKJilOtieHHeM Toro, qTo sepXH.11.ff
rpam1ua o6nacTH .un.11 Jepeu pa3MepoM 6onee 100 MKM H HH)l(H.11.ff rpau11ua o6nacrn
.nn.11 JepeH pa3MepoM MeHee 20 MKM 6bIJil1 .llJl.ll Toro, lff06bl BKJIIOqJ1Tb HO-
Bble .llaHHbie. B KJiacc I BKJIJOtieHbI neTpocTpyKTypbI Tpex nopo.u: ( 1) rpeiiHCToyuos,
(2) ,UOJIOMHTH3HposaHHblX rpeHHCTOYHOB H (3) KpynHOKpHCTaJIJIHtieCKHX JlOJIOMHTOB,
KOTOpble MoryT 6b!Tb npencTaBJieHbl .uonorpdiHcTOyHaMH, npeHMymecTBeHHO JepHH-
CTblMH .u.ononaKcToyHaMH 111111 npe11MymecTBeHHO mHHHCTbIMH .uonoMHTaMH. B ue-
JIOM pa3Mep Jepeu 11 KpHCTaJIJIOB a npe.uenax 06nacT11 3Toro Knacca ysen11ti11saeTc.11
OT npaBOH rpaHHUbl K JieBOH OT 100 .uo 500 MKM. BepXHSl.11 rpau11ua o6nacrn (pa3Mep
4acrnu 500 MKM) qeTKO He onpe.ueneua. BepXHHH npe.uen 3TOH o6nacrn JHaqeuHH
npoH11uaeMOCTH ycrnHosneH np11MepHo, noToMy 4TO no Mepe ysen11qeHHS1 pa3Mepos
'laCTHU BCJIH4HHa yma HaKJIOHa JIHHHH JaBHCHMOCTH Me)l(ny nopHCTOCTblO H npOHH-
uaeMOCTMO CTpCMHTCSI K 6ecKOHe4HOCTH, a caMa JaBHCHMOCTb Me:>K.uy 3THMH .UBYM.ff
napaMeTpaM11 - K uyn10.
Tp11 .upyrne neTpocTpyKTypbI cocrnsJISIJOT y4aCTOK ernporo Knacca: (I) npe11My-
mecTBeHHO JepttHCTble naKCTOYHbl, (2) TOHKO-cpe.11.HeKpHCTaJIJIHljCCKHe npe11Myme-
CTBeHHO JepHHCTble .UOJIO!IaKCTOYHbl H (3) cpe.uHeKpHCTaJIJIHLjeCKHe npeHMymecTBeH-
HO mHHHCTb1e .uo110MHTb1. PaJMep Jepeu naKcTOyHos H npe11MymecTBeHtto 3epHHCTbIX
.uononaKCToyttos cocrns11S1eT 80-400 MKM. Pa3Mep Kp11crnnnos npe11MymecTBCHHO
rJIHHHCTblX ,UOJIOMHTOB COCTaBmleT 20-100 MKM.
Knacc 3 o6beJlHHSleT cTpyKTyptto-TeKcrypHbie oco6eHHOCTH .nsyx nopo.u: ( l) npe-
HMymecrneHHO rJIHHHCTblX naKCTOYHOB, saKCTOYHOB H Ma.UCTOYHOB H (2) TOHKOKpH-
CTaJIJIHqecKHX npe11MymecTseHHO rnHHHCTblX .uonoMHTOB. AHanHJ urnmflos cs11.ue-
TeJihCTByeT o TOM, qTo npoH11uaeMOCTb pacrcr no Mepe ysem1qeH11S1 paJMepa 3epeH
a npe.uenax 0611acn1 JHal1eu11if.
7
T. e. nOJJOJKeHllC lO'!eK Ha rpa<llllKC "33BllCllMOCTll nopllCTOCTll 11 llJ10HllU3CMOC1 H. - np11.11. 11eper1.
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OCOl>EHHOCTH 11 nETPO<t>HJHlfECKHE XAPAKTEPHCHIKH noPOll 67
1000
100
10

+ Knacc I
Knacc 2
a K11acc 3
OcH npeo6pa3oBaHHH
+ a
a

+
+
a
+
+ +
+ + ++
+
if.
+

+
++
+

Knacc I
K11acc 2
K11acc 3
0,
0,01 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4
Me)l(11acrn'IHaJ1 nopHCTOCTb (.nonH e.n.)
Pttc. 2.14. Cso)lHbIH rpa<jlHK JaBHCHMOCTH Me)l(JJ.y nopHCTOCTbJO 11 npoHHuaeMOCTbJO no B03-
.nyxy .Q.Jlll HJBeCTHllKOB H )lOJlOMHTOB c Me)l(qacTH'IHOH nopHCTOCTb!O, JIOKa"lbrnaJOll.{HH npe-
o6pa30BaHHll nopHCTOCTb-npott11uaeMOCTb no MCTO.UY perpecc1111 rnaBHOH OCH 110 ,11.aHHblM
reocrnrncrnK11 Ll.Jlll Ka)l()lOro KJJacca (nyttKT11pttble 1111HHH). CM. ypasHCHllll s TeKcTe.
01(eH1<a 11poHU1(aeMocmu
<l>opMyJlbl pac'IeTa npOHHuaeMOCTH no Me)K'IaCTHlfHOH nopHCTOCTH MoryT 6b1Tb
nonyYeHbI .um1 Ka)K)lOro HJ Tpex neTpocptt3HlfeCKHX KJJaccoe. HmKe npwee)leHbI
npeo6pa30BaHHSI no MeTO,!ly perpeCCHH rnaBHOH OCH .llJISI Ka)K,!l0f0 nerpocpH3H4e-
CKOro KJJacca, paCClfHTaHHbJe Ha OCHOBe .uaHHblX, npe.UCTaBJJeHHblX Jlycwa ( 1999)
(pttc. 2. 14 ). Xorn HOBble .uaHHbie, npe.IlcrneneHHbie Ha puc. 2. 14, npe.uno11araroT
HeCKOJlbKO OTJUllfHbie cflopMyJlbl, ncpBOHalJaJibHble c!>opMyJibl no-npe)f(HeMy MOryT
6bITb HCl10Jlh30BaHbl.
Knacc l knp = ( 45,35 x 10s)
Kn ace 2 k
11
P = ( 2. 040 x 10<i)

Knacc 3 k
11
P = ( 2.884 x 10:
1
)

r.ue knp - K03$cp11u11eHT npOHHUaeMOCTH (M.ll.), kn M - KOJcpcpuuHeHT nopHCTOCTH
(.UOJIH e.u.)
Xorn eoceMh nerpocTpyKTYP 6b1JIH pa3.1l.eIIeHbI Ha TPH neTpocpm1111ecKHX Knacca,
e npwpo.ue YeTKHX rpaHHU Me)K.uy HHMH He cymecrnyeT. B pea11bHOcT11 cyll..{ecrnyer
68 rnABA 2
1000
-
t:::t:
100
::;:
-,.Q
t
0
10 ::;:
ii)
~
::1
:s:
:i:
0
1,0
c.
c::
0,1
0,05 0, I 0,2 0,3 0,4
1000
Me)l(llaCTH'lHa.11 nopHCTOCTb (.aom1 e.u.)
(b)
-t:::t:
100
::;:
-,.Q
!--
u
0
10 ::;:
ii)
~
::r
:s:
:i:
0
1,0
c.
c::
0,1
0,05 0, I 0,2 0,3 0,4
1000
Me)f('laCTH'lHall nopHCTOCTb (.uonH e.u.)
------....------.......... ---. (c)
0.05
-t:::t:
100
::;:
-,.Q
!--
u
0
10 ::;:
<!)
~
::r
:s:
:i:
0
1,0
c.
c::
0,1
0,05 0, 1 0,2 0,3 0,4
Me)f('l3CTH'lHall nopHCTOCTb (.uonH e.u.)
PHc. 2.15. TiocneJ1.0BaTenbHOCTb npeo6pa3oBaHtti1 nopwcTOCTb-npottHuaeMOCTb All.II cTpyK-
rypHo-TeKcrypttbJX oco6eHHOCTei1 pa3nH'IHbIX nopoJl.. (a) flocne.uosaTenbHOCTb AJJR tteKasep-
H03HOro 1neecTHllKa. (b) Tiocne.uosaTenbHOCTb .Zl!lll HeKaeeptt03HOro .uonoMHTa. (c) CTpyK-
ryptto-TeKcrypHblH HH.UCKC H3MeHl!CTCll OT 0,5 .uo 4 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cpe.UHHX
H rpaHH'IHbIX B CBOCM KJiacce 3HalJCHHH npeo6pa3oBaHHH nopHCTOCTb-npOHHUaCMOCTb.
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OCOl>EHHOCTl1 11 nETPO<l>l13H4ECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTl1Kl1 noPO.ll 69
HenpepbIBHOe H3MeHeHHe pa3Mepos H copTHpOBKH 3epeH OT Ma.I(CTOYHOB K rpeHHCTOy-
HaM, 4TO OTpaiKaeTCSI Ha nporiopUHSIX rmrnHCTblX 4aCTHU H 3epeH H Ha pa3Mepe caMHX
3epeH (p11c. 2.15, a). TO'IHO TaK iKe, cymecrnyeT HenpepbIBHasi nocneAosaTeJihHOCTb
B yeeJIH'IeHHH pa3Mepos KpHCTaJIJIOB .UOJIOMHTa OT 5 .n:o 500 MKM B npe11MymecTBeHHO
rnHHHCThIX .UOJIOMHTaX (puc. 2.15, b ). Cne.nosaTeJibHO, Ha6moJJ.aeTcsi nonHasi Henpe-
pbIBHOCTb OTHOIIIeHHSI nOpHCTOCTb-npOHHUaeMOCTb B npeJJ.eJiax neTPO<l>H3HlleCKOfO
KJiacca.
,LJ:JISI nocTpOeHHSI MO,UeJIH TaKOH Henpepb!BHOCTH KaiKJJ.OH rpaHHUe scex neTpo-
<l>H3H'IeCKHX KJiaCCOB 6bIJIH JJ.aHbl 'IHCJIOBbJe 3Ha'IeHHSI (0,5, 1,5, 2,5 H 4) (pHC. 2.15, c ),
a TaKiKe 6hmH nony'IeHbI npeo6pa3osaHHSI nopHCTOCTb-npoHuuaeMocTb. 3TH npe-
o6pa3oeaHusi, BMecTe c npeo6pa3osaHHSIMH TPeX neTpo<l>H3H4eCKHX KJiaccos, 6bIJIH
HCnOJib30BaHbl ,!J)ISI BbIBO.U:a ypaBHeHHH, KOTOpbie CBSl3bIBalOT npOHHUaeMOCTb H MeiK-
qacTH'IHYIO nopHCTOCTb c nocne.noeaTeJibHOCTblO neTpo<l>H3H'IeCKHX KJiaCCOB npH no-
MOIUH MHOiKeCTBeHHbIX JIHHeHHbIX perpeccHH. TaKasi nocne.u:osaTeJibHOCTb neTpo-
<l>H3H4eCKHX KJiaCCOB HOCHT Ha3BaHHe cmpyKmypHo-meKcmypllblU UIUJeKC (CTl1).
PeJyJibTHpy10masi <l>opMyJia nepec'IeTa npuse.neua HHiKe [ 13, 27].
Log(k
11
p) =(A - BLog(CT11)) + ((C - DLog(CTl1))Log(k
11
.M)),
rJJ.e A = 9,7982, B = 12,0838, C = 8,6711, D = 8,2965, CTl1 - CTPYKTYPHO-
TeKcTypHbIH HH.n;eKC, BeJIH'IHHa MeHSleTCH OT 0,5 Jl.0 4, kn.M - K03<l><l>uuueHT MeiK-
4aCTH'IHOH nopHCTOCTH
l13BeCTHSIKH H TOHKOKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKHe npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTbJe JJ.OJIOCTO-
YHbl nona.u:aioT s HHTepsaJI 3Ha'IeHHH CTl1 OT 2,5 )J.O 4 (p11c. 2.15, c ). Benwrn-
Ha CTl1 YMeHbwaeTcsi no Mepe yseJIH'Iettusi pa3Mepos KpHCTaJIJIOB )J.OJIOMHTa OT 5
JJ.0 20 MKM B npeHMymecTBeHHO fJIHHHCTblX J(OJIOMHTaX HJIH yseJIH'IeHHSI pa3Me-
poB 3epeu B 113secTHS1Kax c npeuMymecrneHHO rJIHHHCTOH CTPYKTYPOH. Ilpe11MyIUe-
CTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl, TOHKO- H cpe.I(HeKpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKHe npeHMymecTBeH-
HO 3epHHCTbJe .L{OJIOnaKCTOYHbl, a TaKiKe cpe.I(HeKpHCTaJIJIH'IeCKHe npeuMymecTBeHHO
rnHHHCTbie .uoJIOMHTbI coorneTCTBYIOT 3Ha'IettusiM CTl1 OT 1,5 .uo 2,5 (puc. 2.15, c ).
3TH 3Ha'IeHHSI yMeHbIIIalOTC.s! no Mepe yseJIH'IeHHSI pa3MepOB KpHCTa.JIJIOB .UOJIOMHTa
OT 20 .uo I 00 MKM B npe11MymecTseHHO rnHHHCTbIX .UOJIOMHTax, a TaKiKe no Me-
pe yseJIH'IeHHSI pa3MepOB 3epeH H COKpameHHSI KOJIH'IeCTBa MeiK3epHOBOro MHKpH-
Ta.8 fpeHHCTOYHbI, )J.OJIOrpeHHCTOYHbl H KpynHOKpHCTa.JIJIH'IeCKHe .UOJIOMHTbl COOT-
BeTCTBYIOT HHTepeany 3Ha'IeHHH CTl1 OT 0,5 .uo 1,5 (puc. 2.15, c ). 3tta'Iettu.si CTl1
CHHiKalOTC.s! npH yeeJIH'IeHHH pa3MepoB 3epeH H KpHCTaJIJIOB JJ.OJIOMHTa OT 100
.UO 500 MKM.
KaK yiKe o6cyiKJJ.anocb B rnaee I, IlurrMaH [32] 11 B11ttJiaHJJ. [ 17] ony6JIHKOBaJIH
.naHHble 0 neTpo<l>H3H4eCKHX CB.s!3.s!X MeiK.U:Y MeiK'IaCTH'IHOH nopHCTOCTblO, npoHHUa-
eMOCTbfO H KanHJIJI.s!pHbIM .uasJieHHeM B OCHOBHOM Jl.Jl.s! CHJIHKOKJiaCTOB (KpeMHHCTO-
o6JIOMO'IHblX nopo.u), HO npHMeHHMbie H .UJISI Kap6ottaTOB. 0HH c.neJia.JIH BblBO.U 0 TOM,
'ITO BeJIH'IHHa nopoBbIX Kattanos, 3aMepeHHa.si np11 35 %-HOM HachIIUeHHH PTYThID,
xB HJBCCTHiiKax. - flp1w. nepee.
70 fJJABA 2
)laeT Ha1-rnym1yio CBH3b Me)K.ny nopHCTOCTblO H npom1uaeMOCTb10. YpasHeHHe CTHTT-
MaH [32] npHBe)leHO HHJ!Ce.
Log(R35) = 0,255 + 0.565 log(knp) - 0. 523 log(k
11
),
r)le R35 - senwnrna nopOBbIX KaHanos, JaMepeHHaH npH 35 %-HOM HaCbJIJ]eHHH pTy-
TblO, knp - npOHHl.laeMOCTb (M.lJ.), kn - nopHCTOCTb. CTOCKOJlbKY ony6JIHKOBaHHble
.u.aHHbJe noJiylJeHbl nptt H3yl!eHHH KpeMHHCTO-o6JJOM0l(HblX nopo.u., nopttCTOCTb .LlOJl)K-
Ha ylfHTbIBaTbCH KaK Me)KlfaCTHlftta11.
CTpHse.neHHoe Bblllle ypastteHHe npe.u.crasJieHo B rpaqmtJeCKOH <t>opMe tta
pHC. 2.16, r.ue OHO cpaBHHBaeTCH c ytJaCTKaMH, COOTBeTCTBYlOIJJHMH pa3JIHlJHblM neT-
pocpH3HlfeCKHM KJJaccaM, onHCaHHbIM paHee B .u.aHHOH pa6oTe. HecoMHeHtto, lJTO no-
ny11eHHbie CTHTTMaHOM COOTHOllleHHH Me)K.ny pa3MepoM nopOBhIX KaHaJIOB, nopHCTO-
CTblO H npOHHuaeMOCTblO He cornacylOTCH c npHse.ueHHbJMH B )laHHOH KJiaccH<l>HKa-
UHH onpe)leJieHHHMH neTpo<l>H3HlJeCKHX KJiaccos. Ta!C)J(e OlJeBH.llHO, lJTO B npe.nenax
Ka)J()lOro neTpo<l>H3H'lecKoro KJiacca pa3Mep nopos1>1x KattaJJOB yMeHblllaercH no Me-
1000
JOO
,-..
~
::.
'-'
,.Q
f-
(,,)
0
JO ::0
Q.l
"'
:::!
:s:
::c
0
c..
c::
Log(R35) = 0.255+ 0.565 log(k
11
p)-O, 523 log(kn) Pa3Mep nopOBbIX
KaHanos (MKM)
20
2
4 6 8 10 20 30
MeJK'laCTH'IHall nopHCTOCTb (%)
PHc. 2.16. fpa<!>HK cpasHeHHR neTpo<jrn:m'leCKHX KJiaccoa H pa3Mepoa noposbIX Kattanos nptt
pa3Jilfl!HblX 3Ha1emtllX nopttCTOCTH 11 npOHHUaeMOCTH.
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OCOEEHHOC'Tl1 H nETPO<t>lflHl!ECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTl1KH noPO.!l 71
pe CHH)f(eHH.ff Me)f(llaCTH4HOH nopHCTOCTH. BoceMh npHHS!ThIX 3a ocHoey neTpo-
CTpy1ayp, onHCaHHbIX Bhlllle, T.fffOTelOT K cneuH$H4eCKHM nerpo$H3H4eCKHM KJlac-
caM, a He I< pa3Mepy noposbIX 1<amu10e. CneD.OBaTeJibHO, 11p11.,11ou C6R.3U ,ue.Jtcdy
pa3.uepo,11 nop u cmpyKmypno-meKcmypHbl.llU oco6ennoc111Jwu Kap6oHamHblX nopod
ne 06napy:>1CeHo.
2.4.2. CooTuomeuua Me;K.lly CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypub1Mn oco6euuocTHMH nopoi.,
nopHCTOCTblO H 80.!lOHaCbllUeHHOCTblO
Ka1< 6bIJIO noKa3aHo B rnase I, ttacbilll.eHHOCTb <1>n10H.L1aMH JaBHClff OT pa.3Me-
pos nopoBbIX Kattanoe H KanHJIJI.llpHoro .L1aBJieHHS1 (BbICOTbI 3aJie)f(11). CymecTsyer
HeCKOJlbKO MeTO.UOB onpe.neneHH.ff 3aBHCHMOCTH Me)f(,ny pa3MepoM nop, BO.!lOHaCbl-
lll.eHHOCTblO H BblCOTOH 3a.Jie)f(H [ 1, 4, 12, 18]. 3rn MeTO.!lbl conocTaBJI.fflOT pa3Mep nop
c OTHOUieHHeM Me)f(,ny npOHHUaeMOCTblO H nopHCTOCTblO (knp/ kn) H .neJialOT nonhIT-
KY npHMeHHTb ycpe.nHeHHhie 3Ha4eHH.ff KanHJIJIS!pHoro D.aBJieHH.ff B uen.ffx ynpomeHH.ff
TaKOH 3aBHCHMOCTH, HCnOJib3Y.ff OTHOlllett11e knp/ kn KaK napaMeTp HOpMaJIH'3aUi'IH.
HcnoJibJyeMa.ff JleseperroM [ 18] .l-cf>yttI<UHH
9
sisnsiercsi HaH6onee qacro npttMeHHC-
MhIM cnoco6oM ycpe.uHeHirn .uaHHbIX 1<anttmrnpHoro .uasneHH.ff. Cratt.napTHaH <l>opll.1y.'la
.LIJISI pacqera J-<PyHKUHH npHBeD.eHa HH)f(e.
rD.e ~ - 1<anm1.rrnpttoe D.asnem1e (a6comornoe D.aBJJeH11e, an.-1), CJ - nosepxttocrHoe
HaT.ff)f(eHHe (.!lHHICM), knp - npOHHUaeMOCTb (ML(), kll - K03<1><1>11u11eHT nopHCTOCTH
(.nom1 eD..)
TipHMeHHeMaH Leverett J-<l>YHKUHH COOTHOCHT 80,ll.OHaChllUeHHOCTb c Kamm-
JIHpHbIM .uasJieHHeM, KOTopoe HBJISleTCH <l>YHKUHeH BbICOTbl 3aJie)f(H H K03$$HUHeH-
Ta ( knp/ kn) I /
2
' KOTOphIH 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa nop. Ha p11c. 2.16 .uaHa 11JIJIIOCTpauH.ff
npe,unOJIO)f(eHHSI 0 TOM, 4TO pa3Mep nop MO)f(eT 3aBHCeTb OT neTpO$H3H4eCKOfO KJiac-
ca nopo.u H Me)f(4aCTH4HOH nopHCTOCTH, paBHO KaK 11 OT K03$$HUHeHTa (knp/kn)
1
1
2
.
Cne.uosaTeJibHO, HJMetteHHe 3Ha4eHHH Me)f(Y:aCTH4HOH nop11cTOCTH B npe.uenax y'laCT-
KOB, COOTBeTCTBYIOlllHX J<a)f(,UOMY nerpo$H3H4eCKOMy KJiaccy, 03HaY:aeT H3MeHeHHe
pa3Mepa nop, Tor.na BO.[J.OHaCbllll.eHHOCTb (kB) )lOJl)f(Ha CTaBHTbCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTb OT
BblCOTbl 3aJie)f(H (H), nopHCTOCTH (kn) H nerpOQlH3H4eCKOfO KJiacca (TIK):
kB = f (H, k
11
TIK).
Tip11se.11.eHHbie ypaBHeHHH HenpHMeHHMbl )lJl.ff Kap6oHaTOB, xapaKTepH3YIOlllHXCH
3HaY:HTeJibHbIM o6beMoM KaeepHOBOH nop11cTOCTH, HanpHMep, rpeiittCTOYHOB c BHYT-
p11nonocrnoi1 nop11cTOCTbJO HJIH nopo.u c npemv1ymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTOH cTpyKTypoii,
o6na.naJOlll.HX lllHpOKO pa3BHTOH Me)f(3epHOBOH MHKponopHCTOCTblO.
9
<l>yHKUHll 6aKJJell-Jleecpena. - flpu11. nepee.
72 fJlABA 2
.[(JUI KOJIH'leCTBeHHOro Bbipa)l(eHH.ll xapaKTepHCTHK HaCbllUeHHOCTH <Pmou.uaMH
M.ll Tpex nerpo<PH3H1IeCKHX KJiaCCOB 6bIJia C03.UaHa cepH.ll KpHBblX KanHJIJI.llpHoro
.uasJieHH.ll npH pa3JIHqHbIX 3HaqeHH.llX nopHCTOCTH ,[(Jl.ll K a ~ o r o KJiacca .[(aHHble 6bl-
JIH nonyqeHbl no H3BeCTH.llKaM H .l1.0J10MHTaM. ,D..n.ll K a ~ o r o KJiacca KpHBbie 6bIJIH
crpynnupoBaHbI H no HHM nocqurnHa cpe.UH.ll.ll nopHCTOCTb. K03<P<Pm . .{HeHTbI ttaCbI-
1.1.{eHH.ll PTYTblO 6hIJIH ycpe.uHeHbI .UJI.ll Ka)l(.uoro 3Ha'leHH.ll .uasneHH.ll HarneTaHH.ll. TaK-
)l(e M.ll Ka)l(,[(OfO KJiacca 6bIJIH nOCTpOeHbl rpa<PHKH BbICOTbl 3aJie)l(H (KanumurpHO-
ro .uasJieHH.ll), creneHH HaCbil.I.{eHH.ll PTYThlO H nopHCTOCTH .[(asneHHe HarneTaHH.ll
pryTH 6hIJIO npeo6pa30BaHO B Bb!COTY 3aJie)ICH c nOMOll{blO THnH'IHblX .UJl.ll .uaHHO-
ro KJiacca 3Ha'leHHH H ypasHeHHH, onucaHHbIX B rnase 1. YpasHeHH.ll, CB.ll3bIBalOl.I.{He
K03<P<PHUHeHT BO.UOHaCbll.I.{eHHOCTH c nopHCTOCTblO H Bb!COTOH 3aJie)l(H, 6hIJIH BbIBe-
.ueHbl c HCnOJib30BaHHeM MHO)l(eCTBeHHbIX JIHHeHHblX perpeCCHH, npn 3TOM <PnKCH-
pOBaJIHCb 3HaqeHH.ll K03<P<PHllHeHTa BO.D.OHaChll.I.{eHHOCTH KaK 3aBHCHMOH nepeMeHHOH
H Kanunm1pHoro .uasJieHH.ll H nopHCTOCTH - KaK He3aBHCHMbIX nepeMeHHhIX. Ko3<P-
<PmmeHT so.uouacbll.I.{eHHOCTH, onHcbrnaeMbIH yKaJaHHbIMH ypaBHeHH.llMH, .llBJI.lle'fC.ll
HaqaJibHbIM, npH '.HOM KOJIJieKTop HaXO,[(HTCSI B COCTOSIHHH .upeHa)l(a (H3BJieqeHHSI )l(H,[(-
KOCTH), a He nponHTKH.
Pe3yJihTHpy101.I.{He ypasHeHH.ll npe.ucrasneHbI HH)l(e, a TaK)l(e npoHJIJIIOCrpHposa-
HhI Ha pHc. 2.17.
Krracc 1: k - 0 015244 x H-o,
3
rn x k-
1
,
745
BO - ! n '
Knacc 2: k = 0 08657 x H-o.4o
7
x k-
1
.4
40
BO ' n l
Krracc 3: k = 0 3353 x H-o.
5
o
5
x k-
1

2
10
BO 1 n '
r.ue kBo - K03<P<PuuueHT HaqanbHOH so.aoHaChil.I.{eHHOCTH, H - BbICOTa 3aJie)l(H (M),
kn - nopHCTOCTb (B OCHOBHOM, Me)l(qacrnqHM) (.D.OJIH e.u.). Bb1cora 3aJie)l(H MO-
)l(eT 6hITb npeo6pa3oBaHa B 3HaqeHH.ll Kanunnsi:pHoro .uasneHH.ll no <PopMyne
10
TIK =
= H/0,2402.
qeTseproe ypasueHHe 6hmo coJ,naHo cneuHaJibHO MSI nopo.n:, xapaKTepH3yIO-
muxcsi: CTl1, paBHhIM 4, c ucnOJib30BaHHeM ,naHHbIX no CBHTe lllyai16a Menosoro
eo3pacrn (EJIH)l(HHH BocToK):
CTH4 k = 2 177 x H-o.
7
x k-i,o
BO ! n
CooTHOllleHHSI Me)l(.uy nopHCTOCTblO, HaqanhHOH eo.uouacb11.I.{eHHocTblO H ner-
po<PH3H'leCKHM KJiaCCOM MOryT 6bITb noKa3aHbl Ha npHMepe KOJIJieKTopa c BblCOTOH
3aJie)l(H 150 Merpos ('ITO coorseTcTsyeT pTyTHOMY KanHJIJISlpHOMY .uasJieHHIO 44 aTM)
c HCnOJib30BaHHeM KpHBblX 3aBHCHMOCTH HaChlll{eHHOCTH H nopHCTOCTH MSI Ka)l():{O-
ro neTpo<P11311qecKoro KJiacca. TionyqeHHbie pe3yJibTaTbI (puc. 2.18) noKaJbIBaIOT, qTo
,[(Jl.ll Kap6oHaTOB c He3HaqHTeJibHOH KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTblO Ha rpa<PHKe 3aBHCH-
MOCTH nopHCTOCTH H BOAOHaCbll.I.{eHHOCTH MO)l(HO Bbl,[(eJIHTb TPH nerpo<PHJHqecKHX
1
KanHJ1m1pHoe 1xaenem-1e. - flpu.M. nepee.
2.4. CTPYKTYPHhlE OC06EHHOCTH H nETPO<l>H3H1IECKHE XAPAKTEP11CTHKH noPO)l. 73
(a)
Tie-rpo<l>H3H'leCKHH KJiacc l
k =0 015244xH-C>
316
xk-1.
745
' n

nop1tCTOCTb
'i o,o5 I
';' 460 1-++-+--+-----1,.-0,Q75
0
..___-+------t
0,10
@ 15 ___ __,
M 0,20
s
()
:a
'
(c)

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
Ko3<l>qnn.{HeHT Bo.n;oHacb1meHHOCTH
(.!1.0nH e.ll.)
Tierpo<l>H3H'leCKHH KJiacc 3
k =0 3353x H-
0

505
x k-
1

210
so ' n
610r-T"....-n-..-..-r-r-..--r-.-.-.....-,.-.-.....-T........,--.--.
nopllCTOCTb
'i 0,05
';' 460
0,10
=: 0,15
300
s
()
:a
'
0
o 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
Ko3<t><t>m.{HeHT B0.1lOHach1meHHOCTH
(b)
oL......_..__r::::::::,,;;;;:;:::ib,,,,...::;:it::;:::""i;;;;;;;;;;;;:;:::1
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
(d)
KoJ<t><t>m.{HeHT BO.ll.OHaCbllUeHHOCTH
(.llOnH e.ll.)
Tie-rpo<l>H3H'leCKHH KJiacc 4
k =2177xH-
0

7
xk-
1

0
BO t n
610,...........,,...,. ........ ........,.,.._,........., ......... -,--,--.-.--r....--.--r-i
IlopHCTOCTb
'i' 0,05
- 460

0,15
300 1----'--'r--'1.-.......... .....+.,&----"lr-0,20
M

:a
'
0
o 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
KOJ<l><l>HuHeHT so.noHacb1meHHOCTH
PHC. 2.17. Mo.neJIH Ha'laJibHOH BO,[{OHaCbllUeHHOCTH, OCHOBaHHble Ha ,llaHHblX 0 KanHJIJlllpHOM
.nasnemrn, .nm1 cneumpH'leCKHX nerpoqnt3H'leCKHX KJiaccos. (a) Knacc l - .nonorpeiittcToy-
HhI. (b) Knacc 2 - cpe,nHeKpHCTaJinH'leCKHe .llOJIOBaKCTOYHbl. (c) Knacc 3 - TOHKOKpHCTaJI-
JIH'leCKHe .11.0JIOBaKCTOYHbl. (d) Knacc 4 - MHKpOKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKHe Ma.UCTOYHbl " BaKCTOYHbl
H3 ceHThl Wyaii6a (6nmKHHH BocToK).
KJJacca no y'laCTKaM HaCbIW.eHHOCTH, CXO,ll;HblM c o6nacrnMH 3Ha'leHHH npOHHl..{a-
eMOCTH. 3mo Ha6J11odellt1e noom6ep:>ICOaem UCXOOHOe npeiJnoJlO:JICeHue 0 moAt, 'lmO
u npoHUlfae.Mocmb, u eoiJ0Hacb1u1eHHocm& KOHmpollupy10mcJ1. pacnpeiJeJ1eHue.M nop
no pa:JJuepy u 'lmo nocJleOHuu paKmop ,wo:J1Cem 6&tmb onucaH 6 paMKax cmpyKmypHo-
meKcmypHblX oco6eHHocmeu nopoo u K03pputfueHmo6 nopucmocmu 6 Kap60Ha11wx
c He3Ha'lumeJlbHOU KaeepH060U nopucmocmb10.
2.4.3. CTpy1nypuo-TeKCTypub1e/neTpocjm1uqec1eue KJ1accb1
TpH crpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHbie rpynnhI npe.nonpe.nemnoT HaJIH'IHe Tpex neTpo-
<iiHJM'leCKHX KJiaCCOB. PHC. 2.19 HJIJJIOCTpMpyeT COOTHOWeHHe MeJK.ny CTPYKTyp-
HO-TeKCTYPHbIMH oco6eHHOCTjjMH H nerpo<l>H3H'IeCKHMH KJiaccaMH. fpeHHCTOYHbI,
.nonorpeHHCTOYHbl H KpynHOKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKHe ,ll;OJIOMHTbl HMelOT CX0,1\Hble neTpocp11-
74 fJIABA 2

100
_,,
:c
E-
u
0
:i:
:i:
u
s

u
co
:i:
10
0
g
CIQ
E-
:i:
u
:c
::r
:c
-&
-&
l"I

5 10 20 30 40
nopHCTOCTb (%)
Puc. 2.18. rpa<f>HK JaBHCHMOCTH nopHCTOCTH H Ko1<f><j>HUHeHTa 80,llOHaCbllUeHHOCTH .!I.JUI Tpex
neTpo<f>um<teCKHX Knaccoe (Tpex rpynn neTpocTpyl\l)'p) npu BblCOTC JaJJe)KH 150 M. Ko1<j>cjm-
uueHT BO.llOHaCbllllCHHOCTH (pacc<1HTbteae111b1if KaK I - HaCblllleHHOCTb pTYfbK>) H JHa<teHm1
nopHCTOCTH BJllTbl HJ KpHBOH KanHJlJlllpHoro .LtaBJJeHml, npHBC.!1.CHHOH Ha pHC. 2.17.
3HlfeCKHC CBOHCTBa H Bbl.UCJUllOTC>l B O.UHH Knacc (Knacc I). npeHMyllleCTBeHHO 3ep-
HHCTblC naKCTOYHbl, TOHKO- H cpe.JJ.HeKpHCTaTIJIHlfeCKHe npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblC
JJ.OJJOnaKCTOYHbl H cpe}lHeKpHCTaJJnHlfeCHKe npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rnHHHCTble JJ.OnOMHTbl
COCTaBn>llOT KJJacc 2. 1-hseCTH>lKH c npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rnHHHCTOH CTpyKTypow (npe-
HMylUeCTBeHHO JepHHCTble naKCTOYHbI, B3KCTOYHbl l1 Ma,rJ.CTOYHbl) l1 TOHKOKpl1CTaJinH-
lfCCKHC npe11MymecTBCHHO rJIHHHCTble L{OJIOMHTbl TaK)Ke HMCIOT nOXO)KHC neTpo<lm-
3HllCCKHC ceowcTsa H o6be.UHH>tlOTC>t s KJJacc 3. YpaeHeHH>t, CB>tJb1Ba10m11e Mc)K.UY
co6oii nopHCTOCTb, npOHHuaeMOCTb, BO.LJ.OH3CbllUCHHOCTb H BblCOTY JaJJe)KH (KanHJJ-
JJ>tpHoe .LJ.aBJJeHHe), npHee.LJ.eHbI HH)Ke.
Kllacc I
KJJacc 2
kup = (2,040 X

kBO = 0.08657 x H-0.40T x k;;-1.4.tO.
Knacc 3
knp = (2.884 X

k
80
= 0.3353 X 1-/-0.!'JOS X


06ma>t <t>opMyJJa nepectJeTa npOHHU3CMOCTH Bblfn>lJlHT CJICJlYIOlllHM o6pa3oM:
Log(k
11
p) =(A - B Log(CTH)) + ((C - D Log(CTH))Log(kn.,,)).
nETPO<J>H3111..fECKHE KJIACCbl
nOPO)J.bl c nPEMMYlllECTBEHHO
3EPHHCTOH CTPYKTYPOH
noPO)J.bl c nPEMMYlllECTBEHHO
rJIMHHCTOH CTPYKTYPOH
fPEHHCTOYH nAKCTOYH nAKCTOYH BAKCTOYH MA)J.CTOYH
MacwTa6 (paJMep KY6HKa): 100 MKM
K11acc I


KpltCTaJl- 1U
nos
MeHee
100 MKM -

PaJMep @><JQ YC>
0 Q - c::> ?'G

PaJMCp II. PaJMep
KpHCTaJJ- KpHCTaJI
1108 1108
6onee 6011ee
100 MKM _ _ 100 MKM -
N

(")
-I
"::I
'<
:><:
-I
'<
"::I
:c
!:!:::
m
0
I")
c
C'I
m
:c
:c
c
I"')

::::::
::i
m
-I
"::I

::::::
....,
= J::.
m
t"')
:><:
= m
x
>
"'C
>
:><:
-I
m
"'C
=
n
-I
::s:
:><:
::s:
::i
0
"'C
0
PHc. 2.19. 6JJOKlmarpaMMa, nnntocTpHpytoma" cooTHOlllCHHH MC)l(.D.Y CTPYKl)' PHO-TCKCTypHblMH oco6eHHOCTJIMH nopo.D. 11 neTpoqmJH'le- b
CKHMH KJ13CC8MH. KnacCbl I " 2 COCTOJIT HJ Tpex ne-rpoCTPYKTYP K8)K)tblM, KJJ:l t'C 3 - 113 .o. eyx.
-.I
v.
76 rJlABA 2
2.4.4. UeTpocl>HJH'lectcHe csoiiCTea HlOJJHpoeauno-tcaeepnoeoro noposoro
npoCTpaHCTBa
).J.06aBJiem1e H30JIHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH K MC)l("laCTH"IHOH H3MCHSl-
CT nCTpo<f>H3H"ICCKHC xapaKTepHCTHKH, nOCKOJibK)' H3MeHSleTCSI CaM cnoco6 KOHTaKTa
nop MC)l(.!lY co6oi1 - B TOH HJIH HHOH CTeneHH BCC nopbl OKa3bIBalOTCSI COC.UHHCH-
Hb!MH. CTpHMCpbI H30JIHposaHHO-KasepHosoro noposoro npocrpaHcTsa npHBe.neHbI
ua pHC. 2.20. J13om1posaHHblC KasepHbl He COC,!lHHSllOTCSI MC)l(.ny co6oi1. 0HH KOH-
TaKTHPYJOT TOJibKO nocpe.UCTBOM MC)l("laCTH"IHOro noposoro npocTpaHCTBa H, XOTSI
HaJIH"IHC H301IHpOB3HHblX KaBepH yseJIH<IHBaeT o6myio nopHCTOCTb, OHO HC OKa-
3blBaeT 3aMernoro BJIHSIHHSI Ha pocT npouHuaeMocrn [20]. PHc. 2.21, a rpa<f>H"le-
CKH no.nTBep)l(JI.aeT 'JTOT npHHUHn. npoHHUaCMOCTb rpeHHCTOYHOB c BHYTpHnOJIOCT-
HOH nopHCTOCTbJO OKa3bIBaCTCSI HH)l(e, "leM MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 6bl O)l(H,naTb, CCJIH 6bl
BCSI nopHCTOCTb OTHOCHJiaCb K THny MC)l("laCTH"IHOH H, npH nocTOSIHHOH nopHCTO-
CTH, npOHHUaCMOCTb yseJIH"IHBaCTCSI no Mepc yMeHbllleHml o6'beMa H30JIHpOBaHHO-
KaBCpHOBblX nop [23]. To )l(C npaBHJIO BbmonHsieTcsi H .nnsi KpynuoKpHCTaJJJIH"le-
cKHX Jl.OJIOBaKCTOYHOB (pHC. 2.21, b) - .naHHblC no 3THM nopo.naM pacnonaralOTCSI
Ha pHCYHKC cnesa OT o6JiaCTH, OTHOCSllllCHCSI K KJiaccy I, COOTBCTCTBCHHO 3Ha"ICHH-
SIM H30JIHposaHHo-KasepHosoi1 nopHCTOCTH [20]. ToT )l(C npHHUHn nomscp)l(.!laeTcSI
)l.aHHbIMH no JOUCHOBbIM 1llCHHCToy11aM [6]. Me)l("laCTH"IHaSI nopHCTOCTb oucHHBa-
crcsi no K3)1(Jl.0MY MaJJCHbKOMY OTpC3KY MCTO.UOM .neTaJJbHOro nOJ{C"ICTa TO"ICK. Ec-
JIH HCnOJib30BaTb BCJIH"IHHY Me)l("!aCTH'IHOH nop11CTOCTH, TO .namtblC pacnonaralOT-
CSI B o6naCTH, COOTBCTCTBYIOlllCH KJiaccy I, a eCJIH o6meii nopHCTOCTH - TO B 06-
nacrn ,WIS! KJiacca 2 (pHc. 2.21, c ). B npHBC.!lCHHOM npHMepe o6masi nopHCTOCTb
BKJll043eT BTOpH4HYIO nopHCTOCTb, CBSl33HHYIO c nycTOT3MH HCKOllaCMblX opraHH3MOB
( BHYTPH<J>occHJibHYIO ), BHYTPHJepHosyio MHKponopHCTOCTb H MC)l(Jepuosyio. OoHJl-
Hb1e rpeHHCTOYHbl MCJIOBOro B03pacTa HJ KOJIJICKTOpOB Ha lllCJib<J>e 6pa3HJIHH [9]
xapaKTepH3YJOTcsi 11e60JiblllOH MC)l(3CpHosoi1 nopHcTOCTblO H JHarnTCJibHOH BHYTPH-
1epHosoi1 MHKponopHCTOCTbJO (pHC. 2.21, d). ,UaHHblC no JTHM nopo.naM KOHQCHTpH-
py10TCSI B o6naCTH KJiacca 3 H HH)l(C BCJIC.llCTBHC O"ICHb HHJKOH MC)l('3CpHOBOH no-
pHCTOCTH.
0CpBOH343JlbHaSI BO.IlOH3CbllllCHHOCTb 8 Kap6oHaTaX C H30JIHpOB3HHblMH K3BCp-
HaMH JaBHCHT OT pa3MCpOB MC)l("laCnf"IHblX nop H, B noponax c npCHMYlllCCTBCHHO
1ept1HCTOH CTPYK'fYPOH, OT pa1Mepa nop, coe.uHHSIJOIUHX HJOJ1HposaHHbie KasepHbI
c MC)l(1acTH4HblM nopoBbIM npocTpaHCTBOM. B cny"lae s11yTpH1epHosoi1 MHKponopH-
CTOCTH nopbl OTJIH'laJOTCSI MaJiblMH pa3MepaMH H HX CBSl3b c MC)l("1ac1wrnbIMH nopaMH
sccr.na ocymecTBnS1eTcS1 "lepe1 MHKponopbI. PenHKTbl BbllllCJIO"leHHblX 1epeH H ny-
CTOTbI, CBJIJaHHblC c .llCSITCJibHOCTbJO HCKOnaeMblX opraHH3MOB, KaK npaBHJIO, HMCIOT
Kpymtb!C pa3MCpbl, H KOHTaKT MC)l(.llY HHMH JaBHCHT OT pa3Mepoe noposoro npocTpaH-
CTBa B nepH<l>epHHHblX "laCTSIX 1epeu, OKpy)l(aJOlUHX peJIHKTbl HJIH )l(HJIYIO KaMepy
6bIBLUCro )l(HBOrO opraHHJMa. nopOBOC npoCTpaHCTBO, o6pa30BaHHOC raCTpOnO,naMH
HJIH <f>opaMHHH<J>cpaMH, KaK npaBHJIO, Kpynuoe H COC)l.HHCHO c MC)l("laCTHlfHblM 110-
pOBblM npocTpaHCTBOM LUHpOKHMH oTKpbITblMH KauanaMH. PeJIHKTbI Bb1meno"ICHHbtX
3CpeH, TaKHC, KaK OOH.llHblC cnenKH, o6bl"IHO OKpy)l(CHbl MHKponopaMH B cny"laC, ec-
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OC06EHHOCTl1 11 nETPO<l>H3HlJECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH noPO.ll. 77
(b)
0,5 MM (d)
(f)
0,5 MM
I MM
I MM
(h)
0,5 MM
20MKM
PHc. 2.20. IlpHMepbt HJOnHpoeaHHO-KaeepHoBoro nopoeoro npoc-rpaHCTBa. (a) OoH.llHbte
cnenKH B OOH.llHO-KaeepttosoM IJICHHcroytte. (b) OoH.llHbte cnenKH H MC'lKJepttoeoe nopoeoe
npoc-rpaHCTBO B IJICHHCToyHe. (c) BHYTPH$occHnbHOe nopoeoe npocTpaHCTBO B qiy3ynHHO-
BblX naKCToyttax c npeHMymecTBeHHO JepHHCTOH CTpyKrypoii. (d) BttyTpH$occHJJbHOe no-
poeoe npocTpaHCTBO, CB.1138HHOe c $opaMHHH$epaMH, c KpynHblMH OTKpblTblMH KaHan8MH,
coe.llHH.lllOlllHMH ero c Me'lK'faCTH'IHbtM nopoBbtM npocTpaHCTBOM. (e) KaeepHbt B JepHax MH-
ttepanbHOro cKeneTa B KaeepHOJHOM cKenernoM IJICHHcroytte. (f) PenHKTbl Bbtmenol.feHHbtX
JepeH eaxcTOyHa. (g) OoH.llHblH IJICHHCTOYH c BHYTPHJepHosoii MHKponopucroCTblO. (h) <l>o-
T01J1a$H.11 BHYTpH3CpHOBOH MHKpOnopHCTOCTH, C,llCJl8HH8.ll c nOMOlllblO CKaHHpytomero 3JleK-
TpOHHOro $OTOMHKpOIJla$a. nOK83b1BalOUl8.ll MHKJ>Onopbl B KanbUHTOBOH MaTpHue, COCT0.11-
weii HJ JepeH poM6oBH.llHOH <tiopMbl p83MepoM 5 MKM
78 fJIABA 2
(a) (b)
104
10-1
Knacc I Knacc 2

061.1uu1 nopHCTOCTL
~ ~ +
MelK'!acr11q11a11
3
100 3100
nopHCTOCTL
"'
..Q
I- I-
c.> 0
+ 0 0
::.
10
::.
10
Q.)
- ~ ~
"'
+
::l'
=
:i:
1110
nHpoBaH- l-hon11pob3H['O- a
0
c. KaeepHOB3ll c.
c::
nopHCTOCTL c::
(cpe.1111ec
0,1
311aqe1111e - 20%)
0,1
5 10 20 30 40 I 5 10 40
flopHCTOCTh (%) flopHCTOCTh (%)
(c)
10
4
(d)
104
'Et 'Et
~
100 3100
"' "'
I- I-
c.> c.>
0

0
:.E
10
::0
10
Q.) Q.)
"'
"' ::r ::r
= =
:i: :i:
0 .llonorpeilHCTOYH
0
c. c.
c::
,_.- c B1tyYpmcp11oeoii
c::

MHKponopuCTOCTLIO
0.1
5 10 20 30 40
0,1
I 5 10 40
flOpHCTOCTb (%) CTOpHCTOCTb (%)
P11c. 2.21. fpacjl11K, 1rnn10cTp11py10ut11i1 BJIHllHHe 113on11posaHHO-KaBCpHOBOH nopl1CTOCTl1
Ha 11pOHHUaeMOCTh no B03.ilyXy. (a) rpeHHCTOYHbl C H30JJ11poeaHHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTO-
CThlO, CBH1aHHOii c pCJJHJCTaMH Bblll\eJJOl!eHHbIX 3epeH, pacnonaralOTCH npaeee yl!aCTKa rpeHH-
CTOyHOB B COOTBCTCTBHH c o6bCMOM H10JJHpOBaHHO-KaBCpHOBOfO nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa.
(b) fpeHHCTOYHbl c BHyTpmj>OCCHJlbHOH It BHy-rp113CpHOBOH MHKponopHCTOCTblO pacnonara-
IOTCH e o6nacm KJ1acca 2 (e cnyl!ae 11cnoJ1bJOBaHHH .!laHHbIX o6mcii nop11crocrn). (c) llo-
J1orpdiHCTOYHbl c BHYTPH3CpHOBOH MHKponopucTOCTbJO pacnonaraioTcH e o6JJacm KJJacca 2.
(d) fpdi.HCTOYHbl c BHyTpH3epHOBOii MHKpOI10p11CTOCTblO pacnonaralOTCll B o6nacTH KJJacca 3.
JJH 3CpHa He npowJrn npouecc llOJJOMHTH3au1m - s nocnc.nHcM cJiyLiae nopoaoe npo-
CTpaHcTBo B OKp)')KalOlUHX llaCT.SIX 3CpHa 6y.nCT 3aBHCCTb OT pa3Mepoa KpHCTaJIJIOB
.uonoMHTa. Pa3pyrnett11e 3epett no.n BJIH>IHHCM seca Bb1rnene>Kalll,ttx nopo.a MO)KCT BbI-
3BaTb o6pa30BaHHe MHKpOTpCIUHH, KOTOphlC YIIYlllll8IOT KOHTaKT MCiKllY pemtKTaMH
BbIIUCJIOllCHHblX 3CpeH H MC)KlJaCTH'IHbIMH nopaMH.
npttMCp KpHBOH KanHJinllpHoro .uaBJICHH>l B CJJylfae llPCHaiKa OOH.UHO-K8BCpHOBbIX
H3BCCTHllKOB (pttc. 2.22, a) noKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nopbl, COCllHHlllOlllHC peJIHKTbl BbllUCJlO-
l{CHHhlX 3epeH c MCiK'laCHl'IHblMH nopaMH, Ol!CHh MaJibl. TeM HC MCHee, CCJIH Ka-
nHJIJI>lpHOC naeJICHHC (3aBHCSlutee OT Bb!COThl 3aJIC)KH) s.uaemrnaeT HC<l>Tb B KasepHbl,
nocJieJJ.HHe 6hlcTpo ttachIIUalOTCll ttecj>ThlO. B npc.llenax nepexOJJ.HOH 30Hhl ttecpTb KOH-
ueHTpttpyeTcsi B MCiK'laCTJ1l{HblX nopax H peJIHKTax BhllUCJIO'ICHHbIX 3epeH, a eo.na -
B l\ICJIKHX COC.UHHlllOlUHX nopax.
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OCOl>EHHOCTH 11 nETPO<l>M3M4ECKHE XAPAKTEPYICTHKM noro.u 79
(a)
npOllllKllOBeHUe B MHKpOnOpbl
,-..
:;i A A= k
11
26,l %. knp=3.9 M.L{
,5 B B=k
0
24.2%, knp=l,OM.L{
0

0
:a

(b)
136.--.. ........... ....-T"""T".......,.-,-.,........-r---,-,--..-.---.--n-T--.
:i A= k11 20.8 %. 0 p=2, ht,Ll
,5 lJ=k,,17.6%. knp=l,2M.L{
0
=
Qj
:a

0
0
:c
c..
34
;::;
flpOHllKHOBeHllC BO
BHYTPHlepHOBLIC
M11KponopL1
(c)
,-..
:i
E,
0
= :c
0
c::
"'
"' ::(
0
0
:c
0..
..
e:;
e:;
=
c::
"'
::.::
= c::
"'
0 )::.::
I 00 80 60 40 20 0
KoJ<j>cj>HuHeHT Hacb1meHHll pl)'TbIO
(% o6beMa nop)
llpo1111KllOBeH11e B MCll<lCpHOBOC
11oponoc npocTpa11creo
136
k .. =:l7.6%
llpoHllUDCMOCTb = 678 MA
102
Me>l\1acn111HaJ1
nopHCTOCTb = 20%
Ko"l<j>. MHKponopnc 1ocrn 18%
I I
68 \
flpOHllKHOBeHllC BO
BHyTp11cjlocc11nLHLIC
34 \
It MHKpoBHyrp113CpHORMC
HlOJIHJ'OBatlHOKaeepHOBbJC nopbl

0
'-
100 80 60 40 20 0)
KoJ<j>cj>HuHettT ttacblmem1ll pl)'TblO
(% o6'ber.rn nop)
npoHHKHOBCllHC 8 MCJK'lepHOllOC
nopoaoc npocTpancreo

100 80 60 40 20 0
KoJ<j>cj>ttutteHT HacblmeHHll JlTYfbIO
(% o6'bellfa nop)
llpomtKllOBeHlle B Me"d(lepHOBOC
nopoeoc
Puc. 2.22. Kp11sble Kanm1m1pttoro .uaeJJCHHJI, .ueM0HcTpHpyt0IUHe smurn11e H'.lom1poeaHHb1x
KaBepH Ha Kan11JJJJJ1pHbie ceoikTBa. (a) 8blCOKonop11CTblH HH'.lKOnpoH11uaeMbIH 0011.UHO-Kaeep-
HOBblH rpettHCTOYH c He6oJJbllll1llf Me)tnepttOBbJM nopoBblM 11pocrpaHCTBOM. Iionbrnall 'laCTb
Kp11BOH orpa)!(aeT npOHHKHOBCHHe B KpynHbJe 0011.AHble cnenKH qepc3 M11Kponopb1, np11ncra-
I01llHe K cnenKaM. (b) 8b1CoKonop11cTbJH HH'JKonpom1uaeMb1H ooH.UHbIH rpeHHCTOYH c BHYTPH-
JepHoeoii 1\111KponopHCTOCTblO. bOnblllall 'laCTb KpHBOH OTpa)!(aeT npOHl1KHOBCHl1e B M11Kpono-
pbl, pacno11o)!(eHHb1c BHYTPl1 1epett. (c) fpei1uc10yH c Bb1c0Koi1 Me)f(1epHosoi1 nop11CTOCTb10.
Tip11 Ha4aJibHbIX ycnoBH.!IX pacnpe.n.eneHHe BO.Ubl (so.noHaCbllUettHOCTb) so BHYT-
pH3epHOBbIX MHKponopax pa3n1111Ho Bcne.n.cTB11e MaJJbIX pa3Mepos nop. Kp11Bb1e Ka-
mrnn.!!pttoro .n.asnettm1 s rpeiiHcroyHax, xapaKTep111y10lUHXC.!I BbICOKOH BHyTp113eptto-
BOH MHKponopHCTOCTblO (p11c. 2.22, b), noKa3bIBalOT, 11rn 1tta1111TeJ1bHOe Kon1111ecTBO
BO.Ubl 1aKynop1rnaeTcsi (norpe6ettttasi soi:ta) BHYTPH 3cpeH s pe1ynbTaTe .ueiicTBHSI Ka-
n11nnsipHhJX CHJl B 30He nepexo)J.a. Hecl>Tb npH HaLiaJlbHbIX ycnOBH.!IX (tta4aJJhHasi He-
TeHacb1111.ettttOCTh) CKOHUeHTpHpoBaHa B Me)!OepttOBOM nopOBOM npoc-rpattCTBe, a Bo-
na - BO BHYTPH3epttOBhJX MHKponopax. B npe.lenax nepexo.nHoii 30Hbl TaKaSI nopo.ua
80 f.ilABA 2
xapaKTepHJyeTCJI BblCOKOH CTeneHblO HaCblllleHHOCTH norpe6eHHOH BO,UOH, JaKyno-
peHHOH B 3epHax non .neHCTBHCM KanmrnsipHblX CHJI, H npHCyTCTBHeM HJBJieKaeMblX
yrneso.nopo.noe, naxo.nsimHXCJI B Me)1nepHOBbIX nopax. PeJyJibTaTOM MO)KeT CTaTb .no-
6b11a yrneso.nopOJ10B 6e3 npHMCCH BO.Ubl HJ HHTepBaJIOB, xapaKTepH3YIOlllHXCJI BblCO-
KOH cTeneHblO Bo.noHacb111lenHocrn [I 0, 31 ].
CTpHMepbl KpHBblX KallHJimlpHoro ,naeJieHHSI B rpeHHCTOyHaX C Me)K3epHOBOH
nopHCTOCTblO, BHyrpH3epHOBOH MHKponop11crncTb10 11 paJpyrneHHblMH BHYTPHcf>oc-
CHJibHbIMH nopaMH nOKa3blBalOT, l.fTO BHyrp11cf>oCCHJibHaS1 nopHCTOCTb Ma.110 BJIHSleT
Ha Hal.faJibHYIO BOJlOH3CbllllCHHOCTb, nOTOMY lfTO 3TH nopbl KOHTaKTHPYIOT c MC)K3ep-
HOBblMH nocpe.ncTBOM MHKpOTpClllHH H lllHpOKHX KaHaJIOB, THnHl.fllblX ,UJISI OCTaTKOB
raCTpono,n H cf>opaMHHHcf>ep. CTorpe6eHHaSI BO.Ua, KaK npaBHJIO, Haxo.nHTCSI BO BHYfpH-
3CpHOBblX MHKponopax (pHC. 2.22, c).
2.4.5. IleTpoctu1n'lec1eue ceoiicTea e1auMoceH1anuo-1eaecpnoeorn nopoeoro
npoCTpaHCTBa
np11Mepb1 BJaHMocssiJaHHbIX nop npHBCllCHbI Ha p11c. 2.23 H noKa3blBalOT. l.fTO
nocJICJlHHC HMCIOT MaJIO o6mero co CTpyKTypHO-TCKCTYPHblMH oco6eHHOCTJIMH !10-
po.n. 83aHMOCBSl3aHHblC KaBepHbl MOryT ysemtl.fHTb npOHHU3CMOCTb 11aMHOfO 60Jibllle,
1eM MO)KHO 6bIJIO 6bl O)KH.naTb B cnyl.fae MC:lKl.faCTffllHOfO noposoro npocTpaHCTBa. Jly-
CHa [20] npo111mtocTpHposan '.HOT cf>aKT, cpaBHHBasi KpHBble TPClllHHHOH npoH11uaeMo-
crn 11 TPClllHHHOH nopHcTocrn ,UJIJI Tpex neTpocf>H3Hl.feCKHX Knaccos (p11c. 2.24 ). 3rnT
rpacf>HK nOK33b!BaeT, l.fTO npom1uaeMOCTb BO B3aHMOCBJl33HHO-KaBCpHOBOH nopOBOH
CHCTeMe He MO)KCT 6b1Tb oxapaKTepH30BaHa B TepMHHax CTpyKTypHO-TCKCTYPHblX oco-
6eHHOCTei1 nopOJl HJIH neTpocl>H3Hl.feCKHX KJiaCCOB.
OueHKa npoH11uaeMOCTH B3aHMOCBsi3aHHO-KaeepHOBblX CHCTeM - JTO HenpoCTasi
33.Ual.fa, nOTOMY lfTO nopbl 3al.facry10 OKa3blBalOTCSI 60JiblllC ,UHaMCTpa CTBOJia CKBa-
)KHHb1.11 Ha116onee TOl.fHYIO o cf>HJibTpaUHOHHblX csoiicTBax nonyl.fa-
IOT B npouecce pa3pa60TKH 3aJIC:lKH. KaK npas11no, H3MepeH11si Ha o6paJuax KepHa
He HMelOT CMblCJia BCJIC)1CTBHC 60Jibllll1X pa3MCpOB B3aHMOCBSl3aHO-KaeepHOBblX CH-
CTeM. AHan113 KasepHOJHoro KCpHa HJ ceeepnoro MHl.fHraHa (p11c. 2.23, a) BbISIBHJI
npommaeMOCTb MeHee O, I M.lJ., T. e. 3ase.n0Mo 6ecnoJIC3HYIO, c TOl.fKH 3peHHSI pa3pa-
60TKH. 0.nHaKO npOHHUaeMOCTb nopO.Ubl c HC60JibUJHMH B33HMOCBJl3aHHblMH Kasep-
HaMH, .nonOJIHeHHblMH MHKpOTPClllHHaMH H peJIHKTaMH BblllleJIOl.feHHblX 3Cpen, MO:lKeT
6b1Tb H3MepeHa 06bllfHblMH MCTO.iWMH. fpaqmK 33BHCHMOCTH nopHCTOCTH H npOHH-
uaeMOCTH )lJIJI JlBYX THnOB nopo.n. xapaKTCPH3YIOlllHXCSI MHKpOTPClllHHaMH, np11se-
,neHHblH Ha p11c. 2.25, nomsep:lKJlaeT, l.fTO npo1111uaeMOCTb TaKOH nopOJlbl B 5- to pa3
npCBblWaCT 3Hal.fCHl1SI, KOTOpblC cne.nosano 6bl 0)K11Jl3Tb npH H3Jll1l.fl111 npOCTOH CH-
CTeMbl Me:lKl.faCTHl.fHblX nop [25].
Tornb1x nanHblX o xapaKTepHCTttKax nacblUleHHOCTH Kpyn11b1x BJa11Mocssi3a11-
HbIX KaeepH HC CYlllCCTByeT. CTpenno;rnraeTCSI, lfTO Hal.faJibH3SI BO.UOH3CblllleHHOCTb
KpynHblX BJaHMOCBsiJaHHblX KasepH 6JmJKa K HYJIIO. OnHaKo Hal.faJibHasi so.no11acb1-
11
nopbl B Kap60H3T3X llMCIOT C3Mb1C pa"3H006pa3HblC paJMCpbl - OT MHKponop itO K38CpH: K38CpHbl
(H itpyrne KpyllHblC nyCTOTbl) MOryr 6b1Tb ropa:i,uo 6oJJbWC. 'ICM ..'lH3M1."'Tp CKBall\llllbl. - np11.11. ll<!f11!6.
2.4. CTPYKTYPHblE OC06EHHOCTH H nETPOcJ>l13H4ECKHE XAPAKTEPHCTHKH noPOJl 81
PHc. 2.23. THm.1 BJaHMOCBRJaHHO-KaeepHoBbJX CHCTeM. (a) KaeepHOJHoe nopoeoe npocrpaH-
CTBo a HHarapcKoM pH<f>e, CeeepHblH MH'IHraH. (b) KaeepH03Hoe nopoaoe npocTpaHCTBO
a oonHTax CBHTbJ MaiiaMH, <J>nopH..t:ta. (c) TpemHHbJ, yeenH'leHHbJe B peJynLTare paCTBOpe-
""" MaTpHUbl nopo.ALJ, e ce..t:tnOBH.llHblX .nonoMHTaX CBHTbl 3nneH6yprep, 3ana,a.HblH Texac.
(d) TpemHHb1, yaenH'ICHHi.1e a peJynLTare pacTaopeHHSI MaTpHUbJ nopo..t:tbl nepMcKOro B03pac-
Ta, 3ana.nHLIH Texac. (e) <l>eHCCTpOBOe nopoaoe npocTpaHcTeo nepMcKOro B03pacrn, 3anait-
HblH Texac. (f) MHKpoTpell.lHHbJ, coe.nHHS!IOll.lHe penHKTbl Bblll.leno1JeHH1>1x 3epeH aaKcroyua
Menoeoro eoJpacrn, KaTap. (g) MHKpOTpCll.lHHOBaTble H pa3pyweHHb1e ornC'lllTKH <f>yJynHHH.ll
nepMcKoro eo3pacTa, 3ana,a.HblH Texac.
82 fJlABA 2
10
5
knp.Tp = 84,4 X 10
5
lV
3
/Z
kn:rp = W/Z X 100
10
4
Z - fyCTOTa CeTH Tpell{HH
w - lllHpHHa TpemHH
103
knp.Tfl - TpeIUHHHaJI
npOHHuaeMOCTb
kn.Tfl - Tpem.HHHaJI
10
2
nopHCTOCTb
,-.._
i::t:
-.a
I-'
10 (.)
0
~
~
"'
::r
:s:
::c
0
c..
r:::
10-1
10-2
flopHCTOCTb (%)
PHc. 2.24. TeopeTHt1ecKaR TpemHHOBaTOCTb, pacct1HTaHHaR HJ CBJl3H nopHCTOCTH 11 npoHHUa-
eMocrn no BOJJ\yxy, B cpasHemm co crpyKTyptto-TeKcTypttbIMH (neTpo<j>11Jw1ecKHMH) csoi1-
crnaMH, onpe,t\eJJJllOlUHMH nopHCTOCTb, ,IJ)UI o6nacTCH JHatJeHHH npOHHuaeMOCTH [20].
LQeHHOCTb nopo.n c CHCTeMOH MHKpOTpem.HH, B03MO:iKHO, CXO,LJ,Ha c HaCbllUeHHOCTblO
MaTpH!.J.bl nopO)lbl BCJle.!1.CTBHe TOfO, Y.TO MHKpoTpemHHbl COCTaBJI.SllOT JUllllb He60J1b-
WOH npoueHT OT nonttoro o6beMa nop.
2.5. PeJJOMe
UenbIO nocTpoeHH.ff re0110ro-m.npOJlHHaM111.J.eCKOH MO.!J.eJrn KOJJJleKTopa .ffBJl.ReT-
CR OilHCaHHe npocTpaHCTBeHHOro pacnpe.ueneHH.ff neTpOcpH3HY.eCKHX napaMeTpOB, Ta-
KHX, KaK nopttcTOCTh, npott11uaeMOCTh 11 Hachill.\eHttocTh cl>n1011.na11.rn. B rnase I MhI
noKa3aJ1H, Y.TO npOHHuaeMOCTb H BO,UOHaCbill.leHHOCTb KOHTpOJJHPYIOTC.ff pa3MepoM
(a)
2.5. PE3IOME
MHKpoTpewHHHbIH,
npeHMYW<;_CTBCHHO
rJIHHHCTblH naKCTOYH
1000 B I
_! + 3KCTOYHM3,llCTOYH
Me)J('lacTwrna.11 nopHCTOCTb (%)

I1peo6pa30B3HHC
nopHCTOCTb-npOHHuaeMOCThl>
JlJUI nopo.!{ KJiacca 2 c .. -
Er
,.! 100
..Q
ti
0
::!:
KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTblO t
H nopo,ll c MHKpOTpeWHHJl.OH
nopHCTOCTblO
. -

:s::
:i::
0
Q.
c:

5
I1peo6pa.JoBaHHe
nOpHCTOCTb-npOHHuaeMOCTb
,llJI.11 nopoJl Knacca 2
10 20 30 40
IlOpHCTOCTb (o/o)
83
PHC. 2.25. )J,eMOHCTpauH.11 BJIH.llHHR MHKpOTpeWHH Ha pOCT npom1uaeMOCTH. (a) IlRTHKpaTHOC
llOBblllICHHC npoHHuaeMOCTH B npeHMYWCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblX H3BCCTHRK3X BCJie,!{CTBHe paJ-
BHTHR MHKpOTpemHHOBaTOCTH. (b) IlRTHKpaTHOe yseJJH'leHHe npOHHU3CMOCTH B OTHOC.lllUHX-
C.11 K KJJaccy 2 cpe,llHCKpHCTaJIJIH'ICCKHX ,llOJJ083KCTOyHax BCJJC,llCTBHe paJBHTH.11 MHKporpemHH,
COC,llHH.lllOlllHX nycTOTbl ( OTfiClfaTKH <jlyJymrnH.Q).
nop. MeTO.n. 113yqeHHH cTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypttb1x oco6eHHOCTei1 nopo.ll, npe.ucrnsneH-
HbJH 3.!leCb, OCHOBaH Ha npellilOJIO)f(eHHH, lfTO caM pa3Mep nop H pacnpe.Il.eJieHHe nop
no pa3Mepy MoryT 6bnb Bbipa)f(eHbl B TepMHHax pa3Mepos H copTHpOBKH LlaCTHU no-
pO,!l.bl, Me)f(ttacTwrnoi1 nop11cTOCTH H H30JmposaHHO-KasepHosoi1 nopucTOCTH. Cne.no-
84 fllABA 2
saTeJibHO, pacnpe.u.enemte nop no pa3Mepy coOTHOCHTC.ll co CTPYKTYPHO-TCKcTypttbIMH
oco6ettttocrnMH, KOTOpbie .llBJI.lllOTC.ll pe3yJihTaTOM reonomqecKHX TaKHM
o6pa30M, cTpyKTypHo-TeKCTYPHbie oco6eHHOCTH nopo.i:i: .llBJI.lllOTC.ll CB.ll3YIOIUHM 3Be-
HOM MC)l(JJ:Y reOJIOrHl!CCKHMH HHTepnpeTal..lH.llMH H KOJIH"ICCTBCHHblMH H3MepeHH.llMH
B npouecce pa3pa60TKH MCCTOpO)l(JJ:CHHH .
.n.rr.ll Toro no6bI ycTaHOBHTb COOTHOWCHH.ll MC)l(Jl:Y neTpOCTpyKTypoH H neTpO-
$H3H"ICCKHMH napaMeTpaMH, Heo6xo.IJ.HMO onpe.n:enHTb H KJiaccw<t>wuwposaTb cyme-
cTBy10mee noposoe npoCTpaHCTBO B TepMHHax neTpo<t>mwl!eCKHX CBOHCTB. HaHJIYll-
ume pe3ynhTaTbI nony"latoTC.ll npw pa3.IJ.eneHHH nopoaoro npocTpaHCTBa Ha MC)l(3ep-
Hoeoe H MC)l(KpHCTaJIJIH"ICCKOe, BMCCTC o6'be)l.HH.lll01UHXC.ll B MC)l("laCTH'IHOe, H Ha ace
OCTaJlbHblC BH)l.bl, crpynnHpoBaHHble B THil KasepHOBOro. IloCJIC.lJ.HHH THil )l.anee pa3-
ACJ1.llCTC.ll Ha )].Be rpynnbl Ha OCHOBe cnoco6a KOHTaKTa MC)l(.lJ.Y KaBepHaMH: ( 1) KaBep-
Hbl, COC.11.HH.lllOIUHCC.ll MC)l(.IJ.Y co6oH TOJlbKO nocpe.IJ.CTBOM CeTH MC)l("laCTH"IHbIX nop
H Ha3bIBaeMbJe U30J1ltp06QHHbl,\W, H (2) KaBepHbl, ttanp.llMYIO COC,llHH.lllOIUHCC.ll .IJ.pyr
c .IJ.pyroM H Ha3bIBaeMhlC 63QU.\IOC6Jl3QHHbliltU.
IleTpo$H3H"ICCKHe CBOHCTBa MC)l("laCTH'IHOro noposoro npocTpaHCTBa CB.ll3aHbl
c pa3MepoM H COPTHPOBKOM qacTHU, a TaK)l(e c MC)l("lacTH"IHOH nopHCTOCTblO. Pa3Mep
H COPTHPOBKa 3epeH H MHKpHTa CHCTeMaTH3HPYIOTC.ll no KJiaccH<f>HKaUHH .ll:aHXJMa,
MO.IJ.H<i>wuwposaHHOH AJI.ll ueneii neTpo<f>H3H"leCKHX wccnenosaHHH. BMecTO pa3.IJ.ene-
HH.ll nopO.IJ. B COOTBCTCTBHH c HaJIH"IHCM HJIH OTCYTCTBHCM rJIHHHCTOro UCMCHTa, HX
.nen.llT Ha npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbIC HJIH npewMymecTBeHHO rnHHHCThie. Ba)l(-
HblM Ka"ICCTBOM npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblX nopo,ll .llBJl.llCTC.ll npwcyTCTBHC OTKpbI-
TOH HJIH JaKphITOH MC)l(3CpHoBOH nopwcTOCTH H 3epttHCTOH CTPYKTYPhL ,ll.JI.ll npeHMy-
mecrneHHO rnHHHCTbIX nopo.a. Ba)KHbIM <t>aKTopoM .llBJl.llCTC.ll TO, "ITO nopoeoe npo-
CTpaHCTBO Me)l()].y 3epHaMH JanOJIHCHO TOHKHMH rJIHHHCTblMH qacTHUaMH JJ.a)l(e B TOM
cnyqae, CCJIH JepHa cpopMHpylOT CKeJieT.
fpeHHCTOYHbl 4CTKO OTHOC.llTC.ll K nopo.n.aM c npeHMyIUeCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTOH
CTpyKTypoH, HO naKCTOYHbl no KJiaCCH$HKaUHH ,ll.aHX3Ma OKa3bIBalOTC.ll Cpa3y B HCCKOJlb-
KHX neTpoqntJH"leCKHX KaTeropH.llX. HeKOTOpbie naKCTOYHhI, KaK MhI Tenepb 3HaeM, xa-
paKTep1ny10Tc.ll "IHCTbJM MC)l(3CpHOBbIM nopOBblM npocTpaHCTBOM, a B .n.pyrnx OHO
3anonHetto TOHKOH rnHHOH. TaKHM o6pa30M, naKCTOYHhI .IJ.OJI)l(HhI 6h1Tb pa3.n.eneHhI
Ha .n.sa cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIX KJJacca: npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTble naKCTOYHhJ,
c lfHCTblM MC)l(JepHOBblM nopOBblM npocTpaHCTBOM HJIH c HCKOTOpblM KOJIH'.JCCTBOM
MC)l(3CpHOBblX fJIHH, H npeHMymecTBCHHO fJIHHHCTb!C naKCTOYHhl, B KOTOpblX MC)l(-
3CpHOBOC noposoe npocTpattcTBo nonHOCTblO JanonHetto TOHKOH rnHHOH.
B neTpo$HJH"ICCKOH KnaccwcpwKaUHH .u.onoMHTOB aa)l(HbIMH onpe.aen.lllOIUHMH
JJieMeHTaMH cTpoeHH.ll nopo,nb1 .llBJI.llJOTC.ll nepsotta"laJibHhie paJMep H COPTHPOBKa Je-
pett, pa3Mep KpHCTaJIJIOB )lOJlOMHTa H o6'bCM MC)l(3CpHOBOH HJIH MC)l(KpHCTaJIJIHlfe-
CKOH nopwcTOCTH. CymecTBeHHOe JHalfettwe HMeeT pa3.n:enettwe KpHcTannos .IJ.OJIOMHTa
no pa3Mepy Ha rpynnhl, HMCIOIUHC rpaHHUbl B 20 H 100 MKM. PaJMep 3THX KpHCTaJI-
JlOB nOlfTH He OKa3bJBaeT 3cp<}JeKTa Ha neTpocjlHJHlfCCKHe CBOHCTBa npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO
JepHHCTbIX )].OJIOMHTOB. 0.uHaKO B cnylfae npei-n.iymecTBeHHO fJIHHHCTblX )].OJlOMHTOB
HX mrrpo$H3HlfCCKHC CBOHCTBa 3HalfHTCJlhHO ynylfWaJOTC.ll npw HaJIH'IHH KpHCTaJIJIOB
)lOJIOMHTa pa3MepoM CBbtWe 20 MKM.
2.5. PE3JOME 85
ITopo.UbI, 06na)J.a10m11e Me)f(qacTwrnoif nopHCTOCThlO, no CBOHM npoH11uaeMo-
CT.SIM 11 Hacb1meHHOCT.SIM cl>nt011.uaM11 MoryT 6b!Th pa3.ueneHb1 Ha TPH cTpyKryp-
HO-TeKcTypHbIX (neTpo<f>113w1ecK11x) Knacca. Knacc I cocTOHT H3 rpeifHcrnyHOB,
.uonorpeHHCTOyHoe 11 KpynH0Kp11cTann11qecKHX .uonoMHTOB. Knacc 2 BKJifOqaeT B ce-
6'1 npeHMymecrnettHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbI, a TaK)f(e TOHKO- H cpe.u.HeKpHCTanmrqe-
CKHe npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie .uononaKCTOYHhl H cpe.u.HeKpHCTaJIJmqecKHe npe-
HMymecTBeHHO rnHHHCTbie .uonOMHThI. Knacc 3 o6'heJJ.HHj!eT H3BeCTHjiKH 11 TOHK0Kp11-
CTann11qecK11e npeHMymeCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTbie .UOJIOMHTbl.
06o6meHHbie ypaeHeHHj! nOpHCTOCTb-IlpOHHuaeMOCTb, a TaK)f(e ttaqaJibHOH
80)1.0HaCh!ll.(eHHOCTH, nopHCTOCTH H BbICOTbl 3aJie)f(H .U,Jlj! Ka)f(.U,OfO CTpyKTyptto-
TeKCTYPHOfO (neTpo<f>11311qecKoro) Knacca np11ee.ueub1 HH)f(e. I1p11qeM Q>opMyJihl pac-
'-!eTa kBO sepHbl TOJlbKO npH ttaJmq1111 tte60JibllJOH KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH.
Knacc 1 - rpeHHCTOYHbI, .nonorpeHHCTOYHbl H KpynHOKpHCTaJIJIH'-leCKHe )1.0JIO-
MHTbl:
k = (45 35 x

np ' n.M '
kBO = 0,015244 x H-
0

316
x k;;
1

745
.
Knacc 2 - npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl, TOH KO- H cpe.u.HeKpHCTaJ 1-
JIHqecKHe npeHMymeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie .nononaKCTOYHhl H cpe.utteKpHCTaJIJIHqec1-\ I l
npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO fJIHHHCThie .UOJIOMHTbl:
knp = {2,040 X

k
80
= 0,08657 X H-0.40
7
X k;; l.4'10.
Knacc 3 - H3BeCTHj!KH c npe11Mymecrneuuo rnHHHCTOH CTPYKTypo.H 11 TOHKO-
Kp11crnnnH'-lecK11e npeHMymecTBeHHO fJIHHHCTble .UOJIOMHThI:
k = (2 884 x 10a)k
4

275
np ' n.M '
kBO = 0,3353 x H-
0

505
x k;; t.
210

Tp11 npHse.uettHhlX Q>opMynhI pacqera npoHHuaeMOCTH OT nopHCTOCTH eMecTe
c cpopMynaMH, no KOTOpblM paCC'-IHTbIBalOTCji rpaHHUbl nerpoqrn3J.fqeCKHX KJiaCCOB,
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.neKCTOB (CTH):
Log(knp) =(A - B Log{CTH)) + ((C - D Log(CTH)) Log(kn_M)).
r.ue A = 9,7982, B = 12,0838, C = 8.6711, D = 8,2965, CHI - CTPYKTYPHO-
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86 fJIABA 2
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xapaKTep113y10LU11xcS1 BbICOKOH cTeneHbIO Ha'-laJibHOH so.uoHaChILUeHHOCTH. B TOJJI.Ue
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11n11 HHTepsaJioB, 06na.11a10m11x yttHKaJihHblMH neTpocptt3H'-leCKHMl1 csoifCTBaMH, Bb1-
.u.eJI10lll.HMH 11x Ha Kaprax 11JIH rpacp11Kax. B KOJIJieKrnpax c 1130JI.11posaHHb1M11 Ka-
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pHCTOCTl1.
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ce OCa.D.KOHaKonJieHHSI, a nOJIHOCTblO 06S13aHbl CBOl1M nOBJieHHeM miaretteTl1'-leCKl1M
npoueccaM. B HeKOTOpb1x cnyl!asix 3TH c11cTeM1>1 MoryT cne.uosaTh xapaKTepy Ha-
nnacT0BaH11", KaK, Hanp11Mep, np11 o6pa3osattHH 6peK411i1 06pywett11 11 CBst3aHH1>1x
c 3THM TpeIU11H B 3Banop11rnx, HO qame OHH pe)l(yT>> nJiaCT BKpecT HanJiaCTOBaHHSI.
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Tpau110HHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH KOJIJieKTopa.
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.ueneH11S1 neTpocp11311qecK11x csoi1cTB BJij(IOTC": I) pa3pa60TKa n0Ma10w11xcsi oueHKe
JlHTEPATYPA 87
MO)leJidi, ycrnttasmrna10m11x CBH3H Me)l()ly crpyKTypHO-TeKCTYPHblMH oco6eHHOCTH-
MH H nerpo<f>H3H'leCKHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, KaK 3TO 6bln0 on11caHO B )laHHOH rna-
Be, 2) on11cattHe O)lHOMepHoro pacnpe.n:eJJeHHH cTpyKTyptto-TeKcrypHbIX oco6ettHO-
CTeii H nerpocpH3HlfeCKHX CBOHCTB, nonylfeHHblX B pe3yJJbTaTe HCCJJe)lOBaHHH Keptta
H )laHHblM fl1C, 3) )KCTpanoJIHUHH noJiylfeHHOH HH<!>opMaUHH Ha TpexMepHbJe MO-
)leJIH c HCTIOJlb30BaHHeM 3HaHHH 0 reoJIOrHlJeCKHX npoueccax H npHHUHnax crpaTH-
rpacp1111. B CJieJlyIOmeif rnase Mb! o6cyJlHM sonpocb1 on11catt11: OJlHOMepHbIX nerpo-
crpyKTyp H nerpocpH3HtleCKHX CBOHCTB c IlOMOll.lblO naHHblX, noJiyqaeMblX B npouecce
HCCJie)loBaHHH Keptta H fl1C.
JlunpaTypa
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88 fJIABA 2
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JllilTEPATYPA 89
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90 fJJABA 2
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Texas. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering. I, 3:105-114.
fJTABA 3
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)Ke BpeMSI, )laHHbie 06b1qttoro aHaJIH3a Keptta MOryT OKa3aTbC.sl BeCbMa HeToqHbIMH
no CJie,nyJOW:HM npH'IHHaM:
1) HeKOTOpb1e MeTOJJ.bI H3MepeHHSI nopwcrncTH (ttanpHMep, TaKHe KaK o6beM-
HbIH MeTo.ll
1
) ornH'laJOTCSI 04eHb HeBbICOKOH TO'IHOCTbJO. TonbKO Te 3Ha'leHHSI
nopHCTOCTH, KOTOpb1e 6bIJIH onpe.lleJieHbI c wcnoJib30BaHHeM 3aKoHa ooHJISl-
MapwoTTa2, cne.nyeT paccMaTpwsaTb s Ka4ecrne ttaH6onee .llOCTosepHbIX.
2) Cy6'beKTHBHblH IlO.llXO.ll K OT6opy o6pa3UOB Keptta MO)l(eT npHBeCTH K TOMy, 'ITO
pe3yJibTaTbl onpeneneHH.sl nopHCTOCTH H npOHHuaeMOCTH 6y,nyT Hepenpe3eHTa-
THBHblMH.
3) 3Ha'leHHSI npOHHuaeMOCTH, noJiy4aeMble nyTeM CTaHJJ.aPTHOro aHaJIH3a IlOJIHO-
pa3MepHoro KepHa, 06bI'IHO 3aBbIWeHbl B o6naCTH HaHMeHbllIHX 3Ha'leHHH H 3a-
1
Sum-of-fluids method. - flpu.11. 11epe6.
MCTOL{. - flpu.11. nepe(I.
..
=
=

c
HOMcp

- -
-
Pac'!Cmllll Onpe.!leJllle-
BHJlHMOE noPOBOE MClK'l3CTll'I- Mblli napa-
JlHTOJIOrH.ll TEKCTYPA
u
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= !!
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n
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up.11rn:pMC11IKa
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llOp.11 ....... ..:BllMHIDI nOf'HCIOCTI. llOplh:RK."n
nocri.
-- -
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T11n r1111e r ... % p!IJMqt On11c::111Ht KM % % T11n THU % uJl
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94 rnABA 3
Hl1)1(eHbl B 0611aCTl1 Bb!COKl1X 3Ha'leHl1H (sepoHTHO, H3-3a nnoxoro KalfeCTBa 113-
MepeH11H) no cpasttettHIO co 3Hal1ett1111M11, no11yqaeMhIMl1 B na6opaTop1111x no,ll
nOCTOHHHblM KOHTpOJJeM.
4) Han11que TpeIUHHOBaTocT11 11 CTl1JIOJJHTOB o6bI'IHO npHBO.IlHT K 3asb1111ettHt0 npo-
HHuaeMOCTl1 113-3a He,llOCTaTO'IHO Bb!COKOro 3<PcpeICTHBHOfO .nasJJeHH11.
5) 3HalfeHHH nopHCTOCTH MOryT OKa3aTbC11 3aHl1)1(eHHblMl1 113-3a He)]OCTaTO'IHO TIUa-
TeJJbHOH 3KCTpaKU11H o6pa3UOB.
6) 3HalfeHH11 nop11CTOCTl1 H npott11uaeMOCTl1 MOryT OKa3aTbCH 3aBbill1eHHblMl1, ecJil1
KepHOBblH MaTep11aJI, CO,llep)l(all(HH nmc HJJH rJIHHHCTbie MHHepaJibl, nO)]Bepra-
eTC11 aHaJIH3Y npH BbICOKOH Tel'.mepaType, nOCKOJlhKY TaKHe TeMnepaTypbl BbI3bl-
BalOT H3MeHettmI B Bbill1eynoM11HYTbIX MHHepanax.
3.4. UocTpoeuue H 3H3JIH3 388HCHMOCTeii Kepu-rHC
BTophIM 3rnnoM onpe.nenettH neTpo<PH311lfecK11x csoiicTB reonornqecKOH MOJJ.e-
JIH .s!BJI.s!eTC11 KOppen11u1111 crpyKrypHO-TeKCTypHblX )]aHHblX H <PaUHH c KpHBblMH fl1C.
.Qrr.si pacnpocTpatteHHH CBOHCTB ropHOH nopO.Ubl B Me)l(CKBa)l(HHHOM npoCTpaHCTBe
He06XO)]HMO on11cam1e KepHa npHB113aTb K KpHBbIM fl1C. .[(n 3TOfO HCflOJ1b3YIOT-
C11 CJie)]yt0m11e MeTO,llbl rHC: rK, HK, nJIOTHOCTHOH, cpOT03JieKTp11lfeCKHH (ffKc),
aKyCTH'leCKHH, conpOTHBJieHH.s!, a TaIOKe CKaHep nJiaCTa . .[(JJjj nocTpoeHH11 3aBHCH-
MOCTeH Keptt-fl1C TaK)l(e MOryr HCnOJib30BaTbC11 .uaHHbie 11)]epHO-MarHHTHOro Ka-
p0Ta)l(a (JIMK). CTeneHb BJIH11HH11 crpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK, cpauHi1,
neTpOcpH3H'leCKHX Tl1nOB, crpyKTypHO-TeKCTypttoro HH,lleKCa, a TaK)l(e KasepH Ha no-
K838Hl:UI yKa3aHHblX MeTO,UOB 6y.uyr npe.ucTaBJieHhl Htt)f{e.
c nOMOlUblO ,llaHHblX rHC B03MO)l(H0 onpe.ncnHTb cpH311'1eCKHe CBOHCTBa ropHOH
nopO,llbl, HO He reOJIOrHlfeCKHe aTpH6yTbI (HHTepnpeTaUHH KapOTa)l(HblX .UHarpaMM no-
.upo6HO paccMorpeHa B [7]). Kapora)I( He cnoco6ett ornH'laTb rpei1ttcrnytt OT saKcTO-
yHa HJil1 OOH,llbl OT cpy3ymiHH.Il, HO c noMOlUblO KapOTa)l(HblX .uaHHbIX MO)l(HO onpe)]e-
J111Tb BeJlH'IHHY raMMa-H3JIY'leHHH, KOTOpoe pa3JlHlfaeTCJI .IlJIH rpCHHCToytta 11 BaKCToy-
Ha. Pa1Mepb1 nop s nopoJJ.e MO)l(HO onpe.nen11Tb TOJlbKO c noMOIUblO 51MK 11 Mern.nos,
H3MepHIOJ.Ul1X conpOTHBJICHHC ropHOH nopO,llbl, KOTOpoe CBH3aHO c HaCbIJ.UeHHOCTblO,
a Ta, B CBOIO Olfepe.ub, CBH3aHa c pa3MepaMH nop H CTpyKTypHO-TeKCTYPHblMH oco6eH-
HOCrnMH nopOJJ.bI. .[(aHHble fHC TaK)l(e fi03BOJ1HIOT onpe.lleJI.sITb f!JIOTHOCTb ropHOH no-
pOJJ.bl, KOTOpa.si 3aBHCHT OT JlHTOJIOrH'ICCKOfO COCTaBa. TaK11e 3Mf!HpH'leCKHe 3aBHCH-
MOCTH KpHBblX rHc c reOJIOfHLICCKHMH xapaKrepHCTl1KaMH nopOJJ.bI-KOJIJlCKTOpa npH-
MeHHIOTCH ,llJlH 3KCTpanOJIHUHH onHCaHHSI KepHa H 113MepeHHH Ha see MeCTOpO)l(JJ.eHHe.
3.4.1. MeTO.llHKa noCTpoeHHH 1aenc11MocTeii Kepu-rUC
Ilp11 noCTpoeHHH 3aBHCHMOCTeH Keptt-fHC OCHOBHOe BHHMaH11e y.uensieTCH
YB113KC no rny611He KapOTa)l(HbIX ,UHarpaMM H HHTepBaJIOB OT6opa KCpHa. np11 3TOM
CJTe,llyeT 6parb B paC'leT HCCKOJlbKO BH.llOB rny6HH OT6opa KepHa, a 11MCHHO: I) OT-
MeTKH rny611H, npOCTaBJICHHbIC Ha H3BJ1ClfCHHOM 113 CKBa)l(HHbl KepHOBOM MaTep11ane
3.4. TlOCTPOEHHE H AHAJUl3 3ABHCllMOCTEfl KEPH-fl1C 95
cpa3y Ha 6ypoBOH nJioma.n.Ke (3.n.ecb HY)ICHO HMeTb B BH.ll.y, LITO np11 MeHee LieM CTO-
npou.eHTHOM BbIHOCe Keptta 6y.n:er HeB03MO:>KHO onpe.neJil1Tb 113Hat:faJJbHOe MeCTOTIO-
JIO:>Kem1e He.n:ocTa101L1.ero Kepttosoro MaTep11a.na); 2) my611Hb1, onpe.n.eneHHbie no pe-
3YJibTaTaM aHaJil13a KepHa (OTMeTKl1 TaK11X rny61rn MoryT 6b1Tb HaHeceHbl Ha KepH,
a MOryT 11 OTCYTCTBOBaTb, HO OHH nOLITH HaBepHS!Ka cosna.nyT c OTMeTKaMH, HaHeceH-
HblMl1 B ycJIOBH.!IX 6ypoBOH nJI01L1.a.n:K11); 3) 11HTepsaJibl rny611H, yKa3aHHbie Ha Slll.ll1Kax
c KepHOM (TaKHe OTMeTKH MOryT OTJIJ1<taTbCSI Ha 30 CM B 60JiblllYIO 11JIH MeHblllYIO CTO-
potty OT cpaKTl1<JeCKl1X rny6HH, eCJIH Sll.UHK ypOHl1JIH HJIH y.n.apH1IH npH nepeMe1L1.em111);
4) OTMeTKH my6HH, KOTOpble MOrJIH 6b1Tb HaHeCeHbl Ha KepH 11JIH Ha ero pacnHJieH-
Hbie <l>parMeHTbI B Tet:feH11e psi.n:a JieT nocne Hat:faJibHbIX OTMeTOK ( 3TH 6oJiee n03.ll.HHe
OTMeTKH rny6HH Moryr 6bITb coseprneHHO HeKoppeKTHbIMl1, noCKOJibKY HeHJBeCTHO,
KaK c .naHHbIM KOHKpeTHblM KepHOM 06paman11Cb).
YBSl3Ka Kapora:>Ka 11 11HTepsa.nos oT6opa KepHa no rny6HHe npo113BOlll1TCS1, rnas-
HbIM o6pa30M, nyreM conocTaBJieHHSI 3HaLieHHH nop11CTOCTH HJIH raMMa-KapOTIDKa
no KepHy C KpHBOH nopHCTOCTl1 no rYIC HJil1 fK. )l,JISI my6HHHOH npHBUKll rmrnH-
CTbIX npocnoes 06hit:fHO 11CnOJib3YIOTCSI noKa3amrn raMrvta-KapoTa:>Ka, 0.ll.HaKO rnaBHYIO
pOJib B YBSl3Ke KapOTa:>KHblX ,llHarpaMM H HHTepsaJIOB OT6opa Keptta no rny611He H rpa-
IOT my611HbI, yKa3aHHbie B :>KypHaJiax aHa.nH'la KepHa. K co:>Ka.neHHIO, no np111mHJ\1.
yKa3aHHhIM Bhiwe, OTMeTKH my611H Ha KepHe 3aqacTy10 He cosnallalOT c my61111<t
MH, nonyt:feHHbIMH H3 .n:attttbrx era attaJIH3a. B CBSl3H c 3Tl1M, no Mepe B0'3MO:>KHocn1.
cne.uyeT HCnOJih30BaTb HOMepa o6pa3u.os Keptta, no.nseprw11xcS1 atta.rr113y, MS! H.ll.eHT11-
cp11Kau1111 my6HH, c KOTOphIX )TH o6pa3Uhl 6hIJIH B3S!Tbl. Ecm1 HOMep o6pa3u.a Keptta
HeB03MO:>KHO ycTaHOBHTb, TO npHXO,llHTCSI OCHOBhIBaTbCSI Ha MeTKax rny611H, Hattecett-
HbIX Ha KepHe HJIH Ha KepHOBOM SllLl.HKe, HO COOTBeTCTBHe my6HH B nape KepH-fl1C
6y.neT B TaKOM cnyqae BeCbMa npH6Jil13HTeJibHbIM.
Hecl'vt0TpS1 Ha Tpy.uoeMKOCTh, T04HaSI YBSl3Ka KapoTa:>KHbIX .nHarpaMM 11 HH-
Tepsanos OT6opa KepHa no my611He SIBJIS!eTCSI 0<1ettb Ba:>KHOH 3a,nat:feH. 00CKOJibKY
om1caH11e KepHa npOH3BO.ll.HTCSI c waroM B 30 CM, C.ll.Blff rny6HH .ll.JISI npHBSl3KH
HHTepsana OT6opa Keptta K noKa3aHHSIM Ha KapOTa:>KHOH .n.11arpaMMe He llOJI){{CH
npeBbllllaTb 30 CM. Jl.m1 nOBblllleHHSI Kat:feCTBa nocTpoeHHSI 3aBHCHMOCTH KepH-
rMC YBSl3KY .naHHblX no my611tte tteo6xo.n11MO np0113BO.ll.HTb spy4HYIO. nocne Toro,
KaK HHTepBa.nbI OT6opa KepHa 6y.uyT .llOJl){{HbIM o6pa30M npHBSl3aHbI K Kapora:>K-
HbIM Kp11BbIM no rnyforne, MO:>KHO 6y.n.eT np11cTyn11Tb K conoCTaBJieHl1!0 BepTHKaJlb-
HbIX npoclnrneii 113MeHeH11S1 cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIX oco6eHHocreif 11 nocJie.nosareJib-
ttocreif <1>au.11i1 oca.n:KOHaKonneHm1 c noKa3aHl1SIMH pa3JIHLIHbIX MeTOllOB KapoTama
11 K Bbipa60TKe aJiropHTMa nOCTpOeHl1SI 3aBHCl1MOCTH KepH-rYIC . .ll,anee Mbl pac-
CMOTpHM B03MO:>KHOCTH HCnOJih30BaHl1SI Ka:>KllOfO MeTOlla KapOTa:>Ka MS! BbI.ll.eJieHllSI
cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIX oco6eHHocreii 11 cpau.11ii, AA.ff nerpocl>113114ecKoi1 Knaccmlm-
Kau.m1, ycrnHOBJieH11S1 cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHoro 11tt.neKca, a TaK:>Ke 6noKosoi1 nopH-
CTOCTH, H301IHpOBaHHblX H CB.!13aHHbIX KaBepH.
3.4.2. ral\JMa-KapOTa)I(
raMMa-KapOTa:>K np11MettS1eTC.ff MS! H3MepeHl1SI KOHU.eHTpaU.1111 "JJieMeHTOB C ecTe-
CTBeHHOH pa.u11oaKTHBHOCTblO - ypatta, KaJ111.ff 11 TOp11.!1. Kan11i1 H TOp11H co.nep:>KaT-
96 fJIABA 3
CS! B MHHepanax, npe.ncTaBJISllOUJ,HX co6oi1 HepacTBopHMblH OCTaTOK B Kap6oHaTHblX
H o6noMOlfHblX nopo.nax H e rJJHHax. B TO )KC epeMsi, ypaH, ljam.e ecero, .RBJJ.RCTC.R
npo.nyKToM .nHareHeJa H He CB.RJaH c cpaUH.RMH oca.nKoHaKonJieHH.R HJIH CTPYKTYPHO-
TeKcTypHblMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH nopOJJ. .[{JI.ff 3cpcpeKTHBHOH HJJ.CHTHcpHKaumt CTpyK-
ryp, TCKCTyp HJIH cpal.\HH HC06XO)lHMO BblljCCTb BKJia.D. ypaHa HJ o6m.ero CHrHa-
Jia raMMa-KapoTa)l(a. MCTo.n raMMa-cneKTpocKOIIHH noJBOJl.RCT pa3JJ.CJIHTb CHrHaJJbI
OT ypaHa, TOpH.R H KaJIH.R, a TaK)l(C o6ecnC'IHBaCT 803MO)((HOCTb OT.lJ.CJIHTb .lJ.Hare-
HCTHljCCKHH ypaH OT TOpH.R H KaJJH.R, KOTOpblC HMCIOT CC,!l.HMCHTaUHOHHblH reue-
JHC (pHc. 3.2). CneKTpoMeTpHljCCKHH raMMa-KapOTa)(( no3aon.11eT noJiyljHTb KpHBblC
CJIC.Il.YIOUJ,HX .nayx BH.ll.OB: )J.HarpaMMY cneKTpOMCTPH'ICCKOro raMMa-KapOTa)((a (CfK),
cyMMapHOC H3JIYljCHHC OT ecex pa.nHoaKTHBHblX HCTOljHHKOB H pa3HOCTHYIO BblljHC-
JICHHYIO JlHarpaMMY raMMa-KapoTa)l(a (BfK), Ha KOTOpOH OCTaJIHCb CHrHaJibl TOJlb-
KO OT TOpHCBOro H KaJJHeeoro KOMnOHCHTOB. PeKOMCH.LlYCTC.11 HCOOJlbJOBaTb BfK
.nn" H.LlCHrn<lmKaUHH CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHblX xapaKTepHCTHK H KoppeJI.RUHH cenH-
MeHTaUHOHHblX o6cTaHoeoK (HJMeHeHH.11 ycnoBHH ce.nHMeHTaUHH) a ropHJOHTaJibHOM
HanpaBJJCHHH. BblCOKOH KOHUCHTpauHeH KaJIH.R H TOPHSI, KaK npaBHJIO, OTJIHlfalOTCSI
rJJHHHCTblC npocJIOH, KBapu-aneBpHTOBblC nopO.D.bl H ropH30HTbl, o6oraweHHble opra-
HHljCCKHM BCIUCCTBOM. 113BCCTHO,
1
1TO CHJlbBHH (KCI), npHCYTCTBYIOIUHH B nnacrnx
rruIHTa (NaCl), HMCCT BblCOKHC noKa3aHH'1 raMMa-HJJIYljCHH.11, Bbl3bIBaCMOro KaJJHCM
(TaK )KC, KaK H noneaournaTOBblH necljaHHK).
)J.aHHblC raMMa-KapoTa)((a B CTapblX CKBa)((HHax HC06XOJlHMO HCOOJib30BaTb
c ocropo)l(HOCTblO. HeoJJ.HOKpaTHoe npoee.neHHe raMMa-KapoTa)l(a e o6ca)l(CHHOM
CTBOJIC 3KcnnyaTaU,HOHHblX CKBa)((HH noKa3bIBaeT, ljTO B nepcpopHpoeaHHblX mncp-
eanax co BpCMCHCM YBCJIHljH8alOTC'1 noKaJaHH'1 Ha .ll.HarpaMMax rK. no-BH.ll.HMOMy,
JTO .llBJICHHC 00b'1CH'1CTC.ll OTJIO)l(CHHCM panH03KTHBHblX 3JJCMCHTOB B HaKanJIHB3IO-
WHXC'1 Ha CTCHKax CKBa)l(HHbl HeopraHHljCCKHX COJl.RX, Bb1Ila}l310IUHX HJ nnaCTOBOH
BO)J.bl npH ee npoxmtc.neHHH ljepe3 nepcf>OpHpOB3HHblC yljaCTKH.
CTOCKOJibKY CYllICCTBYCT npe.nnoJIO)l(CHHC, ljTO KOJIHljCCTBO HCp3CTBOpHMOro
OCTaTKa o6paTHO nponopUHOHaJibHO JHCprHH TCljCHH'1 )l(H.lJ.KOCTH, TO MHOrHe Kap-
60H3THbJC cpauHH KoppenHpylOTC.11 c 3HCprHCH TCljCHHSI H, TaKHM o6pa30M, c Ka-
JIHCBblM H TOpHCBblM H3JIYljCHHCM. fpCHHCTOYHbl H npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblC
113KCTOYHbl, o6pa3ylOIUHCC'1 B BblCOKOJHepreTH
1
1CCKHX o6CT3HOBK3X oca.u.KoHaKOnJJC-
HHSI, 06bJljff0 OTJIH'lalOTCSI HH3KOH raMM3-3KTHBHOCTblO. CTpeHMYWCCTBCHHO rJJHHH-
CTblC naKCTOYHbl, B3KCTOYHbl H M3J\CTOYHbl, ornaral011\HCC'1 B o6CT3HOBK3X OC3)).KOHa-
KOOJICHH'1 c HH3KHM JHepreTHljCCKHM ypoBHCM, K3K npaBHJJO, HMCIOT nOBblWCHHYIO
raMMa-aKTHBHOCTb (pHC. 3.3). Bo MHOrHX CJIYlj3'1X CHrH3Jl OT KaJIH.R H TOpH.R HCJJ.0-
CTaTOljHO eeJIHK JVJ.R Ha.ne)l(HOH HJl.CHTHcpHK3UHH paJJIHljHbJX CTpyKTypno-TeKcrypHblX
nmos (pHc. 3.3). EcnH ypa11 npHCYTCTBYCT B nopoJJ.e a cywecrneHHOM KOJIHlfCCTBe,
TO cro H3JIY
1
ICHHC nepcKpblB3CT noKa3aHH.ll OT KaJIH'1 H TOpm1, 'ITO ]\CJiaCT MCTOJJ.
raMMa-KapOTa)l(a 6ecnoJ1e3HblM c TOljKH JpeHH.11 Bbl.RBJJCHH.11 CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbIX
xapaKTCpHCTHK.
Ec11H nopo.U.bl c npeHMYllICCTBCHHO 1epHHCTOH crpyKTypoii (Knaccb1 I H 2), c npe-
HMywecTBCHHO rnHHHCTOH CTPYKTYPOH (Knacc 3) H rnHHHCTO-anespHTHCTbIC Kap6o-
HaTbl (KJiacc 3) BCC-TaKH MO)l(HO pa3llHlJHTb npH nOMOWH raMMa-KapOTa)((a, TO .ll.Jl'1
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i-o ___ c_r_K ____ 1_00-1 fny61rna
0 BfK 100 (M) 262 AK (MKCI M) 131
1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 - - ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . ; _ _ ~ - ' - ~ ~ ~ 1
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nopo.uax ---...._
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1355
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CTBHCM I) nOBblWCHHOro COJlCp)l(aHHJI ypaua KaK npo.ayKTa .!lHareHe3a " 2) nOBblWCHHblX KOH-
UCHTpau11it KaJIHJI " rnpHJI, fl0380JIJllOIUHX npeJlnOJIO)l(lffb HaJIH<fHe uepaCTBOpHMOro (KpCM-
HHCTo-o6noMO<fHOro) OCTaTKa, CBJl3aHHOro c ypoeHeM 3Hepnrn 8 o6cTaHOBKC oca.uKoHaKon-
JICHHJI. 06paTHTC BHHMaHHC Ha TO, KaK mmrpaMMa aKYCTH<fCCKOro KapOTa)l(a pearnpyen>
Ha npHCYTCTBHe KpeMHHCT0-06JIOMO<fHOro MaTepHaJla. 3rn peaKUH.11 CBJl3aHa c JIHTOJIOrH<fC-
CKHM COCTaBOM nopO.Ubl, HO ee <1aCTO OWH60<fHO npHHHMalOT 3a BblCOKHC 3Ha<!CHHJI nopMCTO-
CTll.
BbI)leJieHH.11 <t>auHH OCa)J.KOHaKOnJieHH.11 'JTOT MeTO.U, KaK npaBHJIO, He fO.UHTC.11, TaK KaK
yKa3aHHbie <t>aui-rn o6hI'IHO ycrnuaBJIHBaJOTc" no THny 3epeH, a TaK)l(e no CTPYKTYPHO-
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.UHarpaMMaM. 0 HCM MO)l(HO CY.UHTb TOJibKO Ha OCHOBaHHH reOJIOrH'leCKOH HH<t>op-
MaUHH.
3.4.3. CKB&JKHHHbte yCJtOBHH
reo<t>HJH'leCKHe HCCJie.UOBaHHSI B CKBa)l(HHaX nOJBOJI.lllOT onpe.UeJIHTb CBOHCTBa
ropHbIX nopo.u H xapaKTepHCTHKH <t>11t011.uoe a nopoaoM npocTpaucTae. XapaKTep
98 rnABA 3
1-heeCTHllKH (Ty6apao) HJeeCTH.RKH craeap) )1.oJJOMHTbl (CeMHHOJl)
t 5
=
>:S:
II)
e o ~ . . _ _ . .............. ....._..__.
5 .--.----.....-....-....-..--.
10 20 30
)1.1tanaJoH
nopHCTOCTH
:60Ll
g 2.6% () .
:.:
"' c:: 0 . .
: 15
g
1,3%
!;!
"'
co
0 l
0 10 20 30
,llttanaJoH
nopHCTOCTJI
15'7c
10 20 JO
)1.HanaJOH
nopHCTOCTJI
10
)1.HanaJoH
nopHCTOCTJI
10 20 30
)1.HanaJOH
nopHCTOCTlt
0 L--J...._.__....._ _ __.
12 .--....-.---....-....-.,....--,
10 20 30
)1.HanaJOH
nopHCTOCTH
Puc. 3.3. ConocraBJ1eH11e CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbtX xapaK"rcpHCTllK nopo.u no KCpHOBbtM .uaH-
HbtM H .uaHHblM raMMa-KaporaJKa: (a) coena.uCHHC 80 % npH HlleHT11<f>11KaUHll npCHMyme-
CTBCHHO "lepHHCTblX H npeHMYlllCCTBeHHO rmtHHCTblX CTpyK"ryp. (b) HC!lOCTaTO'IHO ycTOH-
'IHB3ll "33BlfCllMOCTb MCIKllY <j>aUllllMll pa1m1tHblX CTpyKryp H'J-'Ja Hll1KOro "1H3'1CHHll raMMa-
HJJJY'ICHHll.
cj>JIIOH.UOB B nopOBOM npocTpaHCTBC, HenocpC.UCTBCHHO npHMblK310ll{eM K CTBOJIY
CK83)1n1Hbl, 33BHCHT OT KOJIH'tecTBa H THna cj>HJibTpaTa 6yposoro paCTBOpa, npOHH-
K310ll{Cro B nnacT. B npouecce 6ypeHHJI 6yposoH pacTBop c noMOlllblO Hacocos no-
.uaioT B 6ypHJibHYIO KOJIOHHy, OH npOXO.UHT .uo 3a60J1 CKB3)1{HHbl, a nOTOM no.nmtMa-
eTCJI BBCpX no 33Tpy6HOMY npOCTpaHcTBy, T. e. npocTpaHCTBY Me)l{.uy 6ypHJibHblMH
Tpy6aMH H npo6ypeHHhtMH nopo.uaMH. EcnH nopo.ubt o6na.uaioT .uocTaTOl!HOH npo-
HHl.l3CMOCTbto, cj>HJibTpaT 6y.ueT npocalfHB3TbCJI B nnacT, OCTaBJIJIJI Ha CTCHKax CKBa-
)l{lfHbl rJIHHHCTYIO KOpKy. JTO npOHCXO.!lllT nOTOMy, lfTO ..'l3BJICHHC B CTOJJ6e 6yposoro
pacTBopa BblWC, 'ICM .U3BJICHHC B nnacTC-KOJJJJeKTope. 3oHa npoHHKHOBCHltJI cj>HJJb-
TpaTa 6yposoro pacrnopa COCTOHT H3 npOMblTOH 30Hbl H nepexO.UHOH "30Hbl, npH-
3.4. nocTPOEHME II AHAJJIB JABllCllMOCTEii KEPl-1-fHC 99
'ICM BCJJe)l,CTBHe .rtH<l><l>YJHH pa3Mepb1 nepexom1oi1 JOHbl co epeMCHCM HJMCH.lllOTC.11.
B BOJlOHOCHOM nJJacre <J>ttJJhTpar 6yposoro pacrsopa cnoco6eH noJJHOCTbJO BblTec-
HHTb nJJaCTOBYIO BOJlY HJ npHJa6oHHOH ]0Hbl, H TOr.lla nepexonHa.11 'lOHa OKaJKCTC.11
MCJKllY npoMblTOH JOHOH H HeJaTpoHyrnrt lfaCTbJO nJJacrn (pnc. 3.4, a). B He<tne-
raJOHOCHOM nnacre, nopbl KOTOporo JanOJIHCHbl OCTaTO'IHOH BOllOH H ne<l>TblO HJJH
raJOM, OCTaTOlfHa.11 eo.na 6yner BblTCCHCHa, a OCTaTOlfHblC yrneso.nopo.nbl 6y.nyr y.uep-
JKHBaTbC.11 B nJJaCTC KanHJJJJ.llpHblMH CHJJ3MH, 1lCHCTBYIOlUHMH B npOMblTOH JOHC. Oe-
pCXO.[lHa.11 JOHa 06pa1yerc.11 MCJK.llY npOMblTOH JOHOH H HeJarpm1yroi1 lf3CTblO nnacrn
TaM, rne ne<l>TeHaCbllUCHHOCTb 6y.ner yseJrnlfHBaTbc.11. a sononacbnueHHOCTb CHHJKaTb-
c.11 (pHC. 3.4, b ).
Opocj>HJJb HaCbllUCHliOCTH <l>HJJbTpaTOM 6ypoeoro paCTBOpa B '30HC npOHHKHOBC-
HH.11 Heo6XO.llHMO YlfHTblB3Tb npH HHTepnpeTaUHH KapoTaJKHblX JlH31 p:1 \ll\l. nocKOJJbKY
BJJH.llHHC He<l>TH H BO.Ubl Ha .. warpaMMbl HCHTpOHHOro, nJJOTHOCTHOro II aKyCTHlfCCKO-
ro KaporaJKa HCBCJJHKO, B paClfCTax HM lf3CTO npeHe6peralOT. 01lH3KO npucyrCTBHC
OCTaTO'IHOro raJa B "JOHC npOHHKHOBCHH.11 naeT OlUYTHMbltt 1<1><1>eKT, H 06 1TOM Mbl
lfYTb noJJKe eme noroeopnM. HacbilUCHHOCTb H y.acnbnoe 1neKTpHlfecKoe conpon1s-
neHne (Y3C) BOJlbl B 30HC npOHHKHOBCHH.11 <l>HJJbTpaTa 6ypoeoro pacreopa O K a ~ b l
BalOT caMoe nenocpe1lCTBCHHoe em1.11Hne Ha onpeneJICHH.11 Y3C nopo1lbl H yneJJ1.1 ! .:i
)JJCKTponpoBOD.HOCTH, KOTOpblC HC06XOJlHMO Y'IHTbJB3Tb npH HHTepnpeTau1m MCTO..J.\iiJ
conponrnJJCHH.11.
3.4.4. Bb11111cJJe1111e nopHCTOCTH no ll811Hbtl\I 11eihpo1111oro H HJIOTHOCTHOro
KapoTaiKa
nopHCTOCTb .llBJUICTCSI HCXOllHOH BCJlHllHHOH .llllSI pacl!eTa o6beMHblX napaMeT-
poB u cocrnsJJeHH.11 KOMnJJeKCHOH xapaKTepncTHKH crpyKT)'pHo-TeKcTypHblX ceortcrn.
B 6oJJbWHHCTBe cJJylfaes nopHcrocTb pacclfHTbrnaerc.11 no noKaJaHH.llM HeihpoHHoro
H nJJOTHOCTHOro KaporaJKa. ).lJJ.11 nort UCJlH 6blJJO pa1pa60TaHO HCCKOJJbKO anropHT-
MOB, HO o6o6II{CHH3.ll <l>opMyJJa 6y.rteT BblfJl.llJlCTb TaKHM o6pa30M:
r.ne kn.llK - neihpOHHa.11 nopHCTOCTb c nonpaBKOH Ha JJHTOJJOrHIO, kn.ITKIJ - nopH-
CTOCTb paCC'IHTaHH3.ll lfepe3 ffKO C nonpaBKOH Ha JJHTOJJOrHIO. OopHCTOCTb MO)l(HO
paCClfHTaTb 11 no noKaJaHH.llM aKyCTHlfeCKOro KaporaJKa, HO B )TOM cJiylfae Heo6xo.nH-
MO YlfHTblBaTb BJJl1.llHHe KasepHOBOH 11opncrocT11 11 mnonorn'tecKoro cocrasa.
PaclfCTbl Ha OCHOB3HHl1 llOK333Hl1ii Heihponnoro H llJIOTHOCTHOro KapOTail\a co-
!l.CpJKaT norpeWHOCTH, CBOikTBeHHblC Hl\ICHHO 3THM l\ICTO.ilaM fJ1C, ll01TOMY HX HC06-
KOD.HMO yeubtBaTb c seJIHlfHHaM11 nopHCTOCTH, onpc.ueJJeHHb1M11 no Keptty. TeM He
MCHee, K3K )01\C roeopHJIOCb B rnase I, nopHCTOCTb, onpe.neneHHa.11 no KCpHy, HCJlb3SI
C'IHTaTb 11CTHHHOH JlO TCX nop, noKa ee TOlfHOCTb onpe.ueJJCHH.11 HC llOJlTBCPJKD.CHa
-
1
R
1111
- Y3C npoMt.noii JOHbl, R
1111
- Y3C eo.'10Hacblu1cHHOro nnacrn. H
11
-- Y3C nnacrn e muc. He
1aTpo11yrnii npOHlll\llOBeHllCM <j>11m;1parn npoMblBO'IHOii ll\11.'IKOCTll. llCTllllHOC Y3C. - np11.11. 11epet1.
100
npoHHUaeMbIH
CJJOH
(a)
CTpoHHuaeMbIH
CJJOH
(b)
fJJABA 3
CKBa)l(HHa
<l>JJIOH.ZlOynop
(HenpOHHuaeMbIH
nnacT)
l-l,m
3oHa npOHHKHOBeHHR
CKBa)l(HHa
<l>moH.Zloynop
(HenpOHHuaeMblH
nnacT)
0JJaCTOBaJI
R,.n
Pttc. 3.4. CoCTae <f>JJIOH.!la 8 30He npoHHKH08eHHR. 8 npo1rnuaeMOM 80.ZlOHOCHOM nnacTc <j>HJib-
TPaT 6ypo8oro pacTBopa noJIHOCTblO 8blTeCHHT 11J1acTOey1<> 90.ny H3 npH3a6oiiHoit 30Hbt, H To-
r.na nepeXO.ZlH3R 30Ha OKaiKeTCR MeiK.!lY npOMblTOH 30HOH 11 HC33TPOHYTOH 'f3CTblO nnacTa (a).
8 He<f>Tera30HOCHOM TlJJ3CTe, nopbl KOTOporo 3anoJIHeHbl OCTaTO'fHOH 80.!lOH H HClf>TblO 11Jll1
ra30M, npOMblT3R 30H3 OKaiKeTCR 3anOJJHCHHOH lj>HJibTpaTOM 6ypo8oro paCT80pa, OCTaTO'fllble
yrneeo.nopo.nbl 6y.nYT y.Zlep)l(1183TbCll KamrnnRpHblMH CHJl3Ml1, He3aTpOHYT3R l!3CTb nnacTa-KOJI-
JICKTOpa 6y.11cT 3anonHeHa yme80.Il0P0.113MH If nJI3CTOBOH 80.ZlOH, a nopbl B nepCXO.!lHOH 30HC
OKaiKyTcR 3anOJJHeHHblMH yrneeo.nopO.Zl3MH, <f>HJJbTpaTOM 6ypoeoro pacTBopa H nJJaCT080H 80-
JlOH (b)
3
.
npoeepKOH na6opaTOpHoro o6opy.noeaHHR H npHMCHffCMblX MCTO.nHK 3HaJIH33, H TOJJb-
KO B TOM CJiytiae, CCJJH 6bIJJO ycTaHOBJICHO, l.fTO HCCJIC.!lOB3HHble o6p33Ubl ffBJIRIOTCff
O.UHOpo.nHblMH, HMCIOT noposoe npocTpaHCTBO o.nttoro H Toro )KC THna H 6b!JIH non-
HOCTblO 01.fHll{CHbl OT yrneeo.nopo.noe nepe.n H3
1
13JJOM HCCJJC,ZlOBaHml.
YBffJKa JHalfCHHH nopttcTOCTH, nony<teHHOH no KapOTa)l(HblM .nattHbIM, c 11aHHh1-
MH 3H3JJH33 KepHa BnOJJHC npHMCHHMa .!lJIH npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblX H npe11My-
mecTBeHHO fJJHHHCTblX nopOJI. npeHMYutCCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTble H3BCCTHffKH 06bJlfHO
3.4. nocTPOEIHIE II AHAJlll'l 3ABllCMMOCTEi1 KEPH-fl1C IOI
OTJIHl!atoTCSI 6onee HIHKHMH 3HalfeHHSIMH nopHCTOCTH, lfeM npeHMylUeCTBeHHO 3ep-
HHCTble nopO.llbl, nocKOJlbKy' TOHKOfnHHHCTble oca,l),KH 6onee noitsep)l(eHbl ynnOTHe-
HHto, lfeM oca,lJ,KH JepHHcroro THna. TaKoc )Ke srnneHHe xapaKTepHo .U.JJSI .lJ.OJIOMHTa
s cnylfae paHHeH nonoMHTHJaUHH, a raK)l(e ecnH HMetoTCSI pacnOJHasaeMble npH3Ha-
KH npe.nwecrnytomeii neTpocrpyKTypbI.
CymecTsyeT HecKonbKO cnoco6os ysS1JaTb crpyKTypHo-TeKcrypHbie oco6eHHO-
CTH H nopHCTOCTb, nonylfeHHYIO no rl1C, TaK K3K pacnpe,lleJJeHHe H cpe.!lHHC 3Ha-
lfeHHSI nopHCTOCTH .ll.JISI Ka)l(.noro THna nopo.ll paJJTHlfHbI (pHc. 3.5). CpasHHBaSI KpH-
syto nopHCTOCTH H CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbie oco6eHHOCTH no rny6HHe, MO)l(HO HaHTH
Heo6XO.llHMbie 33BHCHMOCTH (pHc. 3.6). B Kom1eKTopax naneoJoiicKoro so3pacra .llO-
JTOMHTbI o6bllfHO HMetoT 6onee BblCOKyto nopHCTOCTb, lfeM H3BeCTHSIKH, a npeHMyme-
CTBCHHO rnHHHCTble nopO.!lbI Moryr 6b!Tb JaMemeHbl .nonoMHTaMH [ 11 ]. KaK npas11no,
no ,llHarpaMMe nopHCTOCTH MO)l(HO Bbl.!leJTHTb HC 6onee .ueyx THnOB <t>auHH OCa.zJ.KO-
HaKonneHHSI, a HMeHHO rpeHHCTOyH/naKCTOYH c npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTOH crpyK-
rypoH H naKcrnyH c npeHMymecrneHHO mHHHCTOH CTPYKTYPOH. <I>aUHH Ha ocHoee
annoxcM
4
pacnOJHaBaHHto He no.unalOTCSI.
)Ja1111b1e 11eumpo111wzo Kapoma:>1ca noJBOJISltoT onpe.ueJIHTb eo.nopo.noco.uep'.i!\a-
HHe B nJiaCTe nyTeM H3MepeHHSI CKOpOCTH 3aMe.nneHHSI HJTH 3axsarn HeHTpOHOi3,
HcnycKaeMblX HCTO'IHHKOM HeHTpOHOB. 3anHcb KpHBOH HK o6bllfHO npoHJB0.11.HT ..::1
c noMOUlblO npH6opoe KOMneHCHpoeaHHOro O.UH030HJlOBOro HJIH KOMneHCHposam10-
ro .ueyxJoH.uosoro ueiiTpOHHoro KapOTa)l(a. B 6oJJbWHHCTBe CJJY'iaes HK nposO.llHTCSI
OJJ,HOBpeMeHHO C nJJOTHOCTHblM KapOTaiKCM. npH60pbl HeHTpOHHOro KapOTaiKa npe.u-
CTaBJJSllOT co6oH ueHTpHposaHHble 30H.!lbl, B noKaJaHHSI KOTOpblX He06XOJJ.HMO 880-
.llHTb nonpaBKH Ja .nHaMeTp CKsaiKHHbI. TaKHe nonpasKH asroMaTHlfeCKH BBO.!lJITCSI
npH BblBO.!lC OKOHlfaTellbHOH KpHBOH. B CBSIJH c TeM, lfTO npH60p HeHTpOHHOro Ka-
pOTaiKa TaKOro THna SIBJJSleTCSI ueHTpHposaHHblM 30H.UOM, a He npHiKHMHblM, 3Ha-
lfeHH.JI nopHCTOCTH, BbllfHCJJSleMble no ero 110Ka3aHHSIM, He Moryr 6bITb a6COJllOTHO
TOl.fHblMH. 11 Hanponrn. HeHTpOIHlblH KapOTa)I( npHiKHMHblM 30H.UOM Tpe6yCT MCHb-
WCH KoppCKTHpOBKH noKaJaHHH Ja pa3Mep CKBa)l(HHbl H OTJIHlfaeTCSI 60JJblllCH TOlf-
HOCTbto H3MCpCHHH. 3TOT cnoco6 B HaCTOSllUCe epeMSI He npHMeHSleTCSI, HO KpHBblC,
nonylfCllHble c ero nOMOlUblO, MOiKHO HCpC.!lKO BH.UeTb cpe.11.H MaTepHMOB no CTapblM
CKBaiKHHaM.
111-Ja csoeii He6011bUJOH rny6mrnocrn HccnenosaHHSI (30-60 CM) npH6opbl ueii-
rpmrnoro KaporniKa pa60Ta10T e JOHe npoHHK11ose11HS1 cl>Hnbrparn 6ypoeoro pacreopa.
B ')TOH 30HC npHcyrcrnytoT cl>HJJbTpaT, OCTaTOrnaSI HeQ>Tb H ra3, KOTOpble conep)ICaT
aTOMbI so.nopo.ua. Bo.uopo.uoco.uepiKaHHe BO.!lbl H uect>rH O.llHHaKOeo H o6bllfHO npH-
HHMaCTCSI paBHblM e,!lHHHUe. nnOTHOCTb raJa 3H3lfHTenbHO HHiKe nnOTHOCTH 80.llbl
HJIH Hecl>TH, llOJTOMY KOHUeHTpaUHSI aTOMOB so.uopo,lla 8 HeM cymecrseHHO MCHbille,
H HanHlfHe ra1a .u.aer ropa3.110 MeHbUJee BJJHSIHHe Ha KpHeyto HK, lfeM npHcyrcTBHe
BO.Ubl Hnn Hecl>TH npH Tex )Ke caMblX JHalfeHHSIX nopHCTOCTH. EcnH raJoHaCbllUeHHe
He npHHHMaeTCSI BO BHHM3HHe, TO 3HalfeHHSI nopHCTOCTH nOJiylfatoTCSI JaHH)l(eHHblMH
~ AnnoXCMbl - KOMnOHCllTbl Kap60H3THblX nopo.J XHMll'ICCKOro 111111 6HOXHMll'ICCKOro 11po11CXOlK..'1.C-
Hllll. npcTCpllCBWHC llCpCHOC. - flpll.11. llepeu.
102
UJ
::c
(-
u
:s::
:i::
Q.,
LLI
M
0
:::i::
:::i::
UJ
o:l
(-
u
UJ
3


:s::
UJ
Q.,
c::
fJJABA 3
113BeCTHllKH (Ty6apao) l13BeCTHllKH (fasap) ):toJIOMHTbl (CeMHHOJJ)
:c
5
u
:c
l:S:
u
173
......

:c
[
"' c::
10 20 30
):tHanaJOH
nopHCTOCTH

2,63

"'
c:: 0

t lL____J
a:i
0
o 10 20 30
}:tttanaJOH
nopHCTOCTH
153
10 20 30
):tHanaJoH
nopHCTOCTH
}:tttanaJoH
nopHCTOCTH
10
}:tttanaJoH
nopHCTOCTH
30

103
10 20 30
}:tttanaJOH
nopHCTOCTH
PHC. 3.5. fHCTOrpaMMbl nopHCTOCTH, .ueMOHCTp11py10uu1e pa3JIH'1He l\le)l{,!ly OCHOBHblMH THna-
MH nopO.!lbl. Cpc.UHHC JHa11ettm1 nop11crncTH yMeHbWatoTCll npn yecnn11emrn otTheMa rmrnH-
CToii COCTaBJllllOlUeii KaK B H3BeCTHllK3X, TaK H B Ce.UHMeHT3U.HOHHblX .!lOJIOMllTaX.
no cpaBHCHHIO c TCM, KaKHMH OHH .!J.OJl)KHbl 6b1Tb Ha caMOM i'{CJIC. TaKoe SIBJICHHC Ha-
3blBaIOT c?Q30flbUI J<P</JeKm0.11 H o6hlKHOBCHHO HCnOJJbJYIOT KaK HH;{HKaTop HaJJH'IHSI
ra3a (BMCCTC c noKaJaHHJIMH llJIOTHOCTHOro Kap0Ta)K3, 0 KOTOpOM 6y.neT paccKaJaHO
HH:>Ke).
ATOMbl BO.LJ.Opo.u.a MOryT npHCYTCTBOB3Tb 11 B HCKOTOpblX MHHepanax B BH.llC KpH-
CTaJJJIH'ICCKH CBJl33HHOH 80.llbl. 0pH6op HCHTpOHHOro Kaporn:lKa pearnpyeT Ha KpH-
CTaJJJIH'ICCKH CBJl33HHYIO BO.UY KaK Ha nopttCTOCTb, nOTOMY '!TO OH He cnoco6eH
OTJIH'IHTb CB060.UHYIO BO.!l.Y OT CBSl33HHOH. J.h BCCX MHHepaJJOB, co.u.ep:lK31UHX CBJl-
33HHYIO BO.Uy, HaH6onee pacnpocTpaHCHHblMH JIBJISllOTCSI rnnc (CaSO.i 2H20) H fJIH-
Ha (Al
2
S0.">(0H).i). Bo.u.opo.ll co.nep)KHTCJI TaK:lKe B opraHH'lecKOM MaTepHane. HJ-Ja
np11cyrcTBHJI aTOMOB eo.uopo.u.a B CKCJICTe nopO.Ubl JHa'ICHliJI nopHCTOCTH nonytfa-
3.4. nocTPOEHHE H AHAJIHJ JABlfCllMOCTEtf KEPH-rHC 103
CTpyKT)'phllTeKcl)'pbl
no KepHy
"' 0
~ [
<'<!
"'=
BrK
:c "'::
0 150
li! ::J
:s:,.......,
t ; ~
"' ..
l.O ~ t; =
::
>. ........
TIOPJilCTOCTb
" ..
"""
~
c
3 :ii
~ i !
crK A
>. t;
0 150 0,2 0
~ =
~ ~
:: - ,;;
&. ~ 8.a
c:: E: c:: lit , ~
PHC. 3.6. ConocTaBJiemte KpHBblX rK H nopHCTOCTH c xapal<TepHCTHK3Mlf CTpOeHltll .nono-
MlfTa no omtcaHHIO wnmf>oe. B npe11MymecTeeHHO 1epHHCTbtX .IJ.OnOMHTaX npocne)l(HBaeTCll
TCH.ZlCHUlfll K 6onee BblCOKOH nopHCTOCTlt, 'ICM B npem.1ywecTBCHHO rnHHllCTblX .nonOMHT3X.
06paTHTe BHHM3HHe Ha TO, K3K no AHarpaMMe cneKTpOMeTpH'ICCKOro KapoTa)l(a xopowo Bbl-
.ZlCnlleTCll .nHareHeTH'ICCKHH ypaH npH HHJKHX JHa'teHHllX BrK.
104 fJIABA 3
IOTCSI 3asb11UeHHbIMH. KaK npaeHno, co.llep1KaHHe rnHHbI HJIH oprattwtecKoro eeme-
crna B Kap6oHaTHbIX nopo,llaX-KOJIJieKTopax He.llOCTaTOlfHO . BeJIHKO JVISI Toro, lfT06bI
:no CKOJibKO-HH6y.llb cepbe3HO OTpa3HJIOCb Ha nOKaJaHHSIX HeihpOHHOfO KapOTa)l(a.
A BOT rnnc MO)l(eT cepbe3HO OCJIO)l(HHTb HHTepnpeTaUHIO KpHBblX HeihpOHHOfO Ka-
pOTa)l(a.
HH)l(ecne.u.yiomee ypastteHHe noKa3bIBaeT, KaK 06mepacnpocTpaHeHHb1e MHHepa-
Jibl, npHCYTCTBYIOlllHe B Kap6oHaTHblX KOnJieKTopax, BJIHSllOT Ha 3HalJCHHSI nopHCTO-
CTH, onpe.llCJISleMbJe no .u.aHHbIM HCHTpOHHoro KapoTa)l(a (npH 3TOM MbI c1111TaeM, 'ITO
nnacT ue co.u.ep)l(HT ra3a):
kn.HK= 0,02Va + O,OOVK + O,OOVa + 0,49Vr - 0,04VKe
(no [20]), r.ue Va, V", Va, Vr 11 VKa - 3TO o6beMHOe co.nep)l(att11e .llOJIOMHTa, KaJib-
UHTa, aHrn.np11Ta, rnnca 11 KB8pU8 e nnacTe. 1'13 3Toro ypaeHeHHSI BH.llHO, 'ITO rnnc
(C8S04 2H20) OTBelfaeT 38 49 % nopHCTOCTH Ha KpHBOH HeHTpOHHOro K8p0Ta)l(a,
BCJie.U.CTBHe 11ero 3H8lfeHHSI nopHCTOCTH MOrYT OKa38TbCSI Heonpae.naHHO BblCOKHMH
H HX MO)l(HO OllIH60lfHO npHHSITb 38 K8BepHOBYIO nopHCTOCTb npH conOCTaBJICHHH
IlopHcTocTb no KHK
0,3 0
fK
IlopHCTOCTb no AK
0.3 0
P11c. 3.7. BmtSIHHe CBll33HHOH BO.Ubl e rnnce Ha JHa'ICHHll nopttcrncrn no .uaHHblM KOMneH-
c11posaHHoro HeihpoHHOro KapOTaJKa (KHK) (33KpaweHH3ll o6nacTb), onpC.UCJlllCTCll nyTeM
conocTaBJleHHll Kptteoii HK " aKYCTlt'ICCKoro KapoTalKa nopHCTOCTH.
3.4. nocTPOEHHE H AHAJIH3 3ABIKllMOCTEii KEPH-rHC 105
c noKa3aHHJIMH aKycrnlfecKoro Kaporn)Ka (pHc. 3.7). TaKHM o6pa30M, HeihpoHHbIH
KapOTa)K He ro.n.HTCJI JJ,JIJI onpe.neJJeHHJI nopHCTOCTH B npHCYTCTBHH rnnca.
flpu6op n.wm11ocm11oco Kapoma:w:a (TTK11) reHepHpyeT raMMa-KBaHTbl cpe.n.HHX
'.)Heprnif. KOTOpble Tep.!llOT MOWHOCTb npH CTOJIKHOBCHHH c JJJeKTpOHaMH B nJJaCTe.
llHcJJO CTOJJKHOBeHHH CBJl3aHO c o6beMHOH nJJOTHOCTblO, a 06beMHaJI nJJOTHOCTb CBJl-
3a1rn C nopHCTOCTblO H MHHepaJJbHblM COCTaBOM Kap60HaTHOH nopO.!lbl. np116op 118-
JJJleTCJI npH)KHMHblM, nO'.lTOMY noKa3aHHJI He B KOppeKUHH 3a BJIHJIHHe
CKBa)KHHbl H npH '.)TOM JIBJIJllOTCJI 6onee TOlfHblMH, lfCM .naHHble KOMneHCHpOBaH-
HOro HeHTpOHHoro Kapora)Ka. EcnH JJHTonorn.11 nopo.nb1 H3secTHa, TO nJJOTHOCT-
HOH KapOTa)K o6ecnelfHBaeT tta1160JJblllY10 TOlfHOCTb onpeneneHHJI 3HalfeHHH nopH-
CTOCTH.
06beMHaJI nJJOTHOCTb (p,TKll) =
= P<jikn + 2,71 \!" + 2,84\!a + 2.98Va + 2,35\!r + 2,65\!r-:8 [20] (1)
HJJH
H
P .. - Prnm
</J= ----
P .. - Pcj>
r.ne </J - nopHCTOCTb, Piji - nnOTHOCTb <lmtoHJJ.a, PnKn - H3MepeHHaJI nJJOTHOCTb,
p.. - nnoTHOCTb MHnepaJJbHoro CKenern (MaTpHUbI) nopOllbl, a Vil, VK, Va. V.
H \IKB - o6beM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, .!lOJIOMHTa, KaJJbUHTa, aHrHJJ.pHTa, rnnca H J<Bapua
s nnac1e.
nopHCTOCTb MO)KHO paCC'IHTaTb no noKa3aHHJIM nJJOTHOCTHOro KapOTa)Ka, ec-
JIH H3BCCTHa nJJOTHOCTb MaTpHUbl nopOJJ.bl H cpmoH.ua. 3anOJ1HJllOlllero noposoe npo-
CTpaHCTBO . .U11arpaMMbl rrnoTHOCTHOfO KapOTa)Ka lfaCTO OT06pa)KalOTCJI KaK KpHBbie
nopHCTOCTH, npH ycJJOBHH, lfTO nJIOTHOCTb 3epeH B H3BeCTHJIKe paeHa 2, 71, a nJlOT-
HOCTb cl>ntoH.Ua COCTaBJIJleT l, l. 11cnOJJb3yeMbre 3HalfeHHJI yKa3bIBalOTCJI B 3aroJIOBKe
KapoTa)KHOH .nHarpaMMbI. EcnH nopona CJJO)KeHa He KaJJbUHTOM, a KaKHMH-To .n.pyrn-
MH MHHepaJJaMH (HanpHMep, llOJJOMHTOM HJlH aHrHJlpHTOM), OfilllHH 06beM nopHCTO-
CTH nopO.!lbl paCClfHTbIBaeTCJI H3 noKaJaHHH nJJOTHOCTHOro KapOTa)Ka c HCnOJJb30BaHH-
eM nJIOTHOCTH 3epeH 2, 71 H nJJOTHOCTH cf>JJIOH.Ua I, I. nocne JTOro MO)KHO nonylfHTb
KOppeKTHbIC 3HalfeHHJI nopHCTOCTH, HCnOJJb3YJI nJJOTHOCTH MaTpHUbl nopO.!lbl JJ,JIJI KIDK-
.noro H3 MHHepaJIOB, CJJaratolllHX .n.aHHYIO nopo.n.y.
<l>HJJbTpaT 6yposoro pacTBOpa OTpHUaTeJJbHO BJIHJleT Ha TOlfHOCTb nOKa3aHuii
nJJOTHOCTHoro KapOTa)Ka H3-3a Manoro pa.n11yca Hccne.uosaHHJI. HecpTb H ra3 HMe-
IOT MeHblllYIO nJJOTHOCTb, lfCM so.ua. nOJTOMy, CCJIH nJJOTHOCTb cpntoH.na npHHHMaeTCJI
3a I, I, HX npHCyYCTBHe B nopo.ne npHBO.UHT K 3aHH)KellHIO 3HalfeHHH o6beMHOH nJIOT-
HOCTH H, TaKHM o6pa30M, K 1asb1WeHHIO 3HalfeHHH nopHCTOCTH. CaMbie 6onbrnHe
norpeWHOCTH B BCJIH'IHHax nopHCTOCTH B03HHKalOT Tor.ua, Kor.na B 30He npOHHKHOBe-
HHJI npHcyrcrnyer OCTaTOlfHbIH ra3. TaKoe JIBJJeHHC, KaK rosopHJJOCb, Ha3bIBatoT
106 rJJARA 3
<'OJ06bl.lt J<f)(jJeKlll0.11 H ero o6btKHOBCHHO HCnOJJbJYIOT (BMeCTe c noKa'JaHJtRMH HCH-
TpOHHOro KapOTa)Ka) B K3'ICCTBe HHJlltKaTopa HaJJJtl{Jtj! ra3a B nJJaCTe.
3.4.5. JIHTOJIOrHH
nJJOTHOCTllOH KapOTa)I( HBJJReTCH OCHOBHblM ltHCTpyMCHTOM onpe.zteJleHJtR nopH-
CTOCTH, XOTR npH ero ltCnOJJb]OBaHHH Heo6xo.aHMO npHBJICKaTb H .llaHHble HeHTpOH-
HOro KapOTa)Ka .ll,aHHblX nJJOTHOCTHOfO KapOTa)l(a caMJtX no ce6e BnonHe .llOCTaTO'IHO
JVJH Toro. 'IT06bl OTJJH'IHTb nnaCTbl a11rn.np11rn H ramna OT Kap6oHaTHblX CJJOCB, TaK
KaK aHnt!lpHT H ramn HMCIOT nnoTHOCTH, no KOTOpblM HX JlerKO 1t.ztCHT1t<l>1tu1tpoBaTb
(COOTBCTCTBCHHO, 2,97 It 2,0) It OHH npaKTJt'ICCKlt ecer.na JaJJeralOT B Bit.UC rtJJOTllblX
npocnoee (p11c. 3.8, a). A BOT wu1 Bbt.neneHHH 1tJBCCTHHKOB H .uonoMHTOB cpenn .upy-
rnx Kap6oHaTOB nJIOTHOCTHOH KapOTa)I( o6bt'IHO 1tcn0Jlb3YCTCH B KOM61tHau1tH c Heif-
TpOHHblM. EcJ11t Macrnrn6bt KapOTa)l(HbtX .zmarpaMM Bb16paHbt npaBHJJbHO, TO KpHBbte
nnoTHOCTHoro KapoTa)Ka 11 HK coenanaioT e JtHTepeanax Ja11eraHHR 11"JeecTHHKOB.
HO 6y.nyr paCXO.!lltTbCH B HHTepBaJJe .!lOJlOMHTOB (p1tc. 3.8. b).
</JomoJ.7eK111pU'leCKllli Kapoma:JK: (I'I'Kc) - ClUC 0.!lHH HJ OCllOBHblX MCTO.ztOB ff.1C
.!J,JIH onpe.neJteHHR JlltTOJJOrH'ICCKOro COCTaBa. B '.HOM MeTo.ne B UCHTpe BHJtMaHHH Ha-
xomncR cna6oe raMMa-JtJJJY'ICHltC, a .naHHblC 0 noTepRX JHeprnH HCrtOJlb'JYIOTCR JUIR
mnonorn
1
1ecKoro pac'l11e11eHHR paJpeJa. B rn61111ue 1 npe.ncrnBJJeHbt <1>0ToJneKTpH'Ie-
cK1te cl>aKTOpbt JVJH nHTH pacnpocTpaHeHHbIX MHHepanoB: 6onee no.npo611yto HHcpop-
Mau11io MOIKHO HaHTH B HHTepnpeTauHOHHblX reocl>HJH'ICCKHX nanCTKaX KOMnamm
illJJIOM6ep)l(C (22].
Ta6mma I. <t>oroJJleKTpH'ICCKHC <t>aKTopi.1 lUlR n11m o6utcpacnpocTpaHcHHblX MHHcpanoe
KaJlbUHT .lJ,OJJOMHT Attrn.npHT r11nc Kaapu
5,08 3,14 5,05 3,99 1,81
<t>oTOJJICKTpH'-ICCKHH KapOTa)I( Jalfacryto HCnOJJb3YeTCH JVJJI Toro. lfT06bl OTJIH-
lf HTb KaJlbUHT OT D.OJJOMHTa B OTCYTCTBHe 60JJbWHX 06'bCMOB aHrn.apHTa H Keap-
ua (p1tc. 3.8, b). KoMnJICKCHOC 1tcnOJ1bJOBaH1te naHHblX rrKc, HK H nJIOTHOCT-
HOro KapOTa)l(a nO"JBOJlHCT nony'IHTb MOlUHblH ltHCTpyMeHT pacrtOJHaBaHJtJI rpex
MltHCpanoe, Ha1t6onee
1
1acTO BCTpelfaJOlUltXCJI B Kap6oHaTHblX KOJJJICKTOpax: Ka.JJb-
UltTa, .nonoMHTa H aHrHllPHTa. Te..11 11e .11e11ee. mo11wcm& 11<}e11n111(/JttKOL{ttll .111111epa-
.10 c.1eoyem nponepRm& no c111puop11oi1 1m</1op11t11{Ull o .11ecm110.11 .wmo.10z11
1
1ecKo.1t
pmpe1e.
B rnnpOllHHaMHlfCCKOM MO.zten11poeaHHH 1a'lacTyt0 BOJHHKaer 11eo6xo.u11MOCTb
B pa"JJteneHHH HJBeCTHHKOB H llOJJOMHTOB. Ec; m CTPYKTYPHO-TCKcTyp11b1e oco6eHHO-
cTH H3BCCTHHKa 'laCTO npJIMO CBHJaHbl c ero neTpoci>HJH'ICCKltM KJiaCCOM, TO ner-
poqmJH'ICCKHH KJJacc crpyKTypHO-TCKCTYPHblX xapaKTepHCTHK JlOJlOMHTa HCnblTblBa-
CT CHJJbHOe BJIHHHHe paJMepa Kp11crannoa .uo110M1tTa. KpoMe roro, .uo110MHTbt Mo-
ryr coeepweHHO OTJllfllaTbCJI OT H"JBCCTHHKOB no CBOHM npo.nyKTHBHblM xapaKTepH-
CTHKaM.
3.4. nocTPOEHllE H AHAJllH JABllCllMOCTEii KEPH-fl1C 107
(a)
fK
2 3
0
1280
1111 )lonoMHT AHrH.llpHT
'i
_,
cu
:c
:s:
(b)
.---------...- 1.0 ---.-----..,....,,,-------,
>. 0 rrKc 10 J111TOJIOrHJ1
e 1-------10 l13 BCCTllHK
2 n JIOTllOCTb 3 )lOJIOM llT
0. 1 KHK 0.3. HntJlpllT
2040
rK
150
famtT
Puc. 3.8. Onpe.lleJJeHHe .1111TonorH<1ccKoro cocrnea nopo.ll no .llaHHbtM rHC. (a) 11.llcttrnqm-
Kaunll npocnoee ra1111rn, attnt.llp1trn H .llOJIOMHTa nyTCM coeMewemut no pa1pe1y KpHBbtX
llJIOTHOCTHOro H KOMnCHCHpoeaHHOro ttdiTpOHHOro KapOTa)Ka (KHK) nopHCTOCTH. (b) l1JlCH-
TH$11KaU1tll npocnoee IBBCCTH.llKa, !lOJIOMtffa II aHrtf;lpllTa nyTeM COBMCU!CHH.11 !lHarpaMM
HCihpOHHOro II nJJOTHOCTHOro KapOTa)Ka c no6aBJICHHCM !{aHHblX <t>oTOJJieKTpHteCKoro Ka-
poTa)Ka (rrKc).
3.4.6. AKyCTH'ICCKHii Kapon*
0pH6op aKyCTHl.fCCKOro KapOTaJKa pernCTpHpyer BpCMSI npOXOIK.!lCHHSI npO.UOJJb-
HblX aKyCTHl.feCKHX sonH lfepe3 HHTepean nnacrn TOJIIUHHoif 60 caHTHMeTpoa. BpeMsi
npoxmK)]CHHJI (HHalfe roeopsi - HHTepBaJibHOC opeMSI npo6era) BOJIHbl Bblpajl(aeTCSI
B MKc/cl>yr HJIH MKCIM, T. e. OHO SIBJISICTCSI BCJIHlfHHOH, o6paTHOH CKopocrn (KOTOpru:!
Bb1pa1KaeTcS1 1epe3 paccrosiH11e, npoif.u.eHHoe e e.u11tt11uy speMeH11). CKopocTb 3aa11-
CHT OT IKCCTKOCTH nopO)]bl, a IKCCTKOCTb nopO.Ubl, B CBOIO 01.fepCJlb, 3aBHCHT OT ue-
noro psi)]a napaMerpos - HanpHMcp. nHTOJIOrHH, nop11crocr11 H THna nopoeoro npo-
crpaHcrna. )lnJI reonoro-rn.npO;J.HHaMHl.fCCKOro MO.!lC!lHpoeaHHSI HaH60JibWHH HHTepec
npe.ncrnonsieT JaBHCHMOCTb MCIK.UY CKOpOCTblO H THnOM nop, noCKOJlbKY Ha OCHOBa-
108 fJlABA 3
HHH 3TOH 3aBHCHMOCTH MO)f(HO CYJlHTb 0 Me)f(4aCTH'IHOH nopHCTOCTH, a Me:>Kl!aCTH4-
Ha.ll nopHCTOCTb Heo6XO){HMa M.ll pac4eTa npoHHUaeMOCTH KaK cpyttKUHH nopHCTOCTH.
TaKoti nonxo.u BKmoq:aeT B ce6.ll npHMettettHe Kpocc-nJIOTOB aKycT11Ka-nop11CTOCTb
JlJl.ll onpe.ueneHH.ll H30JIHpOBaHHbIX KaBeptt, a TaK)f(e - Me:>K4aCTH4HOH nopHCTOCTH
nyTeM Bhl4HTaHH.ll H30JIHpOBaHHhIX KaBepH H3 o6w.eif nopHCTOCTH, onpe.rr.eJieHHOH
no .uaHHbIM HeihpottHOfO H nJIOTHOCTHOfO Kaporn:>Ka.
Ilpe.uJiaraeMoe HH:>Ke ypasueu11e npe.ucrnBJI.lleT co6oM. O.Ll.HH H3 sapttattTOB 3M-
nHptt4eCKoro ypaaHeHH.ll YHJIJIH JlJl.ll onpe.ueJieHH.ll HHTepBaJibHoro apeMeHH. ,Aatt-
uoe ypaBHeHHe noKa3bIBaeT B38HMOCB.ll3b HHTepBaJihHOfO BpeMeHH npo6era BOJIHbl
no Jl8HHhIM aKyCTH4eCKOfO KapOTa)f(a (At), Me)f(4aCTH'IHOH nopHCTOCTH (kn), BpeMe-
HH npo6era BOJIHbl B MaTpwue nopOJJ:hl ( ~ t M ) H BpeMeHH npo6era BOJIHbl B nJiaCTOBOM
QlJIIOH.Ue ( t ~ > ):
H
HJIH
(no [20]), r.ue At - speM.ll npo6era BOJIHhI B )f(HJlKOCTH (cl>n10w.ue), o6hI'IHO npHHH-
MaeMoe 3a 620 MKC/M, - Me:>K4aCTH'IHa.ll nopwcTOCTb (.UOJIH en.), a V.u, VK, Va, Vr
H VK
8
- o6beMuoe co.uep:>KaHHe .UOJIOMHTa, KaJihUHTa, aHrH.LJ.pHTa, rnnca H KBapua
B nnacTe, co 3Ha'leHH.llMH HHTepBaJibHOfO BpeMeHH npo6era BOJIHbl.
BeJIH'IHHbl HHTepBaJibHOfO BpeMeHH npo6era, COOTBeTCTByIOW.He K8)1(JJ:OMY H3
n.llTH MHHepanoB, pacnpocTpaHeHHhIX BO Bcex Kap6oHaTHbIX nopo.uax, MO:>KHO HaHTH
B cnpaBO'IHHKe KOMnaHHH lliJUOM6ep:>Ke. Htt:>Ke OHH npe,UCTaBJieHbl B Ta6JIHUe 2.
Ta6mm,a 2. 11HTepsaJJhHOe speM npo6era .llJl.11 n.11TH o6mepacnpocTpauetttthIX MHttepanos,
npucyTCTBYIOllll1X B Kap6oHaTHhlX KOJJJJeKTopax
KaJihUHT ,A OJI OM HT Aurn.upwT rwnc Ksapu
1591 144 164 171 184
YpasHeHHe cpe.u.Hero speMeHH YHJIJIH wcnoJih3yeTC.ll B HeKaBeptto3tthIX Kap6oua-
Tax H He HCnOJih3yeTC.ll B Tex cny'la.llX, Karna 06beM H30JIHpOBaHHbIX KaBeptt npeBbl-
UJaeT HeCKOJibKO npoueHTOB HJIH Kor.ua B nopo.ue HMeIOTC.ll Kpyntthle 833HMOCB.ll3aH-
Hbie KaBepttbl. lfa ypaBHeHH.ll BH.UHO, 'ITO HHTepBaJibHOe BpeM.ll HaXO.ll,HTC.ll B np.llMOH
3aBHCHMOCTH OT JIHTOJIOrnlfeCKOro cocTaBa nopo.rr.h1, H no3TOMY 3tta'lettH.ll AK B KOM-
6wHaUHH c .ll,8HHhIMH tteM.TpOHHOfO, nJIOTHOCTHOfO H cj>OT03JieKTpH'leCKOfO Kaporn:>Ka
MoryT HCnOJib30BaTbC.ll B ueJl.llX H}.l,eHTHQ>HK3UHH JlHTOJIOrH'leCKOfO COCTaBa nopOJJ.,
He HMeIOW.HX KaBepttosoif nopHCTOCTH. KpeMHHcrn-o6JioMo'IHhie npocnoH JierKo 06-
uapY:>KHTh B Kap6oHaTHbIX pa3pe3ax, TaK KaK KBapu H MHttepaJihI, xapaKTepttbie .Ll.Jl.ll
3.4. IlOCTPOEHHE H AHAJIH3 3ABHCHMOCTEH KEPH-fl1C 109
Kap6ottaTHbIX nopo.D., xapaKTepi:nylOTC.sl COBepweHHO pa3Hb!MH 3Ha'ieHH.slMH HHTep-
BaJibHOro BpeMeHH (pHC. 3.9}. Heo6XO,l::{HMO HMeTb B BHJJ:y, 'ITO, KOf.D.a Mbl HMeeM .ZJ.e-
JIO c KOJIJieKTopaMH CMelllaHHOfO Kap6ottaTH0-06JIOMO'IHOfO THna, BbICOKHe 3Ha'leHH.sl
HHTepBa.ribHblX CKopocTeM MO)l(HO nepenyTaTb c BbICOKHMH 3Ha'leHH.slMH nopHCTOCTH,
H TaKHX OWH60K cne.uyeT H36eraTb.
0 BfK 150
0 fK 150
,-...
)!
'-'
"' :i::
:s::
~
~
1 - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - l - 1220-
AK (HHTepaanbHOe apeMll)
80
(MKC/M)
263
40
flopHCTOCTb
131
PHC. 3.9. 8bI.Zl.eJJem1e aneapHTHCTO-nec'!aHHCTblX Kap6ottaTOB nyTeM COBMeIUeHHll KpHBOH no-
pHCTOCTH H aKyCTH<JeCKOfO Kaporn:>Ka, c y'leTOM Toro, lfTO HHTepBaJJbHOe speMll npo6era BOJJ-
Hbl s Ksapue ropa3ao 6oni.rne, 'leM s Kap6ottarnx. 06paTHTe BHHMattue: KpHBall BfK noeTO-
plleT KPHBYIO cneKTpaJJbHOro raMMa-KapOTa:>Ka, a no rosopHT 0 TOM, 'ITO B nopon.e COBCeM
MaJJO ypaHa H 'ITO fK llBJISleTCll XOpOIIIHM MeTO.Zl.OM ,!lJlll BbI.Zl.eJJeHHll KpeMHHCT0-06JJOMO'IHOfO
MaTepuana.
110 fJJABA 3
Kom1eKTOpb1 a JlOJJOMHTaX o6bI4HO co.nep)l(aT He6oJibllloe Kon111ecrno cyJibcPaTOB
B BH)J.e aHntJlpHTOB. 3TO He6oJibUJOe KOJIH'leCTBO cynbclJarna He OKa3bIBaeT npaKTH4e-
CKH HHKaKoro BJJHSIHHSI Ha HHTepBaJibHOe speMSI, nOCKOJJbKY pa3HHUa B CKOpOCTSIX
npo6era Me)l()J.y )J.OJJOMHTOM " aHrn.npHTOM HeBeJJHKa. 0.nHaKO B tterny6oKO 3ane-
ra10IUHX KOnneKTopax aHrn.UpHT o6bI'IHO npeo6pa3yeTcS1 B caoio so.uoco.nep)l(amyio
cpopMy - rnnc. KaK OTMe'lanoch BbIUJe, H3-3a HaJIH'IHSI a rnnce .nep so.uopo.na Hdi-
TpOHHbIH " nJIOTHOCTHOH KapOTa)I( coaepweHHO He fOMTCSI .UJJSI paC'leTa nopHCTO-
CTH. 0.nHaKO pa3HHUa B CKOpocrnx npo6era BOJJHbl B aHrn.npHTe H nmce HeBeJJHKa
" He OKa3bIBaeT CKOJJbKO-HH6y)J.h 3aMeTHOro BJJHSIHHSI Ha pe3ynhTaTbl pacqeTOB 3Ha'le-
HHH nopHCTOCTH no .nattHhIM aKyCTH4eCKoro KapoTa)l(a. CTOJTOMy, ecnH tteo6xo.n11Mo
paCC'IHTaTb nopHCTOCTb nopO.Ubl co.nep)l(alUeH mnc, MO)l(HO BOCOOJJb30BaTbCSI nOKa-
3aHHSIMH aKyCTH'leCKOfO KapOTa)l(a (.nonycKaSI, 'ITO H30JJHposaHHhlX KaBepH B nopo-
.ue HeT) [4].
Mb! y)l(e 3HaeM, 'ITO THn nopoeoro npocTpaHcTBa oKa3hIBaeT cymecrnettttoe snH-
SIHHe Ha )J.aHHbie aKycn1qecKOfO KapOTa)l(a. Kor.ua nopHCTOCTb B OCHOBHOM onpe-
JleJISieTCSI H30JIHposaHHbIMH KaaepHaMH, ypastteHHe YwnJIH HenpHMeHHMO, CKopocTb
npo6era BOJIHbl CTaHOBlffCSI BbIUJe (a HHTepsaJibHOe BpeMSI, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 6onee
KopoTKHM), 4eM .um1 nopo.u c Me)l(IaCTH4HOH nopHCTOCThIO. B11HS1HHe MOJIJlHKOBOH
nopHCTOCTH Ha noKa3aHHSI aKyCTH'leCKOro KapOTa)l(a Bblpa)l(aeTCSI nyreM Bbl4HTaHHSI
nopHCTOCTH, onpe,neJieHHOH no ,naHHhlM aKyCTH!eCKOfO KapOTa)Ka, 113 nopHCTOCTH,
paCC'IHTaHHOH no .uaHHblM tteHTpOHHOfO " nJIOTHOCTHOfO KapOTa)l(a. JTa pa3HHUa
B 3Ha'lettHSIX nopHCTOCTH 3aqacTy10 HMettyeTCSI BTOpH'rnOH nopHCTOCTblO, TOr.na
KaK HeHTpOttttaSI H nJIOTHOCTHaSI nopHCTOCTb H83hIBaeTCSI 06meH. JTH TepMHHbl He
HMelOT HHKaKOH ueHHOCTH c reOJIOfH'leCKOH TOl!KH 3peHHSI, H Mb! He 6y.neM nOJib-
30BaTbCSI HMH B )TOH KHHre. ,UnSI KOmt4eCTBeHHOfO Bblpa)l(eHHSI BTOpH'IHOH no-
pHCTOCTH B pa6oTe [ 18] npe.nno)l(eHO tteCKOJlbKO ypaBHeHHH c HCOOJib30BattHeM JUl-
HeHHOH 38BHCHMOCTH Me)K.ny 3HalJeHHSIMH nopHCTOCTH, onpe.ueneHHblMH no .uaHHblM
HeHTpOHHOfO 11 aKyCTH'leCKoro KapOTa)!(a. 0.nHaKO pe3ynbTaTbl npHBSI3KH .naHHblX aKy-
CTH'leCKOro KapoTa)!(a K on11caHHSIM KepHa He 00.UTBep)!()J.alOT H8JJH'-IHSI JIHHeHHOH 3a-
BHCHMOCTH
.Un ys3KH THna nop c ,naHHbIMH aKycTH'!ecKoro Kapora)!(a Heo6xo.n11Mo C)J.e-
naTh Kp1rny10 THnos nopHCTOCTH no on11caHH10 lllJIHcpoe " CTpOHTh Z-nn0Th1
5
06-
meu nopHCTOCTH " HHTepsaJlbHOfO speMeHH no .uaHHblM KapoTa>Ka H H301IHpOB8HHO-
KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH no rnJIHcPaM (pHc. 3.10). CTp11 .nonymeHHH, 'ITO seJIH'IHHa
H30JJHposaHHO-KasepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH OCTaeTCSI nOCTOSIHHOH, 3aBHCHMOCTb HHTep-
BaJJbHOro speMeHH H nopHCTOCTH 6y)J.eT HMeTb TOT )Ke HaKJIOH, llTO H 3aBHCHMOCTb }],JISI
HeKasepH03HbIX 113BeCTHSIKOB. JlHHHH noCTOSIHHOH H30JJHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBOH nopH-
CTOCTH MO)!(HO npo.nOJJ)l(HTb .no nepecel!eHHSI c OCblO HHTepBaJibHOro BpeMeHH B TO'!Ke
ttyJieBOH nopHCTOCTH. 3ttalJem1e speMeHH B TOlfKe nepece'!eHHSI - '.}TO HHTepsanbHOe
speMSI npo6era BOJIHbl B MaTpHUC nopO.Ubl ( ~ t M ) ; O)J.HaKo B JlaHHOH pa6ore Mb! 6y.ueM
Ha3hIBaTb 3TY BeJIH'IHHY HHTepsaJJbHblM speMeHeM B nceBJlOMaTpHue (nceBJJ.01\-taTpH'I-
'Z-nJIOT - TpexMepHblii KpOCC-nJIOT. B KOTOpOM OCb z nepneH.lHKymtpHa OCl!M .r It .11: rpacjJHK cpc.J-
HllX ,aJlll TpeTbeH ncpcMeHHOi!. - npu.11. ll<!jJ<'fl.
3.4. nocTPOEHHE M AHAJIM3 KEPH-fl1C 111
HOH b..t). Ha p11cyttKe 3.10 np11so.n.11TCjj np11Mep nocTpoeHHSI Z-nJIOTOB no 113secTHjj-
KaM [14], a Ha pHC. 3.11 - nd aHrn,UpHTOBhlM .D.OJIOMHTaM [15].
(a) (b)
'i 328
'"'""'
o c-t"
-.. 263 ov.a-.r<"' \\c-tO
0,20
(.)
l:l
'I< <(l.O'Q
:<:
1'
.! 296
::;;
.._,
,._av.e'Q,, eP.:\ 0,07 '

230

0,02
< <
0 263 0
0,0
c: c:
I
to:
197
I
230 ' HJoJrnpoeaHHO
I

I
c. c.
I
H3onuposaHHO
=
KaeepHoea11
=
I
I KaeepHuBall nOpHCTOCTb
nopHCTOCTL
164 -
I
l 197 (non11 en.)
0
I
(.110mlC.!l.)
:i::
I I/
..Q ..Q
164
0,2
@
I I
0,2
I I
O,Q7
=
131 -
I I
0,07
c. c. I I
C)
00,02

I
OO,Q2 .... ...
:i:: :i::
I
:::;: 131 xo,o :::;:
I
xo,o
98
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4
TiopHCTOCTb (JJ.OJIH e.u.) ITopncTocTb (JJ.OJIH e.u.)
PHc. 3.10. Z-nnoT HHTepsanbHOro speMeHH OT 061UCH nopHCTOCTH c pa3.neneu11eM no se-
JlH4HHe 1130Jl11pOBaHHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH .II.JUI OOH)lHO-KasepHOBO-CJlenKOBOro 113BeCT-
HJIKa. ConocTasncu11c c n11Tonorn4eCKHMH JJHHm1M11 illmor.16cp:lKe noKa3bIBaeT, KaK
OOH.UHO-KasepHOBO-CJJCnKOBbIH 113BeCTHJIK MO'lKeT 6b1Tb ow11604HO npHHJIT 3a llOJIOMHT (a);
napaJJJlCJlbHble JlHHHH npose.u.eHbl 4epe3 T04KH paBHblX BeJll1'111H H"30JlHposaHHO-KasepHOBOH
nopHCTOCTH. 11x HaKJlOH napanncneH ypaBHCHHIO cpe.D.Hero speMCHH .UJIJI 113BCCTHJIKa 6e3 Ka-
sepH (b).
CTpOHTCjj rpacjrnK 3as11c11MOCTH nces.uoMaTpwrnoi1 t::..t OT H30JIHposaHHO-Kasep-
HOBOH nop11cTocrn (pHc. 3.12). 8b1pa:>Kajj nces.noMaTpwrnylO b..t lfepe3 b..t 11 nop11-
CTOCTh, Mhl IlOJlyt'JaeM 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)l(.uy o6mei1 nopHCTOCTblO, HHTepsaJTbHhlM spe-
MeHeM H H30JTHpoBaHHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTbJO:
t::._f = - + b,.tM, H
b,.f<I> = 62() MKC/M.
6.tM = 157.4 MKC/M )lJljj 113BCCTHjjK0B,
6.tM = 144,5 MKC/M ,11,Jljj ,11,0JTOMHTOB .
.[(.njj HeKasepH03HblX H3BCCTHjiKOB:
b,.fM = b..t - (620 - 157.4)/.-n HJTH b,.f - 462,6/,:n"
,llJijj H30JTHpOB3HHO-KaBepH03HhlX H3BeCTHj!KOB:
112 DTABA 3
263
,-...
~ 230
(.)
:.:
"
'-'
co:
;:;;
Q.)
g. 197
Q.)
0
=
..i:i
~
KaBCpHOBall
=
nopHcrocn (.nom1 iio.n.)
fr 164
x 0-0,02
....
:c
0 0,02-0,04
::s::
0,04-0,06
131
A 0,06-0,08
0 0,1 0,2 0,3
IlopHCTOCTb (.LlOJIH e.11..)
PHC. 3.11. 3aBHCHMOCTb MC)l(.LlY HHTepB31IbHblM epeMeHeM, o6w.eit nopHCTOCTblO H 1130JJHpo-
B3HHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTblO .11..rui attrn.np1-1TH3HpoeaHHOro .no110MHTa. Mo:>KHO BH.LleT&, lfTO
JIHHHH paBHOH lof30JJHpOB3HHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH napanneJJbHbl KpHBOH llJJH .LlOJJOMHTa
6e3 BTOPHlfHOH nopHCTOCTH.
,[(ml HeKaBepH03HblX .n.onOMHTOB:
fl.tM = fl.t - (620 - 144,5)kn HflH fl.t - 475,7kn.
,[(JUI H30nHpOB8HHO-KaBepH03HblX .nonOMHTOB:
nceB.UOMaTpH'IH3}1 fl.t = /j,.f - 475,7kn"
061.IJ.aH <t>opMa pe3ynbTHPYIOUJ.ero ypaBHeHHjf TaKOBa (no [24]):
Log(kn.H-K) =a - b[tl.t - (nces.uoMaTpH'IH8}1 /j,.t)],
HflH
HflH
r,JJ,e a H b - 3TO CMellleHHe H H3Kn0H KpHBOH, H3MeHHl:OlllHeCjf B 33BHCHMOCTH OT flHTO-
JIOfH'leCKOro cocTasa, fl.t - HHTepsani:.Hoe speMH no AK (MKC/M), fl.t<li - HHTepsani:.-
Hoe speM.ff B nnacTOBOM <t>nioH,ne (MKC/M), fl.tM - HHTepBanbHOe apeMH B M3TpHu.e
nopo,U.bl (MKC/M), kn - o6maH nopHCTOCTh (.uom1 e.n.) H kll.11-K - H30JIHpOB3HHO-
K3BepHOB3}1 nopHCTOCTh (JJ.OflH e.u. ).
3.4. TIOCTPOEHHE 11 AHAJIH3 3ABHCHMOCTEt"I KEPH-fJilC
AHntJJ.pHTH3HpOBaHHblH
)l.OnOMHT
115 131 148
IlceBJJ.OMaTPH'IHOe HHTepBanbHOe BpeMSJ (MKC/M)
113
P11c. 3.12. Kpocc-nnoT 113onnpoBaHHO-KaBepttoBoii nop11cTOCT11 11 nces.noMaTpwrnoro HHTep-
eaJJbttoro BpeMeHH ,llJHI OOH.llHO-CJICnKOBoro H3BeCTH.llKa H aHnt.!lpHTHCTOro .!lOJIOMHTa (CM.
pHC. 3.10 H 3.11 ). KpHBbte HMeJOT omrnaKOBblH HaKJJOH, HO pa3Hbte TO'IKH nepecetteHHSJ c OCSl-
MH KOOp.!lHHaT 113-3a pa3JIH'IHH B JIHTOJIOrHtteCKOM COCTaBe nopo,ll.
361
,...._
x - HeKaeepH03Hble H3BeCTH11KH
0,00
5
:s::
328
..
O,Q2
a
,-...
0,05 r:t
~
.._,
-
0,10
..a
!;l 296
0,20
t
3 .
.
0,30
t
!>:
:s::
::::
263
P.
0 0
P. c:
CQ
~
0
0 CQ
:i:
230
0
..a :i:
~
P.
0
CQ
P.
~ 0
197
!i: 6
:s:
:i:
:i:
('5
164
CQ
8.
:s::
(
t::
0
131
"'
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
:s:
TiopHCTOCTb (.n;OJIH e.ll.)
P11c. 3.13. 3ae11cHMOCTb HHTepeaJJbHOro epeMeHH OT nopHCTOCTH .n.n11 tteCKOJibKHx tteKaeep-
HOJHbIX 11 OOH.ilHO-KaeepH03HbtX 113eecTH.11Koe. CoeepweHHO oLJeBH.llHO, 'ITO oon.nHo-KaBepHoJ-
Hb1e H3BeCTH.llKH OTJIHLJaJOTC.11 no CBOHM xapaKTepHCTHKaM OT HeKaBepH03HblX HJBeCTH.llKOB.
114 fJIABA 3
113onupoeaHHO-
KaeepttoeaH
nopHCTOCTL
";"' 263 (JlOJJH e!l.)
'i' 263
"" 'r;:,'\.
- l:lr;:,'i
8
-
= 236
Cl;
210
c.
l;l
6 230
Cl;
::.
u
c.
=
u

: 197
,.Q
i:::

c. 157 l'---+--t-<---+-----t---t-----1

::s:: 131
YpaenenHe cpeitttero epeMeHH
.II (YHnJJH) MJI H3BCCTHJIKa
16417"---+--+--t----+--+----i
fr
!i:
::s::
0,0 0,06 0, 12 0, 18 0,24 0,30 0,0 0, 10 0,20 0,30
u
0
:c
,.Q
ITopHCTOCTL (,!J,OJJH e.!l.) ITopHcTOCTL (,!J,OJJH e.!l.)
(a) Jif3onupoeaHHO- (b)
164

::s:: 131 ._____., _ _...__ _
0,0 0, l 0 0,20 0,30
ITopHCTOCTL (.!lOJJH e,ll,.)
( c)
PHc. 3.14. 3ae11CHMOCTb HHTepean1>noro epeMeHH OT nopttcTocTH, ,ll,eMOHCTpHpyt0IUaH pac-
xoiK..a.enHe c o6menpHHJITLIM BH.LlOM. (a) 0011,ll,HblH rpeiiHCTOYH c 60JJbillHMH o6oeMar.m BHYT-
pH3epHOBOH MHKponopHCTOCTH (THn H30JJHpoeaHHblX KaeepH), BJIHlleT Ha KpHBytO, TaK )f(e
KaK H MC)f('IaCTH'rna.R nopHCTOCTb. (b) bHOKJJaCTH'ICCKHH rpeiiHCTOYH c KpynHblMH 3epHOBbl-
MH cnenKaMH H nopHCTOCTblO, CBll3aHHOH c MOJlJlHKOBOH nopHCTOCTblO OCTaTKOB HCKOnaeMblX
opraHH3MOB, Ha KpHeoii AK BLirJJll,ll,HT KaK nopo,ll,a c MeiK'IaCTH'IHOH nopHcTOCTblO. ( c) )lono-
eaKCTOYH c MHKpOTpeIUHHOBaTOH CHCTeMOH B33HMOCBl!3aHHblX KaeepH BJJHl!eT Ha noKaJaHHll
AK KaK 11 nopo.11.a c JepHOBhIMH cnenKaMH, HO ero npoHHUaeMOCTL .11.eMoHcTpHpyeT cKopce
TeH.UeHl.lHIO K 33BblilleHHIO, 'leM K 3aHHiKeHHIO.
HmKe npHBO.llJITC.R o6urne ypastteHH.R, nonylfeHHLie .UJI.R H3secTH.RKa 11 ,ll,OJIOMHTa.
Cne.uyeT HMeTL s s11.uy, o.uttaKo, lfTO np11 11cnoJI1>30BaHHH JTHX ypasHeHHH .um1 BhilfHC-
JieHH.R H30JIHpOBaHHO-KasepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH HX H)')KHO CHalfana nposepHTb nyTeM
conocTaBJieHH.ff c on11caHH.RMH KepHa H, ecJIH He06XO,lJ,HMO, MO.UH<i>HUHpoeaTb.
3.4. TIOCTPOEHME 11 AHAJIH3 KEPH-fl1C
lfaseCTH.SIK:
):\OJIOMHT:
k' = 104.ml-0,0:3!J6[At--162.6k
11
]
n.11-K
k = 104.441!J-0.046f>[At-475, 7k .. J
n.11-K
115
YB.Sl3Ka Kp11soii H3Mettemui nopHCTOCTH, nonytJeHHOH no naHHbIM AK, c on11-
caHH.S1MH IIIJIH<tios Il03BOJrneT Bb!BeCTH 3aBHCHMOCTb, KOTopaH HBJIHeTCH He JIHHeHHOH,
a, cKopee, nonmHeHHOH. 3asHCHMOCTH Me)l(JJ.Y CKOpOCTblO, onpe,ll,eneHHOH no AK, no-
pHCTOCThlO H THnOM nop, KOTOpb!e 6blJIH nonytJeHbl B nocne,ll,HHe fO,ll,bl Ha OCHOBamrn
na6opaToptthIX onpeneneHHH cKopocTeii, 06nertJa10T 3anaqy npHB.S13KH JTHX sem1q11H
K naHHblM ceHCMOpa3BeJJ.KH [ l, 8].
Cyw.ecrnyeT MHO)l(ecrno ycnos11ii, npu KOTOpb1x BhIUieyKa3aHHhie ypastteHH.SI
ttenp11MeHHMbI. Ha11ny<JI1IHM o6pa30M OHH pa60Ta10T B npHCYTCTBHH 3epHHCTO-
MOJI,ll,HKOBhIX CTPYKTYP (Hanp11Mep, OOHJJ.HO-MOJillHKOBhie H3BeCTH.SIKH) (p11c. 3.13).
OnttaKo noKaJaHH.SI MeTOJJ.a s noponax c BHYTPH3epHosoii MHKponop11CTOCThlO 11 Kpyn-
HOH MOJillHKOBOH nopHCTOCTblO HH'IeM He OTJIHlJalOTC.SI OT llOKa3aHHH B nopo-
,ll,ax c Me)l(lJaCTHlJHOH nopHCTOCTblO (p11c. 3.14). )l(ecTKOCTb Kap6oHaTHOH nopo;..i,1.>1
c H30JmpoBaHHO-KaBepHOBbIM npocTpaHCTBOM BbIIIIeynoM.SIHYThIX THnOB HeOTJIH'U! \I a
OT )l(eCTKOCTH Kap6oHaToB c Me)l(.JaCTH'IHhIM nopoBhIM npocTpaHCTBOM. KpoMc 1 u-
ro, B HeK0Toph1x cnyqa.SJx nop11cTOCTh, onpeneneHHaH no naHHhlM AK, MO)l(eT 61>ITh
MeHhUie o6w.eii nop11CTOCTH, HO npH )TOM nopo,ll,a MO)l(eT COBCeM He HMeTb H30-
!111pOBaHHblX KasepH. B o,nHOM H3 JTHX np11Mepos noKa1aHHH AK oTpa)l(alOT BJIH.S1-
m1e MHKpOTpell.l,llHOBaTOH CHCTeMbl B3aHMOCBa3aHHblX Kaseptt, a 3Ha':I.eHHa npom1ua-
eMOCTH cKopee JaBbIIIIetto, 'iCM JattmKetto (pHc. 3.14. c). DmrnMy .1vrn rnro, "IT06b1
ycTaHOBHTb 3aBHCHMOCTb noKa3aHHH aKyCTHlJeCKOfO KapOTa)l(a OT H30!1HposaHHO-
KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH, Heo6XO.ll.HMO B nepsyIO oqepe,ll,b ysa3aTb ,ll,aHHhie AK co
cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHhIMH xapaKTep11cT11KaM11, JIHTOJiorneti 11 nmaMH nop, o6pa3yl0-
W.HMH H30!1HpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBOe noposoe npocTpaHCTBO.
3.4.7. MeTOJJ.bl onpeneJJeHHH conpoTuBJJeHHH
3aBHCHMOCTb Ha"laJibttaa BO,ll,OHaCbJll.l,eHHOCTb/nopHCTOCTb (Swi/) MO)l(eT HC-
ITOJib30BaTbCjl ,ll,Jia BhI"IHCJieHHa CTPYKTyptto-TeKcTypttoro HHlleKca 11 onpeJJ.eJieH11a
neTpoqm3H"leCKOfO KJiacca, KOTOpbie 11CnOJib3YIOTC.SI B cpopMyJie paclfeTa
MOCTH no nop11cTOCTH. BoJJ.ottacb1w.ettttocTb pacc"IHThJBaeTc.S1 no ypasHett1110 Apq11
c 11cnoJih3osatt11eM Mern.ua conpOT11srremrn 11 KPHBOH nop11cTocrn. B 1942 ro.ll.Y Ap"IH
BhIBeJI CBOe 3HaMeHHTOe ypaBHeHHe, 83.!IB yJJ.eJihHOe 3JleKTp114eCKOe conpOTHBJieH1te
BO.ll.hI JJ.JI.H ttopMamnau1111 3tta"lett11H Y3C. Apq11 noKa3aJI, lfTO llJI.!I I 00 %-tto so.i.o-
Hach1W.eHtth1x nopo.n. Y3C nopOJJ.hI (R
8
n) csa3aHo, so-nepBbIX, c nop11cTOCThlO (<I>),
BO-BTOpblX, c yJJ.eJibHblM conpOTHBJieHHeM BOllbl (RB) H, B-TpeTbHX, c reoMeTpHeH
nop (m). B1a11MOCB.S13h JTHX cpaI<Topos OTpa)l(eHa s ypasHett1111 Ap"IH cne.n.yioUJ.HM
o6pa3oM:
116 fJIABA 3
r.ue Ren - Y3C I 00 %-Ho BO.llOHaCbimeHHOH nopO.llbl, R
8
- Y3C rn1acTOBOH BO.Uhl,
kn - KO'.J<l><l>ttutteHT nopHCTOCTH, .llOJIH e.u., rn - JIHTOJiorw:1ecKaS1 '.JKCilOHeHTa, HJIH
noKa3aTeJib ueMeHTaUHH.
B 1942 ro.uy Ap'IH [2] TaKlKe noKa3an, 'ITO B npttcyrcTBHH yrneeo.nopo.noe o6'beM
BO.Uhl B nopoeoM npocTpaHCTBe coKpamaercH, a Y3C eo3pacraeT npHMO nponoputto-
HaJibHO o6'beMy YB B nopo.ue. Y.ueJibHOe conpoTHBJieHtte nnacrn nptt HaJIH'IHH B HeM
yrneso.uopo.u.os onttCbIBaeTCH cne.u.ylOIUHM ypaBHeHtteM:
R -
napaMeTp HaCbimeHHSI PH = Rn = kB 1l'
en
r.u.e Rn - Y3C nopO.llbl, co.uep)l(amei1 yrneBo.uopO.llbI, Ren - Y3C I 00 %-HO BO.llOHa-
Chill\eHHOH nopO.llbl, ke - 'laCTb nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa, 3ailOJIHeHHOro BO.llOH, n -
IlOKa3aTeJih HaCbIIUeHHOCTH.
06'be}].HHHM o6a 3THX ypaeHeHHSI, 'IT06bl noJiylJHTb urnpOKO H3BeCTHOe ypaBHe-
HHe Ap'ltt:
11JJH
1
(
Re )n
R
11
X k ~ n
3ttalJeHHH Y3C nopO.llbI (Rn) nony'lalOT no JJ.aHHbIM MeTO.uos conponrnJieHHH
(EK, M.OK, MK). 06hI'IHO 3anHChIBaJ-OT TpH KpHBb1x: 30H.llOM c 6oJiblllHM pa.uttycoM
HCCJie.llOBaHHSI, 30H.ll0M c MaJihlM pa.n:ttycoM HCCJie.nosaHHSI H MHKp030HJJ.OM, KOTOpblH
H3Mep.sieT conpoTtteneH11e B 'laCTH n11acrn, HenocpencrneHHO npHMb1Ka10mei1 K cTso-
ny CKBa)l(HHbl. .nnj! Bbl'IHCJieHHSI HCTHHHOro Y3C HCCJie.nyeMoro nnaCTa He06XO.llHMO
BBO.llHTb nonpaBKH Ha .llHaMeTp CKBa)l(HHbl. Y3C nJiaCTOBOH BO.llbl (Re) 3aBHCHT OT ee
MHHepaJIH3auHH H TeMneparyphl; ero MO)l(HO H3MepHTb, HCilOJib3YH .ll06bITYIO BMeCTe
c yrneso.uopo.uaMH BO.Uy, HJIH paCC'IHTaTb no BOJJ.OHaCbIIUeHHblM HHTepsaJiaM, HCilOJ1b-
3YH rpaqmK 3aBHCHMOCTH nopHCTOCTH H y.n:eJihHOro conpOTHBJieHmI, 3KCTpanoJittpyH
rpacjmK .no I 00 %-oi1 nopHcTocrn [ 19]. BeJIH'IHHa nopttcTOCTH (KaK y)l(e rosopttJIOCh
BbIWe B 3TOH rnaBe) onpe.ueJIS!eTCSI no Kpocc-nnory HeHTpOHHoro H IlJIOTHOCTHOro Ka-
pOTa)l(a. Ko3<1><1>m1.HeHT n CBH3aH co cMa'IHsaeMoCThlO nopO.llhI H MO)l(eT 6hITh onpe.ne-
neH B na6opaTOpHblX ycJJOBHSIX, HO ero CJIO)l(HO paCC'IHTaTb no KapOTa)l(HblM )J.aHHbIM.
06bI'IHO, Ha OCHOBaHHH ycpe.uHeHHblX pe3yJihTaTOB na6opaTopHblX 3aMepos, n npH-
HHMaeTCSI paBHblM 2.
KoJ<l><l>HutteHT m (nttTonornqecKa11 3KcnoHettrn, HJIH noKa3aTeJih ueMeHTaUHH)
OTJIHlfaeTCH OT .u.pyrnx BeJIHlJHH, ttcnOJib30BaHHhIX Ap'IH s cBoeM ypaBHeHHH, TeM,
'ITO OH CBH3aH co CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbIMH oco6eHHocrnMH nopO.llbI, a HMeHHO -
c KasepHOBOH nopttCTOCThIO. l1Me10m11ecS1 na6opaTOpttb1e JJ,aHHhie (12] H CKBa)l(HH-
Hbie HCCJJe)J.OBaHIHI [ 14] CBH.lleTeJJbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, '!TO BeJIH'IHHa m 3aBHCHT OT co-
OTHOUleHHji Me)l()J.y 1130JIHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBOH H B3aHMOCB113aHO-KasepHOBOH nopH-
CTOCTbIO, T. e. OT TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro KaeepH060-110p060<'0 onrnoweHUJl. JTO OTHOllle-
HHe paCC'IHTbIBaeTCSI c HCilOJJb30BaHHeM 3HalleHHH H30JIHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBOH nopH-
CTOCTH, onpe.ueneHHbIX no JJ,aHHblM aKyCTHlleCKOro KapOTa)l(a, a 06ma11 nopHCTOCTb
3.4. CTOCTPOEHHE 11 AHAJIH3 3ABHCHMOCTEfl KEPH-fl1C 117
onpeJJ.em1eTc.11 no noKaJaH11J1M HeihpoHHoro 11 nnoTHOCTHoro Kapora)Ka. P11c. 3.15 Hn-
JIIOCTp11pyeT B3aHMOCBJl3h Me)KJJ.Y KasepHOBO-nOpOBhlM OTHOllleH11eM H BeJIJ1llHHOH m,
BbJBe)leHHYlO no pe3yJihTaTaM na6opaTOpHbIX 3aMepoB H HHTepnpeTal.(HH KapOTa)KHblX
)].HarpaMM. 3ra B3al1MOCBJl3b onHChIBaeTCJI cne.uyIOIUHM ypaBHeHHeM:
napaMeTp ueMeHTaUHH m = 2.14 (:n.u-K) + 1,76,
n.o6m
r.ue kn.H-K - H301IHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBaJI nopHCTOCTh H kn.o6w - o6mM nopHCTOCTb.
IlOXO)KaJI 3aBl1CHMOCTh 6hma BbIBe)leHa B pa60Te [5) C HCil0Jlh30BaJIHeM MO.UeJIH,
coCTOJ1IUei1 113 c<1>epw1ecKHX nop. PerneHHe JJ.aHHOH Ja.uaqH B .upyn-1x nocTaHOBKax
MO)KHO HaHTH B pa6oTe [9].
BenHqntta m H3MeHJ1eTCJ1 OT 1,8 .uo 4 .un" Kap6oHaTOB, noposoe npocTpaH-
crno KOTOpblX o6pa30BaHO HeB3aHMOCBJl3aHHhIMl1 KaBepttaMH. IlpH Ha.JIH'IHH -rpe-
lllHHOBaTOCTH 11 .npyrHX Tl1nOB B3aHMOCBJl3aHHhIX nop sen11qHHa m MO)KeT 6bITh
MeHhme 1,8 [ 17, 24]. Cornactto o6menpHH.!ITOH TOtJKe 3peH11J1, senHqHHY m cne.uy-
eT ClfHTaTb paBHOH 2, ecnH )TO .uonymett11e He onposepraeTC.!I KaKHMH-TO .npyrmm
.uaHHhIMH. TeM He Mettee, ecn11 .UHanaJoH 3HaqeHHH m He y'IHThIBaeTc" .noniKHbl\1 1l\l-
pa30M npH BhltJHCJJeHHH BO.UOHaCbIIUeHHOCTH, nonylfeHHbie BeJI11'1HHhl BO.llOHaCbllU\.'H-
HOCTH 6y.uYT 3aH11X<eHHhlMH npH m 60JJhllle 2 H 3aBhIWeHHhlMH npH m MeHbllle 2.
IlpHMep TOMY MO)KHO ysH.neTh B ra6nHue 3.
IlpH H3MeHeHHH BeJil1tJHHhl rn c 2 .uo 3 BO.llOHaCblll.leHHOCTh H3MeHJleTCJI c 32 %
.no 71 %, T. e. HeqnettachIW.eHHOCTh cMeHJ1eTcJ1 BO.UOHaChillleHHOCThIO. CKa)f(eM,
OOH)J.HO-KasepHOBO-cnenKOBhle rpeHHCTOYHhl HMeJOT 60Jil>WOH m-<j>aKTOp, Il03TOMY
craH.uapTHhie pac'leThI no opMyne AplfH c .nonymettHeM, tJTO m pasHo 2, .naioT HH3-
1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0
m-napaMeTp Apl!H
P11c. 3.15. 3aBMCMMOCTb MC)f(.llY m-napaMeTpOM Apl!H H ornorneH11eM 111om1posaHHO-KaBep-
Hosoi1 H o6mei1 11op11crncTH (KasepH0Bo-11opoBbtM oTttorneHMCM, KDO), BbIBe.uettttaJI 110 na-
6oparnpttbtl\I [12] H KapOTa)l(HblM [14] .uaHHbIM.
118 fJIABA 3
Ta6Jrnua 3. Bmu1m1e ee1rnrnttb1 m Ha pact:IeTHbie 3Hat:Iemu1 BO.!lOHaCbIIUettttocTH
Rn (OMM) CTOpHCTOCTb
RB
n m Pacq. kB(%)
400 0,2 1,6 2 2,0 32
400 0,2 1,6 2 2,5 47
400 0,2 1,6 2 3,0 71
KHe 3HatieHHH BO,llOHaChillleHHOCTH ,lla)l(e TOr,lla, KOr.!{a KOJIJieKTOp HBJIHeTCH ueJIHKOM
11 IlOJIHOCTblO BO,llOHOCHblM.
l130JIHpOBaHHO-KasepHOBYIO nopHCTOCTb MO)l(HO paCC'IHTaTh no .u.aHHblM MeTO)la
conpOTl1BJieHl1H, ecJIH H3BeCTHbl 3Hat:IeHl151 BO.UOHaCbillleHHOCTH H o6meH nop11CTO-
CTH, nOCKOJlbKY Y3C 3aBHCl1T OT BeJil1'IHHbl m-cl>aKTopa Ap4H, a TOT, B CBOIO O"le-
pe,llb, HBJIHeTCH cPYHKuueti 113011uposatttto-Kaeepttosoti nopucrncTH. HH)i(e npe,unara-
IOTCH ypaBHeHHH, HCII0Jlh3yeMble B BO.UOHOCOM l1HTepsa11e pa3pe3a [ 14]:
(
m - 1, 76)
kn.11-K = 2, 14 kn.06111
[
log RB - log Ran] _ 1,
76
log kn.06111
2.14
r.ue R
811
- Y3C BO.UOHaCbIWeHHOH nopO.llhl, RB - Y3C n11acroso.H BO.llhl, k
11

1
1-K -
1nom1poeaHHO-KasepH0BaH nopHCTOCTb H kll.OOlll - o6maH nopHCTOCTb.
KaK rosopu11och B mase 2, so.nottach1mettHocTb 1aBHCHT OT TOJilllHHhI n11acrn-
KOJIJieKTopa, nopHCTOCTH H nerpocl>11311qecKoro Knacca 11n11 CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHoro
HH.UeKca. BnHHHHe TOJIWHHbI nnacra 11 neTpOcPH311lfecKoro KJiacca Ha so.uoHaChlllleH-
HOCTh IIOKaJaHO Ha pHC. 3.16, ,llJJH :noro HCilOJib3YeTCH HaCbillleHHe, paCCl{HTaHHOe
.llJIH KOHKpeTHhIX CTPYKTyptto-TeKcrypHhIX ceoiicTe (cM. masy 2), H KpueaH nop11cro-
cn1 KOJJJieKropa nepMCKoro B03paCTa e Jana)J.HOM Texace. Tpu ocHOBHhIX nerpocl>u-
'3HlfecKHX Knacca Bhl.UeJIHIOTCH .no 150 M sb1LUe ypoBHH ttynesoro nasneHHH, a npu
yMeHhlllemut TOJilllHHbl pa3JIH11HH Me)l(.u.y 3Tl1MH KJiaccaMH CTaHyT eme 6onee Olfe-
BH)lHblMl1. B 11.D.eane, eepT11KaJ1bHbie noc11e.noeaTeJibHOCTH crpyKTyptto-reKcrypttbIX
oco6ettttocTe.H .D.OJI)l(HhI Bh1,ue11HTCH Bhillle nepexo.ntto.H 30HhI. Ha p11c. 3.16, b no-
KaJaHo, KaK TaKOH nonxo.u noJBOJIHeT pernHTh 3a,uaqy c nopo.u.o.H, 06pa30BaBLUeHcH
B Tl1fll1l{H0H MeJIKOBO.D.HOH o6cTaHOBKe perpeCCHBHOro ( Me11eioruero BBepx) UHK-
Jia oca.nK0HaKorn1eHHH (11MeH B su.uy H3BeCTHHKOBhIH KOJIJieKTop). Ec1111 so.noHach1-
rueHHOCTh cooTBeTCTBYeT Knaccy ttachnuettHOCTH I, 3TO rosopHT o CTPYKTYPe T11na
rpe.HttcrnyH. Atta11ornt:IHhIM o6pa30M MO'/KHO npe.unoJIO)l(HTh, 'ITO nopo.ua npe.ucrns-
JIHeT co6o.H npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTblH naKCTOyH, ecJIH kBO COOTBeTCTBYeT KJiaccy
HaCblllleHHOCTH 2, HJIH lffO Mbl HMeeM .ueno c npeHMymecTBeHHO rJIHHl1CTOH nopo.no.H,
3.4. TIOCTPOEHHE VI AHAJUl3 3ABHCMMOCTEH KEPH-fl1C
120
90
60
30
(a)
Knacc I
Knacc 2
I
3

0,2 0,2
TiopHCTOCTb
(.UOJIH C,U.)
0 0
ToJIIUHHa
KOJIJieKTopa ( M)
Gstn - fpei!HcroyH
GDP - npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epttHCTb1ii naKCToytt
MD - IlpettMymecTBeHHO rJJHHHCTbJe
CTpyKl)'pbl
in
Bo.uoHacwrueHHOCTb (.uonu e.u.)
(b)
Knacc 3
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
BO.llOHaCbIIUeHHOCTb (.uonH e.u.)
119
Puc. 3.16. BnmrnHe TOJIIUHHbt nnaCTa H neTpo<j>mHlfecKoro Knacca Ha eo.noHaCbIIUeHHOCTb.
(a) KpMBall pacnpe.ueneHMll BO.llOHaCbtIUeHHOCTH no rny6HHe .um1 pa3Hbtx ncrpo<j>M3H'ICCKHX
KJJaCCOB, nony'leHHall H3 6a30Bb!X ypaBHCHHM; KpHBall nopMCTOCTH H npe.unonaraeMblM ypo-
eeHb Hynesoro KanHnmtpHoro )laBJJeHHll. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe: see TPH OCHOBHblX neTpo<f>U3H-
lfeCKHX KJJacca BbJ.UCJJlllOTCll snnoTb .llO rny6HttbI 150 MeTpoe. (b) BeprnKaJJbHall nocne.llOBa-
TCJJbHOCTb CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHblX ceoiicTs, HHTcpnpen1pyeMall KaK H3BCCTHllK no pe3yni,-
TaTaM conocrnsneHHll k. H3 ypaBHCHHll Ap'IH H k. COOTBCTCTByJOmero nerpo<f>M3H'ICCKOfO
Knacca. Ecnu f...
0
cooTeeTcTsyeT KJJaccy HacbtIUCHHOCTH I, 3TO rosopttT o CTpYKTYPC nma
rpeitHcTOyH; ecnH k
0
cooTeeTcTByer KJJaccy HaCbtlllCHHOCTH 2, 3TO rosopMT o CTPYKTYPe nma
npeHMylUeCTBCHHO 3epmtCTblH naKCTOyH; CCJJH kn COOTBCTCTByeT Knaccy HaCbIIUCHHOCTH 3.
3TO rosopttT o npenMyruecTBCHHO rnMHHCTOH CTPYKTYPC.
120 fJTABA 3
ecJTH k
80
cooTBeTcTByeT KJTaccy ttaCbIJ..UeHHOCTH 3. TaKHM o6pa30M, npHMemu1 3a8H-
CHMOCTH kBO OT kn, MO)l(HO onpe11.eJTHTb 8epTHKaJibHY10 noc11e11.08aTeJibHOCTb CTpyK-
TypHbIX <l>auwu.
B 1965 ro.ny Buckles [6] 8bIBeJT <l>opMyny 3a8HCHMOCTH Me)l(.ny nopHCTOCTh10,
80.UOHaCbIJ..UeHHOCTh10 H THnaMH nopo.n. OH noKa3aJI, qTo ,nm1 Ka)l(.noro 11.aHHoro THna
nopo,nbl 3a8HCHMOCTb 8birJIH.UHT 8 8H.Ue pa8HOCTOpOHHeii rnnep60Jibl H qacTO corna-
cyeTCH c 3a8HCHMOCTHMH THna nopHCTOCTblHeCHH)l(aeMaH 80.ll.OHaCbJl..l.l,eHHOCTb
3To ypa8HeHHe npHMeHHMO TOJlbKO I< nopo11.aM, I<OTOpbie 3aJTera10T 8bIWe nepeXO.UHOH
30Hbl - 8 30He HeCHH)l(aeMOH 80)1.0HaCblweHHOCTH. Ko3<l><l>HUHeHT KOppeJIHUHH vV
HbIHe H38eCTeH I<aI< o6be.iWHaJl 6JlQ:JICHOCmb H WHpOKO HCilOJlb3yeTCH )1.Jljj oueHKH npo-
.UYKTH8HOCTH [3]. B o6meM H ueJIOM, K03cp<l>HUHeHT I<Oppem1uim .lWI KOHKpeTHoro
nnacTa-KOJIJieKTOpa OCTaeTCH noCTOHHHblM npH HeCHH)l(aeMOH 80)1.0HaCbJl..l.l,eHHOCTH
H CTaH08HTCH H3MeHqH8blM 8 nepeXO.ll.HOH 30He. KpoMe TOro, qeM 8b!We vV, TeM
MeHbwe pa3Mep nop. EcJrn 3Ha'leHHe KoJ<J>qmuHeHTa W npe8bmmeT 0,04, TO JTO ro-
80pHT 0 TOM, qTo nJTaCT HH3KOnpOHHuaeMbIH H, CKOpee 8Cero, H3 Hero 6y11.eT nonyqeHa
80,na [3].
CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbIH HH,neKc (CTH) HJTH neTpo<l>H3HqecKHH KJiacc nopo,nbI
MO)l(HO nOJIY'IHTb H3 3a8HCHMOCTeH kBO-kn cnoco6oM, no.n:o6HblM cpopMyJie l>aKJTCa.
Ha pwc. 3.17 npe.n:crn8JieH npHMep onpe.n:eJTeHm1 neTpo<IJH3HqecKoro KJiacca Ha oc-
H08e Tpex Mo11.e11eif KanHJIJIHpHoro ,na8JieHHH, npH8e.UeHHhIX 8 rna8e 2. Jlo pe3yJih-
TaTaM Y8H3KH .naHHhIX aHaJIH3a KepHa c noKa3aHHHMH KapOTa)l(a 8b18e.n:eHa o6waH
3aBHCHMOCTb. Kpocc-n11or keo-kn Ha pHC. 3.18 nocrpoett Ha OCHOBaHJm HHcl>OpMa-
UHH, nOJiy<IeHHOH H3 ceKTopa Xapa.n: MeCTOpO)l(.UeHHH fa8ap [16]. BeJIHqffHbl 80)1,0-
HaCbIWeHHOCTH H nop11cTOCTH pacc4HTaHhI no KapOTa)l(HbJM .naHHhIM, a CTPYKTypHo-
TeKcTypHbJH THn ycrnH08JieH no lllJIHcpaM. Ha Kpocc-nnoTe 8H.UeH pa36poc T04eK,
KOTOpb1e MOryT 6hITb crpynnHp08aHbl 8 neTpO<l>H3H'leCKHe KJTaCCbJ: KJiacc l - Kpyn-
HOKpHCTaJIJIH4eCKHH )l,OJTOMHT, KJiacc 2 - neJIOH.ll.HbIH npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbIH
naKCTOYH H KJiacc 3 - nopo.UbI c npewMymecrneHHO rJTHHHCTOH CTPYKTypoii. JlHHHH
TpeH)l,a H rpaHHUbl 3THX rpynn HCnOJib308aJIHCb .ll.JlH noJiy<IeHHH CTeneHHOH 3a8HCH-
MOCTH Me)l(.ny cTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypHbIM HH.ll.eKCOM, Ha4aJibHOH 80)1.0HacbilUeHHocThlO
H nopHCTOCTb10 8bIWe nepexO.UHOH 30Hbl [IO, 16]:
Log(CTH) = [A+ B log(kn) + log(k:
00
)]/[C + D log(kn)J,
r.ue CTH - cTpyKTypHO-TeKcTypHbIH HH.ll.eKc 8 .nHana3oHe 0,5-4, k
80
- Hal!aJihHaH
(ocTaTO'IHaH) 80)l,0Hacb1meHHOCTb 8b1we nepexo.uHoH 30HhI, J..-
11
- nopHCTOCTh, A, B,
CH D - KOHCTaHThI, npH4eM A= 3,1107, B = 1.8834, C = 3,0634 11 D = 1,4045.
Ypa8HeHHe, np1rne.n:ettttoe 8hillle, cnpa8e.ll.JIH80 )l.JTH nopo.u, Koroph1e l) 3anera10T
8billle nepexo.uHoH 30HbI, 2) He 3aTpOHYThl 3a80.UHeHHeM, H 3) He HMeIOT 8HYTPH3ep-
H08hIX MHKponop HJTH 83aHMOC8H3aHHblX Ka8epH.
3TO ypa8HeHHe CXO.ll.HO c ypa8HeHHeM l>aKJICa [6], HO 8 HeM KOJ<l><l>wutteHT
KoppeJIHUHH lV 3aMeHHeTCH cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIM HHJl.eKCOM (CTH). ConocTa8-
3.4. nocTPOEHl1E H AHAJll13 3ABl1CHMOCTEH KEPH-fHC 121
100
-

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= 0

CQ
0,05 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40
OopHCTOCTb (.LlOnH e.a.)
PHc. 3.17. fpaqmK 3as11c11MOCTH Me)f(n.y nopHCTOCTbJ:O H aon.ottacbnUeHHOCTblO .AJtll Tpex xa-
paKTepttbIX KpHBbIX Kamrnmi:pttoro .nasneHHll np11 Tomutrne KonneKTopa 150 M.
JieHHe Kpocc-nJIOTOB keo -k,., nocTpoeHHbIX c HCnOJib30B8HHeM ypaBHeHH.ll J:l.Jl.ll pa3-
Hb!X CTPYKTYPHO-TeKCTypHbIX HH.!leKCOB, c ypasHeHHeM naKJICa nOKa3bIB8eT CXO. lC I !JO
Kpocc-nnoTos a o6nacTH BhICOKl1X 3HalleHHH CTl111 BhICOKHX EaKJll'J
H paCXO)l(,LleHHe B o6JiaCTH Hl13KHX 3Ha1eHHH (p11c. 3.19). 3To 03HalJaeT, lJTO KOJ<l>11-
u11eHTbl naKJICa H CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbie HH.U.eKCbl 0J:(HH8KOBbl J:l.Jl.ll MaJIOro pa3Mepa
nop, HO 38BHCHMOCTb oaKJICa He OTHOCHTC.ll K nopaM 60JiblllOfO .UH8MeTpa.
3To ypaBHeHHe OKa3aJIOCb BilOJIHe npHMeHHMO npH H3ylJeHlrn nepMCKHX KOJIJieK-
TOpOB a 3ana.u.HoM Texace n MeJIOBhIX H 10pcK11x KOJIJieKTopos Ha oJim1rneM BocTOKe
(pwc. 3.20). HH)l(H.ll.ll rpattwua o6JiaCTH, oxsaTbJBaeMOH neTpo<PH3H'leCKHM KJiaccoM 3,
nposo.u.HTC.11 no Ma.ucToyHaM CBHTbI Wyai16a MeJiosoro B03pacrn. ,[{attttb1e, 11cnonh-
3osaHHbie ):(JI.II ycrnHOBJieHH.11 rpaHHU: KJiacca 3, noJiylleHhI H3 onncam1i1 neJIOH.UHblX
npenMymecrneHHO fJIHHHCTblX H npettMymecrneHHO 3epHHCTblX naKCTOYHOB IOpCKHX
orno)l(eHHH Apa6 .LI., a TaK)l(e TOHKOKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKHX npem .. 1ymecrneHHO rnHHHCTbIX
.uononaKCTOYHOB H cpe.atteKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKHX npe11MymeCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTblX J:(OJIOMH-
TOB nepMcKoro so3pacrn, J.BylleHHbIX a 3ana.uttoM Texace. fpaHHua KJiacca I nposo-
.11.HTcsi no KpynttoKp11cTaJIJIHlJecK11M .aoJIOMHTaM IOpcKoH <!JopMau.1111 Apa6 .LI. 11 nepM-
CKHM .uonorpei1HCTOyHaM 3ana.uttoro Texaca.
HecMoTp.ll Ha To, 'ITO Kpocc-nnoT k
00
-kn MO)l(HO wcnoJib30BaTb J:l.Jlll onpe.ue-
JieHH.11 CT11 (HJIH neTpocp11311qecKoro KJiacca), OH npaKTH'leCKH Henp11MeHHM ,um1
onpe.aeJiett11.11 CTpyKTypHo-TeKcrypHoro THna nopoJJ.bI HJIH <1>au:11i1. 3THM MeTOAOM
MO)l(HO BOCTIOJib30BaTbCSI J:(JISI pacn03HaBaHHll rpeHHCTOYHOB, npe11MymecTBeHHO 3ep-
HHCTblX naKcToyttoB 11 npe11MymecTBeHHO rnHHHCTbJX cj>au11w HJIH CTPYKTYP KO-
Topb1e IlO'ITH He co.uep)l(aT KasepH03HbIX nop (T. e. ):(JI.II pacn03HaBaHHll H3BeCTmI-
KOB H TOHKOKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKOro .LlOJIOMHTa). CB.113b Me)l(.Lly neTpo<l>H3H'leCKHM KJiac-
COM 11 CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbJMH oco6eHHOCTllMH yMeHhrnaeTc.11 no Mepe so3pacrntt11.11
pa3Mepa KpHCTaJIJIOB .LlOJIOMHrn. Cpe.uHeKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKHe npemv1ymccTBeHHO rn11tt11-
CTbie .!lOJIOMHTbl OTHOCSITC.11 K KJiaccy 2, H HX HeB03M0)1(H0 OTJIH'IHTb OT OTHOClllll.HXC.ll
K TOMY )Ke Knaccy 2 npeHMymecrneHHO 3epHHCThIX naKcToyHoB. B KpaHHHX 3Ha'le-
122
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0 Knacc 3 - npe11MyutecTBCHHO rn11Ht1CTblC I I I
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HHIO Aprn, npHBSl3aHHhti1 K CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHoMy HH.lleKcy, no .llaHHhtM H3 CKBa)l{HHht,
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crypHb1e oco6eHHOCTH nopO.llbl, paCCMOTpeHHble B TCKCTe HaCTOffllleH rnaBbl.
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K.nacc 1 .. '-'.
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IlopHCTOCTb (,llOJIH e,ll.)
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1
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Pwc. 3.19. ConocrnBJJettHe Kpocc-rmoroe, nocrpoeHHhlX c HcnoJJbJOeattHeM ypaeHemu1 6ax.11-
ca, H neTpo$H3H'IeCKHX KJJaCCOB kBO - k,,.
HHSIX ece nopO,llhI c TaKHMH CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHhIMH oco6eHHOCTS1MH 11 ct>aum1M11
MOrnH 6bi 6bITb rpeHHCTOyHaMH H KpynHOKpHCTaJIJIH'leCKHMH ,llOJIOMHTaMH, OTHOCR-
IUHMHCSI K KJiaccy I.
Ba)KHO nOMHHTh o TOM, 'ITO 3aBHCHMOCTh k
80
-kn-CTH np11MeHHMa TOJihKO B Tex
CJiylJaRX, KOr;:i:a semllfHHa BOllOHaCbIJlleHHOCTH H3Becrna. ECJIH 3aJie)l(b pa3pa6aTbJBa-
eTCSI c HCilOJih30B3HHeM MeTO,llOB IlOBhIUJeHHSI Hect>Tera300T)l.a'IH (HanpHMep, 3aKal!-
KH BO)l.hl HJIH yrneKHCJIOfO ra3a), TO B TaKOM nnacTe TeKYma,11 BO,UOH3ChIIUeHHOCTh
MO)KeT 6b!Tb ropa3,UO BhIUJe HallaJibHOH. B TaKHX CJIY'JaRX CTpaTHrpaQJH'leCKHe HH-
TepsaJibl, nona)l.a10m11e Ha rpacpwKe s none Knacca 3, MoryT n1160 nettcTBHTeJJbHO
np11Ha,UJ1e)K8Tb K 3TOMY KJiaccy, JIH6o <PaKTH'leCKH np11Ha,UJie)K3Th KJiaccy 1 HJIH 2, HO
6hITh 3anOJIHeHHhIMH 80,llOH, MHHepan1133UHSI KOTOpOH HH)Ke MHHepan1133UHH OCTa-
TOl!HOH ( CBSl33HHOH) BO,llbl. 3Ty npo6neMy MO)KHO pewHTh, eCJIH npe,llsap11TeJih-
HO nonylIHTh csenett11,11 o npo<lmne 3aneraH11si neTpo<IJ11311t1ecK11x Knaccos. HeKOTO-
ph1e KOJineKTOpbl xapaKTepH3yIOTCSI O.!J.HHM-e,llHHCTBeHHhIM neTpo<IJ11311qeCKHM KJiac-
COM; ,llJl,11 HHX HHK3KHX npe.usap11TeJ1hHbIX .11.aHHhIX He notta.11.0611TCSI. ECJIH :>Ke KOJl-
JleKTOP xapaKTep113yeTcsi ;:i:syMsi 11n11 6onee neTpocp11311qecKHMH KJiaccaMH, TO )lJVI
H,lleHTHcl>HK3UHH neTpocl>H3H'leCKOfO KJlacca MO/KHO HCil0Jlh30B3Th cae;:i:eHHR 0 BepTH-
K3JlhHOH nocJ1eJJ.0BaTeJ1hHOCTH CTPYKTYPHhlX <Pauuii, ycrnttoaneHHOH no cTpaT11rpa-
ct>11qecKHM MO,lleJISIM (pHC. 3.21 ). 3ttasi npoqmnH neTpocpH3Hl!eCKHX KJ13CCOB, MO)l(HO
paCC'lHT3Tb kBO no MO,lleJISIM K3IlHJIJIS!pHOfO ,ll3BJieHHSI, nocTpoeHHblM ,llJUI KaJK,UOfO
CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHoro HH.!1.eKca, 11 cpasHHTh nonyqetttty10 senH'lHHY c k
9
, onpe-
,lleneHHOH no KapoTa/KHblM )l.3HHhIM, " T3KHM o6pa30M yCTaHOBHTh JIHTOJIOfH'leCKHH
COCTaB 3aBO,llHeHHhlX HHTepBaJIOB. HHTepsaJlbl, He no.nseprumec,11 3380.!J.HeHHIO, RBJISl-
IOTCR nepcneKTHBHhIMH o6oeKTaMH.
124
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none KJJacca 3
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....
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-K .... HHJieKc
-
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0,01

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nopHCTOCTb (JlOnH CD.. )
4
P2,5
I
1,5
I
1,0
Puc. 3.20. '3ToT pHcyHoK ttJlmocTpHpyeT o6o6weHttyio 3aeHCHMOCTb Me)f()ly tta'lanbttoit eo110-
ttacb11UettttocTb10, nop11cTOCTb10 H ncTpol>1tJH'ICCKHM KnaccoM (HJJll CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypttbJM
HHllCKCOM). Orpatttt'lettm1: JaBHCHMOCTb npllMCHHMa TOJJbKO llJlll nopoJl, KOTOpb1e I) 1a11era-
IOT BblWC ncpCXOJlHOH 30Hbl, 2) HC 33TpottyTbl 33BOllHCHHCM." 3) HC HMCIOT BHyTpH3CpHOBblX
MltKponop 11nH 833HMOCBll33HHblX KaecpH. 06Jl3CTb A Bbl}lenetta no M3}lCToyttaM MCJJOBOH
ceHTbl Wyait6a; o6nacTb B - no TOHK01epHHCTblM nenOHllHblM naKcTOyttaM Menoeolt CBllTbl
Wyaii6a, iopcKHM eaKCTOyttaM 1t npe1tMy1UCCTBCHHO rmtHllCTMM naKcToyttaM ce1tTbl raeap,
a T3K'lKC no nepMCKHM TOHKOKpllCT3JlJJH'ICCKHM npcttMylUCCTBCHHO rJJHHHCTblM llOJJOMllTaM;
o6nacTb c - no npe1tMy1UCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblM IOpCKHM naKCTOyHaM CBHTbl raeap If npeHMy-
IUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblM nepMCKHM llOJlonaKCTOyHaM H CpeJlHCKpHCT3JlJJHlfCCKHM rJJHHHCTbll\f
llOJJOMHTaM; o6nacTb D - no topCKHM KpynuoKpttcrnnntt'leCKHM llOJlOMHTaM H nepMCKHM Jl0-
11orpcitttcrny HaM.
noD.BCD.eM HTOf BblWeCKa3aHHOMy: .llIUI TOfO l.fT06bl ycTaHOBHTb CTPYKTYPHO-
TeKCTypHbIH HHD.eKC HJIH neTpo<f>H3ffllCCKHH Knacc nopOJlbl D.ml nOD.CTaHOBKH B cj>Op-
Myny nepecteTa nopHCTOCTH B npOHHuaeMOCTb H B MOD.eJJH KanHJimlpHoro }laBne-
HH.11, reHepHpyeMble D.Jl.11 Ka)l(JlOfO KOHKpeTHOro CTpyKTypHO-TCKCTypHOHfO HHD.CKCa,
MO')KHO HCnOJJb30BaTb JaBHCHMOCTH kBO- kll D.JlH ycJIOBHH yl.faCTKOB BblWC nepeXO.llHOH
30Hbl H ueo6BOJlHeHHbIX CKBa)l(HH.
3.4.8. CKaHnpoeaune n.r1acra
MeTOJlbI CKaHHpoeaHH.11 nnacTa npeD.CTaBJllllOT co6oi1 ea)l(HbIH HCTOl.fHHK Hmpop-
MaUHH o nopoeoM npoCTpaHCTBC, 06pa1oeaHHOM e1aHMoce.111aHHbJMH KaeepHaMH. Ta-
KHe MeTO.Llbl HCnOJib3YIOTC.ll D.JlH Bbl)leJJeHHH cjlauwi1 OCMKOHaKOnJICHH.11 Ha OCHO-
BaHHH naHHbIX 06 oca.nol.fHbIX cTpyKTypax (pwc. 3.22 H 3.23). B 6onbWHHCTBe cnyl.faee
nnaCTOBble CKaHepbl npHMeHHIOTCll D.Jlll MHKpOKapOTa)l(3 conpOTHBJleHH.11 B 6ypoBOM
3.4. nocTPOEHME H AHAJllB JABHCUMOCTEH KEPH-fl1C
'i
-

CKB. SSAU 2709, 1977
fK
HHrepaa..iw
cl>t1,1bTJ13UHH
CKB. SSAU 2714, 1984
rK
-
BOCC'11lllOBJlCllllOJI ::t
RO:.lOl lSChllUCHllOCTb ..._...
. noA "" i P3C'IC1ttblii 0

c 5
1 llmcnw
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6
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Orp.:.;taarrupo .... Huwl1 /
kJlacc
J05 ..
c
15i0
)!j!).'j
125
PHc. 3.21. 3oHbt o6so.nHeHHll onpe.neneHbt no cTparnrpa<j>HtecKHM .naHHblM Mil ycrnHoBJJe-
HHll nerpolfJH31t'iCCKOro Knacca c UCJJblO 00,/lCTaHOBKH B MO)lCJUI KanHnn11pHoro .naBJ1eHHll,
nocTpoeHHbtC A/Ill Ka)l(11oro KOHKpeTHoro CTPYKT)'PHO-TCKCTypHoro HH.J.CKca. CKBa)l(ttHa 2709
J3KOH'ICHa 6e1 80.llbl, Tor.na K3K npH JaKaH'IHBaHHlt CKBaJKltHbl 2714 6blII nony'leH 3Ha'IH-
TCilbHbIH npHTOK BO.llbl. Koppen11uHx ncTpoQ>111u1ecKHX Knaccoe no CKBa)l(HHaM 2709 H 2714
nO"lBOIIXCT nony'lttTb HH<f>opMaUHIO, HC06XO.!lHMYIO .WIX TOro. 'IT06bI ypaBHCHHX J3BHCl1MOCTCH
MC)l(.J.Y BOllOH3CbllUCHHOCTblO, nopHCTOCTblO It TOJllUltHOii, BblBO.llHMbIC ilJlX K3)1(Jl0f0 KOHKpeT-
HOro CTpyKTypHO-TCKCTypHoro MO)l(HO 6btn0 HCnOilb3083Tb llJlll paC'iCTa Ha'l3IlbHOii
eoitoHaCbtlUCHHOCTH. CpaeHeHHe eo,10Hacb11UCHHOCT1t. nony'leHHoii no Ap'IH, c HaiaJlbHOH
BO.!lOH3CbllUCHHOCTblO nOJBOilllCT Bbl)lCJIHTb o6BO.!lHCHHblC HHTepeaIJbl.
pacTBope Ha BOAHOH OCHOBe. KpoMe Toro, HMetOTCll H MeTO.Qbl, OCHOBaHHble Ha aKy-
CTH'leCKHX H"JMepeHHSIX. nepBblH n n aCTOBblH MHKpocKattep (fMS) pa3pa6orana KOM-
naHHSI illmoM6ep1Ke. Bnocne.ncTBHH OH 6btJI Mo.nepHH3HpoeaH .no Mo.nenu FMI
(nJiaCTOBblH MHKpOHMH.lllKep). npu6op FMI HMeer 'ICTblpe opTOroHaJJbHblX pbt<iara.
Ha KOTOpblX CMOHTHposaHO no nea npHIKHMHblX 6aUJl\1aKa. Ha KalK.UOM 6aUJMaKe HMe-
IOTCSI 24 KOMnaKTHblX TO'lelfHblX JJJeKTpo.na. KOTOpbte n03BOJJSIIOT noJJy'IHTb B cyM-
Me 192 noKaJam1J1 MHKpoKapoTa)l(a conporuenett11H. Paccro11Hue Me)l(.lly JJJeKTpona-
MH paCC'IHTaHO Ha nony'leHHe 11306pa1KeHHll (HMH}-l)l(a) C pa3peweHHeM 5 MM. npu6op
perncrpHpycT HaKJJOH CTBOJJa CKBalKHHbl OT sepntKaJlH 11 ero a3HMyT, lJTO n03BOJJSleT
opHCHTHpoBaTb HMH!llK nnacra. Ha Kat.tCCTBO HJ06pa1KeHHH MOryr OKa3aTb OTp11ua-
TCJJbHOe BJJHllHHe TaKHC <l>aKTOpbl, KaK HaJIH'IHe 30Hbl npOHHKHOBeHHJI <}>HJlbTpara
126 rJYABA 3
6yposoro pacTBopa, OCbinaHHSI H o6BaJibl B CTBOJ1e CKBa)l(HHbl, YBCJIHlfCllHC .UHaMeTpa
CKBa)f(HHbl 3a ClfCT o6pyweHHSI CTCllOK H npHXBaTa npH6opa.
(a)
U31
4231 .,.i
(b)
Puc. 3.22. Bbt.!lCJJCHHC HHTepeaJJoe BJaJ1Moce111aHHblX KaecpH no HMH.!l)K3M. (a) Pa"JMep Ka-
eepHbl B .UOJIOMHTC 90 CM. (b) lipCl(llHSI o6pywcHHll B .[lOJIOMHTC.
MHKpoHMH.ll)l(Cp no3sonS1eT nonylfHTb H3o6pa)f(eHHSI Tperum1, 6peK'IHH, KpynHbtX
KaBepH H oca.uOlfllblX CTpyKT)'p, KOTOpbtC HCHOJ1b3YIOTCSI ,llJlSI KOppenSlllHH H on11camu1
nopOBblX CHCTCM, o6pa30BaHHblX B3aHMOCBSl3aHHbJMH KasepHaMH. Ha mo6pa)f(CHHSIX,
nonylfcHHblX c 110MOlllb10 FMI, Kap6oHaTbI c HHJKHM conpoTHBneHHeM H BbICOKOH no-
pHCTOCTblO o6bllfHO BbtrJlSIJUIT B BHlle 3aTCMHCHHblX ylfaCTKOB Ha cf>oue CBCTJ10KOpH'I-
HCBblX ylfaCTKOB (BbtCOKoe conpoTHBncm1c, HH3KaSI nopHCTOCTb) (pHc. 3.23, c). TaKHe
TCMHblC ytaCTKH 1alfaCry10 OWH60lfHO HHTepnpeTHPYIOTCSI KaK KaBCp1103HblC Kap6o-
HaTbl, TOf,lla KaK B 60J1bl1JHHCTBC CJlylfaCB pe3yJ1bTaTbl aHaJJH3a KCpHa, B3SITOro H3 Toro
)KC HllTepBaJla, noK33btBalOT, lfTO HHK3KHX KaeepH TaM HCT. no1TOMY llJlSI HOBblUJCHHSI
Ka
1
1ccTBa mrrepnpernuHH n0Ka1a11HH FMI tteo6xo.llHMo yeS13bIBaTb HMHJJ.IKH c onHca-
HHSIMH Keptta . .D.amtblC 06 yrnax nanCHHSI H HanpaeneHHSIX npOCTHpaHHSI BHCllJIIHX
CKJ10110B Kap6oHaTHblX nocTpOCK HCnOJ1b1YIOTCSI HC T0.1bKO JlJISI paCll0'3HaBaHHSI TH-
1108 cl>aUHH oca.UKOH3KOHJICHl1SI, HO H ,[UIS! onpCJJ.CJieHHSI MCCTOllOJIO)f(CHHSI KynonoB,
C03.llaHHbIX pyJ.lHCTaMH
6
, H pmpoebtX m1KOB.
3.5. Onpe11eJJCHHC npOHHU8CMOCl'H no ,il8HllblM rue
CTpOHHUaCMOCTb HCBOJMO)f(HO onpCJlCJIHTb HCllOCpCllCTBCirnO HJ ,;laHHblX Kapora-
)f(a. CrnH.naprHaSI MCTom1Ka raKoea: cTpOHTCSI 3aBHCHMOCTb MCIKJlY npoH11uaeMOCTb10
1
'Py.111CTbl - KpynHblC npHKpCnJICHllblC KopaJIJIOBH;lllblC .'lBYCTBOp'lafblC MOJIJllOCKll (1opa-MCJ1). -
llp11.11. lll!f'l!ll.
3.5. OnrE.llEJJEHHE nroHHUAEMocn1 no .llAHHblM rHc 127
(a) (b)
(c)
PHc. 3.23. Onpe.aenem1e CTpyKT)'pHo-TeKCT)'pHbtX xapaKTepncTHK no llMHllJKaM. (a) Kococno-
HCTbIH llOJlorpeHHCTOYH B conocTaBJieHHH C KepHOM. (b) noJIOC'!3TblH ,'J,OJlOMlfT npHJlHBHO-
OTJlHBHOH JOHbt B conoCTaBJiemm c KCpHOM. (c) OiaroeaJI nop11cTOCTb e nonnpHJJHBHOM .uo-
noMHTC (MOJKeT 6btTb OWH60'!HO np1rnina 33 KaeepHOBYIO nopllCTOCTb).
no KepHy H nopHCTOCTblO no KepHy, nonylfeHHaH JaBHCHMOCTb HCOOJlb3YeTCSI ,aJUI npe-
o6pa3oBaHHSI KpHBOH nopHCTOCTH e KpHBYIO npoHttuaeMOCTH. Cne.nyeT HMeTb B BH-
.ny, 'ITO npH npHMeHeHHH .naHHOro MeTo.na 3Ha4eHHSI npOHHUaeMOCTH ycpe.llHSllOTCSI,
'"ITO enocne,llCTBHH He OTpa)f(aeT xapaKTepHble oco6eHHOCTH Kap6oHaTHblX KOJlJleK-
TOpOB.
128 fJJABA 3
)"lm1 nOBbJWCHHSI TOlfHOCTH H3MepeHHH B cpopMyJ1y nepeclfeTa nopHCTOCTH B npo-
HHU.aCMOCTb peKoMeH.u.yeTcsi no.u.crnBHTb neTpocl>m114ecK11H KJlacc (HJ!H CTH) H 3Ha-
4CHHC MC)l(lfaCTHlfHOH nopHCTOCTH:
Log(knp) = (a - b Log(CTH)) + (c - d Log(CTH))Log(kn.M),
r.u.e CTH - CTPYK"fYPHO-TeKcrypHblH HH.llCKC (MO)l(HO TaK)l(e 11cnoJJb30BaTb neTpocl>H-
311<1ecKHH KJiacc), kll.M -6JJOKOBaSI nopHCTOCTb, (l = 9,7982, b = 12,0838, (' = 8,6711,
d = 82 965.
nptt TaKOH nocrnnosKe 3aAalfH Mbl nonylfaeM TY caMylO cssi3b MC)l(JJ.Y npo-
m1u.aeMOCTb10 H CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHblMH xapaKTepttcTHKaMH, KOTopasi sa)l(Ha .lLilH
npOCTpaHCTBCHHOro MO.U.CJJHpOBaHHSI. KpoMe Toro, CIO.U.a BHOJIHC BnHCb!BaCTCSI TOT
<f>aKT, lfTO HMCHHO MC)l(lfaCTHlfHaSI, a He o6maH nopHCTOCTb HanpHMYIO KOppeJJH-
pyeTCSI c npOHHU.aeMOCTblO. nCTpO<f>H3HlfCCKHH KJJacc HJJH CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypttblH
HH.UCKC yCTaHaBJJHBaCTCJI no ,UaHHblM fK, KapOTa)l(a nopHCTOCTH HJIH KpOCC-
nJJOTaM kBO-kll npH KOppeKTHblX ycJJOBHJIX. 3ttalfeHHJI MC)l(lfaCTHlfHOH nopHCTOCTH
noJiylfalOT H3 3aBHCHMOCTCH t:lt-kll, ua.nne)l(alUHM o6pa30M yesi3aHHblX c OHH-
caHHSIMH Keptta. Bo3MO)l(HOCTH npHMenettHsi JTOro Mernna HJJJI10CTp11py10TCS1 p11-
cynKOM 3.23.
3a8HCHMOCTH Me)l(.ny HalfaJJbHOH HaCbllUCHHOCTblO H nopHCTOCTblO npHMCHSl-
IOTCSI .nnsi paclfern npoH11u.aeMOCTH 6e3 npoMC)l(YTO<IHOH npH8Sl3KH K CTPYK"fYPHO-
TeKcTypHblM cso.HcTeaM [21, 23 ). Cnoco6 onpe.neneHHH npoHHu.aeMocrn c npH-
BSIJKOH K CTPYK"fYPHO-TeKcrypHblM cso.HCT8aM no.uo6en Bb1weonHcannoMy MeTo.uy,
HO Tpe6yeT HCnOJlb30B3HHSI Kpocc-nJJOTa kBo-kn .UJISI H.U.CHTHcjlHKaU.HH neTpo<f>H3H-
llCCKOro KJiacca HJJH CTH w1si ycrnnosneHHJI cs11311 MC)l(JJ.Y neTpocjlH3HlfCCKHMH
napaMeTpaMH H reOJIOrH
1
1CCKHMH onHCaHHJIMH, nOCKOJlbKY TaKaJI C8Jl3b HCKJ1104H-
TCJlbHO Ba)l(Ha .ll.JIJI KOJIHlfCCTBCHHOro npe.n.CTaBJICHHJI TpexMepHblX reOJIOrHlfCCKHX MO-
.UCJICH.
3.6. Ha'l&JlbH&H
Ha
1
iaJJbHaJ1 80.11.onacb11UennocTb 06b1
1
1tto pacc
1
111Tb1saeTcsi no .aaHHblM fHC c no-
MOIUblO ypaeneHHH Ap4H HJlH KaKoro-Jrn6o ero 8apHaHTa. OnHaKo 8 Tex cny<1a-
J1X, Karna pC4b H.UCT 0 CTapblX MCCTOpO)l(JlCHHJIX, .ao6bl
1
la 113 KOTOpb!X 8C.UCTCJI
BTOpH4HblMH MCTOllaMH, TOlfHOCTb 3HalfeHHH 80.UOllaCbllllCHHOCTH, pacC<IHTaHHblX
no ypaBHCHHIO Apl!H, MO)l(CT 6b1Tb OWH604HOH H3-3a npHCYTCTBHJI B nnacrnx 80-
llbl 3a80.UHCHHSI, H llOIIYlfCHHblC 3Ha
1
1eHHJI 80.UOHaCbllUCHHOCTH HC 6ynYT COOTBCT-
CTBOBaTb ee ttalfruJbHbJM 8CJJHlfHHaM. B TaKHX cnylfaJ1x pcKoMcnnyeTcJI npoH1eo.nHTb
paClfCT kBO Ha MO,:J.CJIJIX KanHJIJIS!pHoro .uaBJICHliSI, nocTpoeHHblX llJIJI KOHKpCTHblX
CTPYK"fYPHO-TCKCTYPHblX ycnoBHH 11 oxapaKTep113o8aHHblX 8 rnaee 2. Jna4enm1 no-
pHCTOCTH, neo6xo.n.HMblC D,J1JI no.ucTaHOBKH 8 'HH ypaeneHHSI, BblBO.lJ.JITCJI 113 KpH8blX
KapOTa)l(a nopHCTOCTH. no naHHblM neTpocj>H3HlfCCKHX HCCJICllOBaHHH MO)l(CT OKa-
3aTbCJI, lfTO neTpocjlHJH<1ecKHH Knacc ocrneTc.11 nocTOHHHblM. Ecn11 )Ke OH S1BJIJ1CTCJ1
BCJIHlfHHOii nepeMCHHOH, TO MOryT npHro,.'\HTbCJI cneKTpaJJbHblH raMMa-KapOTa)I(, Ka-
pOTa)I( nopHCTOCTH H rem10rn4ecK11e MOllCJIH CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypnb1x napaMeTp08.
2010
-:::;
2025
-ell
::c
:s:
l.O
;:....
2040
c
2055
2070
(a)
0 1 2 3
Tie-rpocpH31i'leCKHH
KJiacc I CTH
D
nCTpocj>HlH'ICCKHH
KI1acc no wnucj>aM
ncTp<>cj>HlH'ICCKHii
KJI3CC no fHC
4
3.7. PE3IOME 129
(b) (c)
1995 1995
2025

1\
":

1r-
......
f0
,_\
2010
2025
2040
I
2055 2055
2070 2070
0,1 1
10 10
2
10
3
100 80 60 40 20 0
TipouuuaeMOCTb (M.[0
npoHHUBCMOCTb
no KCpHy
Pac'leTH3JI
npoHHU3CMOCTb
TipoueuT
Kpmwr
-- ,nc6HTOMeTpHH


PHC. 3.24. PeJyJtbTaTbl pactteTa npOHHuaeMOCTH no )J.3HHblM r11c B CK83)1(HHC, npo6y-
peHHOH Ha ropH30HT Apa6 JI. (6JtH)l(HHH BocToK) [16]. (a) CTPYK"fYPHO-TeKcrypHhIH HH-
JJ.CKC (CTl1) no KpOCC-nJIOTaM keo-kn conocTaBmICTCH c neTpO<j>H3H'ICCKHM KJ13CCOM, onpe-
JlCJlCHHbll\I no WJtH$aM. (b) PactteTHa11 npoHHuaeMOCTh conocrnBJtHCTCH c npottHuaeMOCThIO
no Keptty. (c) ConocrnBJteHHe pactteTHoro npo<j>HJtH cyMMapHOH ropH30HTaJtbHOH npoHHUae-
MOCTH (k
11
p/i) C .!l.3HHblMH D.CfiHTOMCTPHH.
Ecnu 3Ha'leHHH k
8
, pacc'IHTaHHble ua Mo.11.enHx Kanum1HpHoro .nasneHHH, ornH'lalOT-
c" OT 3Ha'leHHH Ha'laJJbHOH BO.UOHaCbllUeHHOCTH, nony'leHHblX no .11.aHHblM KapoTa:lKa
conpoTHBneHHH c Y'leTOM ypasHeHHH AptIH, TO JTO MO)l<eT rosopHTb o TOM, 'ITO B pe-
3yn1>TaTe npHMeHeHHH MeTO.UOB HHTeHCHcpHKaUHH no6bl'IH B KOnneKTopax o6pa30Ba-
nHCb 06aom1eHHble 30Hbl (CM. pHC. 3.21 ).
3. 7. PeJIOMe
nepBblM waroM B nocTpOeHHH rHilPOilHHaMHl!eCKOH Mo.nenH nnacTa-KOJJJICK-
TOpa HBnHeTCH OnHcaHHe CTpoeHHH H Ba)l<HbIX CTpaTHrpacpH'leCKHX napaMeTJJOB
no KepHOBOMY MaTepmUly H npHBH3Ka CTpyKTypHO-TeKcrypHblX xapaKTepHCTHK K neT-
pocpH3H'leCKHM .naHHbIM, nony1.J:eHHbIM no o6pa3uaM KepHa. BTopbIM waroM HBnHeTCH
npHBH3Ka naHHbIX rHC K CTPYKTypHo-TeKcrypHblM oco6eHHocTHM " cpau.ttHM nopOJ.l.bI,
130 fJIABA 3
a 1aTeM - pae<1eT npom1uaeMoCT11 11 k
80
c 11cnoJih30BaHHeM cTpyKTyptto-TeKCTYPHbJX
csowcrn H 3Ha'leHHH nop11crncT11, noJiy'leHHhIX no KapOTa)l(HbIM .uaHHhIM. TaKHM ny-
TeM reoJiom'leCKHe H neTpocjl111H'lecK11e .11.aHHhie pacnpe.uem110TcH no nnow.a.uH Me-
CTOpO)l(JJ.eHHH. ,[lJISI COCTaBJieHHSI 3aBHCHMOCTeH Keptt-rHC o6hl'IHO HCilOJib3YlOTCH
noKa3aHHSI rK, CfK, HK, nJIOTHOCTHOro KapOTa)l(a, ffKc, AK, KapOTa)l(a conpOTHB-
JieHHH/npOBO.UHMOCTH l1 CKaHHpOBaHHH nJiacrn . .[lJlH xapaKTepHCTHKH tteKOTOpblX TH-
noB KOJlJieKTOpOB MO)l(eT np11MeHHTbCR MeTO.U JIMP.
CTpH pac'leTe npoHuuaeMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH H Ha'laJJhHOH so.uoHachnueHHO-
cT11 Ha MO.UeJIRX KaTIHJlJIRpHoro .uaBJ!eHHH .lJ.JIR KOHKpeTHblX crpyKrypHO-TeKCTYPHbIX
ycnos11w OCHOBHOH aKueHT )lenaercH Ha Me)l('laCTH'IHYIO nop11cTOCTh 11 CTH 11JI11 ner-
pocp11111qecK11H KJiacc . .[lnH noJiy'leHl1.ll 3Ha'leHHH Me)l(t:f3CT11'lHOH nop11CTOCTH Heo6xo-
)l11MO paCC'll1TaTb 1130J111pOBaHHO-KaBepHOBylO nop11CTOCTb, 3Ha'lett11e KOTOpOH 3aTeM
HY)l(HO 6y.lleT BhI'JeCTh 113 o6meii nop11crocT11. CTpH HaJJ11'11111 B11.UHMhIX H30JIHpo-
BaHtth1x KasepH (TaKHX, KaK pemlKTbl BbILUeJIO'feHHbIX 3epeH) o6beM 11301IHpOB3HHO-
KaBepHOBOfO noposoro npocrpaHCTBa MO)l(HO oueHHTb c noMOIUblO ypaBHeHHR, 3anH-
caHHOro B 811.Ue
O;:tttaKo npaKTHKa noKa3blBaeT, lfTO np116opb1 aKyCTH'lecKoro Kaporn)l(a peampy-
IOT Ha BHyTpH3epHOBYIO MHKponop11CTOCTb 11 KpynHble l130J1HpOBaHHbie KasepHbl TaK
)l(e, KaK H Ha Me)l(lfaCTHlJHYlO nopHCTOCTb, 11 lfTO paCXO)l(JJ.eHHR Me)l(.uy 3Ha'leHHHMH
nop11cTOCT11 no AK 11 .llattHblM nnorttocrHoro HeiirpoHHoro KapoTaiKa Moryr oKa3aTb-
CH pe3yJibTaTOM BJil1RHl1H He H301I11pOBaHHblX KaBepH, a KaK11x-111160 HHblX CBOHCTB
nopO.llbL B CBR3H c 3THM, np11Be.lleHHoe Bbillle ypasHeH11e cne.uyeT np11MeHHTb TOJibKO
nocne ero ysH3KH c .llaHHblMH no Keptty 6J1H3Jie)f(aIUeH CKBaiKHHhI.
CTpyKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbIH Htt.lleKc, Heo6xo.u11MbIH .UJIR no.ncrnttOBKH B cI>opMyJiy
nepec'leTa nopttCTOCTl1 B npott11uaeMOCTb, MO)f(HO nonylJHTb 113 HHiKecJie.llyIOLUeH 3a-
BHCl1MOCTH kB0-1.:n, a TaKlKe H3 noKa3aHHH raMMa-KapOTaiKa H KapoTaiKa nopHCTOCTH
npH KoppeKTHhlX ycnoBHHX:
Log(CTH) = lA + Blog(kn) + log(k
00
)j/[C + Dlog(J.
11
)],
r.ne CTH - crpyKTypHo-TeKcTypttbIH HH.UeKc s .u11ana1otte 0,5--4 (TaK)f(e MOiKHO HC-
noJ1h30Barb H neTpOcj>H3Ht:feCKHH KJiacc), kuo - tta4aJibHaR 80,il.OHaCbJIUeHHOCTb Bblllle
nepexO)lHOH 30HbI, kn - nopHCTOCTb, A, B, C H D - KOHCTaHTbl, npH4eM A =
= 3.1107, B = 1,8834, C = 3,0634 11 D = 1.-1045.
3ra 3aBl1CHMOCTb cnpase.umrna TOJlbKO .lJ.JIR yCJIOBHH Bbillle nepeXO)lHOH 30-
Hbl H .llJIH 3Ha'leHl1H HalJaJJbHOH so.uoHaCbIIUeHHOCTH. Ha4aJibHaH BO.llOttach11UeH-
HOCTb KOJIJieKTopoB, HaX0.!1.RIU11XCR B nepB114HOH pa3pa6orKe, MO)f(eT 6bITb noJiy'letta
113 ypasHeH11H Ap'IH. ,[lJIH MeCTopOiKD.eHHH, 3KcnnyaT11py10w.11xcR c np11MetteH11-
eM Mern.uos HHTeHcttcpHKaUHH .uo6hI4H, 11HcpopMau1110 o CTl1 H neTpocp113H'le-
CKOM KJiacce B03MOiKHO nOJIY4HTb c nOMOIUblO neTpOcp113H4eCKHX HCCJie)lOBaHHH,
cTpan1rpacjl114ecK11x JaKottoMepHOCTdi 11 noKaJaHHH MeTO.llOB fHC. Heo6so.uHett-
Hh1e 30Hbl MOiKHO BbI.UeJlHTb nyTeM conoCTaBJieHHH BeJil14HH 80.llOHaCbIIUeHHOCTH /,;BO
3.7. PE310ME 131
no Ap<JH c sem11111HaMH k
00
, pacclUtTaHHbIMH .um1 MO.UeJTeH Kanmrnj(pHoro .llaBJTeHHj(,
,
nocTpoeHHbIX .nnj( KOHKpeTHbIX CTPYKTYPHO-TeKCT)'pHbIX ycnoBHH.
ToLJHOCTb pacqern so.uoHaCbill.leHHOCTH no .llaHHbIM Kaporn)l(a conpoTHBJieHHH
so MHOroM JaBHCHT OT TOl.JHOCTH pacqern K03cpc}muHettrn ueMeHTaUHH. BeJTHl.JHHa m
eCTb <l>YHKUHR KaBepHOBo-noposoro OTHOWeHHj(, KOTOpoe, B CBOIO oqepe.Ub, pac-
Cl.JHTbIBaeTC.!I c HCnOJib30BaHl1eM 3Hal.JeHHH H30JIHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH,
onpe.ueneHHbIX no )laHHbIM aKycTHLJecKoro Kaporn:>Ka, a o6waj( nopHCTOCTb onpe.ue-
Jij(eTC$1 no <l>opMyJie
(
k . )
napaMeTp ueMeHTaUHH m = 2.14 k
11

1
:K + 1.76.
n.oow
r.ue kn.11-K - H30JJHpoBaHHO-KasepHOBaj( nopHCTOCTb, kn.o6w - o6maj( nopHCTOCTb.
MeTO.UbI cKattHposaH11$1 nnacTa np11MeHj(JOTC.!I .UJI$1 pacno3HasaHH$1 nopoBbIX cH-
cTeM, o6pa30BaHHblX B3aHMOC8j(3aHHblMH KasepttaMH, nocKOJlbKY HMeHHO rn1rne CH-
CTeMbl onpe,lleJij(IOT cpHJibTpaUHOHHble xapaI<TepHCTHKH nnacrn. 3TH MeTOJI,bl l\IO:iKHO
TaK)l(e HCnOJib30BaTb )lJij( H.UeHTH<l>HKaUHH TaKHX nmos cpauHH, KaK cj>aUHH npHJlllBHO-
OTJlHBHbIX 30H H KOCOCJIOHCTbie rpeHHCTOYHbl. OnHaKO HHTepnpeTaQHj(
HHH, nonylleHHbIX npH noMOlllH MHKpOHMHJI.:>Kepa FMI, - JTO Henpocrnj( rn. w
1
1a. . 1>J
ycneuIHoro perneHH.!I KOTOpoif secbMa :>KeJTaTenhHO npoH3BOJlHTb yBj(JKY c .naHHbll\111
no Keptty.
nosbillleHHe Kal.JeCTBa oueHKH npOHHuaeMOCTl1 nopo.u ,llOCTHraeTCR nyTeM HC-
nOJTb30BaHH.!I cj>opMyJTbl pacqeTa npom1uaeMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH. 3TOT MeTO)l COCTO-
HT H3 CJTe.UyIOIUHX waros:
1) PacqeT o6meif nopHCTOCTH no HMeIOIUHMC$1 noKa3aHH.!IM KapoTa:>Ka nopttcTo-
cn1. OposepKa TOl.JHOCTH pac<JeTOB nyTeM conocrnsneHH$1 noJiy<JeHHhlX 3Hal.Je-
HHH c nopHCTOCTblO, onpe.lleJTeHHOH no Keptty.
2) PactieT H30JIHposaHHO-KasepHosoi1 nopttcrncTH c 11cnOJih30BaHHeM 3as11c11Mo-
cTett Me)l(.uy HHTepsaJTbHbIM speMeHeM, nopHCTOCTblO H o6beMOM H30JTHPOBaH-
HblX Kaseptt. Heo6XOJlHMO nposep$1Tb TOllHOCTb pacqcros, conocTaBJI.ffj( 11x c on11-
camu1MH Keptta.
3) PacqeT Me)l(qacTHlIHOH nop11cTOCT11 nyTeM Bbll.JHTaHH$1 BCJTHlIHHbI 11Jon11poaaH-
HO-Kasepttosoif nop11CTOCTH H3 semfl.JHHbl o6weii nopHCTOCTH.
4) YcTaHosnett11e neTpocj>HJHl!ecKoro Knacca no noKa3att11.!IM raMMa-Kaporn:iKa, Ka-
poTa:>Ka nopHCTOCTH H JIHTonnoTHOCTHOro KapoTa)l(a nocne 11x ysj(JKH c om1ca-
HH.!IMH KepHa HJIH onpe.ueJieHHC CTpyKT)'pHO-TeKCTYPHOfO HH.UCKCa Ha OCHOBaHllH
Kpocc-nJIOTOB kBO-kll:
Log(CTH) = lA + B log(kn) + log(/,
80
)J/[C + D log(k
11
)]
. 5) PactieT npottttuaeMOCTH no <l>opl'ltyne nepcct1ern nopHCTOCTH B npoHHuaeMOcTb:
Log(k
11
p) = (a - b Log(CTH)) + (c- d
132 [JJABA 3
l1H<l>opMaum1 o CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbIX oco6eHHocrnx, KoTopa" MO)f(eT 6b1n
TIOJiy'leHa C TIOMOIQblO HHTepnpeTaUHH )J.aHHbIX fl1C, KpaTKO H3JiaraeTC.SI B Ta6-
JIHUe 4.
Ta6m1ua 4. Onpe,!1,enem1e CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbIX neTpoqmJ1111ecK11x napaMeTpoe no JJ.aH-
HhIM fl1C
l1CXOJlHble .ll8HHbJe PeJyJibTaT
06ll.la11 nopHCTOCTb lhon11poBaHHO-KaeepHOB81! nopHCTOCTb
11HTepeaJibHOe BpeM11 MeJK11acT11rna11 nopHCTOCTh
HcTHHHOe Y3C
IleTpo<!>uJ1111ecKHH KJiacc I
CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbIH HH.!leKc
Rw m-napaMeTp ApllH
J1HTOJIOrH11 IlepeMeHHa11 m k
8
3KCTIOHeHTa H8CbIIUeHHOCTH (n) IlpoHHUaeMOCTb
IlocTpoeHHe CTpaTHrpaQlH'IeCKHX MO.lleJieH HCB03MO)f(H0 6e3 )J.aHHbIX 0 <l>aUH-
.SIX oca.nKottaKonneHH.ff H CTPYKTyptto-TeKcrypHbIX xapaKTep11cT11Kax, noJiy
1
meMbIX
IlO .llaHHblM fJ1C . .LJ.m1 3THX UeJieH HCTI0Jlb3YJOTC.SI TIOKa3aHH.SI fK, KapOTa)f(a nopH-
CTOCTH H JIHTOTIJIOTHOCTHOro KapOTaiKa, KpOCC-TIJIOTbl keo-kn H (B nocne.n.HHe rOJJ.bl)
.uaHHbie CKaHHpOBaHH.SI nJiaCTOB. reoJiorn lfame scero HCTI0Jlb3YIOT .naHHbJe raMMa-
KapoTa)f(a, HO Ha npHMeHHMOCTb 3TOfO MeTO)J.a OKa3bJBaeT OTpHUaTeJibHOe BJIH.SIHHe
npHCYTCTBHe B nopo.n.ax .uuareHeTH'leCKOro ypatta H He,noCTaTO'IHO BbICOKOe pa3pe-
IIIeHHe. TeM He Mettee, '.HOT MeTO.!I. .!1.0 CHX nop HCTIOJib3yeTCJI )lJljJ onpe.u.eneHHH pa3-
JIH'IHH Me)f(.ll.y nopo.uaMH c npeHMymecTBeHHO fJIHHHCTOH H npeHMyru:ecTBeHHO 3ep-
HHCTOH CTpyKTypoti. OcHOBHhIMH HHCTpyMeHTaMH nony11ettH.S1 .uaHHbIX o nopHCTOCTH
Ta6m1ua 5. <l>auuu H CTpyKl)'pHo-TeKcrypHhie oco6ettttocTH CTpoett1111, pacnoJHaBaeMbie
no Jl8HHblM fl1C
MeTOJl fl1C <l>auu11 H CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbJe oco6eHHOCTH
CneKrpaJihHbIH IlpeHMymecTBeHHO JepHHCTbie H npeHMymeCTBeHHO
raMMa-KapoTaJK rJIHHHCTbie
MeTOJlhl nop11crncTH
OpeHMymecTBeHHO JepHHCTbie H npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO
rJHIHHCTbie
Kpocc-nnOTbI
fpeHHCTOYH CO CJieTIKOBOH TIOpHCTOCTblO
aKyCTHKa-nopHCTOCTb
Kpocc-nJIOThl k
80
-k
0
fpeHHCTOyH, npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTblH naKcTOyH,
npeHMymecTBeHHO rmtHHCTblH H3BeCTH11K HJIH
TOHKOKpHCT8JIJIHl!eCKHH ,!1,0JIOMHT
JlHTOilJIOTHOCTHOH KapOTa)f{
l13BeCTH11K, .llOJIOMHT, npoCJIOH aHrHJlpHTa, npocnou
COJIH, necl!aHHCTble H rJIHHHCTbie Kap6oHaTbl
CKaHHpoeattue nnacrn
<l>au1111 c l!eTKO eb1pa1KeHHhIMH cTpyKl)'paMH
OC8,llKOHaKonneHH11
JhlTEPATYPA 133
.llBJUIIOTC.ll tteihpottHbIH H m10THOCTHOH MeTO.UbJ. OpH ycnosww Tll{aTeJibHOH ye.113KH
c OilHCaHH.llMH KepHa . u a H H b ~ e 0 nopHCTOCTH MO)l(HO HCilOJib30BaTb .D.JI.ll pacn03Haea-
HHR npewMyll(eCTBeHHO rnHHHCTbIX H npeHMyll(ecTBeHHO 3epHHCTblX cTpyKTyp. Dpw
HaHJIY'"lllIHX ycJIOBHRX KpOCC-nJIOTbl kBO-kn MoryT nOMO'lb BbI.UeJIHTb rpeHHCTOYHbI,
npeHMyll{eCTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl H nopO.Ubl c npeHMyll(eCTBeHHO rJIHHHCTOH
CTpy1uypoH. lfao6pa)l(eHHR, noJiyqaeMbie nJiaCTOBblMH MHKpOCKaHepaMH, MOryT HC-
IlOJib30BaTbC.ll JVI.ll 11.nettrn<l>HKal.lHH cpal.lHH c oco6bIMH CTPYKTypaMH oca.uKoHaKon-
JieHH.ll (TaKHX, KaK TOHKHe HanJiaCTOBaHHR npHJIHBHO-OTJIHBHOH 30Hbl H Koca.ii CJJOH-
CTOCTb B rpeHHCToyuax).
rnaBHbIMH HHCTpyMeHTaMH JVl.ll IlOJiy'leHHR MHHepaJIOrH'l:eCKOH HH<l>OpMaJJ.HH
CJiy)f(aT HeHTpOHHbIH, IlJIOTHOCTHOH, <t>orn:meKTpH'leCKHH H aKyCTH'leCKHH KapoTa)l(H.
11x HCnOJib3YIOT ,UJIR H.UeHTH<l>HKal.lHH TaKHX JIHTOJIOrH'leCKHX <t>auHti. KaK necqaHH-
CTbie Kap6oHaTbl H .UOJIOMHTbl. Heo6xo.nHMO HMeTb B BM.Uy, 'ITO <t>auHH, xapaKTepH3ye-
Mbie aJIJIOXeMaMH, He BHJ::{Hbl Ha KapoTaiKHbIX .UHarpaMMax, nOTOMY qTo aJIJIOXeMhl He
HMeIOT onpe.neneHHoro BJIHRHH.ll Ha reocpH3HLieCKHe MeTO.IJ.hJ. EcnH no JJ.aHHblM 111C
H y.naeTCR BbI)J.eJIHTb '-leTb!pe-nRTb THilOB <t>au.HH, TO BCe OHH OKa3bIBalOTCR CTpyKryp-
HbIMH <t>aUH.llMH. THnbl <t>auHH, H.UeHTH<l>HU.HpyeMbie no r11c, nepeqHcJieHbl B Ta6-
J!Hl(e 5.
JlnTepa-rypa
[ 1] Anse/metti F. S., Eberli G. P (1999) The velocity-deviation log: A tool to predict
pore type and permeability trends in carbonate drill holes from sonic and porosity
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[2] Archie G. E. (l 942) The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some
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[3] Asquith G. B. ( 1985) Handbook of log evaluation techniques for carbonate re-
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Characterization of the Grayburg reservoir, University Lands Dune field, Crane
County, Texas. Report of Investigations No. 168, University of Texas at Austin,
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134 fllABA 3
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[ 12] Lucia F. J. ( 1983) Petrophysical parameters estimated from visual descriptions
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[ 13] Lucia F. J. (1995) Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore
space for reservoir characterization. AAPG Bull 79, 9: 1275-1300.
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11
' Annual Logging Symposium, SPWLA,
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JIHTEPATYPA 135
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Circular 93-4, 27 pp.
fJIABA 4
CTpyK'I)'pLI oca.zi:KouaKonJieHHH u neTpocl>H3HKa
4. 1. Bee)leuue
HaHJIYIJUJHH cnoco6 cnporno3HposaTb nerpo<l>H3H1.fecKHe xapaI<TepHCTHKH B Me:>K-
CKBa:>KHHHOM npocTpaHCTBe - :no 3a)laTb XpOHOCmpamu2paut/eCKUe 2paHUllbl )lJijl
TaKoro npornOJa. fleTpo<l>H3H1.fecKHe .uaHHbie, nony'l.eHHbie B pe3yJihTaTe HHTepnpe-
TaUHH pe3yJibTaTOB fl1C H aHaJIH3a Kepua, JIBJIJllOTCJI 0.ll.HOMepHbIMH H He HMe-
IOT co6CTBeHHOH IlpOCTpaHCTBeHHOCTH (3a HCKJII01.fem1eM TaKHX xapaKTepHCTHK,
KaK qaCTOTa H IlJIOTHOCTb pacnpe,neJieHHJI .uaHHbIX). ,L{JIJI nocTpoeHHJI TpexMepuoro
w306pa:>KeHHJ1 o6'beM Me:>KCKBa:>KHHHoro npocTpaucTsa uy:>Kuo HaCblTHTb ,naHHbI-
MH c noMomhlO KaKoro-JIH6o KOppeJIJIUHOHHoro MeTO.ua. ITocKOJibKY o6'beM nnacrn-
KOJIJieKTopa, nepece'leHHOfO CKBa:>KHHaMH, COCTaBJIJleT 0.llHY MHJIJIHOHHYIO OT o6mero
06beMa nopO.llbl, fH.llPO.llHHaMHqecKaJI MO)leJib Ha 99,99 % 3aBHCHT OT BbI6pauuoro
MeTO)la KOppeJIJIIJ.HH neTpo<l>HJHqecKHX .uaHHblX Me:>K.UY CKBa:>KHHaMH. flpHMeHeHHe
MeTo.uos reocTaTHCTHKH noJBOJI.!leT nocTpOHTh cxeMy reTeporeuuoro pacnpe.ueneHH.!I
neTpoqHt3H1.feCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK B Me:>KCKBa:>KHHHOM npocTpaHCTBe, HO 06 3TOM Mb!
norosopHM s cne.uyIDmeH mase. HecMoTp.!1 ua To, 'I.TO wcnoJih30BaHHe ueorpauwqeu-
HbIX reocTaTHCTHqeCKHX MeTO)lOB - 3TO war snepe.u no cpaBHeHHIO c nonblTKaMH
nocTpoeHH.!I Mo,neJIH ua ocuose .usyx-Tpex ocpe.nueHHbIX napaMcrpos, nonyqaeMbie
pe3yJibTaTbl HeJib3.!I npH3HaTb peanHCTH'l.HblMH, a OCHOBaHHbie ua 3THX pe3yJibTaTaX
nporu03Hble 3KCnJiyaTaUHOHHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH - ua.ue:>KHblMH. ,L{JIJI nocTpoeHH.!I
peanHCTHquoH MO)leJIH ueo6XO)lHMO BBeCTH onpe.neneHHbie orpaHH'l.eHmI )lJI.SI npHMe-
HJICMbIX MeTO.llOB JKCTpanOJI.!IUHH, a HMeuuo: I) reonoro-xpouocTpaTHrpa<l>H'leCKHe
rpaHHIJ.bI H 2) npe.ncrnsneuHe o reonorn'l.eCKHX npoueccax, KOTOpb1e onpe.ueJI.!llOT
cjlopMHposauHe H H3MeHeHJile ncrpoQ>H3H'ICCKHX CBOHCTB nopo.u.
flpouecc C03)laHHJI neTpo<l>H3HIJeCKOH MO)lCJIH COCTOHT H3 CJie)lylOmHx OCHOB-
Hb!X waros: I) npHBJl3KH cTpyKTypuo-TeKcTypub1x xapaKTepHCTHK K ncrpo<l>HJH-
1.fecKHM napaMeTpaM, 2) peKOHCTPYKIJ.HH reOJIOfH'l.eCKHX npoueccos, B pe3yJibTaTe
KOTOpblX 6bJJIH c<t>opMHpOBaHbl CTpyKTypuO-TeKCTYPHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH, 3) OilH-
cattH.!I ce)lHMeHTaIJ.HOHHOH nocne.uoBaTeJibHOCTH IJ.HKJIOB, OCHOBaHHOH Ha npHHUH-
nax ceKBeHTHOH CTpanirpa<l>HH, H 4) pacnpe.ueneHHJI neTpo<l>H3H1.feCKH 3Ha1.fHMbIX
cTpyKTypuo-TeKcrypttbIX THnos BHYTP" cTpaTHrpa<l>HqecKHX rpaHHU. B mase 2 MbI
y:>Ke fOBOpHJIH 0 B3aHMOCB.!13H Me:>K.llY CTpyKTypuo-TeKCTYPHblMH oco6eHHOCTJIMH no-
po.u c neTpoQ>H3H1.feCKHMH napaMeTpaMH w pacnpe.neneuHeM nop no pa3MepaM, a TaK-
:>Ke BbI.lleJIHJIH KJIIO'l.eBhie cTpyKT)'pHo-TeKcTypnbie 3neMeHThI, 6e3 onHcaHHJI KOTOpbIX
ueJih3JI o6oi1THCb npH nocTpoeHHH Mo,ne1rn. B mase 3 MbI rosopHJIH 06 onwcaHHH
4.2. CBOHCTBA KAPbOHATHblX OCA.UKOB 137
O.UHOMepHblX aepTHKaJibHblX nocne.noBaTeJibHOCTeH CTpyKTYPHO-TeKCTypHbIX oco6eH-
HOCTeii nopo.n IIO .uaHHblM alianma KepHa H 06 ycTaHOBJieHHH 3aBHCHMOCTeH Me))(-
.ny HHMH H neTpO$H3J1lleCKHMH rrapaMeTpaMH no ,UaHHbIM r11c. A B HaCTOHI.IJ.ei:i
rnaae Mbl noroaopHM 0 npOHCXO))(}l,eHHH ce,UHMeHTaU.HOHHblX CTpyI<Typ, 0 neTpo-
<l>H3H'IeCKHX xapaI<TepHCTHKax Kap6oHaTHblX oca.u.KOB H 0 ceKBeHTHOH CTpanirpa-
<}>HH. B cne.nyJOI.IJ.HX rnaeax MbI noroeopuM 06 o6pa.3oBaHHH Kap6oHaTHbIX KOJIJleKTo-
poa B pe3ynbTaTe .u.11areHeTw-1ecKoro npeo6pa.30BaHHH ce.n11MeHTaU.HOHHbIX CTPYI<TYP
H ero BJIHHHHH Ha H3MeHeHue CTPYI<TYPHO-TeKCTypHbIX np113HaKOB u rreTpo<l>H3H'Ie-
CKHX CBOHCTB rropo.u.
4.2. CsoiicTea Kap6onaTHbIX oca.aKoe
<l>opMHpoeaHHe Kap6oHaTHOro KOJIJieKTopa Ha'IHHaeTCJI c OCa.D.KOHaKOilJieHl1JI.
Kap60HaTHb1e oca,UKH o6bJ'IHO o6pa.3yfOTC Ha MeJIKOBO.Ube TennbIX oKeaHOB nu6o
nyreM Henocpe.ucTBeHHOfO BbJIIa)leHHJI H3 MOpCKOH BO.Ubl, JIH6o 8CJie}l,CT8He 6HOJJOIH-
'leCKOH 3KCTpaKLl,HH Kap6oHaTa KanbLl,HJI H3 MOpCKOH 80.llbl H ero npe8pameHHJI 8 CKe-
JleTHblH MaTepHan ))(H8bIX opraHH3M08. B peJyJibTaTe 06pa3yeTC oca.uoK, cocTOI.IJ.Hll
H3 l{3CTHU. caMblX pa3HblX pa.3MepoB H <t>opM, H HMefOIUHX pa3HOPO.llHbIH MHHepano-
rH'leCKHH cocTae. KoM6HHau.11 3THX pa3HOpO.LJ.HhIX 'laCTHU. coJ.u.aeT orpoMHOe pa>-
Hoo6pa.3He CTpyI<Typ, XHMHY.eCKHX COCT3808 H, caMoe rnaBHOe, C8H3aHHblX c 3THMH
<PaKTopaMH oco6eHHOCTeii pacnpe.ueneHHH nop no pa3Mepy.
Bee Kap6oHaTHbie oca,IJ.KH MO))(HO pa3JJ.eJIHTb Ha .u.aa THna: HeCBJaHHhie oca.n:KH
H oca}l,KH, CKpenJieHHbie Me))(JJ.Y co6oH: 8 pe3yJibTaTe ))(H3He.ue.11TeJibHOCTH MOpCKHX op-
raHH3M08. 6HOJIOrH'!eCKH CKpenneHHblMH MOf"YT 6b!Tb OCa,UKH HHTeBH)lHblX eo.uopoc-
neii, y'laCTBYfOl.IJ.HX B C03)l3HHH CTpOM3TOJIHTOB, HJIH HHKpyCTHPYfOIUHe opraHH3Mbl,
TaKHe KaK COBpeMeHHbie KOpaJIJIHHOBhJe 80.D.OpOCJTH Lithothamnium HJIH .neBOHCKHe
cTpoMaTonopou.ueH - cTpOHTeJIH pH<t>oe. B TaKHX oca.uKax MoryT o6pa.30BbIBaTbC
KpynHhie nepBH'IHble KaeepHbl H, KaK CJie}l,CTBHe, OC3.UKH CTaHOBHTC.11 BbICOKOnpOHH-
uaeMblMH (pHC. 4.1 ).
fopa3}l,0 '131UC Kap60H3THhie OC3}l,KH COCTOJIT H3 HeCUCMeHTHpOBaHHblX 3CpeH.
KaK npa8HJIO, rpaHyJIOMeTpH'lecKHH cocrne pbIXJJbIX oca.u.KoB 6HMO.UaJieH, T. e. oca-
.UOK o6pa3yeTCJI '13CTHU.3MH .UBYX pa3MepHOCTeii - nec'!aHOH (HJIH 6onee KpynHOH)
H rnHHHCTOH. B o6meM cny'lae Kap60HaTHb1e JepHa nec'!aHoii pa3MepHOCTH oTpa-
:>KafOT pa3Mepb1 H3BeCTKOBblX CKeJieT08 HJIH HX KanbU.HcPHU.HpOBaHHblX ( 06bI3BeCTB-
JieHHblX) T8ep.uhlx qacTeH:. HanpHMep, <PparMeHTbI Kopannoa o6bI'IHO .uocrnraJOT pa3-
Mepoe aanyHa, a o6noMKH paKOBHH o6bIKHOBeHHO ropa3.no MeJib'!e. Oca.uoK, 8 <t>op-
MHpoeaHHH KOTOporo npHHHManH yqacTHe CKeJICTbl MOpCKHX opraHH3MOB, HCnbITbl-
BaeT 803)1.eHCTBHe MexaHH'leCKHX, 6HOJIOrH'ICCKHX H XHMH'leCKHX <PaI<TopoB pa3HOH
HHTeHCHBHOCTH (TaKHX, KaK CHJlbHhie MOpCKHe Te'leHH, ))(H3He,IJ.eTeJibHOCTb MOp-
CKHX opraHH3MOB (nOJIHII08, 80.LJ.Opocneii H T .u..)), 8 pe3yJlbTaTe qero OH pa3pywa-
eTCJI Ha lJaCTHQbl MeHhlllHX pa3MepHOCTeH (pHC. 4.2). npH pa3pyrneHHH CKeJieTOB
opraHH3MOB MOryT o6pa.30BbIBaTbCJI '!aCTHU.bl fJIHHHCTOH pa.3MepHOCTH [ 12]. 0.rtHaKo
B 60JiblllHHCTBe CJiyqaea fJIHHHCTaJI ci>paKIJ.HH npe.ncTaBJieHa KpHCTaJIJlaMH aparOHHTa,
nponyu.HpyeMoro 113BeCTKOBbIMH 80.LJ.OpOCJIJIMH (p11c. 4.3) H oca:>K.rteHHOro H3 MOpCKOH
138 fJIABA 4
PH$0BOEC006lllECTBO
nPHKPEnJJEHHblit
CErMEHTl1POBAHHbli-i
l>EHTOC
HHKPYCTHPYIOW.HE l
METAJOA
1
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H MACCHBHblE
META JOA
PHc. 4.1. ,llHarpaMMa pml>oeoH nOCTJlOHKH, Ha KOTopoii xopowo BHllHbl KOHCTPYKTHBHble Ka-
eepttbl. KpynHble KapKaCHble nycroTbl H 6onbWHe <j>parMeHTbl Kopannoe coJ.nat0r ce.nHMeHrn-
UHOHHb1e crpyl\T}'pbl, ornw1at01UHec11 6onbWHM paJMepoM nop (no [ 17]).
0 1 2MM
Puc. 4.2. MHKpo<J>ororpa1jnu1 coepel\teHHoro CKenerHoro rpeiiHcTOyHa, cocTOlllUero HJ o6noM-
KOB KopaJJJJOB, MOJIJllOCKOB, KOpaJIJJHHOBblX eo.11.opocneii H <j>opaMHHH<J>ep. PaJMep Me)fnCpHo-
BblX nop KOHTpOJIHpyeTCll pa3MCpOM 3epeH. 06paTHTC BHHMaHHe Ha nopoeoe npocrpaHCTBO
BHYTPH <j>opaMHHH<i>ep H racT)lonon.
I Bee MHOroKneTO'!HblC. BMCeTC 8311Tb1C. - llp1w. 11epe6.
4.2. CeoBCTBA KAP60HATHblX OCA.llKOB 139
(a) (b)
100 MKM
lOMKM
(c) (d)
PHC. 4.3. 3nelCTpOHHble MHKpo<j>ororpa<l>HH HJBeCTKOBOro Hna
2
. (a) H (b) 11ronO'IKH aparoHH-
Ta. J].nHHa 1eprb1 Ha <j>oro b - I MKM (no [ I 0 ]). ( c) H ( d) 3eptta rnHHHCTOH pa1MepHocrn.
06pa1oeaHHb1e cKeneTHbIM MaTepHanoM [ 12]. Pa1Mep H <j>opMa nopoeoro npocTpaHcTea KOH-
TponHpyercll p33MepOM H <j>opMOH HfOJIO'leK H 1epeH, npH'leM pa1r.tep nop O'leHb M3JI, T3K K3K
'13CTHUbl O'leHb M3Jlbl.
BO)lbl [24). nJiaHKTOHHble KOKKOJIHTH)lbl H <l>opaMHHH<l>epbl TO)){e HMefOT
rJIHHHCT)'IO pa3MepHOCTb.
bHOJJOfH'ICCKHC H XHMH'ICCKHe npoueCCbl MOryT cnoco6cTBOB3Tb K3K ysenH-
'leHHIO paJMepa l.faCTHU, TaK H HX yMeHbIIJeHHIO. PoiomHe opraHHJMbt nponycKafOT
rJJHHHCT)'IO cj>paKUHIO OCaJJ.Ka l.fepe3 CBOH nHmesapHTeJibHblH TpaKT H o6pa3ylOT <f>e-
KaJibHbte KOMOl.fKH, KOTOpbte HMelOT y)){e necl.faHylO pa3MepHOCTb (pHC. 4.4), C03.ll.3BWI.
TaKHM o6pa30M, l.f3CTHUbl necrnHOH pa3MepHOCTH HJ l.f3CTHU rJIHHHCTOH pa3MepHO-
CTH. PaJMep JepeH MO)){CT TaK)){e ysenH'IHB3TbC.st Ja C'leT o6pacTaHH.st so.ztopocn.stMH,
B peJyJibTaTC lfCfO o6p33ylOTC'1 OHKOH.llbl. cJ>opaMHHHCl>epbl, CKpenJI.st.!I BMCCTe rJIHHH-
CTble lf3CTHUbl H neJlJICTbl (KOMOl.fKH), o6pa3ylOT rpeiinCTOYHbl.
(Hm1 Kap60HaTHb1ii) 11;1 - Hcyrn10THCHHb1ii M11KpHToei.1ii l\"OMnoHeHT meccTHllKa
(11p1w. 11epe . UHT11pyCTCll no 111itaH1110 To.11wr1hl1i cu)(lapi. c111i'.1111ic1wx ?eo.10c11'1ec1>1Li: 111e1111111w, T. 2,
ccMttp, MocKea, 1978).
140 fJJABA 4
PHc. 4.4. Mmcpocpornrpa<!>Hll coepcMCHHoro nem1erneoro 111eecTKoeoro HJJa. 3rnT ocai10K
CJJCJlOB3JJO 6ht Ha3B3Tb npeHMYlllCCTBCHllO 1epH1tCTblH naKCTOYH B CBlllH c HaJJll'iHCM MC)l(3Cp-
HOBOro nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa. 0)lH3KO MC)l(lCJ>HOBOC nopoeoe npOCTJ>3HCT80 MO)l(CT 6btTb
pa1pyu1e110 npoueccaMH ynnoTHCHHll oca)lKa, a c<1>op11tHpoeaemaJ1cll e pe1y11hTaTe noro nopo-
Jl3 6yJlCT KJJ3CCH<!>1t1111poeaTbCll K3K npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rJJllHHCTblH naKCTOYH HJJll neJJOHllHbllt
83KCTOYH (c pa1peweHHll P. 6. nepKHHCa).
K Kap60H3THblM 43CTHU3M XCMOrcHHOro npOHCXO)KJ.lCHHJI OTHOCJITCJI OOH.!lbl, KO-
TOpblC o6pa3ytoTCJI 611aro.l(apJ1 XHMH4CCKOMY oca)K.!lCHHIO OC3JlK3 BOKpyr '3cpCH, Hr-
patolUHX pOJJb sinep, B o6cTaHOBKax, nonecp)l{CHHblX .l(CHCTBHIO CHJJbHblX TC4CHHH;
nHJOJJHTbl (npoAyl\f cy6a')pan1>H1>1x npoueccoe) [ 11 ]; H HHTpaKJJaCTbI, 06paJy101UHe-
csi B H343JJbHblH nepHO!l cf>opMHpOB3HHSI Kap60H3THOro ocanKa H3 pa'3pywa10weroCJ1
JIHTHQH1UHpOB3HHOro ocanKa B cy633paJJbHOH HJJH B nonnpHJJHBHOH o6CTaHOBKC ocan-
KOH3KOnJICHHSI.
B ceocii KJJaccHQ>HK3UHH .llaHX')M [4] noApa3,ne11J1eT Kap6oHaTbt (pHc. 4.5) Ha op-
raHH4cCKH CKpenJJcHHblC H HCCBSl"33HHblC OCMKH. npH paCCMOTPCHHH HCCBJl33HHblX
oca!lKOB .llanxJM o6pawaeT ocHOBHoe BHHMaHHC Ha 6HMOJiaJJbHOCTb CTPYKTYPbl Kap-
6011an1oro ocanKa. CaMblM ea)KHblM npH3H3KOM c4HTacTCJI eJaHMOOTHoweuHe Jep-
HHCTOH H MHKpHTOBOH (rnHHHCTOH) COCTaBnJllOlllCH, a JaTeM paccMaTpHB3CTCJI KOJ1H-
4CCTBO MHKpHTOBOro MaTep11ru1a B OCMKC. B '33BHCHMOCTH OT THna 3epe11 B OC3.!lKC
06061UCHHblC H3383HHSI BpO!lC B3KCTOYH H rpCHHCTOYH yro4HJllOTCJI, H nopo!la
CTaHOBHTCJI TpHJ106HTOBblM 83KCTOYHOM HJJH OOHJlHblM rpettHCTOYHOM.
K11acc, HaJeaHHblH .llaHX'JMOM 6ay1uJ.crny110M, 61>m noJ!lHee (e 1971 ro.uy) JlC-
TaJIH3Hpoeau 3M6pH H KnoeaHOM [5], nocKOJJbKY Kap60Hantb1e p11Q>b1 noeceMecrno
HOCTpOCHbl TaKHMH KpynHblMH pml>006paJy101UHMH opraHH3M3MH, K3K KOpaJJJJbl, ry6-
KH H py.u11cTb1, H JTH pmj>ocTpOHTcJJH, KOTop1>1e JJH6o CKpenne111>1 Jlpyr c !lpyroM, 1111-
60 nepeHOCJITCJI no JlHy, <l>opM1tpy10T OC3JlKH, COCTOJllllHC HJ 43CTHU 04CHb 60JJbWOro
!lHaMeTpa. B paMKax pa1pa6ornHHoro HMH MCTOAa on11caHHJ1 CJlO)KHbIX CTPYKTYP-
n1>1x JaBHCHMOCTeH 3M6pH H K11oea11 oee1111 TcpMHHbI 6acj>11croy11, 6aHHJJ.CTOYH
H <f>peHMCTOYH ,!lJJJI xapa1nepHCTHKH 3BTOXTOHHOro (T. e. JaxopoHCHHOro Ha MCCTC
o6pa3083HHJ1) pmj>oeoro 6ayHJlCTOyHa H TcpMHHbl Q>J103TCTOYH H pyncrnyH .Ll!lJI
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onHcamrn a.nnoxTOHHhIX (T. e. nepettecettHhlX) pmllOBbIX oca.llKOB, qacn1ub1 Koropb1x
HMeIOT .D.HaMeTp 6011ee 2 MM. EcnH py.ucrnytt - 3To oca.n.oK npettMymecTBeHHo 3epHH-
CThIH, TO qmoaTCTOYH o6pa30BaH npettMymecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTOH pa3Mep-
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xapaKTepHCTHKH reoMeTpHH nop B Kap6ottaTHblX ocanKax, IlOCKOJlbKY TepMHH npe-
HMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCThIH npe.nnoJiaraeT, 'ITO nopo.lla xapaKTepHJyeTc" nopoBhIM
npocTpaHCTBOM MeiK.llY 3epttaMH nec'JaHOH pa3MepHOCTH, a npeHMymecTBeHHO rJJH-
HHCTbIH 03HarneT MHKponopHCTOCTb Me)l(JlY 3epHaMH rJIHHHCTOH pa3MepHOCTH. 0Jl-
HaKo, KaK YKa3hIBaJIOCb B rnase 2, nerpocpH3H'IeCKHe onHCaHHjl CBHJleTeJibCTBYIOT
0 TOM, 'ITO B KJiacce naKCTOYHOB cnenyeT Bbl)leJI51Tb npem.rymecTBeHHO rnHHHCThie
H npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHhl, TaK KaK MeiK3epHOBOe npocTpaHCTBO
naKCTOyHa MO)l(eT KaK BKJIIO'laTb B ce6" MeiK3epHOBhie nopbl H rJIHHHCTbie lJaCTHUbl,
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KOB, nepeKpbIBaJOlllHXCSI OTJJO)l(CHH.RMH npHJJHBHO-OTJIHBHOH OTMCJIH.
BepTHKaJJbHaSI nocneJJ.oBaTeJJbHOCTb OTJJO)l(CHHH oTpa)l(aeT H3MeHeHHSI e "JtteprHH
TelfCHHH, a MOlllHOCTb UHKJla onpe,!lCJISICTCSI npocTpaHCTBOM aKKOMOJJ.aUHH H CKOpo-
CTblO oca.nK0HaKon11eum1. Pacnpe!lCJJCHHC <t>auHH ocanKoHaKonneHH.R no ropH30HTa-
JJH eocnpOH3BOJJ.HT HCTOpHIO H3MCHeHHH rn.npo.nmtaMHlfeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH CC!lHMCH-
TaUHOHHblX o6crnHoeoK, penbecpa JJ.Ha H aKTHBHOCTH MopcKHX opraHH3MOB. BJrnsi-
HHe BCCX 3THX H3MCHCHHH MO)l(HO YBHJ{eTb B reoMeTpHH Kap6oHaTHOH nJJaTcpopMbl.
CTPYKTYPHblH n11aH Kap6ottarnoii nnaTcf>opMbJ noJlpa3,neJJS1CTCS1 Ha paMnbJ H 0KaiiM-
neHt1b1e wenb<l>bl [26]. Y paMna cna6oHaKJJOHHbtH npocpHJJb (c yrnoM na.neHH.R OT 0 .no
MCHCC 2, CM. pHC. 4.11 ), a OKaHMJICHHblC lllCJJb<l>bl SIBJl.RIOTCSI pe3yJJbTaTOM aKTHBHOro
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HOM OT 15 JlO cy6BCpTHKaJlbHOro ). 0KeaHH'ICCKHe TClfeHHSI, o6pa30BaHHblC B pe3yJJb-
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peJJbe<l>a - OKpaHHbl OKaHMJICHHblX lllCJJbcl>OB, OCTposa H 6eperoBble JIHHHH
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(a)
(b)

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nopHCTOCTh npoHHll&CMOCTL
(%) (>iJl)
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45 30000
45 30000
55 I 800
nopHCTOCTlo npoHHll&CMOCTlo
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Hn1>1 BHCWHero paMna
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(%) (MJl)
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PHC. 4.11. nocne.noeaTCJlbH3ll CMCHa <j>aUHH, O'Tp3)1(al0lll3ll CMCHY o6cTaHOBOK OCa)lKOHaKOnJICHHll OT cyurn JlO OTKpblTOro MOpll JlJlll paM-
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TC'ICHHi1. XapaKTepHbie JlJl.11 ronoueHa 3Ha'leHHll nopHcrocrn H npoHHUaeMocTH B3l1Tbl H3 pa60Tb1 [8].
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4.3. CEKBEHC-CTPATlff PA<I>ll4ECKlll1 KAl'KAC 149
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cpaUHffMH, 2) 30Ha cpe.UHHHOfO llJCJlbcpa, npe.ncTaBJleHHaff npettMylUeCTBeHHO fJUIHH-
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CKOro ,llHa.
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paeHHHbl. <l>au11ru1bHb1e pH.llhl TaKoro Tttna nerKo o6Hapy)l(ttTh e Tex 'Iacnx Kap6oHaT-
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cpopM11py10TCH no Mepe Toro, KaK ornara10wwecH oca.nK11 cHa'lana JanonHHIOT npo-
cTpaHCTBO aKKOMOJlau1111 .no ypoBHff MOpH, a JaTCM npo,nOJI)l(alOT HaKanJI11BaTbCH Ja
C'ICT TpaucnOPTHPOBKH Kap6oHaTOB npHJil1BHO-OTJll18HblMl1 H llJTOpMOBblMH TClfeHH-
150 J'JIABA 4
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0 npO.U8H:lKCHHH 6epero80H JIHHHH 8 CTOpOHY MOpH H 0 conp080)1(}la8WeM )TO npO.ll8H-
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H Ha,llnpHJJH8HOH JOH (pHC. 4.13, b ).
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noif) JOHaMH pacnonaralOTCH so.nopocneeh1e JiaMHHaTbI. OcanKH cynpanHTopanbHOH
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8 nepCHJlCKOM 3aJJH8C) [25] HCTPY.ll.HO pacnOJHaTb no xapaKTepHOH Henpa8HJJbHOH
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npHJ1H8HO-OTJIHBHOH 30Hbl, npeJlJ)araeTCH 8 [30]).
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TaM, rne rpeHHCTOYH08blC OTMCJIH, Ha.nCTpaH8aHCb 88Cpx, 8blcrynalOT HJ 80Jlbl H o6pa-
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L{HH 8 llJ(j()f(HOH 30He 110Jlpa3JleJJHIOTCH Ha o6CTaHOBKH oca.nKoHaKOllJICHHH npe.u.cppoH-
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803.llCHCTBHC npH60H H CKOpOCTCH 8CTpa) H HH)f(Hero llJJH)f(a (KOTOpbIH HaXOJlHTCH
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JOHe, nepcceKaH BCC 6onee MCJIKOBOJlHbIC y<JaCTKH MOpCKOfO .UHa (6onee no.11.po6HO
CM. [ 15]). B ycno8HHX apH.U.Horo KJJHMaTa MoryT ccpopMttpo0aTbCH ornO)l(CHHH J0ano-
pHT08, KOTOpbIC OCa)f()lalOTCH HJ MOpCKHX 80.!l 6acCCHHOB, H30JJHposaHHblX OT OKCaHa
4.3. CEKBEHC-CTPATHrPAc?>HlJECKHH KAPKAC
(a)
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00Jll1TOBblX fiE K B
nPE06JIA.llAIOl.I.{EE nPKJUiBHO-
WTOPMOBOE TEqEHWE OTJIWBHOE TEqEHHE
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151
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18 K:n-Keif (6araMCK3JI 6aHKa), Ha KOTOpOH JICHO BH)lHa eepTHKanbHlUI noCJIC)lOBaTCnb-
<t>auHH OT H3pb1Tb!X XO.ll.3MH HJIOC.!lOB fiCJlJICTOBblX HnOB )lO OOH)lHblX rpCHHCTOYHOB [I].
>a$H'ICCKOC npe)lCT38JICHHC nporpaJlHPYIOlllCH 3BanopHTOBOH npH11HBHO-OTJIHBHOH pae-
c YK333HHCM OCHOBHblX o6CTaHOBOK OC3)lKOH3KOfiJICHHJI H eepTHKanbHOH nocne)lOBa-
152 fJJABA 4
Ta6nm.1a I. I1ocJie.llOBaTeJJbHOCTb cem1MeHTa1.umHHLIX npH3HaKoB B UHKJJax, B KpOBJie KOTO-
pbIX 3aJieralOT OC3JlKH npHJU!BHO-OTJlHBHOH 30Hbl [23]
11HTepnpe- Ce.llHMettTaUHOHHbie 0KaMeHeJJOCTH TeKcryphI
THpOB3HHblC npH3H3KH
o6cTaHOBKH
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TOpaJlbH3ll CJlOHCTOCTb 3CpHHCTblH naKCTO-
(tta,11.npHJJHB- J1HTOKJI3CTbl ytt, nepeXOll.lllUHH
ttaa) TpelUHHhl ychJXaHHll B BaKCTOYH
<l>eHCCTpbl
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( MC)l(npHJIHB- CTpOM3TOJIHTbl CTponO.llbl, Q>opaMH- 3CpHHCTblH naKCTO-
Hall) XO.LI.bl HJIOe.llOB HHQ>epbl, OCTpaKO.llbl ytt, nepexO.lllllllHH
B B3KCTOYH
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OTJIHBHbIH JICHH3ll TC'ICHHllMH JJOKO)l(HC, MOJ!JllOCKH neJJJJCTbl MCJlKOnec-
Kattan Kocaa cnoHCTOCTb 'laHOH pa3MCpHOCTH
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p3I1bH3)l KaK npasHJJo, H30JIH- .uo BaKCTOyHa
(no.unpHIIHB- posaHHaa $ayua ra-
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OTJIOJKHTbCSI mnc, " IlO'ITH .n:o 0.l{HOH JleCSITOH csoero o6'beMa, 'IT06bi OTJIOJKHJICSI
raJIHT. 06oeM HCnapeHHSI 3aBHCHT OT 4HCTOH CKOpOCTH HCnapeHHSI, OT o6'beMa BO-
.n:oo6MeHa Me:lK.llY CHJibHO 3aCOJIOHeHHOH naryHOH H OKeattOM H OT KOJlH'leCTBa rn-
nepconettOH BOJJ.bl, npOHHKaJOrueH B IlOJJ.CTHJiaJOruHe nnaCTbJ ( OTTOK npH HCnapeHmt;
CM. [3]). ilpH OTCYTCTBHH OTTOKa COJICHOCTb MOpCKOH 80.llbl 6y.ner .llOCTaT04HO Bb!CO-
KOH .llilll 06pa3osaHHS1 ranHTa. OpH yMepeHHOM so.noo6MeHe coneHOCTb BO.llbl 6y.ner
MeHee Bb!COKOH, HO JJ.OCTaTO'IHOH .llJill o6pa30BaHHSI OTJIOJKeHHH mnca. ilpH xoporneM
BOJJ.006MeHe OTJIOJKCHHSI 3BanopHTOB c<t>opMHpoBaTbCll He CMoryT BOBCe.
CHJlbHO 3acononeHHb1e (mnepconeHbie) JiaryHbI pa3Hoo6pa3HbI no 3aHHMaeMOH
HMH rn1orua.n:H H no csoei1 npHpo.n:e. 3aJIHB Kapa-ooraJ-roJI, S1BJ1llJOIUHHCS1 qacTblO
KacnHHCKoro Mopa, HMeeT nnorua.nb OKOJio 14 TbIC. KB. KM 11 0T.nen.i1erca OT Kac-
4.3. CEKBEHC-CTPATlffPA<t>l14ECKl1H KAPKAC 153
nHttCKoro MOP" 6apbepHbIM 6apoM. CTpH6pe'lKHb1e coneHbie Mapurn (canHHbI) HMelOT
ropa3.uo MeHburne pa3Mepb1: 'HanpHMep, nnow:a.uh nosepxHOCTH caJIHHbI CTeKeJibMeep
Ha OCTpOBe oOHattpe (HH.uepnaH,UCKHe AHTHJibCKHC OCTpOBa), OT.UeJICHHOH OT OKeaHa
KOpaJIJIOBbIM nJI"'lKeM, MeHee 3 KB. KM. XapaKTep 6apbepos, orpamt4HBaiow:Hx UHp-
K}'JI.!IUHIO BOJJ., TO'lKe HeOJJ.HHaKOB. EcJIH CTeKeJibMeep OHTaeTC.!I Bo.naMH oKeaHa, nocTy-
naiow:HMH B canHHY qepe3 KopannoBbIH rnrn'lK, TO 3aJIHB Kapa-Eora3-fon coe.nHHeH
c KacnHHCKHM MopeM JIHlllb yJKHM npoJIHBOM. TeM He MeHee, y scex H3BeCTHbIX na-
ryH rnKoro THna ecTb o.uHa o6ma" qeprn: pa3MepbI Toro :meMeHTa penbect>a, KOTOpbtH
coe,UHH.!leT rnnepconeHble BO,llOeMbl c OTKpblTblM OKeaHOM, 3Ha4HTeJibHO MeHbllle, qeM
nnoma.nb nosepxHOCTH TaKoro Bo.n.oeMa [23].
Oca.n.o4Hb1e JBanopHTbI MO'lKHO yJHaTb no nonocqaTOCTH H TeKcrypaM B BHJJ.e
cpocrnHxc" tto.nyneiL CTpHCYTCTBHe nonoc4aTbIX aHrn.npHTOB noJsom1cT npe.unono-
'lKHTh OTJIO'lKeHHe KpHCTaJIJIOB nmca, Bbma.na!Oll(HX H3 BO.Ubl H onycKalOIUHXCji Ha ,llHO
B BH.lle oca.nKa, a 3aTeM no.uBepralOIUHXC" H3MeHeHHIO H TpaHccpopMaUHH B aHrH.llPHT
B npouecce 3axopoHeHH". Ho.uyn"pHhie TeKcTypbI CBH.UeTeJibCTBYIOT o pocTe rrpH-
KpenneHHbIX K .llHY KPHCTaJIJIOB rnnca, KOTOpbie B ,UaJibHeifweM no.usepralOTCff )J.Ha-
retteTH<leCKHM H3MeHeHH"M (HanpHMep, npeo6pa30BaHHIO B aHrH.llPHT nocJie 3axo-
poHeHm1) [33]. Cnon oca.no4Hbrx JsanopHTOB pacnonaralOTCff Henocpe.ucrnettHO IW.'J.
no.unpHJUIBHbIMH orno'lKeH1U1MH s npe.uenax tta.unpHJIHBHOro pa3pe3a. Attm.up11 r1.1.
BCTpeqaiow:HeC" BHYTPH cepHH no.unpHJIHBHblX OTJIO'lKeHHH, no Bceif BH,UHMOCTH, CJIY-
'lKaT npH3HaKoM H3MeHeHH" ypoam1. MOP" H MapKHpy10T Kpoamo BbICOK04aCTOTttoro
UHKJia. IlpHCYTCTBHe JBanopHTOB B tta.nnpHJIHBHblX cepHj!X Il03BOmeT npe.unOJIO'lKHTb
H3MeHeHHe ypOBHj! MOpSI HJIH BbI3BaHHblH ce)J.HMeHTaUHeH pocT o6oco6JISllOW:ero BO-
.noeM :meMeHTa penbecpa .11.tta, ttanpHMep, 6apbepttoro 6apa.
)J,nsi: cy6JJ.HTOpaJibHbIX ce.11.HMeHTaUHOHHblX UHKJl.OB, <l>opMHPYIOlllHXC.!I B cno-
KOHHbIX ao.11.ax cpemlHHOfO weJib<f>a, xapaKTepHbl npeHMymecTBeHHO MHKpHTOBbie
oca.11.KH, a TaK'lKe npOSIBJl"IOlllHeCff ssepx no pa3pe3y H3MeHeHHSI B <f>ayHHCTH4eCKOM
COCTaBe H pocT KOJIH4eCTBa annoxeM. 0.uHaKO no Mepe Toro, KaK npocTpaHCTBO aKKO-
MO.uauHH 3anoJIHS1eTCSI OTnaralOll(HMHCSI oca.11.KaMH, noeepXHOCTb ce,UHMCHTaU:HH npo-
.llBHraeTCSI Bee 6JIH'lKe K BOJIHOBbIM H llITOpMOBhIM Tel.feHHSIM H TOr.na B KpOBJie ~ H K
JIOB Hal.fHHalOT <f>opMHpoBaThCSI npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbr. Pol:OLUHe
opraHH3MbI nepeMeWHBalOT HJIHCThlH OCaJ.I.OK H HanOJIHSllOT ero CBOHMH neJIJieTaMH,
KOTOpbte B COl.feTaHHH c o6JIOMKaMH paKOBHH MOJIJIIOCKOB o6pa3yl:OT o6JIOMO'IHYIO
<f>paKU:HIO ocaJ.I.Ka. Oco6eHHOCTH MeCTHoro penbe<I>a .ntta MOrYT cnoco6crnoBaTb KOH-
ueHTpauHH JHeprnH MOpCKHX Te4eHHH B o6'beMe, .UOCTaTO'IHOM JJJISI <f>opMHpOBaHH.!I
npeuMymecrneHHO 3epHHCThrx CTPYKTYP H HaJIO'lKeHHbIX (naTl.f) pmfloB. Xou oca.n-
KH, OTJ1ara10muecsi: B TaKHX o6cTaHOBKax, MOryT o6Jia,UaTb Me'lKneJIJieTHblM nopOBblM
npocTpaHCTBOM, ynnoTttettHe nem1eT nocne 3axopoHeHHS1 ocaJ.I.Ka npaKTH4eCKH ece-
r.na npeo6pa3yeT ero CTPYKTYPY TaKHM o6pa30M, 'ITO <f>opMHpyiomasi:csi: B pe3ynhrnTe
JTHX npeo6pa30BaHHH nopo.ua OKa3bIBaeTCSI neJIJJ.eTOBblM BaKCTOYHOM HJIH npeHMY-
mecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbIM naKcrnyttoM (6onee no.11.po6Hoe onHcaHHe 3TOro npouecca
npe.11.JIO'lKeHO B [6, 35]).
CTpem .. 1yw:ecTBeHHO 3epHHCTble naKCTOYHbl H rpeHHCTOYHbl o6si:3aHbl CBOHM npo-
HCXO'lK,UeHHeM BOJIHOBOMY nepeBeHBaHHl:O H3BeCTKOBOro HJia B BhICOK03HepreTH4e-
154 fJIABA 4
CKHX o6cTaHOBKax Ha nepern6e rnenbCpa (pHc. 4.11, 4.12). Ilo.uo6Hbie o6CTaHOBKH
sonnomaioTCH B KnaccHqecKoH: perpeccHBHOH MeneiomeH: ssepx nocne.uosaTeJJb-
HOCTH <l>auHH OT npeHMyll(eCTBeHHO rJJHHHCTOH nO,UOlIIBbi .no OOH):{HbIX rpeHHCTO-
yHOB B Kposne (pHc. 4.13, a; [l, 14]). BbICOK03HeprernqecKHe o6cTaHOBKH oca):{KOHa-
KonneHHH xapaKTepH3ylOTCH CJJe,UylOU(HMH THIIaMH oca,UO'IHblX OTJIO)l(eHHH: l) IIeCKH
rnenb<l>OBOH OKpaHHbl, KOTOpbie 3a C'le'T KOHUeHTpaUHH 3HeprnH IIpHJIHBOB Ha CKnOHe
rneJib<l>a o6pa3ylOT o6rnHpHbie noHca MOpCKHX neCKOB H neCKOB npHJIHBHbIX 6apoB,
2) 3apH<l>OBbie neCKH, <l>opMHpOBaHHe KOTOpbIX o6ycJIOBJ1HBaercH nepeHOCOM OCa):{KOB
B CTOpOHY cyum OT 6eperoBbIX PH<l>OB OKaHMJJeHHOro menb<l>a, H 3) BCTpe'lalOU(HeCH
MeCTaMH OTJIO)l(eHHH cpe.uHHHoro rnenbCl>a, npuypoqeHHbie K rny6oKHM BHYTPHOCT-
pOBHbIM ):{OJlHHaM HJIH K npHJIHBHblM npOTOKaM, o6pa3yl0ll(HM JlOIIaCTHbie npHJJHBHO-
OTJlHBHbie ,!J;eJlbTbl.
B npeuMyiuecTBeHHO JepHHCTbIX 11aKCToyHax, KaK npaBHJJO, nerKo pa3nuqaioT-
CH XO.Ubl HJJOe,UOB, HO npH3HaKOB nepeHoca oca,UKOB MOpCKHMH TeqeHHHMH 06b1qHO
He Ha6n10.naercH. TeM He MeHee, He HCKnlO'leHO, qTo HeKOTOpbie npeHMyll(eCTBeHHO
3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl o6H3aHbl CBOHM npOHCXO)l():{eHHeM yseJJHqeHHIO 061>eMa Kap-
6oHaTHOro HJla 6naro.napH .neueJibHOCTH HJJOe,!J;OB, KOTOpbie nepeMellIHBalOT HJJHCTbie
H rpeHHCToyHco.nep)l(all(He oca):{KH. CnoH rpeH:HcTOyHoB npaKrnqecKH nosceMeCTHO
omuqaJOTCH KOCOH CJ10HCTOCTblO scex BH,UOB H aMilJJHTYJl (OT 3HaKOB BOJIHOBOH pH6H
.no KpynHblX <l>ecTOHOB ), a TaK)l(e caMOH pa3H006pa3HOH opHeHTHpOBKOH, CBH.nereJJb-
CTBYIOU(eH o po11H npHnHBHo-ornHBHbIX TeqeHHH a <l>opMHposaHHH 3THX orno)l(eHHH
(6011ee no.npo6Ho CM. [13]).
PH<l>bl, B OCHOBHOM, <t>opMHPYIOTCH Ha BbICOK03HepreTHqecKHX OKpaHHax OKaHM-
JJeHHbIX rnenb<l>OB - TaM, r.ue pOCT opraHH3MOB-pH<l>OCTpOHTeneH: CTHMynHpyeTCH nH-
TaTeJibHblMH sell(eCTBaMH, no)lHHMalOU(HMHCH H3 rny60KOBOJJ.H1>1x 6accei1HoB. TepMHH
PH<l> 3aqaczy10 HCnOJ1b3yeTCH B HecpTHHOH npOMblllIJleHHOCTH coeepmeHHO Henpa-
BHnbHO. Kor.ua-To OH npHMeHHJJCH a KaqecTee o6ruero TepMHHa .D:JIH scex Kap6oHaT-
HhIX KOJIJieKTOpOB. B HaCTOHU(eH pa60Te TepMHH pHcp 6y.neT HCilOJ1b30BaTbCH MH
OilHCaHHH Kap6oHaTHblX TeJJ, KOTOpbie cnaralOTCH 6aHH.1I.CTOYHOM HJJH 6a<l>JJCTOYHOM,
nocKOJJI>KY OHH M O ~ HMeTb noposb1e CTPYKTYPbI, <l>opMHPYIOIUHecH TOJJbKO 611aro-
.r:i:apH npH)l(HJHeHHOMy CKpenneHHIO MopcKHx opraHH3MOB. B pH<l>ax Haxo.r:i:HT csoe
<l>HJHqecKoe Bbipa)l(eHHe coo6ll(ecTBO opraHH3MOB, KOTOpbie )l(HBYT " paCTYT BMeCTe,
He HMeH noqTH HHKaKoro OTHOllJeHHH K <l>HJHqeCKHM npoueccaM OCa):{KOHaKOnJieHHH.
Iii Bee )Ke PH<l>bI HBJJHIOTCH OCHOBHblM HCTOqHHKOM nocTyn11eHHH Kap6oHaTHOfO oca.r:i:-
Ka. Oca,aoqHbie orno)l(eHHH, HMelOIUHe pmpoeylO npHpo.ny, o6bI'IHO npe.nCTasneHbI
rpenHCTOyHaMH, TaK KaK pu<l>bl - :no THIIH'IHble 06HTaTeJ1H BblCOK03HepreTuqeCKHX
o6CTaHOBOK. B xo.ne reonornqecKoro epeMeHH opraHH3MbI-pH<l>oCTpOHTeJJH 3BOJIIOUH-
OHHposanu, a c HHMH H3MeHHJJHCb u pu<l>b1: .noKeM6pHHCKHe CTpoMaTOJJHTOBb1e pH<l>1>1
CMeHHJIHCb CHJJYPHHCKHMH KOpaJJJJOBblMH pmpaMH, Te - .neBOHCKHMH CTpOMaTonopo-
BblMH pu<l>aMH, noTOM npHrnen qepe.n nepMCKHX ry6KOBbIX pH<l>os, noTOM - Menoe1>1x
PY.llHCTOBbIX pmpos u T .n., H T. n. JilMeHHO no3TOMY pH<l>b1 cnasucH TaKHM pa3Hoo6-
pa3HeM JlHTOTHnOB H <l>opM.
ECTb erue 0.llHH THII Kap6oHaTHOH aKK}'MYJJHUHH, KOTopylO 'laCTO HMeHylOT pH-
<l>oM, HO KOTopylO npaBHJibHee Ha3bIBaTb Kap6oHaTHOH nOCTpOUKOH, Kap6oHaTHbIM
4.3. CEKBEHC-CTPATl1rPA<bHlJECKl1A KAPKAC 155
XOJJMOM HJIH 6uorepMOM. 3TH <t>opMbl peJJbe<t>a .D.Ha HaCJJe.Uy!OT npe.D.llleCTBY10my10
MOp<t>oJJOrHIO HJJH .SIBJJ.SllOTC.SI pe3yJJbTaTOM )l(ff3He.D.e.S!TeJJbHOCTH opraHH3MOB B npe.n.e-
nax KaKoro-nn6o orpaHHL!eHHOro npocTpaHCTBa. 0HH CJIO)l(eHbl oca,llKOM, B COCTaBe
KOToporo 6aHH.ll- H 6acfmCTOYH 3aHHMalOT BeCbMa nO,llL!HHeHHOe IlOJJO)l(eHHe, H HX
neTpo<t>H3H1.JeCKHe oco6eHHOCTH MOryT 6bITb paccMoTpeHbI B acneKTe CTPYKTYP oca.D.-
KouaKonneHH.!I. Xorn TaKHe nocTpOHKH MOfYT B03HHKHYTb KaK ua MeJIKOBO.IJ.be, TaK
H Ha rny6oKOBO.!l.HblX yqacTKax OKeaHOB, HO ace OHH TeH.D.eHl.{HIO .n.o-
paCTaTb .!l.0 ypOBH.SI MOP.SI (6onee no.upo6Hble OnHCaHH.SI pmpoB H 6norepM CM. B [ 16]).
Cy6nuTopanbHbie QHKJJbI, c<PopMnposaBllIHec.!I a ttH3Ko:mepreTHl.JeCKHX o6cTa-
HOBKax KOHTHHeHTaJibHOro CKJIOHa HJIH 6acceiiHa, MoryT 6bJTb QeJIHKOM H nOJIHO-
CTblO npe.uCTaBJJeHbI npenMymecTseuHo HJJHCTbIMH oca.uKaMH. B TaKHX UHKJJax Mo-
)l(eT Ha6JJIO.IJ.aTbC.!I pOCT npoQeHTHOro CO.IJ.ep)l(aHH.SI aJJJIOXeM BBepx no pa3pe3y, HJIH )Ke
B HHX MOryT npHCYTCTBOBaTb rpa.uauHOHHbie CJIOH H Typ6H.UHTbl, Ha3bJBaeMble UHK-
JJOM EoyMa. PacnoJHaBaHHe BqU: a TaKHX o6crnHOBKax - sec&Ma HenpoCTa.!I 3a.IJ.a<Ia,
npH TOM, l.JTO UHKJIHlJHOCTb MO)l(eT He HMeTb HHKaKoro OTHOllleHH.!I
K npoueccy, o6ycJJOBJJHBaiomeMy QHKJJHlJHOCTb ua men&<l>e.
CKJJOHbI lllenb<t>os H sna.IJ.HHbI, coce.D.CTByiomHe c Kap6ottaTHbIMH
nonyqa!OT Kap6ottaTHb1e oca.uKH 6naro.uap.!! cttocy oca,uotrnoro MaTepnana c meJih-
cf>a H oca)l(.ueHHIO H3BeCTKOBoro 300- H Q>nTonnaHKTOHa. TnnHLIHO MJJHCTbIH oca,n,01.:
nepeMe)l(aeTC.SI c nOTOKaMH 6onee rpy603epHHCTOro MaTepHaJia. 06JIOMOlJHbie IlOTO-
KH, OilOJl3HeBbie OTJIO)l(eHH.SI, pmpOBbie OCbinH, 3epHOBble nOTOKH H TYP6H.AHTbJ - BOT
THnOBbie MexaHH3MbI TpaucnopTHpOBKH oca.uKOB no .!l.HY Mop.11. B HeKoTopoii CTene-
HH THn nornKa oca.D.OlJHOro MaTepnana 3aBHCHT OT KPYTH3HbI CKJIOHa. Cnon 6peK1.JHH,
o6paJoBaHHbie p11<t>osbIMH oc&In.!IMH H o6JIOMOl.JttbIMH noToKaMH JJ.pyrnx THnos, 061.1q-
HO npHypoLieHbl K KpyTona.1w10mHM CKJJOHaM OKaHMJieHHOro menb<pa, B TO speM.!I KaK
0IlOJl3HeBbie OTJIO)l(eHH.SI H 3epHOBbie nOTOKH 6onee xapaKTepHbl .ll.Jl.SI nonorHx CKJIOHOB
Kap6oHarnoro paMna. 0TJIO)l(eHH.!I Typ6H.llHTOB B npe.D.6acceHHOBbIX
LiaCT.!IX KOHTHHeHTaJibHOro CKJIOHa H B 6acceHHOBbJX o6cTaHOBKax (6onee no.D.p06HO
CM. (2, 7, 29]).
Ilo npo<t>HJl.!IM nopHCTOCTH H npOHHQaeMOCTH B squ: MO)l(HO CY.IJ.HTb 0 BepTH-
KaJibHOH nocne.uosaTeJibttOCTH ce.D.HMeurnuuoHHbIX CTPYKTYP (puc. 4.14). B 6oJib-
IIIHHCTBe CJiyqaeB nO)J.OIIIBa Bql.J: o6pa30BaHa npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO HJIHCTblMH OC3)1.-
KaMH, nopHCTOCTb KOTOpbIX COCTaBJl.!leT 70 %, a npoHHQaeMOCTb paBHa 200 MJJ:.
IlpeHMymecTBeHHO HJIHCTbie CJIOH, KaK npaBHJIO, nepeKpbIBalOTC.!I npeuMyIUeCTBeH-
HO 3epHHCTbIM naKCTOYHOM, HMe!Oll(HM nopHCTOCTb 60 % H npOHHuaeMOCTb 2 000 MJJ:.
B BbICOK03HepreTHl.JeCKHX o6CTaHOBKax TaKOH ce.D.HMeHTaU:HOHHbIH U:HKJJ 6y.D.eT HMeTb
KpOBJllO, CJIO)l(eHHYIO rpeiiHCTOYHOM, nopHCTOCTb KOTOporo 6y.D.eT paBHa 45 %, a npo-
HHQaeMOCTb 30 000 MJJ:. JJ:syxMepttoe pacnpe.D.enettHe neTpo<t>H3Ml.JeCKMX napaM.eT-
poB KOHTponupyeTc.11 pacnpocTpaHeHHeM <t>aQHH no naTepann. 06pa3y10IUa.11c.11 nptt
3TOM .usyxMepHa.!I KOtt<l>HrypaQH.!1 neTpo<t>H3Hl.JeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK npe.D.CTaaneHa
Ha puc. 4. l 0. HecMOTp.11 Ha 3HalJHTeJJbHbIH pa36poc 3HaLieHHH npoHHQaeMOCTH, ece
3Hal.JeHH.!I nopHCTOCTH H npOHHQaeMOCTH )J.OCTaTOlJHO Bb!COKH .llJl.!I Toro, l.JT06bi see
BH.llbl OCa.IJ.OlJHblX OTJIO)l(eHHH, 0 KOTOpbIX paccKaJb!BaJJOCb BbIIIIe, onpe.D.eJJHTb KaK
nopO.!J.bJ-KOJJJieKTOpbI.
156 fJlABA 4
UHKJJ, yeeH'faHHblH OCa;{KaMH npH11HBHO-OTJIHBHoif paeHHHbl ---
flopHCTOCTb npoHHU3CMOCTb
0 50 100 100 10
1
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Cy6JrnropanbHbIH (MeJiet01UHif eeepx) UHKJJ
C rpeifHCTOyHOM
B KpOBJie
nopHCTOCTb npoHHUaeMOCTb
0 50 100 I 100 10
1
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C npCHMYIUCCTBCHHO
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naKCTOYHOM
B KpOBJIC
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0 50 100
flpOHHUaCMOCTb
100 ID
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nopHCTOCTb npoHHU3CMOCTb
0 50 100 1 100 Ia
1
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flpeHMyllleCTBCHHO
HJIHCTblH naKCTOYH
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naKCTOYH
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PHC. 4.14. npHMepbl THnH'fHblX CellHMCHTaUHOHHblX UHKJJOB, 11,JUI KOTOpbIX XapaKTCpHO orpy6-
IIeHHC OTJJO)KCHHH cmny eeepx no pa'.lpeJy. B KpoBJJe cy611HTopa11bHblX, MCJICIOIUHX eeepx no
pa1pe3y UHKJIOB MoryT (e '.laBHCHMOCTH OT o6cTaHOBKH oca.,'lKOHaKOnJICHHll) '.lancraTb rpeHH-
CTOYHbl, npe11MymecTBCHHO '.lepHHCTblC naKcTOYHbl HJIH npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO rmrn11cTb1e naK-
croyHbl. HaH60JibWCC '.lHa'fCHllC HMCIOT UHKJibl. YBCH'faHHblC OCa.lKaMH npHJillBHO-OTJIHBHOH
paBHHHbl, noCKOJibKY no o6CTaHOBKC np1111HBHO-OTJIHBHOH paeHHHbl peKOHCTpyupyCTCll ypo-
BCHb MOpll. BepTHKaJlbHblC npo<j>H!IH nopHCTOCTH H npoHHU3CMOCTH CKoppeJJHpOB3Hbl co
CTpyKTyp3Mll oca.,'lKOH3KOnIICHHll.
4.3. CEKBEHC-CTPATlffl'A<l>ll4ECKllii KAPKAC 157
4.3.2. 8blCOKO'l3CTOTHblC CCKBCHUHH
noeTOpjtlOlll.Hecsi UHKJibl JBCTaTH'leCKHX KOJle6aHHH ypoBHSl MHpoeoro OKeaHa
cnoco6CTBYIOT <j>opM11poeaHHIO eeprnKaJlbHblX YcpeJJ.oBaHHH Bl.JU (p11c. 4.15). 06-
paJylOlll.HCcsi eepTHKaJibHble nocJleJJ.OBaTeJibHOCTH Bl.JU COCTOSIT H3 peTporpa.uau11-
0HHblX, arrpa.aaUHOHHblX H nporpaJJ.aUHOHHblX UHK;lOB. <I>opMHpOBaHHe peTporpa-
.uauHOHHblX UHKJIOB npoHCXOJJ.HT B TaKHC nepHO.llbl JBCTaTJi'ieCKHX BapHaUHH, KO-
r.ua BCJIH'rnHa naJJ.CHHjt ypOBHSl MOpjl JlJljl Ka)l(JlOfO UHKJia 3HarnTeJibHO ycTynaeT
eeJIH'iliHe nOJJ.beMa JTOro ypoBHjt. c Ka)KJJ.bJM CJJeJJ.ylOW.HM UHKJIOM 6eperoBajl JIH-
HHSI CMelll.aeTCSl ece JJ.aJibllJe B CTOpouy cyum; JTO C06b1THC Ha3blBaCTCSl o6paTHblM
.llBH)KCHHCM, HJIH Tpattcrpecc11eii. roeopsiT, 'ITO ocaJJ.KH ornaralOTCSl B TpaHcrpcCCHB-
HOH CHCTeMe TpaKTOB (TCT). <I>opMHpoeaHHC arrpa.uaUHOHHblX UHKJIOB npOHCXOJJ.HT
TOfJ].a, Kor.aa JBCTaTH'iCCKHH nOJJ.beM ypoBHjl MOpjt paeeH ero na.neHHIO, B pe3yJJbTa-
Te ttero 06pa3yeTcsi eepTHKaJibHOC HannacroeaHHe c1>au11ii. TaKHC UHKJJbI cmra10TCS1
ttaCTblO CHCTCMbl TpaKTOB BblCOKOro CTOSIHHSI (TBC). Oporpa.uaUHOHHble UHKJibl cl>op-
MHpylOTCSl rnr.ua. Kor.ua ">BCTaTHttccKoc naneH11e ypoeusi Mopsi 6onbrne ero noJJ.bCMa.
c Ka)K)lblM TaKHM llHKJIOM 6eperoeasi JIHHHSI 6y,'lCT CMClUaTbCSl BCC JJ.aJlbWC B CTOpOHY
Mopsi; JTOT 11pouecc Ha3blBaeTcj! 11porpa.aau11eH, HJJH perpecc11eii, a 06 oca.uKax roBo-
psiT. '!TO OHH ornaralOTCSl B CHCTCMC TpaKTOB BblCOKOro CTOSIHHSI (TBC). 06 ocanKax.
ornaralOlUHXCH B nepHO.llbl caMoro HH3KOro CTOSIHHSI ypoBHH MOpSl, roeopsiT, 'iTO OHll
11p11H3.UJIC)KaT c11cTeMe TpaKToe HH3Koro crosiHHSl (THC). TCT, TBC 11 THC, Ka)l(-
.llblH H3 KOTOpblX BKJllO'iaCT B ce6jl BblCOKOttaCTOTHblC UHKJlbl, BMeCTC o6pa3ylOT )8-
CTaTH'iCCKHH UHKJI 6onee BblCOKOro nopSIJJ.Ka - BblCOKOttaCTOTHYIO CCKBeHUHIO (Bl.JC;
pHC. 4.15).
CC!lHMCHT3UHOHHblC UHKJlbl, ornaratOWHCCS1 B rpaHcrpeCCHBHOH CHCTeMe TpaK-
TOB (TCT), KaK 11paBHJIO, npC.ilCTaBJICHbl cy6JIHTOpaJibHblMH UHKJiaMH, KOTOpblC HHO-
r.ua Moryr 6b1Tb yeeH1aHbl UHKJiaM11 npHmteHo-ornHBHbJX paeu11u. Beepx no pa3pe3y,
110 Mepe HJMCHCHHSI yKJIOHa penbecpa nHa, B03MO)KHO yeeJ111ttett11e rpy603epHHCTOCTH
CTPYKTYP 11 11ocTene1rnoe npeepalll.em1e ocanKoe B npe11MymecrneHHO JepHHCTble.
CTpHnHBHo-ornHBHbJe paeHHHbl np11ypo1eHbl K 6eperoeoH JJHHHH H He nporpan11py10T
naneKO B CTOpouy MOPS! H3-3a Toro. '!TO xapaKTep 6eperoeoii JIHHHH SIBJIHCTCH. B 06-
LUCM, TpaHCrpCCC11BHblM. 06LUHH no.ui.eM ypoBHSl MOpH npHBOJJ.HT K TOMy, '!TO Ka)K.!lblH
nocne.uy10lll.HH UHKJJ ocanKoHaKonneHHsi uatt1111aeTcsi co ece yeenHttHBalOlUCfOCjt Ha-
cTynneHHjl MOpjl Ha cyrny (JTO BH.llHO 110 TOnorpa<jmICCKOMY rlOJIO)KeHHIO UHKJIOB 1. 2
H 3 Ha pHC. 4.15). CCJJ.HMCHTaUHOHHblC UHKJlbl, ccl>opMHpoeaBWHCCSl B CHCTCMC TpaK-
TOB BblCOKOro CTOj!HJijl (TBC), o6pa30BaHbl oca.uKaMH 6onee BblCOKOJHCpreTH'iCCKHX
o6CTaHOBOK, TaK KaK npocTpaHCTBO aKKOMO.llaUHH yMeHblll3CTCjl BCJIC.ilCTBHe Toro, 'iTO
noHH)KCHHe ypoettsi Mopsi 6onbrue, ttCM ero 110.llbCM. )].nsi TBC xapaKTcpHo pa3BHTHe
xopOlUO ccj>OpMHpoBaHHblX CC.llHMCHTaUHOHHblX UHKJIOB, npO.ilBHralOU{HXCH B CTopo-
HY cyrnH H coJJ.cp)Kam11x e ceoeH Kpoenc oca,'lKH npHJJHBHo-ornHBHoii paBHHHbl, non-
11pHJIHBHbJX naryHHblX npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO rJJHHHCTblX UlfKJIOB, UHKJIOB, B KpOBJJe KO-
TOpblX 3aJicralOT npCHMYlUCCTBeHHO 3epHHCTblC naKCTOYHbl H rpeHHCTOYHbl, 11 pHCpoe
6pOBKH WCJlbQ>a. a TaK)KC npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO rJJHHHCTblX UHKJJOB BHelllHero wenbcpa
H rny6oKOBO.llHOro 6acceiiua (CM. UHKJlbl 4, 5 H 6 Ha pHC. 4.15). nocKOJlbKY TBC
158 fJIABA 4
UHKJl 6
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__________ K
l..{HKJI 3
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- - - - . . . . . . . . : : : : : ~ = - = = - - ----------
yK11011 llHD s01paCTaCT Ha 3 'llBJzyCB nocJJe KallUIOro UHKJIB
BaKCTOyHw H MBJICTOYHLI
npltJIMBllOOTJlHBllOli paBHHHbl
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npc11MyWCCTllCHllO
1cp11Hcn.re nai.."CToyHw
npcHMYWCCTBCHHO
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~
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PHc. 4.15. Pa3BHTHC Kap6oHaTHOH BblCOKO'lacrornoH ceKBCHUHH (Kap6oHaTHOH B4C). UHKJJbl
crpynnHpoeaHbl e 60J1ee JloJ1ronepHOJIH'IHb1e cHrnan1>1, paccMarpHsaeM1>1e e Ka11ecree B4C.
Umm1>1 cMe111at0TCJ1 e o6paTHOM HanpaBJICHHH, KOl".!la .llOnronepHOJIH'IHblH nOJl"bCM ypoeH11
Mop11 npee1>1waer cro JlonronepHOJlH'IHOe naJICHHe. UHKJJbJ nporpaJIHpyioT, Korna JlOnrone-
pHO.llH'IHOe naJICHHe ypoeH11 MOpJI 60J1bWe, 'ICM ero .11onronepHOJlH'IHblH noJI"bCM. Bb1COKO'la-
CTOTH1>1e CCKBCHUHH MO)KHO crpynnHpOBaTb B 60J1ee JlOJlronepHOJIH'IHblC KOne6aHHJI ypoBHll
MOpll, KOTOpb!C MO)f(HO paCCMaTpHB3Tb KaK COCTaBHblC CCKBCHUHH.
onpeJJ.em1eTcJ1 TeM, 'ITO eeJJH'IHHa noHmKeHHJI ypoBHR MOPJI npesb1rnaeT eeJJH'IHHY
ero nOJJ."beMa, UHKJlbl Ha'IHHalOT HaJJeraTb Ha llJCJJbf>. 3anoJJHeHHe npocTpaHCTBa aKKO-
MOJJ.aUHH OCaJJ.KaMH npHBO.ll.HT K TOMy, 'ITO I) HH'ITO He MeWaeT npHJJHBHO-OTnHBHblM
paBHHHaM nporpaJJ.HpoeaTb B CTOpOHY MOpll H 'ITO 2) UJCJJbcl>OBble OCaJJ.KH, 6yJJ.y'IH ne-
4.3. CEKBEHC-CTPAHtrPA<J>HllEC'KHii KAPKAC 159
peHeceHHbIMH B CTopoHy 6acceiiHa, o6paJyIOT KJIHHo<l>opMHble KOMnneKCbl BHewHero
wen&<t>a.
B pe3yn&TaTe ecero Toro, o tteM paccKaJblBaJlOCb e&1we, B03HHKaeT tteTKO op-
raHH30BaHHaR CHCTeMa ce.nHMeHTauHOHH&IX o6paJoeaHHH, pacnpe.neneHHblX BHYTPH
BblCOKOttaCTOTHOH ceKBeHuHH, - TaK, KaK noKaJaHo Ha pHC. 4.16.
Pacnpe.neneHHe neTpo<l>H3HtteCKHX ceoiicTe .nomKHO cooTBeTCTBOBaTb xapaKTe-
py pacnpe.neneHHJI CTpYKTYPHO-TeKCTYPHblX <t>auHH, npHtteM rpeHHCTOYHbl .nomtcHbl
HMeTb caMbJe BbICOKHe 3HatteHHJI npoHuuaeMOCTH, a Kap6oHaTHbie Hnbl - caMble
HH3KHe. Bo3HHKaIOlUHH npH JTOM THn pacnpe.neneHHR neTpo<l>H3HttCCKHX ceoi1cTB
noKaJaH Ha puc. 4.17. B pe3yn&TaTe <l>opMHpyeTcH .n11axpoHHbIH noac BbICOKOnpoHH-
uaeMbIX npeHMymecTeeHHO 3CpHHCTbIX OCa,D.KOB, orpaHH'ICHHblH co CTOpOHbl 6acceit-
Ha HH3KOnpOHHuaeMbIMH npeHMY!UCCTBeHHO HnHCTblMH oca.uKaMH KOHTHHeHTaJlbHOro
CKJIOHa H 6acceiiHa, a co CTOpOHbl cyrnH - HH3KOnpOHHuaeMblMH npeHMYlUCCTBeHHO
rnHHHCTblMH OCa,D.KaMH cpe.nHHHOfO rnen&<t>a. U.eHHOCTb BlJU. COCTOHT B TOM,
1
ff06bl
npo.neMOHCTpHpOBaTb .n11axpOHHYIO npHpo.uy BbICOKonpoHHuaeMblX npeHM)'lUCCTBCH-
nosepXHOCTb 3KCil03HUHH
nporpaJJ.HPYIOIUaJI CHCTCMa
TpaKTOB BbJCOKOJ"O CTOJIHH.11 (TBC)
OrcrynaiomaJI rpattcrpcccHBHaJI
CHCTCMa rpaKTOB (TCT)
.,.>-----------t-'t 15 M _(
40 KM 8bJCOKOlJ3CTOTHblC
npHJJHBHO-OTJJHBH3JI paBHHHa
rpeHHCTOYH
D npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblH naKCTOYH
J1JJbl BHYTPCHttero paMna
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fny6oKOBO.!lHblC HJlbl
UHKJJbl
PHc. 4.16. CxeMa 84C, nocTpoetttta.11 Ha pHc. 4.13. tta Kornpy!O Hattecetto pacnpe.ac11e-
HHe TeKcryp ocaJJ.KOHaKonneHHR H BblCOKO'!acTOTHblX UHKJJOB. fpcitHcroyHw JJOKaJrnlytOTCJI
B cfiaUHaJJbHOM TpaKTe nepern6a paMna, llBJJJllOlUCfOCll lJaCTblO CHCTCMbl rpaKTOB BblCOKOro
CTOJIHHJI.
160 rJJABA 4
HO 3CpHHCTblX Q>aUHH H noKa'3aTb, l.fTO '.HH <1>aum1 OT.u.eneHbl cnOHMH HH3KOnpOHHUa-
eMblX HJIHCTblX oca.nKOB.
Tlop11croc1b nponHU3CMOCTb
(%) (M.[l)
' '
63 5500
J 15 M
'(.
D
45 30000 40 KM
8b1coKo'laCTOTHbte
UHKJlbl
D
55 1800
D
70 200
PHc. 4.17. BlfC. nocTpoeHHa11 Ha pHc. 4.13, Ha Koropyio HaHcccHo pacnpe.11.eneHHe
neTpo<f>H'11t'ICCK11x ceoHCTB, ocHoeaHHoe Ha cTpyKrypax oca!lKOHaKOnneHHSI. CaMb1e Bb1coK11e
'JH3'1CllHSI npOHHUaCMOCTH KOHUeHrpHpylOTCll Ha ncpern6c pap.ma II Ha npHmlBHO-OTJlllBHblX
paBHHHax.
4.4. npuMep
BenHKonenttblM npHMepoM nocne)loBaTCJibHOro pacnpe.u.enettttH cTpyK"f)'ptto-
reKcl)'pHblX xapaKTepHCTHK <l>auHH B Kap6oHaTHOH ceKBCHUHH MO)l{CT Q>op-
Maum1 Catt-AttJlpec, BblXO.llHUla11 Ha .nHeBHYIO nosepxHOCTb Ha Ycrync AJJJI)l(CpHTa
s ropax rsa.na.riyne (wTaTbl Texac H Hbio-MeKCHKo, CWA) (pHc. 4.18; [19]). CyJlH
no HMeiom11Mcsi KaprnM pernoHaJJbHOro Macwrn6a. cpopMaUHIO Catt-Attnpec, KOTopasi
HMeeT o6myio TOJJlllHHY 500 M, MO)l{HO pa'3JJ.eJ111Tb Ha MHO)l{eCTBO BblCOKOtaCTOTHblX
H COCTaBHblX ceKBCHUHH. Ka)l(JJ.aSI CCKBeHU.HSI COCTOHT H3 BblCOKOl.faCTOTHblX U.HKJlOB,
a Ha6opb1 cpau11i:i attyrp11 UHKJIOB n cMemettHe <t>auHi:i Me'lKJJ.Y UHKnaMH yKa3b1Ba10T
Ha TCT n TBC. .UattHbJC neTpocpH3Hl.fecKoro myl.fettHsi o6tta)l{eHHH noi:i CBHTbl CBH-
JICTeJibCTBYIOT 0 TOM, '!TO B ee COCTaB BX0.!1.HT .nonorpeHHCTOYHbl c npottmtaeMOCTblO
20 M.U. npCHMYUlCCTBCHHO 1epHHCTbJC JJ.OJIOnaKCTOYHbl c npOHHU8CMOCTblO 4 M)l, !1,0-
JIOBaKCTOYHbl c npOHHU8CMOCTblO 0,4 M.U H )lOJIOMa!l,CTOYHbl c npOHHuaeMOCTblO MC-
HCC 0, l M.Q.
l1MCIOTCH !l,8HHble .!lCTaJibHOro KapTHpoaaHH.11 yl.faCTKa o6tta)l{eHHH <l>opMaUHH
Catt-AHnpec B Macwrn6e KOJJJICKTOpa. KOTOpblH aHaJIOrHlfCH MHOrHM KOJIJICKTOp-
CKHM nnacrnM JTOH <1>opMau11H B npe.u.enax nepMcKoro 6accei:itta. 3aKaprnposaHHbJH
yl.faCTOK HMeeT 1,6 KM B .UJIHHY H 30 M B BblCOl)'. <t>au11anbHOe onttcaHHC l\moro-
llJ1CJieHHblX npoMepeHHblX pa3pe3os n0'3BOJUleT Bbl!l,CJIHTb .UCB.llTb BblCOKOl.faCTOTHblX
UHKJIOB, KaprnpycMbIX no MHHC 06tta)l{eH11.11 (pnc. 4.19). lionbw111-1crno UHKJIOB npen-
4.4.
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MEKCHKO
TEXAC
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0 20 KM PaJJioM Lf.oporn

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KanHTaH
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rpynna ApTClHll
(HepaC'IJICHCHH8ll 18
llCKJllO'IClllleM
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rpeii6yprl
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(nepac'IJICHCHHhlC)
Hepac'tnenennble
<j>au1111 eepxuell
'18CTH palpe'lll
nepMcKOro 6acceiina
161
P11c. 4.18. reonor11'1ecKal1 KapTa rop reamUJyne c yKaJaHHeM MecrnnonmKeHHll BblXO.!lOB CBH-
fbl CaH-AH.npec Ha Yczyne An.n')l(epHrn [ 19].
CTaBJUllOT co6oH aCHMMeTp11'-1Hbie MenelOlUHe BBepx UHKJlbl, B nO,!lOllJBe KOTOpblX,
KaK npaBHnO, JaneraioT Ma,!lCTOYHbl, nepeKpb!BaCMble BaKCTOyHaMH HnH npeHMyme-
CTBeHHO rnHHHCTbJMH naKCTOyHaMH, npe11My1UeCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblMH naKCTOyHaMH
H rpeHHCTOyHaMH, H MeCTaMH yseHlfaHHblC OTnO)l(eHH.llMH c <j>eHeCTpOBOH TeKcrypoH
(oca.!lKH npHnHBHo-ornHBHOH paBHHHbl). Ha pwc. 4.19 UHKJibl 3 H 8 HMelOT s KpoBJJe
np11n110Ho-ornHBHOH paBHHHb1; u111<11b1 I, 2, 3, 7 11 9 - :no cy6n11Topanb-
Hb1e UHKJlbl, 3aseprna101UHCC.ff MOlllHblMH OTnO)l(CHH.llMH rpCHHCTOYHOB HJIH npeHMY-
mecTBeHHO 3epHHCTblX naKCTOyttoo; a UHKJlbl 4, 5 H 6 BeH'lalOTC.11 MaJJOMOll(HblM npe-
HMylUeCTBeHHO JepttHCTbIM naKCToyttOM. Ta1<a.11 BePTHKaJibtta.11 nocne.nosaTenbHOCTb
rooopHT 0 HaJJHlfHH ceKBeHTHblX rpaHHU Ha KOHTaKTe UHKJIOB 3 H 4, a TaK)l(e MC)l(.l:(y
UHKnOM 9 H nepeKpb!BalOlUHMH UHKnaMH, HanCralOlUHMH Ha nooepxHOCTb 3KCil03H-
UHH uHKJTa 9. UttKnbI 1-3 npeJtCTaBJI.lllOT co6oif nporpaJI.HPYIOlllHe UHKn1>1 cHcTeMbI
rpaKTOB HH3KOrO CTO.llHH.11, a UHKnbl 7-9 - :no UHKJlbl BepxHeH CHCTCMbl TpaKTOB
BbICOKoro CTO)JHH)J. UHKJibl 4-6 - 3TO peTporpanauHOHHbie uHKnbI TpaHcrpeccHsttoif
CHCTCMbl TpaKTOB. B pa6ornx, noco11meHHblX HCCJie.UOBaHHIO 3THX .usyx ceKBeHTHblX
rpaHHU, KOTOpble 6binH npocne)l(CHbl Ha BCCM npOT1!)1(CHHH rop f Ba.Ua.Jiyne [ 18, 19],
HM 6binH )J.aHbl Ha3BaHH11 BbICOKO'laCTOTHa)J CCKBCHUH11 foa.uanynCKWl-2 H 8bICO-
KOlf3CTOTHa.ff CeKBeHUH.11 fsa.uanynCKa.R-3.
162
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10-
fJIABA 4
PaJpeJ Y I..{HKJJhl
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napannenbHOH HJJH cjmuepuoil
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neJIOH.!lHhlC
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er - rpaHHUa B4C
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H e1aHMOCBJ13b Me)l(.ny UHKnaMH H cTpyKrypoit Bl.JC Ha y'laCTKe KapTttpoeaHHJI m1acrn-Ko11-
neKTopa e paitoHe Jloitep-Kaui.ou (19].
6naro.llapH .llern.111.HbIM H3MepemtHM pa3pe3oe 6&mw nony'ieHbI O.llHOMepHbie naH-
Hbie, no.no6H&1e npo<tmmo eepTHKMbHOH 3KcnnyarnuwoHHOH CKBa)l(HHbI. OnHaKo
Ha OTJIH4HO coxpaHHBWHXCH o6Ha)l(eHHSIX MO)l(HO nOJIY4HTb H !lBYXMepHbie naHHbie:
!lJIH 3TOfO 3aKaprnpoeaTb cj>aUHH no ropH30HTaJJH Me)((.ny npoMepeHHblMH pa3-
pe3aMH JJH60 Ha 3eMJJe, JJH60 C nOMOlllblO nepcneKTHBHOH a3pOcj>OTOC"beMKH. rpaHHUbl
UHKJJOB, 0 KOTOpbIX Mbl 3!leCb ee.neM pe'lb, 6bmH npocJJe)((eHbl Ha npOTH)((eHHH 1,6 KM,
a cj>aUHH oca.nKOHaKonneHHSI 6blJlH 3aKapTHpOBaHbl. <l>aUHH nepeXO.llJIT 0.llHa B npyryJO
4.4. nritMEP 163
s ropttJOHTaJJbHOM Hanpasnemrn nocTeneHHO, 6eJ peJKHX KOHTaKTOB " 6eJ nepece-
l!eHH}l rpaHHU UHKJlOB. B 6oJiblllHHCTse cnyqaes sepTHKaJibHa}l nocne.u.osaTeJibHOCTb
ct>auHif s npeJJ.enax cpeJlHHHOro p a ~ m a HMeeT 6onee CJIOJ1rnoe CTpoetttte, l.feM TaKHe 'lKe
nocJie)lOBaTeJibHOCTH B 30He nepern6a p a ~ m a , a rpattyJIOMeTpHL!eCKHH COCTaB UHKJIOB
BHelllHero paMna npoCTO rpy6eeT BBepx no pa3pe3y OT MaJlCTOYHOB H BaKCTOYHOB .u.o
npettMymecTBeHHO rnttHHCTbIX 11ntt JepHHCTbIX naKCTOYHOB (pttc. 4.20). Optt noMomtt
KapT11posaHH}l ct>auttif no naTepanH sepTHKaJibHasi nocne.nosaTeJibHOCTb ct>auttif MmKeT
6btTb npeo6pa1osaHa B .nsyxMepttyio MO.lleJib nocne.u.oeaTeJlbHoro ct>auttanbttoro pjJJJ.a
(pHc. 4.20). B HHTepnpeTaUHH naTepanbHOH nocneJJ.OBaTenbHOCTH ct>auttif 6onhwyio
pOJib ttrpalOT HCKonaeMbie opraHH3Mbl - HH.ll.HKaTOpbl rny6oKOBO.llHblX o6cTaHOBOK
ocaJJ.KOHaKonneHtt}l. B cnyqae c cjmpMautteif CaH-AHJJ.pec Knt01.1esb1M11 HH.ll.l1KaTopaM11
TaKHX o6crnttoeoK SIBJI}llOTC}l cl>yJynttHH.llbI. Ha nonepel.fHOM pa3pe3e. npe.ncrnsJJeH-
HOM Ha pttc. 4.20, 811.ll.HO, l.fTO cj>y3yJIHHH.ll.bl, rnaBHbIM o6pa30M, BCTpel.falOTC}l Ha BHellJ-
HeM paMne 11 .lll1CTaJlbHOM BHellJHeM paMne. )..J.JijJ .ll.HCTaJibHOH l.f3CTH BHellJHero paMna
TaK'lKe xapaKTepHbl KpeMHHCTbie MaJlCTOYHbl.
<l>aumUJbHbte TpaKTbI
I CpeJl.HHHbIH paMn
)lHCTanbHbIH
I nepern6 paMna I BHCWHHH paMn I BHeWHHH p a ~ m I
=
i
0
LJ <l>eHecTpoaa.11 rnanKa
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rpeiiHCTOYH
C KOpblT006pa3HOH
KOCOH CJIOHCTOCTblO
nenOHJl.HbIH
naKCTOYH
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npem.1ywecreeHHO
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Puc. 4.20. Bepn1KaJ1b11b1e nocne1:toaaTeJibHocrn <j>auHii H 11a1epa11bHb1e <j>au11anbHb1e p.11.llbl
B O.llHOM H TOM )Ke UllKJie 113 o6Ha)KCHllS1 <j>opMaUHH CaH-AHnpec [ 18].
164 r11ABA 4
Oco6bli1 HHTepec npe.ucraemnoT rpeiiHCTOYHbI, noToMy 'ITO '.lTH OTJIO)ICCHHjl
HMelOT caMylO Bb!COKYIO npOHHuaeMOCTb cpe.UH coepeMeHHblX oca,/lKOB B UCJIOM
H B .uaHHOM KOHKpenfOM o6Ha)ICeHHH B lfaCTHOCTH. Ha .ueTaJibHOH <l>aUHaJibHOH Kap-
Te H3YLfCHHOro ylfaCTKa KOJJJieKTopa BH./lHO, 'ITO B Macwra6e BlJC npocJJe)ICHBaeTCji
pa3,/leJJeHHe MC)ICJlY TeJJaMH rpeHHCTOYHOB, npHHa.llJle)ICalUHMH K TpaHcrpeCCHBHblM
TpaKTaM H K TpaKTaM BbICOKOro CTOjlHHjl (pHc. 4.21 H 4.22; [ 19]). B CHCTCMC TpaK-
TOB BblCOKOfO CTOj!HHjl rpeHHCTOYHbl BCTpe'lalOTCjl ropa3,/l0 rame H o6pa3ylOT 6011ee
KpynHblC TCJJa, l.feM 8 CHCTeMe TpaHcrpeCCHBHblX TpaKTOB. KpoMe Toro, rpeHHCTOYHbl
I.fame cj>opMHpOBaJIHCb Ha rpe6He paMna, lfeM e ero eHyTpeHHHX HJJH BHelllHHX Lfacux.
Ceeep
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I IlaKeT nporpai.taUHOHHbIX
UHKJIOB
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UHKJIOB
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300 M
~ ]
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H neJJOH./lHblC
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PHc. 4.21. Pacnpe.!leneHHe <j>auHif J'l)CHHCTOyHa Ha ylfacTKe KapTHpoeaHHJI nnacrn-KonneKTo-
pa e pauoHe J1oifep-KaHbOH Ha ycrync An.n)l(epHrn. Ha pHcyHKe BHllHO, '!TO J'llCHHCTOYHbl
KOHUCHTp1tpy10TCJI B naKeTe npOJ'l)3ll3UHOHHblX UHKJJOB B JlBYX BlfC [ 19].
Enaro.napjl '.lTOMy o6Ha)ICeHHIO Mbl HMCeM Harnj!JJ.Hb!H npHMCp CHCTeMHOCTH
B pacnpe.neneHHH JIHTOTHfiOB Ha Kap60H3THOH nJJaTcj>OpMC. npH YCJIOBHH, l.fTO npOJJ.yK-
Tbl .UHareHe3a cpaBHHTeJJbHO xopowo cornacylOTCjl c Ce,/lHMeHTaUHOHHblMH CTpyKTy-
paMH, MO)ICHO nporH03HpoeaTb neTpo<l>HJH'ICCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH OTJIO)ICeHHH Ha oc-
HOB3HHH nporH03HblX pacl.feTOB TpexMepHOH MO,/leJJH nCTpo<f>HJHl.feCKH 3Ha'IHMblX
cf>aUHH ocaJlKOHaKor1JJeHHj1. Kap60HaTHh1e nopO./lbI coCTon HJ caMblX pa3Hoo6pa3-
Hb1X Ha6opoe cpaUHH, H Ha '.lTY TeMy cyLUCCTByeT orpOMHOe KOJIHl.fCCTBO JI HTeparypbl,
KOTopyiO e HaCTOjiutCH pa6oTe Mbl .na)ICe He JaTparneaeM. BMecTo )Toro Mb! npe.llJla-
raeM ynpoiueHHblH eapHaHT Kap6011arnoro oca.nKOHaKOnJICHHjl H ct>opMHpOB3HHjl aep-
THKaJibHblX nocne.noeaTeJJbHOCTeH UHKJJOB. TeM He MeHee, TaKajl nocTaHOBKa Ja.u.arn
BnOJJHe npHMeHHMa KO MHOrHM KpynHeHlllHM Kap6oHaTHblM KOJJJleKTopaM B pa3HblX
'laCTjlX ceeTa.
0
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30
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4.5. PE310ME 165
naKeT nporpa.1aU1tOllllblX UllKJIOB
naKeT perp3,'l3QllOHllblX llHKJIOB
b a I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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J111TEPATYPA 167
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JlunpaTypa
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fJIABA 5
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1I11posaTb <IJ1111bTpau1110 B nJJaCTe c .ll.OCTaToqHoH TOl.fHOCTbtO.
B MeTone BbI.llepJKaHHOro nponyKTl1BHoro HHTepsana ace cJ1011 cq11Tat0Tc.11 no-
pHCTbIMH 11 BBO.LJ.HTC.11 .aonymeHHe 0 TOM, 'ITO OHH xopowo KOppen11py10TC.ll B ro-
p1130HTaJ1bHOM HanpaaneHHl1 napa1meJ1bHO CTpyKrype. f paHHUbl nop11CTbIX HHTepsa-
JlOB B pa3pe3ax scex CKBaJKHH coe.n11HSllOT rop1130HTaJlbHblMH JlHHHSIMH H BbJqHCJJ.lllOT
.llOJJIO nopHCTblX 11HTepaanoa, KOTOpble coxpaH.lllOT HenpepbIBHOCTb MeJK.llY JJI06bi-
Ml1 .llBYM.11 cKaaJKHHaMH. OJK11.aaeMb1H nononHHTeJibHbIH o6beM no6hil.fH HecpT11 111111
ra3a 113 ynnoTH.llIOIUeH CKBaJKHHbI 6yneT o6parno nponopu110Ha11eH npoueHTHOMY
OTHOWeHHIO npocTpaHCTBeHHO BbI.llepJKaHHblX 11 HeBbI)].epJKaHHbIX nop11CTblX 11HTep-
BaJJOB [ 1,4]. 3'.roT MeTO.ll HaHJIYl.fWHM o6pa30M npHMeHl1M .ll.Jl.11 nJiaCTOB, npencrnaneH-
HblX qepe)].OB3HHeM npepb!Bl1CTbIX KOJIJieKTopoB 11 HeKOJIJieKTOpOB.
Ilp11 <1Jau1rnnbHOM MO)].e1111poBaH1111 KOJJJleKTop pa3)].eJISleTC.ll Ha CJlOH c TIOMO-
IllblO KOppem1pyeMblX MapKHPYIOIUHX ropH30HTOB, BbISIBJieHHblX no )].aHHblM raMMa-
KapOTaJKa. <l>aUHH ocanKOHaKOTIJJeHH.11 OilHCbIBalOTC.11 no KepHOBOMY MaTepHany
H KapT11pyt0Tc.11 BHYTPl1 KaJK.aoro c110.11. KaJKnoMy THny <1>au11H: cooTBeTcTByIOT ocpe.ll-
HeHHbie neTpo<J>11311qecKHe caoH:cTBa. <t>au1111 oca.nKoHaKonneHHSI o6bl'IHO xapaKTepH-
JYIOTC.11 CBOHM COCTaBOM HCKonaeMblX opraHH3MOB, a OCTaJibHble .ueraJJH, OTHOC.llll.lH-
ec.11 K oco6eHHOCTSIM ce,llHMeHTaUHH, HCnOJ1b3YIOTC.ll TOJlbKO c ueJJblO nporH03Hpoaa-
Hl1.ll H KaprHpOBaHH.11 npocTpaHCTBeHHOro pacnpe.aeneHl1.ll cj>auHH. c TIOMOll.lblO 3TOro
MeTO,lla MOJKHO ,llOCTaTO'IHO ysepeHHO OKOHT)'pHBaTb KOJIJieKTOpbl, HO ero 3cpcf>eKTHB-
HOCTb Ha116011ee .11pKO npO.llBJISleTCSI Ha CTa)l,1111 reonoropa3Be.UOl.fHblX pa60T 11 B HaqaJib-
HOH <1Ja3e 1Kcn11yarnu1111 MeCTOpoJKneH11.11. ,lln.11 ueneii reonoro-m.upo.u11HaM11l.feCKOro
MO.Uem1poaaHH.ll '.}TOT MefO.ll ManonpHMeHHM, TaK KaK, BO-nepBblX, rpaHHUbl CJJOeB He
Bcer.ua COOTBeTCTBYIOT xpoHOCTpaTHrpa<l>Hl.feCKHM rpaH11UaM H, BO-BTOpb!X, reonorn-
qecK11e cpauHH, KaK npaBHJJO, 06be.UHH.1110T a ce6e HeCKOJibKO THnos CTPYKTYP, BCJJe.u-
cTBHe qero npH ocpe.ueHeHHH neTpocpH3HteCKHX napaMeTpOB npHXO,llHTC.11 HCKJllOl.faTb
113 MO,ll,eJ111 CJJOH c caMbIMH BblCOKHMl1 H caMblMH Hl13KHMH 3Ha'IeHHSIMH npoH11uae-
MOCHI. U:eHHOCTb cf>au11anbHOro Mone1mpoBaHH.ll MOJKHO TIOBblCHTb, Bblpa3HB cpau1111
qepe3 neTpocpH3Hl.feCKHe CTPYKTYPHO-TeKCT)'pHhle xapaKTepHCTHKH, - TaK, KaK 3TO
npennaraeTcsi B rnase 2.
B Hacrn.111Uei1: rnaae Mbl noroaopHM o cTpyKTyptto-TeKcrypHOM Merone nocTpo-
em1si Mo.uen11 nnacTa-KOJJJJeKTopa. 3To MeTo.u npe,llnonaraeT BhinOJIHeHHe qeTb1pex
6a30BblX waroa: 1) nocTpoem1e 30 xpoHOcTpaT11rpa<f>11qecKoro KapKaca H KapT11po-
saH11e ceKBeHUHH H BblCOKOl.faCTOTHbIX UHKJIOB (CM. rnasy 4), 2) onpe.aeneHHe BepTH-
KaJJbHblX nocne.nosaTeJibHOcTeii CTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIX caotiCTB H cnoea cj>11nbTpa-
u1111, 3) BbIBO):I <IJopMyJibl nepecl.feTa nopHCTOCTH B npOHHuaeMOCTb .llJISI KaJK):IOro THna
cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHoti KapTHHbl, nn.11 Toro l.fT06b1 MOJKHO 6hrno .naTh oueHKY o.n-
HOMepHOMY pacnpeneneHHIO 3Hal.feHHH npott11uaeMOCTl1 11 Hal.faJJbHOH cp1110l1.llOHaCbl-
IUeHHOCTH no K3JK.UOH CKBaJKHHe, H 4) HaCblll.leHHe MeJKCKBaJKHHHOro npocTpaHCTBa
neTpo<f>HJH'IeCKHMH csoticTsaMH. B npe.ab1.uyru11x rnasax Mbl yJKe y.ne1111J111 BHHMaHHe
maraM 1 11 3 .naHHoro MeTo.na. A s noti rnase Mb! nocrnpaeMc.11 peurnTb CJIOJKHYIO
3a.aaqy no onpe.LJ.eJJeHHIO cpH1IbTpau110HHbIX CJIOeB H JanOJJHeHHIO MeJKCKB3JKHHHOro
5.2. fEOCTATHCTl1'1ECKHE METOllbl 173
npocrpaHCTBa neTpOQH13H'-IeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, H TOJlbKO nocne :noro Mb! npHcTy-
nHM K o6cy)l()].eHHIO npouenypb1 nocrpoeHH.SI Mo.uenw nnacra.
3anOJIHeHHe Me)l(CKBa>ICHHHOro npocTpaHCTBa - )TO 3a,naqa orpOMHOH BmKHO-
CTH, noTOMy '!TO CKBa)l(HHHbie .uaHHbie xapaKTepH3YIOT Mettee 0.ll.HOfO npoueHTa acero
o6beMa nnacra-KonneKTopa. ,An.SI Toro 'IT06b1 3anonHHTb nycT1>1e .Sl'leHKH Me)l(CKBa-
)J(HHHoro npocTpaHCTBa B MO,UeJIH, HaM noHa.uo6.SITC.SI reoCTaTHCTH'JeCKHe MeTO.ll.bl.
CTaTHCTH'leCKHe nattttb1e npH.UeTc11 nocTaBHTb B cTpaTwrpa<t>wqecKHe paMKH: 3TO 6y-
.ueT .ll.eTepMHHHCTH'leCKa.SI HHTepnpeTaUHH, OCHOBaHHaH Ha tte60JiblllOM o&beMe CKBa-
)l(HHHbIX .uaHHbIX, B CB1!3H c '!eM Mbl 6yneM pyKOBO.ll.CTBOBaTbC.SI reoJIOrH'leCKHMH
npHHUHOaMH H ceHCMOpa3Be.ll.O'IHblMH .uaHHblMH. OrcJO.ua cne.uyer, lfTO neTpO<l>H3H-
'!eCKHe csoiicTsa 6y.uyT CTaTHCTH'leCKH pacnpe.ueneHbI BHYTPH cTpaTwrpa<l>H'lecKoro
KapKaca c o6.SI3aTeJibHbIM y11eToM .uaHHbIX ceiicMopa3se.uKH H .n.06b111H. CTaTHCTH'ie-
CKHe MeTO.ll.bl BKJll011alOT B ce611 JIHHeHHYIO HHTepnOJIHUHIO Me)l()l.y CKBa)l(HHaMH, reo-
CTaTHCTH11eCKYIO aapHorpa<l>HIO H CTOXaCTH'!eCKOe pacnpe.ueneHHe nerpo<l>H3HlfeCKHX
o6beKTOB. fIOCKOJibKY B npe,nbI.ll.YIUHX rnasax Mb! He fOBOpHJIH 0 COBpeMeHHblX MeTO-
.uax npocTpaHCTBeHHO-CTaTHCTH11eCKOro auaJIH3a, TO CHa11ana Mbl coseprnHM KpaTKHH
3KCKypC B sapHOrpa<l>HIO, a OOTOM nOH)l.eM ):{aJibllle.
5.2. reocTaTHCTH'lec1rne MeTO.llhl
5.2.1. Bapuorpa1tma
flpo6neMa 3aKJiio11aeTc11 s cne.uyiomeM: ueo6xo):{HMO ouettHTb xapaKTep pacnpe-
nenettHH 3Ha11eHHH nopHCTOCTH, npOHHuaeMOCTH H H8'laJibHOH BO.ll.OHaCbIIUeHHOCTH
B Me)l(CKBa)J(HHHOM npocrpaHCTBe Ha OCHOBe )l.eTaJibHbIX sepTHKaJibHblX np0<lmneii
3THX napaMeTpOB HJIH HX nO)l.C11eTa no .uaHHblM r11c. PeweHHe 3TOH npo6neMbl
COCTOHT B TOM, 'IT06bI nocTpOHTb CTaTHCTHlfeCKOe pacnpeneneHHe YKa3aHHbIX na-
paMeTpOB c nOMOIUblO npocTpaHCTBeHHO-reoCTaTHCTHlfeCKOro MeTO.Ua, Ha3bIBaeMoro
aapHorpa<lrneu. )l,JIH TOfO l!T06bI CMO.ll.eJIHposaTb npocrpaHCTBeHHYIO H3MeH11HBOCTb
KaKOfO-JIH6o aTpH6yra nnacra c TOlfKH 3peHH.SI CTaTHCTHKH, B sapHorpa<l>HH npHMeH.SI-
IOTC.SI sapHOrpaMMbl. flo cyTH, sapHorpaMMa - 3TO HHCTp)'MeHT, KOTOpblH npH onpe-
.ueneHHblX ycnOBH.SIX MO)J(eT 6b!Tb HCil0Jlb30BaH .ll.JIH lfHCJieHHOfO Bbipa)l(eHH.SI npo-
CTpaHCTBeHHOH BbI,Uep)J(aHHOCTH nnacTa, KaKOBaH JIH60 .SICHO H 11eTKO 00,UTBep)l(.lJ.aeTCH
HMelOIUHMHCH .uaHHbIMH, JIH6o BblBO.lJ.HTC.SI H3 3THX )Ke .uaHHbIX nyTeM reoJIOrH'leCKOH
HHTepnpeTaUHH.
BoT lfTO roaopHTCH 06 3TOM B pa6oTe [2]. CospeMeHHaH reocTaTHCTHKa OT-
JIHt.IaeTC.SI OT KJiaCCH11eCKHX CTaTHCTHlfeCKHX MeTO.lJ.OB, npenycMaTpHBalOIUHX HaCbl-
meuwe MO.UeJIH .uaHHblMH, TeM, lfTO reoCT8THCTHKa npH3BaHa o6pa6aTbIB8Tb npo-
CTpaHCTBeHHO KOppeJrnpyeMbie )l.aHHbie, T. e. TaKHe .uaHHbie, KOTOpbie He .SIBJISllOTCSI
ueJIHKOM H IlOJIHOCTblO CJiylfaHHblMH H coce,UHHe 3Ha'leHH.SI KOTOpbIX HMelOT HeKO-
TOpoe OTHOilleHHe ):{pyr K .upyry. fIOlfTH see .uaHHbie, OTHOCSIIUHe K reOJIOrHH, .ue-
MOHCTPHPYIOT npocTpattcTBeHHYIO KoppenSIUHIO. BepO.SITHOCTb Toro, 'ITO H3MepeHHhie
3Ha'leHHSI KaKOH-JIH6o npocTpaHCTBeHHO KoppenHpyeMOH nepeMeHHOH 6JIH3KH HJIH
paBHbl no 3Ha'leHHIO, yaeJIHlfHBaeTCSI no Mepe y61>1BaHHSI paCCTOSIHHH Me)J():{y TOlfK8MH
174 fJlABA 5
H3MepeHHH. I Eme O,!l,HO OTJIH'rne reocTaTHCTHKH OT KJ13CCHlfeCKOH CT3THCTHKH 33KJIIO-
qaeTCjJ B TOM, l!TO B KJiaCCHlfeCKOH CTaTHCTHKe cpenHee 3HalfeHHe H ,!l,HCnepCHjJ jJ8JljJ-
IOTCjJ 6a30BhIMH MepaMH pacnpe,!1,eJieHHjJ, Tor.ua KaK B reocTaTHCTHKe OCHOBHhie Mepbl
pacnpe.ueneHHjJ npe.ucTasneHhI cpe.IJ.HHM 3HalfeHHeM H Kosap11au.HeH HJIH sap11orpaM-
MOH. Kosap11au11g H sap11orpaMMa - :no CTaTHCTHl!eCKHe 4>YHKUHH, npHMeHgeMhie
,!l,Jljl onHCaHHjJ npocTpaHCTBeHHOH KOppemlUHH.
B reonoro-rn.upo.uHHaMHlfeCKOM Mo.uen11posaHHH nnacrn reocTaTHCTHlfeCKHe Me-
TO.IlhI HCnOJJh3YIOTCjJ LI.JUI noCTpoeHHjJ peanHCTHlJ:HO CJJO)l(Hh!X cxeM HeO,!l,HOpO,!l,HOCTeH
nnacrn B Me)KCKBa)KHHHOM npocTpaHCTBe, KOTOpbie HrpaIOT KJlIOlfeByIO pOJJh B npo-
rH03HhlX pacY.eTax K034>4>HUHeHTa H3BJielfeHHjJ HeqnH (KHH). 3TH MeTO.Uhl TaK)Ke
npHMeHjllOTCjJ .lJ.JljJ Toro, lJ:T06hI HMeTh B03MO)KHOCTh oueHHTh BepOjJTHOCTh pa3JTH4.-
HhIX cxeM pacnpe,!1,eJJeHHjJ 3HaY.eHHH npOHHuaeMOCTH B Me:>KCKBa)KHHHOM npocTpaH-
CTBe H BhllfHCJJHTh nnaHKH norpenrnocTeH ,!l,Jl}I nporH03HpyeMhIX ypoBHeH ,!l,06hilfH
H KHH. reoCTaTHCTH'!eCKHH IlO,!l,XO.U, no cyTH CBOeH, - 3TO KOJJHlJ:eCTBeHHhIH MeTO.U
reonornlfeCKOro KapTHpOBaHHH, KOTOphlH BKJTIOlfaeT B ce6H reonornlfeCKYIO HHTepnpe-
TaUHIO B BH)le BapttorpaMM. HcnOJlh30BaHHe reocTaTHCTHlJ:eCKHX MeTO.D.OB HH B KOeM
cnyqae He OTMeHHeT Il0Tpe6HOCTH B HMeIOll{eM 60JihlllYIO ueHHOCTh cy6beKTHBHOM
KaPTHPOBaHHH, KOTopoe MO:>KeT 6hITh c.n.enaHo reonoroM. HanpoTHB, KoppeKTHOe np11-
Mettett11e reocTaTHCTHKH IlOBbllllaeT 3HalIHMOCTh HCnOJih3yeMOH ,!l,Jl}I MO.UeJIHpOBaHHjJ
reoJIOfH'IeCKOH HH4>0pMaUHH H IlOMOraeT BhI,!l,eJIHTb reonorn11eCKHe .IJ.aHHhie, HaH60-
JJee no.uxo,!],jlmHe .lJ.Jij! peweHHH KOHKpeTHOH 3a,ua'IH. TaKHM o6prooM, .IlJIH Toro Y.T06h1
onpe.ueJIHTh rpaHHU.hl npHMeHHMOCTH BapHorpaqmH, Heo6XO,!l,HMO nocTpOHTh CTpaTH-
rpa4>HY.eCKHH KapKaC H CMO,!l,en11poBaTb qmJihTpauHOHHhie CJIOH.
)J,JIH Toro lJ:T06hI npe,!1,CTaBHTh ce6e, KaK MO:>KHO paCClJ:HTaTh BapHorpaMMY no
HMeIOll{HMCH .IJ.aHHhIM, paCCMOTpHM TO'IKH Ha mrneHHOM rpacl>HKe, npe,!1,CTaBJTeHHOM
Ha pHCYHKe 5.2. B Ka)K,!l,OH TOY.Ke H3BeCTHO 3HaY.eHHe HHTepecy10meii Hae nepeMeH-
HOH Y (.l(onycTHM, '!TO Y - no npottHuaeMOCTh). B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT paccTOjJHHH,
OT,!l,em110mero O.IJ.HY napy 'IHCJIOBhIX 3Ha'leHHH OT npyroif, Ka:>K.UYIO TaKyIO napy MO:>K-
HO crpynnHpoBaTh B Knacc paccTOHHHH. Tor.ua noHBJJHeTcH B03MO)KHOCTh pacc'IHTaTh
BeJIH'IHHY (J) 3KCnepHMeHTaJihHOH Bap110rpaMMhl .D.JTH Ka)K.D,Oro KJiacca paccTOjJHHH H3
cpe.u.HeKBa.u.paTH'IHbIX pa3JTH4.HH Me)K.IJ.Y napaMH 4.HCJIOBblX 3Ha'!eHHH (CM. ypaBHeHHe
Ha p11c. 5.2).
B Tex cnylfaHx, Koma (/') pacclJ:HThIBaeTCH KaK Q>yHKUHH paccTOHHHH ,!l,JIH npo-
CTpaHCTBeHHO KOppeJTHpyeMhIX .uaHHhIX, 3HalJ:eHHH 3TOH nepeMeHHOH, KaK npaBHJIO,
cPOPMHpyIOT Kp11BYIO, IlO.Il06HyIO TOH, 4.TO H306pa)KeHa Ha pHC. 5.2. rpacPHK H3MeHe-
HHH ('y) )leMOHCTp11pyeT pocT ee 3Ha'!eHHH OT nolfTH ttynH .IlO onpe,!1,eneHHOH seJIH'IH-
HhI, a 3aTeM rpac)>HK BhinOJia:>KHBaeTCH, o6pa3ysi cerMeHT no)], Ha3BaHHeM CHJJJI. IlpH
HaJIHlJ:HH ropH30HTaJihHOro CHJIJia 3Ha'!eHHe ('y) B Ka:>K,!l,OH ero TOY.Ke paBHO .UHCnep-
CHH 3Ha11eHHH Y. <l>opMa KpHBOH Ha pHc. 5.2 rosopHT o TOM, 'ITO H3MeHttHBOCTh (oHa
I 8 npocrpaHCTBCHHOH CTaTHCTHKe y T04CK, pacnonolKeHHblX Ha tte6onbWOM paCCTOllHHH .apyr
OT .apyra, 6onee oenmm oepOllTHOCTb Toro, 4TO OHH 6ynyT aHanOfll4Hbl no JH34CHlllO, 'ICM y TO'ICK,
paCCTOllHHC MClKUY KOTOpblMH BCnHKO. CXOlKCCTb Ll3HHblX TCM 6onbWC, 'ICM MCHbWC paCCTOJIHHe MClK-
.!lY HllMH. Attanortt4HOCTb Ll3HHbtX pacc4ttTb1BaeTCJ1 no npocTpaHcTBeHHO KoppenHpyeMoH nepeMCHHOH,
KOTOpall H3JblBaeTCll KOBap11au11eil.
5.2. fEOCTATHCTHl!ECKHE METO,llbl
3oHa BJIH.llHH.11
Cmm
1
/
C<pepm1ecKa.11 MO)lem>
s (paCCTO.llHHe)
s=l
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I 2 3 4 5 G 8 9 10 II 12 13 H
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"s = 2
N(.)
21 *(s) = N ~ s ) ~ [Y(X;) - Y(X; + s)]
2
175
P11c. 5.2. CxeMaTH'IHbIH np11Mep pac4ern 3Kcnep11MeHTaJJbHOH sap11orpaMMbI B OJlHOM H3Me-
peH1111.
)l(e - .UHCnepCHH) nap 'IHCJIOBbIX 3Ha'leHHH yseJJH'IHBaeTCH c pacCTOHHHeM TOJibKO
.uo Tex nop, noKa paCCTO.ffHHe y.uaneHHH eme fl03BOJIHeT BbIHBHTb KOppeJIHUHOHHYIO
CBH3b. PaCCTOHHHe, npH KOTOpOM ( ')') nepecTaeT yeenH'IHBaTbCH Ha CKOJlbKO-HH6y)lb
3Ha'IHTenbHYIO eenH'IHHy, Ha3hIBaeTcH 30HOH BJIHHHHR
2
. Ha'laJibHa.H seJIH'IHHa ( ')') MO-
)l(eT OTnH'IaTbCH OT HynH, HO OHa MO:>KeT 6hITb JII06oif. 3TO .ffBJieHHe H3BeCTHO KaK
J<Pcl>eKT caMOPO.UKOB: '!eM Bblllie Ha'!anbHOe 3HalJeHHe, TeM xy:>Ke npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-
Koppenn1.HOHHaH CBH3b
3
.
5.2.2. YCJioeuoe MO.lleJinpoeauue
YcnOBHOe Mo.uenHpOBaHHe Il03BOnHeT BOCnpOl13Becn1, HnH HMHTHpOBaTb, HCTHH-
HYIO H3MeH'IHBOCTb napaMeTpoe cTpoeHHH MeCTopo:>K,uemrn TaKHM o6pa30M, 'IT06b1
1
Cirnn - MecTO, rne aapHorpaMMa Teope-rw.1ecKH BbipaBHHaae-rc.11 11 11neT napannenbHO octt X; Ta IOKe
H33blB3CTC.ll BbIXO.llOM aapHorpaMJ\lbl Ha nopor. - np11.11. nepe6.
2
TaKJKe Ha3bl83CTCll paJIHYCOJ\I KOppCJJllUHH HJIH paHroJ\I KOppenllUHH. - np11.11. 11epe6.
~ I - JTO CTaTHCTH'leCKall aenH'IHHa. KOTOpa11 paCC'IHTblBaCTCll Ha OCHOB3HHH KOBapH3UHII (CM. cpop-
Myny Ha pttc. 5.2). Ecm1 6nH3KO pacnonOJKCHHble TO'IKH O'ICHb 6nHJKII no JHa'!eHHIO .aaHHbIX, TO aen11-
'IHHa '')' 6yaeT O'ICHb HH3KOH, O!lHaKO OHa BCCf!la 6y!ICT HeCKOJlbKO BblWe HYJJll. no Mepe yaentt'leHHll
pacCTO.llHHll MeJKJJY TO'IK8Mlf YBCJIH'IHBaCTCll H pa3Jllf'IHe 3Ha4eHHH .aaHHblX MelK!lY HHMH. IlpH '.)TOM
3Ha4eHHe I TOJKe B03pacraeT H JlOCTttrae-r CBOero M8KCHMyMa, KOTOpbtH COOTBCTCTByeT HaHBbICUJeMy
3Ha'!eHHIO ') Ha rpa<l>HKC. 3Ha'ICHH.ll naHHbIX 6nH3KO pacnonOJKCHHblX TO'leK (Ha4aJJbHall BCJIH'IHHa ')')
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BeJIH4HHa Ha3btBaeTCll <o<P<PeKTOM CaMOpO.!lKOB.
176 fJJABA 5
CMO.UeJmpoBaHHble BeJJHlJHHbl, BO-nepBblX, H3MemIJJHCb CTOXaCTHlfeCKH Me)l(.ny TOlf-
KaMH Ha rpa<j>HKe 8 JaBHCHMOCTH OT BapHorpaMMbl H pacnpe.ueJJeHHSI .uaHHblX H, 80-
BTOpblX, YlfHTblBaJIH TOlfKH Ha rpa<j>HKe. Mo.uenHpoBaHHe o6ecnelJHBaeT TY :>Ke CTe-
neHb H3MeHlJHBOCTH H npocTpaHCTBeHHOH KOppemlUHH, lfTO H MeTOJl: BapHorpaMM,
H YlfHTbIBaeT see 3Ha'leHHSI TOlJeK Ha rpa<j>HKe. 113 COTeH peaJJH3al..l,HH ycnOBHOrO
Mo.a:enHpoBaHHSI TOJlbKO B O,IJ.HOM-.llBYX cJJyqasix, sepOSITHO, 6oJJee HJIH MeHee TO'l-
HO socnpOH3BO.LlHTCSI HCTHHHOe pacnpe.ueneHHe. 0.11.HaKO cne.nyeT HMeTb B BH.lly, no
ycJJOBHOe MO.neJJHposaHHe npHMeH.11eTCSI He .llJJSI oueHKH peaJibHOCTH, a .llJJSI C03,llaHHSI
peaJJH3aUHH, KOTOpbte 6y.nyT HMeTb TY :>Ke CTeneHb npoCTpaHCTBeHHOH H3MeHlfHBOCTH
" CJJO:>KHOCTH, lfTO 11 peanbHOCTb. OpHMep npocTpaHCTBeHHOro pacnpe.neneHHSI JHa-
(a)
24.4

19.5
< 14.6
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:::
9.8
3

4.9
(b)
24.-1
i
19.5
<
14.G
:c
9.8 :::
3

l,9
Iii
I
I
:::
::
NO. 192 CPE,llHl1H I.I Ill BAPHALUUI = 1,686
U,3 U.(i U.9 1,:.1 l,;j I.Ii 2,1 2,4 2,1 3,U 3.:1 3,(i 3,9 4.3
PACCTOllHHE (M)
NO. 90 CPE.llHHfl = BAPHAUHH = 1.406
I
I


0
0 0,3 0,6 0.9 1.2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2.4 2,7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.3
PACCTOllHHE (Ml
YCJIOBHblE 0603HAlfEHHJI
npoHHU3CMOCTb (M./l)

< 0,1
n
0,1-1,0
L_j
1,0-10,0

10,0-100,0

> 100
PHC. 5.3. npocTpattCTBCHHOe pacnpeJleJleHHe npOHHUaeMOCTH B .neyx CTOXaCTHlfCCKHX peaJJH-
331.lHllX: (a) - peaJJH33UHll npe.ncTaBJllleT OTHOCHTCJlbHO BblCOKHe npOHHuaeMOCTb H Bbl,llep-
"lK3HHOCTb; (b) - peanH33UHll npeJlCTaBJllleT OTHOCHTCJlbHO HH3KHe npoHHuaeMOCTb H Bbl,llep-
"lK3HHOCTb.
5.3. MACWTAlibl ll3MEH411ROCTll H OCPEllHEHHblE CBoncTBA 177
lfeHHH npmmuaeMOCTH B .ll.BYX CTOX3CTH'IeCKHX peanmaum1x HJ pa60Tbl [2] MO)l(HO
yBH.ilCTb Ha pHc. 5.3. PeanHJaum1 (a) npc.ncrnsnJICT CToxacrn4ecKoe pacnpe.neneHHC
OTHOCHTeJibHO BbICOKHX JHal.feHHH npo1rnuaeMOCTH H BbJJlep)l(aHHOCTH KOJIJieKTopos,
a peaJIHJ3UHJI (b) - cpaBHHTeJibHO HHJKYJO npOHHuaeMOCTb 11 Bbl.ll.Cp)l(aHHOCTb.
5.3. MacwTaObl HJMeH'IHBOCTH n ocpeJlHeHHble ceoiicTea
0TJIHlfHTCJlbHOH lfepTOH Kap6oHaTHblX KOJIJICKTOpOB JIBnJleTCJI HeBepOJITHblH
paJ6poc TOlfCK Ha rpacpHKe BJ3HM033BHCHMOCTH npOHHuaeMOCTH H nopHCTOCTH
(pHc. 5.4, a). Mb1 ycrnHOBHJIH HCKOTOpb1e npHlfHHbI raKoro pa36poca ,naHHbJX, KO-
r.na pa3pa6arb1BaJJH Hawy KnaccHcl>HKaUHJO CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbIX csoiicrs. J],nJ1
HCKasepHOBblX Kap6oHaTOB paJ6poc TOlfCK MO)l(HO yMeHbWHTb nyrei\I HX rpynnH-
posaHHSI B neTpocl>HJHlfeCKHe KnaCCbl c HCnOJib30BaHHeM .naHHblX 0 rpanynoMeTpH-
lfeCKOM cocrase H coprnposaHnocrH qacrnu (pHc. 5.4. b). B rnase 4 Mbl noKa3a-
;1H, lfTO CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypnhte csoiicTBa H nerpocl>HJHlfeCKHe Knaccht HJsecTHJIKOB
yKnanbtBaJOTCSI s npencKaJyeMyJO cxeMy, o6ycnosneHHYJO npoueccaMH oca.nKOHaKOn-
JICHHSI H oco6eHHOCTSIMH ce.n11MeHTau11onHoro nannacrnsaHHJI (p11c. 5.4, c). TeM He
MeHee, BHYTPH K3)1(llOro cTpyKTypHo-reKcrypHoro HJIH nerpo<f>HJHlfecKoro Knacca Ha-
6n10.aaercJ1 JHalfHTeJibHaSI H3MeHlfHBOCTb nerpocl>HJHlfeCKHX CBOHCTB. )lnSI Toro 4TU-
6bt paJo6paTbCSI s xapaKTepe npocTpa11cTseHnoro pacnpe.ueneHHJI JTHX cBOHCTB, Mbl
BOCnOJibJyeMCJI .uaHHblMH aHaJJHJa KepHa ,ll.nSI H3Y'leHHSI eeprHK3JlbHOH HJMeHlfHBOCTH
11 om1caHHSIMH o6Ha)l(eHHH ropHblX nopo.n - MS! noHHMaHHSI narepanbHOH H3MCH-
4HBOCTH.
Cymecrey10r .aaHHbie o npocrpa11crneHHOM pacnpe.u.eneHHH BeJIHlfHH nopHCTO-
CTH H npoH11uaeMOCTH B CTPYKTYPHO-TCKcrypnb1x ct>auHJIX, nonylfeHHbie nyreM WHpo-
KOMacwrn611oro HJMepeHHJI npmrnuaeMOCTH Kap6mtaTHbIX o6Ha)l(eHHH [ 1 O]. 8blxo.n
cpopMaUHH CaH-AH.npec B Jioiiep-KaHbOHC (Ycryn AJI,ll.)l(CpHTa B ropax rea.nanyne,
wraT Hb10-MeKCHKO, CWA) - o.nno HJ caMbIX .neraJibHO 11JylfeHHh1x o6Ha)l(eHHH Kap-
6oHaTHbIX nopo.n B MHpe c TOlfKH 3pCHHSI npOHHuaeMOCTH cnara1omHx 3TO 0611a)l(CllHC
c)>auHH [5, 9, 10, 19]. 11MeeTCH OKOJIO 5 TblCSllf 3aMcpos, nOJIY'ICHHblX c HCnOJibJOBa-
HHCM npOMblCJIOBOro MCXaHH'leCKOro ncpMHMCTpa (CTMCT), H I 200 UHJIHH.llPHlfCCKHX
o6pa3UOB KCpHa, Ha KOTOpblX 6blJIH nonylfCHbl 3HalfeHHSI nopHCTOCTH H npOHHl..(a-
CMOCTH. CTpOHHUaCMOCTb H3MepJ1J1aCb B Macwrn6e OT CaHTHMeTpOB .llO MCTpOB TIO
eepTHKaJibHblM H ropH30HTaJJbHblM TpaHCCKTaM (pa3pe3aM) H rpH.naM (cerKaM).
0JJ.HH HJ HMCIOlUHXCSI Ha6opos .uaHHblX xapaKTep1nyer ct>auHH )lOJIOrpeiiHCTO-
YHOB B UHKJie 1. AnanHJ JTHX .naHHblX noKaJhIBaeT, 4TO Macwra6 HJMeHlfHBOCTH
HaXO)lHTCSI B JaBHCHMOCTH OT paCCTOSIHHSI MCIK,ny TOlfKaMH OT6opa npo6. CTpOHHUaC-
MOCTb H3MepSIJiaCb 4Cpe3 KaJKJ].blH MeTp B BCpTHKaJibHbIX Tpaeepcax, pacnoJIOJKCHHblX
Ha paCCTOSIHHH 15-45 MCTpOB B.LlOJlb ropH30HTaJlbHOH mtHHH ,ll.nHHOH 790 MCTpOB
(pHC. 5.5, a), 4Cpe3 KaJK.[lblC 30 CaHTHMeTpOB no BCprHKaJlbHblM TpasepcaM, pacno-
JIO)l(CHHblM c waroM 1,5 MCTpa B.UOJib ropH30HTaJibHOH JIHHHH ,ll.nHHOH 12 MeTpoe
(pHC. 5.5, b), H qepe3 K3JK)lblC 30 CM 110 CCTKC 6 x 4. 5 M (pHC. 5.5. c). )lJIJI K3)1(,.rJ.0-
ro cnylfaSI cTpOHJJHCb KapTbJ paeHbIX npoHHuacMOCTCH. CpaeHHTCJibHbJH auaJIHJ JTHX
178
(a)
1000
100
'-'
e
10
0
:ll
Q)
"' :f
10
:s:
:z:
8.
c::
0,1
fJIABA 5
. .
. ' . .1.
.. .... ,
... t -'..
.... .. ........ ).f. ' \' )
. 1:-::. "'
.. . ::).: ... ... !' .. .
. .,. ... ; ........ :-r,'J.
..... .11.,. .,,\:
... .
.......... !31 ./ .
" )I eH: t I
. .. : .. , . .. .
. . .. ... . .
.. ..
0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,40
MeXC'laCTH'rnlUI nopHCTOCTh (.rtOJIH e.n.)
(b)
(c)
100
'-'

10

:s: 10
:z:
8.
c:: 0,1 ................. _ ........
0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,40
D
D
MeXC'laCTH'IHaJI nopHCTOCTb (.nonH e.rt.)
<l>aUHH npHJIHBHO-
OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl
<l>aUHH rpeHHCTOyHa
D
<l>aUHH npeHMymecTBCHHO
JepHHCTOro naKCTOyHa
OpeHMYIUCCTBeHHO
rJIHHHCTble ct>aUHH
PHc. 5.4. J.hMeH'IHBOCTb nopHCTOCTH H npoHHuaeMOCTH B Kap6oHaTHblX nopo.nax: {a) -
rpa<j>HK JaBHCHMOCTH nopHCTOCTh-npOHHUaeMOCTb, Ha KOTOpOM xopowo BH.ll.eH '1pe3Bbl-
lfaHHO 60JibWOH pa36poc JHalfCHHH napaMeTpOB, lfTO xapaKTepHO .IJJUI Kap6oHaTHblX
KOJIJieKTOpoe; (b) - npOHJBe,lleHa CHCTeMaTHJaUHJI TOlfeK no ne'l"pO<j>HJHlfeCKHM KJiaccaM
Ha OCHOBe .rtaHHblX 0 CTpYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHblX CBOHCTBaX H MeXC'laCTHlfHOH nopHCTOCTH;
(c) - nocTpoeHo CHCTeMaTH<1ecKoe npocTpaHCTBeHHoe pacnpe,lleneuHe CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcryp-
HblX <j>aUHH BHyTpH BblCOKO'laCTOTHOH ceKBeHUHH.
3
(b) M
6
3
5.3. MACWTAlibl M3MEHlJHBOCTM M OCPE!IHEHHblE CBOHCTBA 179
MACWTA6 H3MEHl!HBOCTH 3HAl!EHHH nPOHHL\AEMOCTH
KPOBJUI CAH-AH)J.PEC, JIOHEP-KAHbOH
B&ICOKO'laCTOTHblH UHKII I
150 300 450 600 750 M
Pa3pe3 AZ. mar CCTKH 1,5 M (c) M P83pe3 AZ, war ceTKH 0.3 M
4.5
3.0
L5
283 287 290 293 M
0
0 1.5 3,0 4,5 6.0 M
npoHHUaCMOCTb no rHC (M.[{)
< -1 - 0,5-0
- 1 - -0,5 0-0,5
. 0.5-1
1-1,.5
1,5-2
. >2
PHc. 5.5. Pacnpe.ueneHHe 1Ha
1
1eHHH npoHHUaeMOCTH B umUJe I (rpeHHCTOyH) B Tpex
Macwra6ax. (a) Macwra6 6 x 760 MeTpoo; HHTCpean HJMepeHHH 30 caHTHMCTPOB
no sepTHKaJJbHblM TpaHceKTaM; paCCTOllHHC MeJKD.y TpaHCeKTaMH = 15-45 MeTpOB.
(b) Macwrn6 5 x 10 MeTpos; HHTepsaJJ H3MepeHHH 30 cM no eepTHKaJlbHblM TPa11ceKTaM;
paccTOllHHe MC)f(.!lY Tpa11ceKTaMH 1,5 M. (c) Macwrn6 4 x G M; HHTepeaJJ 1nMepeHHH 30 caH-
THMeTpoe no eepTHKaJJbllblM TpaHCCKTaM; paCCTOllHHe MeJKD.y TpaHCeKTaMH 30 CM.
Tpex KapT noKaJbtBaeT, "!TO HJMepeHHbte JHal.feHHJI npOHHuaeMOCTH MOryr OTJJHttaTbCJI
.npyr OT npyra Ha HeCKOJlbKO nopHJJ.KOB H "!TO Macwrn6 HJMeHttHBOCTH CBJIJaH c nJJOT-
HOCTblO TOl.feK oT6opa npo6. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B npenenax o.nuoii H TOH )Ke cpau1111
3Hal.feHHJI npOHHuaeMOCTH Moryr OTJIHl.faTbCJI .npyr OT .npyra Ha HeCKOJlbKO nopH.nKOB
npH H3MeHeHHH llHCKpeTHOCTH HJMepeHHH OT MeTpOB .no caHTHMeTpOB. 3TOT BblBO.n
no.nTBep)l{.llaeTCH pe3yJJbTaTaMH, nonyl.feHHbIMH [7].
Hae oco6eHHO HHTepecyIOT .llaHHbie, nonyl.feHHbie H3 ropH30HTaJJbHbIX TPaH-
ceKTos, OOTOMY "!TO TaKHe .llaHHble HeJlb3JI nonyl.fHTb B eepTHKrutbHblX CKBa)l{HHax.
Ha pHc. 5.6 npe.ncrneneHbI pe3ynbTaTbI JaMepos, nonylJeHHbIX c HcnonbJOBaHHeM
nMn. Hcxo.nHblM MaTepHaJIOM .llJIJI pacl.feTOB npOHHuaeMOCTH rpeHHCTOYH
H3 UHKna I (CM. BbIWe), a TaK)l{e HJ LlHKJJOB 2 H 9. 6onbwe ecero nopa)l{aeT Bbtco-
KaH creneHb H3MeHl.fHBOCTH noKaJaHHH: uenbIX TpH nopll.nKa! Ha Kaprnx HJOJJHHHH
npOHHI.taeMOCTH, npe.llCTaBJJeHHblX Ha pHC. 5.5, BH.!lHO, "!TO HJMeHttHBOCTb JHalJeHHH
'.3Toro napaMeTpa Hp4e ocero npoHBJIHeTCH TaM, r.ue TOl.fKH JaMepoo OTCTOHT Ha 30 caH-
THMeTpoo .npyr OT .npyra. 0.nHaKO B 30-MeTpOBOM Macwrn6e H3MeHllllBOCTb npOSIBJIJI-
180 fJJABA 5
eTC11 np11 60JibWeH 30He BJll111Hl111. CTonyqaeTC11, lfTO B nJiaCTe, CJIO)f(eHHOM <t>aUH11MH
O)lHOro 11 Toro )l(e THna, np11cyTCTBYJOT )lBa Macwrn6a H3MeH'JHBOCTl1 - c KOpOT-
KHM H c .!{JIHHHbIM pa.ri:11ycoM 30HbI BJ11111Hl111, H np11 3TOM B Ka)f()lOM H3 Macuna6os
113MeH'Jl1BOCTb pa3JJH'laeTC11 Ha HeCKOJibKO nop11)lKOB.

0 60 120 180 240 300 0
MecTO OT6opa npo6b1 (M)
H2a

.
"'' -..
.. ::
H9
.
:
15 30 45 60 75 90
MecTO oT6opa npo6b1 (M)
H2b
'
. ..
.. :: . . . ..

52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 0
MecTO oT6opa npo6b1 (M)
15 30 45 60 75
MecTO oT6opa npo6b1 (M)
PHc. 5.6. Hcxo,nHbIC ,l(aHHbie (TO'IKH) 11 .naHHbie nocne Q>11JJbTpau1111 Ha rop1130HTaJJhHhJX TpaH-
ccKTax npoHmiaeMocrn s Jloiiep-KaHbOHe. HI OTHOCHTC)) K UHKJJY I, H9 - K QHKJJY 9, H2a
H H2b - K UHKJJY 2. Bee TpaHCCKThI npose.n:eHbI 'Iepe3 cno11 rpeiiHCTOYHOB.
3T11 .ri:aHHbJe 6burn no.aseprnyrh1 secbMa cKpynyne3HOMY aHamny [5, 9, 10, 19].
Pe3yJihTaTbr aHa.ril13a sap11orpaMM, BbinOJIHettttoro .LJ:)f(eHHHHrcoM He3a.aonro .no sbr-
xo.ri:a HaCT011IUeH KHl1fl1, MO)l(HO YBH)leTb Ha p11c. 5.7. 0'1eBl1)lHO, lfTO B 30He BJIHjf-
HH11 )lO 6 M KOppen11u110HHa11 CB113b cna6a11. 113MeHlfHBOCTb npH 60JJbllJeH 30He BJJH-
jfffl111 npe)lcTaeT B Bl1)le Tpex KOJJe6aH11H BapuorpaMMbl c nep110)lH'IHOCTbJO 42 M.
CTpHlfHHa 3TOH nep11o)l11tmocr11 tte11cHa, Ho s3al1MOCB113b nop11cTOCT11 11 npott11ua-
eMOCTH, Bb111sn11eMa11 no .ri:attHbIM amw113a KepHa 113 U.HKJia I, no3son11eT npe)lno-
JJO)l(l1Tb, 'ITO B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH yKa3aHHa11 nep110)lH'IHOCTb 11BJl11eTC11 CJie)lCTBHeM
nop11cTocT11. OT 50 .uo 87 % )lHcnepc1111 np11xo)l11Tc11 Ha TO'IK11 rpa<t>11Ka, cocpe,uoTo-
l!eHHbie s npe.uenax 30Hb1 s111111H1111 c KopoTKl1M pa.u11ycoM. TaKu.11 06pmo.11, 6 npeoe-
Rax oiJHotl u moil ,J/Ce cmpyKmyp110-meKcmypuotl </Jaz1w1 11p0Hutfae11ocmb U3.\leHRemcR
Ha lleCK0111>KO nopROK06 npu .7lo6oi1 dUCKpemHOC11lll l/3.ltepeHUll (6yob mo .llempbl U.nt
ca111mwempb1), a HU3KaR npocmpaHcmeeHHaR Koppe7RlfUR pe1y.7bmamo6 U3.llepeHutl
Haeoo1m1 Ha .llb1c .. 1n o 1110.11. '11110 .llbl i1.11ee.11 1aKm1Hoe npa6o ycpe0Httn1b :Jmu oaHHbte
o.7R t{ewii .11oiJe'1upo6amm.
5.3. MACWTA6bl l13MEH4HBOCTl1 H OCPE.llHEHHblE CBOHCTBA 181
~
0.5
'-'
(a) (b)
0
bO
..9
0,4
"'
:::.;
~
"'
0,3
e-
0
:s:
Q..
0.2
"' =
>.
3
0,1
c
30 60 90 120 150 180 30 60 90 120 150 180
Paccrn.11HHe y.na.rreHH.11 (M) PaccTO.llHHe y,nanettmi (M)
(d)
....
0,3 3 30 0,3 3 30
PacCTo.llHHe y.na.rreHH.11 (M) PaccTO.llHHe y.na.rreHH.11 (M)
P11c. 5.7. Hcxo,nub1e .l{aHHbie (TO'IKH) H CMO.l{e;111posaHttb1e ,naHHbie (Kp11eb1e) Ha ropH30HTanb-
HbIX nonysap11orpaMMax npoumi:aeMOCTH B Jloiiep-KauboHe. HI OTHOCHTC.11 K UHKny I, H9 -
K UHKJJY 9, H2a H H2b - K UHKJJY 2. fpalf>11K11 (a) H (b) cocrnsneHbl B .neKapToeoi1 (npHMO-
yronbHoi1) CHCTeMe KOOpJlHHaT, a rpacj>HKH (c) H (d) - B norapmpMH'ICCKHX KOOpJlHHaTax
BnHHHHe pa3JiffllHbIX cxeM pacnpe.n.eJieHHSI HJMeH'lHBOCTH ua peJyJihTaTbI Mo.n.e-
JIHpoBattHsi 6hIJIH npoBepeHbl ')KCnepHMeHTaJlbHO nyTeM nocTpOeHHSI MO.!leJIH rpeHH-
CTOYHOBOH cllaa.HH [ 19]. CpaaHeHHe KOJcllcl>HU.HeHTOB HJBJietieHHSI YB, nonytieHtthIX
c HcnoJihJOBattHeM npocTpattcrneuuo-pacnpe.11.eneHHOH CTPYKTYPhI npouHu.aeMOCTH
H paCC'lHTaHHhIX c nOMOll.{hlO e,!IJIHH'IHOH ycpe.11.HeHHOH BeJIH'lHHhl, noKaJaJIO, 'ITO
Me)K.11.y HHMH npaKTH'leCKH HeT pa3HHU.hl. Mo.11.enHpoBaHHe npou.eccoB cllHJibTpau.HH
Ha u.mrne I [IO] .nano noXO)KHe peJyJihTaTbI H noKa3aJio, 'ITO yBeJIH'leHHe pa3Mepa
JOHbI BJIHHHHJI He OTpa)KaeTcsi Ha BeJIH'lHHe Kl1H. 0.11.HaKo H3ytieHne CTpYKTYPhI npo-
HHu.aeMOCTH B U.HKJie 2 noJBOJIHJIO c.11.enaTb BbIBO.U o TOM, 'ITO CTPYKTypa np0Hnuae-
Mocn1 B KOM6irnaa.HH c cllopMaMH HanJiaCTOBamrn B HHTepaane 3aJieraHHSI rpeHHCTO-
yua MO)KeT CTaTb npH'IHHOH 6onee 6bICTporo HaCTynneHH.11 MOMeHTa npOpbIBa BO.Ubl
B CKBa)KHHY H CHH)KeHHSI Kl1H (pHC. 5.8).
B U.HKJie 2 o6Ha)KeHHSI rpei1HcToyHoB 6bmH JaKaprnpoBaHbI CJIOH TpHHa.nu.aTH
pa3JIH'IHblX cllopM (puc. 5.9). 3Hal.feHHSI npoHHu.aeMOCTH 6bJJIH 3aMepeHbl no Ka)K,[(OMY
CJIOIO, a IlOTOM ycpe.uueHhl. flo '.HMM 3Hal.feHHSIM 6hIJIH nOCTpOeHbl JI.Be rH.11.PO.ll.HHaMH-
182
1,0
-

=
0,8 = tQ
!l! Q.
o ~
Q.:.:
:s: :s:
:ii o:t
0,6 Q. :c
~ :s:
- Ill:
:39
s tQ
0,4
~
>. =
Q.U
:s: ::r
!ii s
~ : . :
0,2
..,
u
Cl.
0
0
fnABA 5
06e CTJ>YKTYPLI
0,5
CTpyKTYPa c 6oni.woii
30HOH BnHJIHHJI
CTJ>YKTYPa c Manoii
30HOH BnHJIHH.11
1 1,5
Tiopoeoe npoCTpaHCTBO, 3anonHeHHOe
HH)l(CKTHpOBaHHblM 4'nlOH.llOM
2
PHc. 5.8. KoHueHTpauHH HHllHKaropa, pacc'IHTaHHble Jl.Jl.11 nnomcutHLIX (20) Mo.nenei1 UHKJJa I
(floi1ep-KaHLOH). OlfeBHJlHO, lfTO eeJIHlfHHa KOJlf>!f>HUHeHTa HJ&nelfeHHJI <t>moHJlOB npaKTHlfe-
CKH He 38BHCHT OT pa3Mepa 30Hbl BnHJIHH.11.
(a)
M
Jt----r---.-----
0 6 i2 ISM
(b)
E::{ 1 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
"
- 1000
100
"

:s:
= 0
10
Q.
c: O, l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13
HoMep cno.11
0 2
,nec.11THlfHLIH norapH<l>M
npOHHuaeMOCTH
PHc. 5.9. Mo.nenH npoHHuaeMocrn Jln.11 c110J1 rpeiiHcToyHoe e floiiep-KaHLOHe (UHKJJ 2). (a)
KpynH0MacwTa6HaJ1 H3MeHlfHBOCTL npom1uaeMOCTH e 3aeHCHMOCTH OT <t>opMbl cnoee. (b)
B3aHMOCBJl3L npoHHuaeMocTH H lf>opMbl cnoee rpei1Hcroyaoe.
5.3. MACWTAl>bl 113MEH411BOCTl1 11 OCPE.llHEHHblE CBOHCTBA 183
'ICCKHC MO.llCJIH, 0)1.Ha H3 KOTOpblX COJJ.ep:>Kana TOJlbKO MCJIKOMacwTa6HyJO H3MCH'IH-
BOCTb, a .npyraJI - H MCJIKOMaCwTa6HyJO H3MCH'IHBOCTb, H 3Ha'ICHHJI npOHHuaeMOCTH
nnsr Ka:>Knoro cnosr. Cy.llSI no pe3yJibTaTaM MeJIKOMacwn6Hasr H3MeH-
'IHBOCTb OKaJblBaeT rop33.ll0 MCHbWHH 3<l><l>eKT Ha npo.nBH:>KCHHC <l>POHTa 3aBO.llHCHHJI,
'ICM OllHOpo.nHasr npOHHuaeMOCTb, a BOT CTpYKTYPa npOHHQaeMOCTH nnacn cepbe3HO
OTpa:>KaeTCJI Ha npO.llBH:>KCHHH <l>POHTa 33BO)l.HCHHJI (pHC. 5.10).
(b)
M
0 0.5
KoHUCffTP8UH
HHllHKaTOpa
j
PHC. 5.10. CMo.uenHpoeaHHble K0t1uempaUHH HH.UHKaropa (MetteHoH )KH.llKOCTH) wu1 UHKJta 2
(Jloiiep-KaHbOH) npH 3anonHeHHH nopoeoro o6neMa Ha 50%. (a) 83aHMOCBR3b llCO.llHOp0,1\-
HOCTH c MaJJOH .!lHCKpeTHOCTblO (Macwrn6oM) H3MCpCHHH H <f>opMOH cnoee; O'ICBH.llHO, 'ITO
11eo.u11opo)111ocTh e 6onhmoi1 crcnc11H KOHTponHpyeTc.R qiopMoH cno.11. (b) Heo.llHOpo.uHocTb
e JaBHCHMOCTH ronhKO OT <t>opMbl cno.11. (c) Heo.u11opo.uHocTb e JaBHCHMOCTH TonhKO OT Mcn-
KOMacwTa611oii H3MeH'IHBOCTH; O'ICBH)lHO, 'ITO MCnKOM3ClUTa6HaR HCO,llHOpO.!lHOCTb OK33bl8a-
eT t1eJ11attHTenh11oe B03.llCHCTBHe Ha npO.llBH)Ket111e <f>poHTa )KH.!lKOCTH. (d) Hco.llHOpO.!lHOCTh
:ncyTCTByeT.
lfJ :noro cne.nyCT, 'ITO MCJIKOM3ClllTa6HaJI H3MCH'IHBOCTb, BO MHOroM 06ycJIOBJ1H-
TOT pa36poc .naHHblX, KOTOpblH Mbl OTMC'laJJH Ha Kpocc-nJIOTC nOpHCTOCTb-
rJpOHHUaCMOCTb, npaKTH'ICCKH HC no.IU{aCTCSI npoCTpaHCTBCHHOH KOppeJIJll..lHH H He
)Ka3hIBaCT nottnl HHKaKoro BJlH.JIHHSI Ha JKCnnyaTal..lHOHHble xapaKTepHCTHKH nopo.l(bl-
KOJIJICKTOpa. A BOT KpynHOMacwrn6HaJI H3MCH'IHBOCTb, KOTOp3'1, B03MO:>KHO, OTBe-
13CT TOJlbKO 33 20 % p336poca 3H3'1CHHH npomtQaCMOCTH, MO:>KCT OK333Tb BCCbMa
1aMeTHOe BOJ.llCHCTBHe Ha noBe.neHHe nnacrn B xo.ne JKcnnyaTal..lHH. 3aJJ.atta co-
:TOHT B TOM, 'IT06bI BbUIBHTb Te 20 % }laHHbJX 0 npoHHl..laCMOCTH KaKoro-JIH6o
;TPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHoro HJIH neTpo<l>H3H'ICCKOro KJiacca, KOTOpblC 6y.nYT HMCTb JIB-
iYJO npocTpaHCTBCHHO-KOppeJIJll..lHOHHYIO CBJl3b.
PeJyJibTaTbl CKBa:>KHHHblX HCCJICllOBaHHH CBH)l.CTCJlbCTBYJOT 0 TOM, 'ITO H3MCH-
IHBOCTb nopHCTOCTH H npoHHl..l3CMOCTH nopo.n B pa3pe3aX CKBa:>KHH B MaCWTa6e
184 fJIABA 5
OT caHntMeTpOB )lO MeTpOB TaK :>Ke BeJUIKa, KaK H B o6Ha:>KeHH.llX. l13MeH'IHBOCTh
npoHHuaeMOCTH 6bma H3yl.JeHa Ha KepHe H3 na'IKH CeMftHOn CBHThI CaH-AH.upec,
npoH:neHHOH CKBa:>KHHOH 2505 B OKpyre reiiHC (rIITaT Texac, CWA). )].JI.ii '.}TOH ueJIH
6bIJIH OT06paHbl )lBetta.nuaTb o6pa3UOB KepHa c O)lHOpO)lHOH CTpynypoH: H H3BeCT-
HhlMH 3Hal.JeHHHMH npOHHuaeMOCTH, onpe.ueJieHHhIMH no IlOJIHOpa3MepHOMY KepHy.
B aHaJIH3e yqacTBOBaJIH o6pa3UbI .nonorpeH:HcToytta, npeHMyru.ecTBeHHO rnHHHCToro
.1l.OJionaKCTOyHa H .uonosaKCToyHa. Ha nosepxHOCTH pacnHna Ka:>K,noro H3 .useHa.uuaTH
nOJIHOpa3MepHbIX KepHOB pa3MepOM 18 X 9 CM C nOMOW.hlO IlMil ,neJiaJIHCh JaMe-
pbI npOHHUaeMOCTH no CeTKe 2, 5 x 2, 5 CM (pHC. 5.11 ). 3aTeM H3 nOJIHopa3MepHbIX
KepHOB BhinHJIHBaJIOCh no TpH UHJIHHJlPHl.JeCKHX o6pa3ua, Ha KOTOpbIX nOTOM onpe-
.uemurn nopHCTOCTh H npOHHUaeMOCTb. 3aTeM C IlOMOIUblO IlMil C Ka:>K)lOro TOpua
Ka)l()J.oro UHJIHHti:pHKa KepHa 6panH 3aMepbl npOHHuaeMOCTH.
H3MepeHHH
803.LlYlllHhIM
MHHH-
nepMHMeTpOM
l13MepeHHJI
Ha nOJJHOpa3MepHOM
KepHe
H3MepeHHH
PHC. 5.11. )J.eTaJibHOe HCCJJC.l(OBaHHe npOHHUaeMOCTH Ha 06pa31..1ax Kepua 113 CKBa:>KHHhl 2505
(MecTOpo:>K.nettHe CeMHHOJI, CBHTa Cau-Au.z:ipec).
PeJyJibTaTbI conocTasneHH.ll noJiy'leHHhIX JaMepos npoHHuaeMOCTH c senH'-IHHa-
MH npOHHUaeMOCTH no IlOJIHOpa3MepHOMY KepHy npe.UCTaBJieHbl Ha pHC. 5.12, 5.13
H 5.14. IlpH 3aMepax no 2,5 caHTHMeTpOBOH CeTKe (T. e. Ha Ka:>K)lOM o6pa3Ue Keptta)
npoHHuaeMOCTb MettHeTc.s1 Ha 0,5-2 nopH.UKa (p11c. 5.15). H11 cpe.D.HereoMeTPH':leCKHe,
HH cpenHeapmpMeTH'-!eCKHe 3Ha'-!eHHH npOHHUaeMOCTH He cornacy!OTC.ll c ee 3Ha'leHH-
.llMH, onpe,D.eJJeHHblMH Ha IlOJIHOpa3MepHblX KepHax. IlpaBHJlbHee 6yneT CKa3aTb, 'ITO
npOHHUaeMOCTb no nOJIHopa3MepHOMY KepHy B 50 % cnyqaeB COOTBeTCTByeT cpe.uHe-
reoMeTpH'leCKOMy 3Ha'lettHIO npoHHuaeMOCTH no u1mHH,npuqecKHM o6pa31.la:M H eru.e
B 50 % cnyicrnes - cpentteapmpMeTH'-!ecKoMy 3Hal.JeHHIO. Mo:>KHO npe.unono:>KHTb B CB.ii-
1000
~ 100
.._,
t
0
:;!
~
::f
:s:
&. 10
c:
1
5.3. MACWTAfibl H3MEHqHBOCTH VI OCPE)lHEHHblE CBOACTBA 185
I
(n = 21)
t
Ke pH
IIMTI
I
I
I
I I I
I
I
1557 MeTpOB -- 3oHa amurnu.11, KepH, IIMII

Cpe.nHeapmpMern11ecKoe
<>
Cpe.nHereoMe-rpu11ecKoe
K 3aMep1>1 Ha Topuax, IIMII
+ 3aMepbl Ha UHJIHH.llpH'leC-
KHX 06pa:n.1ax
):<
!::::,. 3aMep no DOJIHO-
:k
~
pa3MepHOM)' KepffY
t

....
I
!::::,.
l
*
L{HJJHH.llpH'ICCKHC
I I I
Topui.1
UHJJHHAPH'ICCKHX
KepHoe IIMII
o6pll3ULI
I I I
IlonHO-
p33MCpHblH
KCpH
Puc. 5.12. ,UeTaJibHoe uccne.AOBaHue npoHuuaeMocrn Ha 06pa3ue KepHa, no,AH.llTOT'O c rny6u-
Hbl I 557 MeTpOB H3 CKBa)((HHhI 2505 (MecTop0)((.11.eHue CeMnHoJI, CBHTa CaH-AH.Apec). 011e-
BH.llHO, '-!TO DOKa3aTeJib H3MeH'-IHBOCTH paaeH 10.
10
(n = 18)
-

1
-
~
.._,
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u
>
0
,;
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0,1
0
0.
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nMn
0,Ql I
I
1567 MeTpOB
i
t
!::::,.
~
-- 3oHa BJIH.11Hu.11, KepH, IIMII
I
!

Cpe.nHeapn$MeTH'IecKoe
:
<>
Cpe,D.HereoMe-rpu11ecKoe
~
i
+
-><-- 3aMep1>1 Ha ropuax, IIMII
*
+- 3aMepb1 Ha uumrn.npu11ec-
Knx o6paJuax
!::::,.
3aMep no DOJIHO-
pa3MepHOMY KepHy
L{unuu.apu<1ecKue
I I
Topui.1
uunHHAPH'-ICCKHX
KepHOB TIMTI
06pa3ui.1
I I
IlonHO-
pa3MCpHLIH
KCpH
I
Puc. 5.13. ,Uernni.Hoe uccne.uoeaHue npoHuuaeMocrn Ha 06pa3ue KepHa, no.!(H.llTOro c my6u-
HLI 1567 MeTpoa H3 CKBa)KHHbJ 2 505 (MeCTopo)K.llettue CeMHHOJI, csurn CaH-AH.npec). 0'-le-
BH.UHO, '-!TO DOKa3aTeJib H3MCH'-IHBOCTH paseH 100.
186
100
I
(n = 25)
,-...
-

10
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0
(,)
0
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KepH
IIMII
0,1 I
fJIABA 5
I I I I I I J.
1576 MeYpOB
-- 3oHa BJIH.llHH.11, KepH, TIMTI

Cpe.D.Heapn<i>MeTH'lecKOe
<>
Cpe.D.HereoMerpnqecKoe
).(
-X-- 3aMepbt Ha ropuax, TIMTI
--+- 3aMepb1 Ha l.{HJIHHJlPH'leCKHX

t
o6pa3uax
!

/:::,. 3aMep no no1mopa3MepH0My
KepHy
*
i
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+
UHJnrn.npn'leCKHe
I I I
Top Ubl
UHflHH.!lpH'ICCKHX
KepttOB nMn
o6pa3Ubl
I I I
IJonHO-
pa3MepHblH
Ke pH
Pnc. 5.14. ,Uera.rrbHOe nccne.D.OBaHne npoun11aeMOCTH Ha 06pa3ue KepHa, no.D.H.llTOro c rny6n-
Hbt 1576 MeYpOB H3 CKBa)l(HHbt 2505 (MecropmK.D.eHne CeMnH011, csnTa Can-Att.D.pec). Qqe-
BH.D.HO, 'ITO noKa3aTe11b H3MeH'IHBOCTH paseH 50.
e Cpe,D.HeapH<i>MeTH'lecKoe
() Cpe,D.HereoMeTpH1.1ecKoe
I 3oHa B11H.llHH.ll
10
1
/'

0,1 1 10 100 1000
TipoHHl.{aeMOCTb (n01IHOpa3MepHbIH KepH)
PHc. 5.15. CsOJlHbIH rpa<j>HK no pe3y11bTaTaM .D.eTanbHOro nccne.D.osattn.11 npoHnuaeMOCTH
Ha 12 06pa3uax KepHa H3 CKBa)l(HHbI 2505 (MecropO)l(.D,ettHe CeMHHOJI, CBHTa CaH-AH.D.pec).
l13MeH'IHBOCTb B npe.D.enax 0.D.HOrO o6pa31.{a COOTBeTCTByeT 1-2 nop.11.D,KaM (T. e. noKa3aTeJib H3-
MeH'IHBOCTH paseH 10-100). TipHHHMa.11 npOHHitaeMOCTb no n011Hopa3MepHOMY Keptty 3a HC-
THHHYIO npOHHl.{aeMOCTb, nony'laeM, 'ITO HH cpe.uHereoMeTpH'leCKOe, HH cpe.n.Heapn<j>MeTH'le-
CKOe 3Ha'leHHe npOHHl.{aeMOCTH He COOTBeTCTByeT ee HCTHHHOMY cpe.D.HeMy 3Ha'leHHIO.
5.3. MAC WT Alibi H3MEHYHBOCTl1 H OCPE}lHEHHblE CBOHCTBA I 87
3H c 3THM, 'ITO npH TaKOH .LUICKpeTHOCTH H3MepeHHH CaMOH nO}lXO)JJII.UeH BeJIH'IHHOH
.u.m1 nocTpoeHH.SI Mo,n.eJIH 6y,n.cr cpe.u.ttee Me)IC.IJ.Y cpe.n.ttereoMeTpH11ecKHM H cpe.ntte-
apH<f>MeTH11ecKHM 3Ha11eHH.SIMH.
B npoTHBOnOJIO)ICHOCTh ropH30HTaJihHhIM sapHorpaMMaM, Ha KOTOphIX He Ha-
6n10.nanocb xoporneii npocTpaHCTBeHHOH KoppenHpyeMOCTH ,UaHHhIX, BepTHKaJihHJ>le
aapHorpaMMhl, nocrpoeHHbie no IlOKa3aHH.SIM KapoTa)!Ca nopHCTOCTH B
KaK npaBHJIO, .neMOHCTpHpyIOT HaJIH'IHe xopoweH: npocTpaHCTBeHHO-KOppeJI.SIUHOHHOH
CB.Sl3H (pHc. 5 .16). BapHorpaMMa Ha pHc. 5 .16 .neMOHCTpupyeT MaJieHhKHH 3<f><f>eKT
caMopo.nKOB " xoporno Bhipa)!CeHHYIO 30HY enmrnm1 pa3MepoM 3 MeTpa. KaK npaeu-
JIO, pa3Mep 30Hbl BJIH.SIHH.SI aHaJIOrH'leH o6meii TOJIIUHHe CTpyKTypHbIX <f>aUHH, xapaK-
TepHCTHKH KOTOphIX 6bIJIH onpe.u.eneHhI no Kepuy. Cne.11.osaTeJihHO, MhI 61:.IJIH npaBhI,
Kor.11.a yTBep)IC,UaJIH, 'ITO CTpyKT)'pHble <f>auHH .SIBJI.SllOTC.SI TeM neTpo<f>H3H'leCKHM 3Jie-
MeHTOM, KOTOpbIH B nepsyIO 011epeJJ.b Heo6XO,UHMO H,IJ.eHTHcPHllHPOBaTb B Kap6oHaTHOM
nJiaCTe, nOCKOJibKY 6e3 HHX HeJib3.SI noCTpOHTh peaJIHCTH'IHYIO MO,UeJib KOJIJieKTopa.
BeprnKaJibHall eapHorpaMMa
0,8
u
0,7 :::::
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0 6 12 18 24 30
PaccTOllHHe (M)
PHc. 5. I 6. BepTHKa.JlbHall eapHorpaMMa no CKBa)!(HHe 2505 (Mecrnpo)!(.neHHe CeMHHOJI, CBHTa
Catt-AH.llpec), noKa3b1ea10maJ1 xopornyio npoc'TpaHCTBeHHYIO xoppenllUHIO a 30He BJIHJIHHJI .no
3M.
0TcyTcTBHe npocTpaHCTBeHHOH KOppemu.{HH Me)IC.u.y neTpo<f>113w11ecKHMH ceoH:-
CTBaMH B npe.u.enax O,IJ.HOro H Toro )l(e nJiaCTa 3aCTaBJI.sieT COMHeBaTbC.SI B Ha)J.e)l(HOCTH
paC'leTOB nopHCTOCTH TIO fHC. fJiaBHhIH H3'MIH 3TOfO MeTO)J.a COCTOHT B .u.onymeHHH,
'ITO nerpo<f>H3H'leCKHe H3MepeHH.SI HMelOT npocTpaHCTBeHHOe Bbipa)!CeHHe, a Be)J.b 3TO
He TaK. CymecrnyeT scero HeCKOJihKO KoppenHpyeMhIX reonorn11ecKHX aTpH6YTOB,
188 fJIABA 5
a nopHCTOCTb HeJlb3JI HCnOJ1b30BaTb )l.llJI KOppeJJJIUHH 6c3 ycTaHOBJJeHHJI yctoHIH-
BOH e1awM01aewcHMOCTH Me)l(JlY nopHCTOCTblO H JTHMH aTpw6yTaMH. 3ToT BbIBO.ll
no.nrnep)l()laCTC.!I npocl>HJJ.!IMH npo1muaeMOCTH, KOTOpble 6bUIH nocTpOCHbl no sepTH-
KaJlbHblM TpaeepcaM, npoee.neHllblM qepe3 o6Ha)l(CHHC rpeHHCTOYHOB (pHC. 5.17, a).
06bll{H0 ClfHTaCTCJI, l{TO BCJYfHKaJlbHaJI H3MCHl{H80CTb no Ka)l()lOMY npocf>HJJIO non-
)laCTCJI KOppeJJJIUHH MC)l(Jty npo<j>HJJ.!IMH, npHIeM JtJljl TaKOH KoppeJJJIUHJI Heo6xo.uH-
MO npHMCHJ!Tb TCXHHKY pacno1HaBaHHJ1 xapaKTepHblX Ha6opoe CTPYKTYP H npaBH-
no ropH30HTaJibHOCTH. B pe3yJibTaTe nony4aeTc.si cnoHcrn.si Mo.nenb npoHHitaeMo-
CTH (pHc. 5.17, b). OmiaKo B .uaHHOM cnylfae Mbl HMeeM .ueno c Bb1xo.noM nopo.u
Ha .llHCBHYIO noeepXHOCTb, ll03TOMY y Hae CCTb B03MO)l(HOCTb co6paTb no.upo6Hble
JlaHHblC 0 npoHHuaeMOCTH MC)l(JlY BC)YfHKaJlbHblMH npocjlHJJJIMH H y6e.nHTbC.!I B TOM,
lfTO npoHHuaeMOCTb H3MeH.sieTc.si ue nocnoHHO, a nocKyTHO (TaKYIO CTPYKTYPY npo-
CTpaHCTBa npoHHuaeMocrn Ha3blBaIOT CTPYKTYPOH rnna 6bll{HH rna1) (pHc. 5.17, b).
Koppe11J1uHH no.1UJ.a10Tc.si TOJJbKO cpauHH rpeHHCToyHa H eaKcToyHa, HO K 3HalfeHHHM
npOHHuaeMOCTH JTO ue OTHOCHTCJI.
S.4. MoJleJJHposauHe KOJJJJeKTopcKHX csoiicTB pupe1a Jloiiep-Kaubou
MeTOJlOM auaJJOfHH
5.4.1. BeeJlenue
Mo.uenb rniacrn .llOJJ)l(Ha peanHCTHl{HO oTo6pa)l(aTb TpexMepHoe pacnpeJJ.eJ1e1me
llCTpO<j>H3HICCKHX napaMC1'pOB. no 061UCMY MHCHHIO, nJJ.!I llOJ1y1CHH.!I pacnpeJJ.CJIC-
HHH Heo6XO.UHMOro KalfCCTBa c a ~ m e 60JJbUJOe 3Ha4CHHe HMCIOT BblCOKHe H HH3KHe
3H34CHHJI npoHHUaCMOCTH. Ec11H Bb1coKonpo1muaeMble cnoH onpe.lleJJ.siIOT cKopocTb
npO.UBH)l(CHH.!I cj>poHTa 3aKal{HBaCMOH BO)lbl H xapaKTep He oxeaqeHHblX 3aBO.UHCHHCM
UCJIHKOB He<f>TH, TO HH3KOnpOHHuaeMblC CJJOH topM03JIT H npe.noTBpamaioT MC)l(llJia-
CTOBble nepetoKH Q>moH)la. Pe1y11bTaTb1 H3Y4CHH.si o6Ha)l(eHHH no3BOJIJllOT cTpOHTb 60-
11ee peanHCTH4HblC MO.UCJIH KOJlJleKTopa. TaK KaK .UCTaJlbHOe OllHCaHHC BblXOJlU nnacrn
Ha .UHCBHYIO noeepxHOCTb o6ecne4HBaeT B03MO)l(HOCTb BblnOJJHCHH.!I .ueyx- H Tpex-
MepHblX reonornqecKHX H ne-rpo<f>H3H4CCKHX nocTpoeHHH B OTJIHlfHC OT O.UHOMCpHblX
noCTpOCHHH, KOTOpblC TOJlbKO H MO)l(HO C03.UaTb, eCJJH OCHOBblBaTbCJI JIHlllb Ha CKBa-
)l(HllHblX .uauHblX. l13y4eHHC Bb1xo.ua nopo.u B paifoHe JloHep-KauboHa ua Ycryne A11-
Jl)l(CpHrn B ropax rea.na11yne (unaT Hbio-MeKCHKO, CWA) C03.UaCT B03MO)l(HOCTH .UJI.!I
nocTpoe1m.si reonoro-rn.upo.uHHaMHl{CCKOH MO.UCJ111 nnacrn Kap6oHaTHoro paMna H .u11.si
HCCJICllOBaHH.!I 803.llCHCTBHJI, KOTopoe OKa3blBalOT pa3J1H4HblC fCOJIOfHl{CCKHe <fiaKTO-
pbl Ha nporHOJHblC OUCHKH JKcnnyaTaUHOHHblX xapaKTepHCTHK nnacrn.
5.4.2. Co1uauue MOtteJJH
0611a)l(CHHe KOJIJICKTOpa B Jloifep-KaHbOHe npe.UCTaBJl.!leT co6oii noeepXHOCTHblH
BblXOll TOJllUH ropHblX nopo.u, o6pa30BaHHOH J:\CB.!ITblO MCJJCIOlUHMH BBepx CC.UHMCH-
TaUHOHHblMH UHKJiaMH (pHC. 5.18). 3To THllHl{Hble MCJICIOlUHC BBepx llOJlllPHJIHBHble
UHKJlbl, KOTOpblC BBepx no pa3pe1y llOCTCllCHHO H3MCHJllOTC.!I OT 6aJaJlbHblX )lOJJO-
5.4. MO.llEJIHPOBAHHE KOJlJlEKTOPCKHX CBOtlCTB PAJPEJA JlOHEP-KAHbOH 189
(a) BepTHKaJJbHble npo<f>HJJH npoHHuaeMOCTH
AZ-1 AZ-3 AZ-5 AZ-6
6
:a
t
3
)J.011orpci1HCTOy11
:!!
0
)J.OJTOBaKCTOYH
0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
IlOK333HHJI fJ1C (npOHHU3CMOCTb, MJl)
(b) KoppeJJJ1UHJ1 nomeMHblX reonornqecKHX pa.3pC30B
AZ - 1 AZ - 3 AZ - 5 AZ - 6
34
:a
t 37
::E
40
0
MeTpbl
(c) <l>aKTH'fCCKaJI
CTPYKTYPa
npOHHuaeMOCTH
AZ-7
0 2
AZ- 7
MeTpbl
J13MCH'fHBOCTb
npOHHuaeMOCTH
e npe.nenax
HHTepBaJia
<f>HJlbTP3UHH
284 287 290 293 MeTpbl
.llHana30Hbl npOHHuaeMOCTH (M.ll)
D > 10 M.ll
D 5-10 M)l
1-5 M)l
0,5-1 M)l
PHc. 5.17. 803.aeHCTBllC CHJJbHOH H3MCH'fHBOCTH H OTCYTCTBHJI npocTpaHCTBCHHOH KOppeJJJl-
UllH Ha Bb16op KoppeJJJIUHOHHblX MCTOllOB. (a} 6JJH3KO pacnOJJQ)KCHHblC ecpntKaJlbHblC npo-
<l>HJJH npOHHUaCMOCTH, nocTpOCHHblC no 1aMCpHblM pa3pe3aM tepc3 BblXO.!lbl OTJIO)l(CHHH,
H CTPYKTYPHO-TeKczypHall cno11cTOCTb. (b) KoppcJJllUHll 3HalfCHHH npoH11uaeMOCTH Ha ocHoee
cnoHcrnii MO.UCJJH e conocrnBJJemrn c <f>aKTWfCCKOH CTPYKTYPOH npoH11uacMOCTH: OlfCBH.'J.HO.
'fTO MaKCHMaJJbHbte JHatfeHHll npoH11uaeMOCTH o6pa3yJOT cKopee He CJJOH>>. a CTPYKTYPY THna
6btlfHH rnaJ.
M3JJ.CTOYHOB JJ.O JJ.OJIOB3KCTOYHOB H )J.OJIOnaKCTOYHOB H 3asepllla10TCH KOCOCJIOHCTblMH
JJ.OJIOrpettHCTOYH3MH B KpoeeJibHOH 'laCTH TOJllUH. 3TH llHKJlbl MeCTaMH nepeKpblTbl
cJ>e11ecTpOBblMH cJ>auHHMH, Ha.JIH'rne KOTOpblX HHTepnperHpyeTCH KaK CBHJJ.eTeJibCTBO
o6MeJieHHH H CMeHbl o6CTaHOBKH OC3JJ.KOH3KOnJieHHH JJ.O Me:lKnplrnHBHblX ycJIOBHH.
190 fJJABA 5
Xon 3Ta ceKaeH1uu1 He acer.aa npe.u.crneneHa B nonHOM o6'heMe, yeem11-1eHne pa3-
Mepa 3epeH H CTeneHH HX COpTHpoaaHHOCTH BBepx no pa3pe3y o6b!t:fHO OTMerneTCJI
B mo60M H3 yKa3aHHblX UHKnOB.
Ceeep KapcroBlUI
2

D
OnOTHbie M3,!J.CTOYHbl-
eaKCTOYHb1
8aKCToy11b1-naKCTOYHb1
c napannenbHOii / <1>na3ep11oii
CJJOHCTOCTblO H BCpTHK3nLHblMH
XOA3MH HJJOCllOB
41Kl 800 cj>yr
I I I'; '1 1'
I()() 200 M
D
!Or
Oo11.n110-neno11.n11ble
H 6HOKJ13CTH'ICCKHe nenOHJl.Hble
rpeiiHCTOYHbl
cJ>ettecrpoeo-cno11cTbie
UCJJOHJl.HblC BaKCTOyHLl-
naKCTOYHbl
PHc. 5.18. CTpoe1111e BblCOKO'laCTOTHOro umcna e Jloiicp-KaHbOH Ha Ycryne An.!l)Kep11Ta [ 11 ].
Kpoem1 UHKJIOB I n 2 o6pa3oBaHbI .uonorpeuttcTOyHaMH. B no.aowee UHKna I Ja-
neraJOT Bbl.llCp:>!<aHHblC no npOCTHpaHHHIO MaJJ.CTOYHbl, a B no.uowae UHKJla 2 - npe-
pblBHCTbie MaJIOMOIUHble .llOJlOMaJJ,CTOYHbl. B JlHTOJIOrHt:feCKOM COCTaBe UHKJlOB 3-6
Ha !Ore OKHa nnaCTa npeo6na)lalOT npeHMyIUeCTBCHHO JepHHCTblC .u.ononaKCTOYHbl,
a Ha cceepe - .nonoaaKcTOYHbI. B JO)l(HOH qacTH OKHa nnacrn UHKJI 3 oCJlO)l(HJ1eTCJ1
He60JlbWOH Jll1H30H OOHJJ.HblX nonorpeHHCTOYHOB, a UHKJlbl 4-6 nOJJHOCTblO JlHWeHbl
JlOJlOrpeHHCTOYHOBblX Q>au11u. Cy.nJI no HMCIOIUHMCJI J].aHHblM, B KpOBJie HCKOTOpblX
UHKJTOB 3aJieralOT HCBblJlep)l(aHHble OTJlO)l(CHHJI c Q>eHCCTpOBOH (OKOHt:faTOH) CJlOHCTO-
CTblO, a B HX nO)lOWBC npepblBHCTblC nJlOTHblC, HenpoH11uaeMblC
nonoMa.ncrnyttbI. U11KJT 7 yeeHt:faH .nonorpeuHcrnyttaMH. 3ToT UHKJl pa3HTCJlbHO OT-
JJHt:faeTCJI OT npyrnx TeM, t:fTO ero nopOBO-KaBepHOBaJI nopHCTOCTb BO MHOfOM o6y-
CJlOBJleHa cnenKOBblMH nopaMH (11JoJmpoBaHHb1M11 noJJOCTJIMH). UnKJl 8 npeJJ.CTaBJlett
MaJlOMOLUHblMH npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblMH .nononaKCTOyHaMH (HJTH rpeHHCTOy-
HaMH) CO CJlCnKOBOH nopHCTOCTblO. CTat:fKa JlOJlOrpCHHCTOYHOB, 3aJieraJOLUaJI B KpOBJIC
UHKJla 9, HMCCT TOJllUHHY OT 0 JlO 3 MeTpOB B ceeepHOH qacTH o6Ha)l(CHHJI, JJ.OCTHraeT
12 MCTpOB B ero JO)l(HOH t:faCTH H o6pb1BaeTCJI TaM )l(C Ha !Ore o6naCTH H3yt:feHHJI.
5.4. MO.llEJIHPOBAHHE KOJIJIEKTOPCKHX CBOHCTB PA3PE3A JIOt'IEP-KAHbOH 191
Beeb H3yttaeMblH cTpaTHrpa<t>w1ecKHH HHTepean .110110MHTH3HpoeaH - B03MO)l(-
HO, BCJIC.LlCTBHe npocalfH83HHJI rHnepcoJieHblX MOpCKHX BO.II H3 3aJJeralOll.lHX BblWC
OlJJO)l(eHHH npHJIHBHO-OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl HJIH 3BanopHTOB. OpeHMyll.leCTBeHHO rJIH-
HHCTblC JIOJIOMHTbl npe.nCTaBneHbl TOHKOKpHCTaJJJIHlfeCKHMH .llOJIOMHTaMH nCTpoq>H-
3HlfeCKOfO KJ13CCa 3 HJIH cpe,LlHCKpHCTaJIJIHlfeCKHMH pa3HOCTJIMH. 00CKOJibKY ,!J.OJIOMH-
TH33UHJI HMCJia MeCTO BCKope nocJIC ceJIHMeHT3UHH, ynnOTHeHHJI H ueMeHT3UHH oca.n-
KOB 8 ycJIOBHJIX He6oJibWOH rny6HHbl norpy)l(eHHJI, CTpyKTypbl OCa,llKOHaKOnJICHHJI
npoJ1BJ1J110T OTJJHlfHYIO cornacoeaHHOCTb co CTPYKTyPHO-TeKCl)'pHbIMH oco6eHHOCTJ1-
MH. CnenKOBaJI nopHCTOCTb, xapaKTepHa.11 Jl)IJI UHKJia 7, J1BJIJ1eTcJ1 npHMepoM npouec-
cos ceJICKTHBHOfO Bblll.leJialfHB3HHJI, KOTOpblC CBJl3bl83IOTCJI c JIHH33MH npeCHOH BOl{bl,
s pJ1ne MeCT B npenenax JToro ce.n11MeHTaUHOHHOro UHKJia [8].
Bbl.lleJieHO mlTb THnOB <}>aUHH, KOTOpble BXO.IVIT B JIHTOJIOrHlfeCKHH COCTaB
ecex BbJCOKOlfaCTOTHblX UHKJIOB: 1) nonorpeHHCTOYHbl, 2) CJierJKOBbJe .110110rpeHH-
CTOYHbl, 3) cpe.nHeKpHCTaJIJlHttecKHe npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTb1e .nononaKCTOYHLJ,
4) TOHKOKpHCTaJJJIHlfCCHKC npeHMYll.lCCTBeHHO rnHHHCTble nononaKCTOYHbJ/BaKCTOYHbl
H 5) nJJOTHble TOHKOpHCTaJIJJHlfeCKHe .llOJIOB3KCTOYHbl/Ma.LlCTOYHbl. Oo K3)1(Jl0MY 111
yKaJaHHblX rnnoe <}>aUHH (CTpyKTyp) 6bJJIH nonytteHbJ 3HatteHHJI nopHCTOCTH H npo
HHuaeMOCTH no KepHy. Ha rpa<}>HKC B3aHMo3aBHCHMOCTH MC)l(lfaCTHlfHOH nop11CToc1 , 1
H npOHHUaeMOCTH (B KOTOpblH He BKJllOlfCHbl .!l3HHblC no .!lOJlOrpCHHCTOyHaM co cnen-
KOBOH nopHCTOCTblO) BHJl.HO, lfTO BbJJIBJJeHHbIC CTPYKTYPbl o6pa3ylOT xapaKTepttb1e
cTpyKl)'pHo-ne-rpo<}>H3HtteCKHe nonJ1 (pHc. 5.19, a). Kpocc-nnoT o6meH nopHCTOCTH
H npOHHU3CMOCTH, onpe.neneHHblX Ha 06pa3uax H3 <}>aUHH rpeHHCTOyHa co cnenKOBOH
nopHCTOCTblO, noKa3blBaeT, lfTO )lJlJI 3T0f0 THna <}>aUHH xapaKTepHO .neneHHC Ha rpyn-
rlbl no BeJJHlfHHe cnenKOBOH nopl-tCTOCTH (p1-tc. 5.19, b).
(a)
.............. ........ >-+<--+<
0,01 0,1
nopHCTOCTb
1,0
(b)
O,l.,.__ ....... _,._.._.'-+-< .......
0,04 0,1 0,4
nopHCTOCTb
PHc. 5.19. B1aHMOCBll'Jb nopHCTOCTH H npoHHU3CMOCTH llJlll (a) - HeKaecpHOJHbtX H (b) -
JlJ)ll H30J1HpOB311HO-K3BepHOBOH (cnenKOBOH) nopHCTOCTH. <I>opMyJlbl ncpec"ICT3 nopHCTOCTH
B npOHHU3CMOCTb BblBO.ll.HJlHCb JlJ)j! K3)1{,UOro BH.!l3 HeKaeepHOJHO-nopHCTblX <f>auHH. TaKOH
<f>opMyJJbl .!1)111 rpeHHCTOYHOB co cricnKOBOH nopHCTOCTblO HC BblBOllHJIH, HO ee MO)l{HO pac-
C"IHT3Tb, npc.aeapHTCJlbHO Bbl4TH CJJCllKOBYJO nopHCTOCTb HJ o6meii nopHCTOCTH.
C noMOll.lblO CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHoro MCTo.na ynanocb noCTpOHTb rn.nponHHa-
MHttecKy10 MOJlCJlb yttaCTKa nnacTa, BCKpblTOfO B paHOllC Jloifep-KaHbOH. 06o6meH-
192 fJJABA 5
HaSI cxeMa 3TOH Monenu npencraeneHa Ha pHc. 5.20. CTpyK"rypHo-TeKCT)'pHble <l>auHH
6blJlH 3aKapTHpoeaHbl B npe.uenax Ka)l(,UOro UHKJia, a 3Ha'ICHH.!I nopHCTOCTH H npOHH-
uaeMOCTH JlJJ" Ka)l(.uoro rnna cJ>auuii ycpeJlHSIJJHCb no <l>opMyJJe cpe.nHero apH<l>Mern-
'lecKoro )lJISI nopHCTOCTH H cpe.nHero reoMerpH'ICCKOro JlJJSI npOHHuaeMOCTH. 3Ha'le-
HHSI BO.D.OHaCbllUCHHOCTH, HCnOJlb30BaHHble B ")TOH MO.llCJJH, 6blJlH 83S!Tbl H3 THnOBblX
3aBHCHMOCTeH ke-nopHCTOCTb-BblCOTa nJJacrn Ha.Q KOHTaKTOM Jl]]SI COOTBCTCTBYIO-
meii CTPYl\fYPHO-TeKcrypHoii cJ>au1rn (06 JTHX 1aeucHMOCTS1X Mbl roeopHnH e rna-
ee 2). l<n!O'ICBblMH '.}JlCMCHTaMH MO.UCJJH SIBJJSllOTC.!I BblCOKOnpOHHuaeMble rpeHHCTOy-
Hbl H3 UHKJJOB l, 2 H 9, HH3KOnpmmuaeMblC HCBbl!lCp)l(aHHblC Ma.UCTOYHbl B no.uowee
6oJJblllHHCTBa UHKJJOB H BblCOKonopHCTble, HO HH3KOnpOHHuaeMblC rpeHHCTOYHbl co
cnenKOBOH nopHCTOCTblO H3 UHKJia 7.

()t()
D
rn
u IUOO 2000 <!>yr

rpeHHCTOYH (I0-100 M,lJ,)
ltf 3om1pOBaHHOKaeepHOBblH
rpeHHCTOYH (I-JO M.ll.)
300
IlpeHMYlUCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblH
naKCTOYH ( 1-10 M,lJ,)

600
IlpeHMYIUCCTBCHHO rnHHHCTblH
naKcroyH/BaKCTOYH ( < I 0 M,lJ,)
HenpottHuaeMblH Ma.QCTOYH
c <J>ettecrpOBblMH <j>aUH.!IMH B KpoBJJe
HoMep UHKJia
P11c. 5.20. npocTpaHCTBCHHOe pacnpe.ueJJCHHe cpe.nttelt npoHHU3CMOCTH B npc.nenax o6ttmKe-
HIUI Jloltep-KattbOH. 3tta
1
1ettm1 npo1111uaeMoCTH ycpe.unettbl e npe.uenax Ka)l(.Uoro cTpyKTypno-
TCKcrypnoro cp1tJJbTpaUHOHHOro CJJOSI (HHTepsaIIa) [ 17].
5.4.3. CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHble CJJOH ciHJJbTpauuu
B npe.uenax eeprHKaJJbHbIX nocne.uoeareJJbHOCTCH CTPYl\fYPHO-reKcTypHblX <j>a-
u11ii (OT npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO rJJHHHCTblX .no npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblX), c<1>op-
MHpoeaern1tXCSI euyrpH Ka)l(.uoro ce.u1tMCHTOJJorn
1
1ecKoro UHKJia, MO)KHO pa3JJH-
lfHTb CTPYl\fYPHO-TeKcTypHble cno1t. KOTOpb1e Moryr 6btTb Bb1.nep)l(aHHblMH HJJH
He Bbl!lep)KaHHblMH no npoCTHpaHHIO. 3r1t CJlOlt 06paJy10r npHHUHnHaJJbHYIO oc-
HOBY ncrpocl>1tJ1t'leCKOH Mo.ueim, npe.ucrnMeHHOH Ha p1tc. 5.20. Hx Ha3b1Bat0r
crpyKTypHo-reKcrypHblMH <j>1tJJbTpau1to11HblMH CJIO.!IMH (mm HHTepeanal\m). PaccMoT-
pHM crpoeHHe TaKOro <l>HJJbrpauHoHHoro HHTcpeaJJa Ha npHMepe UHKJJa I (puc. 5.21 ).
5.4. MO)lEJH1POBAIH1E KOJIJIEKTOPCKl1X CBOiiCTB PA3PE"3A JlofiEP-KAHbOH 193
KaK yKa3bt8a.rtOCb 8btllle, 3Ha-'leHHst npoHHuaeMOCTH 8 cnoe rpeiincToyHo8, KOTOpb1e
3a11era10T 8 Kp08Jle H3ylfaeMoro HaMH UHKna, OTJIHttalOTCSI CHJlbHOH H3MeH4H80CTblO
u cna6oii npocTpaHCT8eHHOH KoppemtpyeMOCTblO. Mb1 He pacnonaracM npaKTHlfeCKH
HHKaKHMH JJ,aHHblMH 0 npOHHUaCMOCTH HH:>KeJJe)KaIUcro cnost 8aKCTOYH08, HO, cy)lst
no HMCIOUlHMCSI .naHHblM, OHa TaK)Ke OlJCHb HCflOCTOSIHHa, Il03TOMY Mbl MO)KeM .ao-
nycTHTb, '!TO H 3)leCb Mbl He HaH.UCM xopoilleH npocTpaHCT8CHHO-KoppeJJS1UHOHHOH
C8Sl3H Me)K.uy ee 3HattCHHSIMH. Kpocc-nnoT Ha pHC. 5.20 OTpa)KaCT HMCHHO JTY TO'IKY
3pCHHst. CrnTHCTH'leCKHc .naHHblC o Jl8YX THnax CTpyKryp, o KOTOpblX Mbl ceiittac 8e-
.llCM pc4b, C8H.!leTeJJbCTBytoT, lfTO OHH 8CCbMa cymecrneHHO pa3JJH4alOTCSI no cpC.llHHM
3Ha'ICHHSIM nopHCTOCTH H npOHHuaeMOCTH H J.lOJDKHbl IlOJTOMY paccMaT)JH8aTbCSI 8 Ka-
4CCT8e OT.llCJlbHblX HHTCp8a.rt08. 0TCIO.rta CJICJJ.yeT. lfTO Mbl MO)KCM Oll111b c111pyKm)pllO-
meKcm_1p110.\/y qm.1&111pai111oww.uy u11mepea.1y 111<1Koe onpeoe7em1e: 31110 - - na'IKa ,,op-
111>1x nopoo, oj1J1 Komopoit xapaKmepua KOllKpemmm cmpyKmJpa u H npeiJewx K01110-
pmi pacnpeoeiemte 11empo</n1311'1ecK11x 11apa.\/empo6 6.m1Ko K c.1y'lazi110.uy [ 17]. TaKoe
onpeJieneHHe cpHnbTpauHOHHoro mncpsana pacillHpstcT 6onee paHHee onpene.1JenHe,
c.ncnaHHOe B [6]: 8 yKa3aHHOH pa6oTe no.n qmnbTpaUHOHHblMH HHTCp8anaMH llOHH-
MalOTCSI xopowo pa3JIH'IHMble THilbl nopon, KOTOpbte no C8011M neTp0$113HttecKmf
xapaKTepHCTHKaM .UOCTaTOlfHO tteTKO OTJIH'lalOTCSI OT COCC}lHHX JIHTOJIOrHtteCKHX
nneKC08.
5.4.4. 3KcnepHMeHT8JlbHOe MOlleJJHpOB8HHe npoueccoB clJHJibTp8UHH
JKCnepHMeHTbl no MonenHp08aHHIO cj>HJibTpauHH nnaCT08blX $Jll011.!l08 c HC-
nOJ1b308aHHeM reonoro-rnJJ.pOllHHaMH'ICCKOH MO.!leJlH nnacTa, H3y'leHHOro 8 paHOHe
Jloiiep-KaHbOHa, npo80)ll1J111Cb c O]\HOH uenblO: npo8epHTb 4Y8CT811TeJJbHOCTb npo-
rH03HblX 3KCnnyaTaUHOHHblX xapaKTepHCTHK nnacrn K KOHKpeTHblM reonOrnlfeCKHM
ycno8HHM 11 pe)KHMaM .ao6bt'IH. PeJyJJbTaTbt 3THX JKcncpHMCHT08 npencrn8nCHbt
Ha pHC. 5.22. J.13 .U8YX noKa3aHHblX Ha pHCYHKC MO.LJ,e.IJeH npOHHltaeMOCTH onHa no-
CTpOCHa Ha pC3YJlbTaTaX HCCJ1e)lo8aHHSI o6Ha)KCHHSI nopo.u, a ltpyraH npe)lCTaBJHICT
co6oi1 npocTylO CJlOHCTYIO Monenb, KOTOpaH Sl8J1SICTCSI pC3YJJbTaTOM HHTepnonstUHH
reOJIOrH'leCKHX H ncTpocpH311llCCKHX ItaHHblX Me)Kny .!l8YMSI KpaHMH o6Ha)KeHHSI, H3y-
'ICHHOro 8 Jloiiep-KaHbOHc. KoJcj>cj>11u11cHT lf38J1C'temtH HeQ>TH, nonyttcHHbtH Ha CJ10-
HCTOH MOiteJtH. COCTaBJIHeT nottTJi 50 %, a 8 MOllCJIH o6Ha)KCHHSI OH OKa3anCst ropa3,!l0
HH)KC - 35 % (pHC. 5.23, a) . .llnst TOro 'IT06bt H3Y4HTb 803lleHCT8HC ycJI08HH no6bl-
ljH Ha no8eiteHHe nnacrn. MOllCJlb o6Ha)KCHHH rtO)l8cprnacb 1a80llHeHHIO c pa3Hbtx
Hanpa8JICHHH. 0Ka3anOCb, '!TO npH npOll8H)KCHHH cj>poHTa 3a80)1HCHHSI CJJC8a Hanpa-
80 KOJcj>cj>11u11eHT ueQ>TeOTitattH .llOCTHraCT 44 %, a npH npO.U8H)KeHHl1 cnpa8a HaJJC-
80 - TOJlbKO 35 % (pttc. 5.23, b). Bo3MO)KHO, -.no pa3JJH'IHe o6bstCHHeTCH paccTost-
HHeM Me)K)ly .uo6bt8a10mdi CK8a)KHHOH 11 rpaHHUCH pa38HTHSI 8blCOKonpOHHuaeMblX
rpCHHCTOYH08 8 UHKJIC 9. Oo MCpC npO.!l8H)KeH11st 3aKa'IH8aeMOH 80.!lbl cnpasa HaJIC-
80 HattHHalOT npostBJJSITbCSI nepCTOKH MC)K.UY iKH,!lKOCTb ycTpCMJISICTCSI H3
UHKJJa 9 8 UHKJJ 7 Ha rpaHHUe pa3BHTHSI 8blCOKOnpommaeMblX rpeHHCTOYHOB UHKJ13 9
npHMCpHO 8 210 M OT .uo6b1Ba10IUCH CKBa)KlfHbl (pHC. 5.22, d). B CJtyttae npO..U8H)l(e-
HHSI cj>pOHTa 3a80llHCHHSI CJICBa uanpaoo pacCTOSIHHe Me)K.uy rpaHHUCH nnacrn rpeHH-
194 r11ABA 5
(a)
,AeTanH30BaHHbte xapa1crepHble CXCMbl npOHHuaeMOCTH
MeTpbl
6
0
0

150

300
450 600 750 MeTpbt
D D D
< 0.1 0,1-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-5 5-10 10-50 50-100 > 100
(b)
CTpyK1)'pHo-TeKcrypttb1e
qmnhTpaUHOHHble cnoH
Ll.Hana30Hbl npOHHuaeMOCTH (M)J.)
CTpyK1)'pHo-TeKcryp1tb1e
qmnbTpaUHOHHblC HHTepeanbl
5 10 30
Me)f('laCTH'!Ha.11
nopHCTOCTb (%)
BblCOK0'13CTOTHblH
UHKn
fpeiiHCTOYH
BaKCTOYH
PHc. 5.21. Xapa1crepHCT1tKa cTpyKTyp110-TcKcryp11oro qmnbTpaUHOHHoro cno.11 11a npMMcpc
UHKna I. (a) noncpC'!HbIH pa3pC3, Ha KOTOpOM xopowo BH.llHO, '!TO 3Ha'!CllH.ll npOH1fUaCJ'.IO-
cn1 8 npc.nenax rpeiiHCTOYHOBOH WanKH UHK.na Kpaii11e H3MCH'!H8bl H nO'!TH HC no.n.nalOTC.11
npocTpa11cTBCHHOH Koppcn.llUHH. (b) B UHKJIC I H!lCHTH<!>JIUHPYIOTC.11 ,uea
cno.11. Kpocc-nnoT noKa3blBaeT, '!TO .ilJl.11 0601tx qmnbTpaUHOHHbtX cnoee xapa1crepett THnH'l-
Hblii pa36poc 3Ha'!CllHH neTpO<!>H3H'!CCKHX napaMCTpOB, 110 CTaTHCTH'!CCKH ')TH napaMeTpbl
y Ka)f(.noro H3 cnoce pa3Hbie.
CTOYHOB COCTaBm!JlO npHMepHO 30 MeTpOB H HHKaKHX Me)l(nJJaCTOBblX nepeTOKOB He
Ha6mO}laJ10Cb (pHC. 5.22, c).
Ba)l(HO OTMeTHTb, 'ITO OCTalOll{aSICSI B nnaCTe HecpTb KOHUCHTpHpyeTCSI B rpeHH-
CTOYHOBblX cpaUHSIX UHKJ1a 7 c HX cnenKOBOH (MOJ1,UHKOBOH) nopHCTOCTblO H, eepo-
SITHO, MO)l(CT 6b!Tb .no6b1Ta ropH30HTaJ1bHblMH CKBa)l(HHaMH. Bee rpeHHCTOYHbl 06-
Jia,Ua!OT CaMbIMH BblCOKHMH 3Hal.feHH.llMH Hal.faJibHOH HCcpTeHaCbIIlleHHOCTH, O,UH8KO
U.HKJI 7 OTJ1HlfaeTCSI 01.feHb HH3KOH npOHHU.aeMOCTb!O, TaK KaK ero nopoeoe npocTpaH-
CTBO, B OCHOBHOM, o6pa3088HO pe1111KTaMH BbIJlleJIOl.feHHblX 3epeH, a He MC)l(l.faCTH'l-
HblMH (Me)l(JepHOBbIMH) nopaMH. CKopocTb npo.UBH)l(eHH.11 oTopo'IKH JaKal.faHHOH so-
.llbI B BbICOKonpOHHuaeMblX rpeHHCTOYHOBblX CJIO.llX Bblllle, 'ICM B ManonpOHHuaeMOM
nnacTe rpeHHCTOYHOB co CJienKOBOH nopHCTOCTblO, fl03TOMY B UHICJie 7 3Ha<mTeJib-
5.4. MO.llEJIHPOBAHHE KOJlJlEKTOPCKMX CBOiiCTB PA3PE3A JIOHEP-KAHbOH 195
(a) (c)
:ion ..
Jlornrnrft,, OJ'OHllU8C\IOCTH
-
1.2
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notOK ollCpC::.t\HMaCTCn Jlo6blmuowa
B TO'iKC Bb1Knllflll8811H CKBa>lmHa
rpen11c10y11oa
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RO.Jhl ncpccett:aeT
lota.1onpoHHUUCMblii
\1a.1croy11 a no,aomae u11Kna
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.aaHHblX npOHHUaeMOCTH no .llBYM nceBJ.lOCKBa)l(HHaM Ha Ka)l(JlOM KpalO o6Ha)l(eHHll B Jloliep-
KaHbOHe. (b) MollCJJb npottuuaeMOCTH, octtoeattHall Ha ycpe.zrneHHH llaHHblX no <f>aum1M,
c11ara101UHM o6Ha*eHHC. (c) Pc1ynbTaT ")KcncpHMCHTa no 1aKa'IKC )l(HJlKOCTH cneea Hanpa-
eo; Ha MO)len11 MO)l(HO BHJleTb, KaKOH BeJJH'IHHbl JlOCTHrHeT BOJlOHaCbl!QeHHOCTb nocne 40 JJeT
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'lHa'ICHHH npottuuaCMOCTH BHH3 no ttanpaeneHHIO llBH)l(CHHll nOTOKa e UHKJJe 9. (d) Pc3yJJb-
TaT ")KCnepHMeHTa no JaKa'IKe )l(HJlKOCTH cnpaea HaJieeo; Ha MO.lleJJH MO)l(HO BHllCTb, KaKOH
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no HanpaeneHHIO JlBH)l(CHHll noTOKa B UHKJie 9.
Ha}! lfaCTb He<l>n1 ocrneTC}I B HeoxsalfeHHblX 3aBO.llHeHHeM uenHKax nopO.llbl. Orcio.ZJ.a
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lll.eHHOCTbIO H }!Bn}llOC}I OTJIHlfHblM o6'beKTOM OCBOeHml c noMOIUbIO ropH30HTaJibHOro
6ypettH}I.
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JlCJIHposaHO c y
1
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196 fJJABA 5
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0 , 0 + - - - . . . - ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - . . . - ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - . . . - - - - 1
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B rHJJ.POLIHHaMH'leCKYIO MOJJ.eJJb JJ.OJI:>KHO OCHOBblBaTbC.SI Ha )laHHbIX aHaJJH3a Keptta.
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CJIY'laCB BbJj(BJlj(CTCSI TOJlbKO OlllfH THn eepntKaJTbHOH HJMCHlfHBOCTlf - CMeHa npe-
HMYIUCCTBCHHO rmfHHCTblX cpaUHH npCHMYIUCCTBCHHO JepHtfCTblMH, lfTO no3BOJUleT
Puc. 5.26. nopsi.noK n.eilcreHii npu np11el11Ke nerpoqnnw1ecK1tx napaMcrpoe K crparnrpa<fm-
tecKoMy KapKacy c 11cnoJ1b1oeam1cM crpyKTypHO-TCKcrypHoro MCTO!la. (a) OntiC3Tb CTpyK-
rypHo-rcKcrypHbte <j>au1111. npC.lCTaBllTb B KOJ1114CCTBCHHOH <j>opMC JlllTOJJOflllO II 1130JJ11po-
B3HHO-K3BCpHOByto nopttCTOCTb, paccmraTb palMCp KpllCTaJIJJOB ,'lOJIOMHTa II 011pe.ueJ111Tb
nerpoqm11111ccKnii Knacc HHH crpyKTypHo-TeKcrypHbtil HH!lCKC. (b) Bbl!lCJIHB Kpoemo pa1-
pc'3a, B KOTOpOM ttpenMyLUeCTBCHllO fJJllHHCTblC cj>aumt nepcKpbtB3IOTCSI npeHMYLUCCTBCHHO
1epHHCTbtMH, a Tc - rpeiiHCTOyHaMH, oKoHrypHTb crpyKTypHo-TeKcrypHblC cJ1011 <j>HJJbTpau1111
II npoKoppcm1poeaTb HX MeiK.ay CKB3)1(HHUMll, 113 KOTOpblX 6btJJH B3l1Tble llCOOJlb10BaHHblC
B llCCJlC.UOBaHHH o6pa1Ubl KepHa. B K3iKJ.OH CKB3/KllHC MO/KCT Bbl.lCJlllTbCSI pa1Hoe KOJllPte-
CTBO QJllJlbTpaUHOHHblX CJIOCB. B K3)K]l0M CJJyiac noHa.aoOHTCSI ttpHH.RTb peweHHe. K3KOH H1
<l>llJlbTPUUHOHHblX CJlOCB !lOJl/KCH 6btTb Bbl.ilCJlCH KaK npocrpaHCTBCllllO Bbl.!lCPIK3HHblH.
202
(a)
fJIABA 5
(1)
0 llonorpehHCTOyH
Knacc 2 /),. TipcMM)'lllCCTICHllO
3CpllltCTWi1 .11ono11ru.xroy11

CpeJU1ekp11CTa.r1111NccKHA
.'10110}.llrT
x
TnHKOKpHCTDJUIH'ICCKHii
npe11MyWCCTllCHHO
mHHlfCTblit JJ.OJIOMHT
5 10 20 30 40
MelK'!aCnt'IHWI nopHCTOCTb (%)
10
10
nopHCTOCTb (o/o)
JOO
TipcHM}UlCCT8CllllO
lCpHllCT.U CTJ))'t.l)'pa
Tipemo1yw.ccTBCHHO
n111111CT:ua CTJIYKTYP3
(b) SSAU 2309 SSAU 2504
1540
1540 .
'

l
i !
i !
E
1555
.
~
1555

!
1570
1585
1000
1000
1000
.,
0
500
= 50
~
~
:s::
(2)
nopHCTOCTb= 15%
Knacc I
IO 20 30
nopHCTOCn. (%)
Jt10n11paaaHHt.IC
k.!Btpllt.1 (%}
x0-2
0 2 - .t
4-6
.&6-8
SSAU 2505 SSAU 2814
1555
il.
~
t
!
1570
1585
PHc. 5.27. JlopR.UOK .neifCTBHH npH nocTpoeHHH 3aBHCHMOCTeif Me)KJJ.y CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcryp-
HblMWneTpo<f>H3H'lecKHMH KJiaccaMH, neTpo<f>H3H'IeCKHMH napaMeTpaMH H .naHHblMH fJ1C.
(a) Bb1eecTH qiopMyJibl nepec'!eTa O.UHHX eenH'IHH e .npyrne .UJIR CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypuo-
ro/neTpo<l>H3H'!ecKoro KJiacca, nopHCTOCTH H Ha'!aJibHOH eo,noHaCblllleHHOCTH, onpe.ueneHHOH
110 .naHHblM r11c. a TaK)f(e .ll.JJ}l H30JIHpoeaHHO-KaeepHOBOH llOpHCTOCTH, o6mei1 nopHCTOCTH
110 .uaHHbIM r11c H HHTepeaJibHOro epeMeHH no AK. (b) c llOMOlllblO llOJIY'leHHblX <f>opMyJI
paCC'IHTaTb eepTHKaJibHble npo<f>Hmf npoum.1aeMOCTH H Ha'!aJibHOH 80.D.OHaCblllleHHOCTH ,nJI.!I
Ka:lK.[lOH CKBa:lKHHbl Ha MeCTOpO)f(.[leHHH. 0TMeTHTb HeCKOJibKO y'laCTKOB, B npe.nenax KOTOpblX
3Ha'lemrn o6meif H Me)K'laCTH'IHOH nopHCTOCTH HeO,llHHaKOBbl.
5.5. METO.LU1KA nOCTPOEHM.ff rEOJJOro-rM)lPOllHHAMM4ECKOH MO.llEJIH 203
ycTaHOBHTb rpaHHUbl .l!BYX ,cPHJibTpaQHOHHblX CJIOeB. ECJIH B HCCJie.LiyeMOH cJ>auHaJib-
HOH nocne.LioBaTeJihHOCTH npHcyTcTBYIOT H rpeHHCToyH, H npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHH-
CThlH naKCTOyH, TO npHXO.llHTC.ff pewaTb, paccMaTpHBaTh Jiff HX KaK .LIBa OT.lleJibHblX
CJIO.ff HJIH KaK 0.llHO <j>aQHaJibHOe no.Lipa3.LieJieHHe. 06hl'IHO TaKOH sonpoc B03HHKa-
eT s cnyqae npeo6nanaHH.ff KaKOH-JIH6o H3 Q>auHH. EcJIH s TOJIIUe nopo.LI npHCYT-
CTByeT HeCKOJibKO npettMyIUeCTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbIX CJIOeB, npHXO.llHTC.ff pewaTb CXO.LI-
HYIO 3a.na'ly: o6'be)lHH.ffTb JIH HX B rpynny HJIH paccMaTpHBaTb B KatJ.eCTBe OT.lleJlb-
HblX CJIOeB.
nocne OKOHTYPHBaHH.ff <f>HJibTpaQHOHHblX HHTepBaJIOB H3 HHX H)')KHO c<f>opMH-
posaTb cl>HJibTpaQHOHHb1e cnoH: .D.JI.ff 3Toro ux HY:>KHO npoKoppenupoeaTb no sceM o6-
pa3QaM KepHa. n pH KOppeJij!QHH cne.nyeT co6JIIO.llaTb JJ.Ba rnaBHblX npaBHJia: l) CJIOH
Q>ttnbTpaQHH He MOryT nepeceKaTb rpaHHUhI BlJl.( u 2) cnon cPHJibTpauun .nomKHbI
6bITb BhIJJ.ep:>KaHHbIMH no npocTupaHHIO, 4T06b1 o6ecne4HTb cnoucToCTb MOJJ.eJIH. Kax
npasHJio, Ha O.D.HH BlJl.( npHXOJJ.HTC.ff He MeHbWe .nsyx <j>HJihTpaunoHHbIX cnoes, npu-
'leM HH:>KHHH CJIOH 06hl4HO npe.u.craeJieH npeuMymecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTblMH CTpyKry-
paMH, a BbJWeJie)((aIUHH - npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbIMH. 11HOr.Lia CJIOH npeHMY-
IUeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTbIX CTPYKTYP MO)((HO pa3.LieJIHTb Ha .n.sa cno.ff, O.llHHM H3 KOTOpbIX
6yneT CJIOH rpeHHCTOYHOBbIX <f>aunu, a .npyroii - CJIOH npeuMyIUeCTBeHHO l1..'J111!1-
CTblX <f>aunii, - eCJIH KOJIH'leCTBO <f>auHH o6oux BH.llOB .llOCTaTO'lHO JJ.Jij! TaKOro pa ; (C-
JieHH.ff.
Ecnu B 3TOM B03HHKHeT ueo6xo.uHMOCTh, MO)((HO 3a.naTb ycnosHe o naTepanbHOH
<PauHaJibHOH H3MeH'lHBOCTH CJIO.ff, a TaK)((e 0 TOM, 4T06bI CTpyKrypuo-TeKcrypHbIH
HHTepsan co.Liep)((aJJ uecKOJihKO <f>HJibTpaunoHHhIX cnoee (pHc. 5.26, b). B npe.Lienax
BbIXO.lIOB nopo.u Ha )lHeBHYIO noeepXHOCTb, KaK npaBHJIO, <l>HJibTpauHOHHbie CJIOH
n BlJl.( HMelOT pe3KHe seprHKaJihHhie rpaHHQbJ, " CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbie rpaHH-
UhI He .lIOJI)((HhI nepecexaTh rpaHHQbI BlJl.(. HecMOTp.H Ha To, 'ITO s 6oJihWHHCTBe
cny
1
rnes s seprHKaJihHOM Harrpasnemrn cPHJibTpauHOHHhie CJIOH BHe3anHo nepeXO.ll.ffT
O)lHH B .llpyroii, HX ropH30HTaJibHhie rpaHHU.bI Bbipa)((eHbl Hepe3KO H npe.LICTaBfl.fflOT
co6oii nocreneHHhIH nepexoJJ. OT U.HKJia K umrny. Pe3yJJhTaTbI H3ytJ.eHH.ff MHorux o6Ha-
)((eHHH nOKa3bIBalOT, 'I.TO <Pau.naJibHbie nepeXO.llbI MOfYT pacnrnBaTbC$1 TIO JJaTepaJIH
Ha MHOrne .nec.ffTKH MeTpOB, JIHWa1! HCCJJe.lIOBaTeJI.ff B03MO)((HOCTH nposeCTH rpaHH-
u.y, KOTOpa.H 6bJJia 6bI XOTb KaK-TO npwro.nHa .nJijj .llaJibHeHWHX nOCTpOeHHH. B CB.ff3H
c )THM H OT rreTpO<j>H3H'leCKHX rrapaMeTpOB 0)((H.naeTC11, 4TO OHH 6y.l!YT pe3KO H3Me-
H.ffTbCJI B sepTHKaJibHOM HanpasneHHH H nocTeneHHO - B ropH30HTaJibHOM. 0Tcio.na
cne.nyeT, 4TO neTpo<f>H3HlfeCKHe napaMeTpbI MO)((HO JIHHeHHO HHTepnOJIHpOBaTb Me)l(-
.lIY CKBa)l(HHaMH B Tex cnyqa11x, KOr.lla KOJIJleKTop pa36ypHsaeTC11 IlJIOTHOH CeTKOH
CKBa)l(HH.
Ecnn CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbie <f>au.un onpe.neMIOTC.ff CTPYKTYPOH H3BeCTHjiKOB,
TO neTpoQ>H3H'lecxue csoiicTBa onpe.neJI.fflOTC.ff neTpo<f>113nqecKHMH KJiaccaMH, B xo-
TOpbIX OTpa)l(alOTC.ff .nuareHeTH'leCKHe H3MeHeHH.ff. B HHTepsanax 3aJieraHH.ff H3BeCT-
H.ffKa neTpo<f>H3H4eCKHe xnacchr ycrnuaBJJHBalOTC.ff no CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbIM oco-
6eHHOCT.ffM nopO.llhI. TaM, r.ne s pe3yJibTaTe .nwarne3a CTPYKTYPbI H3BeCTHJ!Ka ue
socnpoH3BO.ll.ffTCJI, neTpoqiu3u4ecKHe KJiaccbI TaK)l(e He cosna.naioT co CTPYKTYPHO-
TeKcTypHbIMH no,upa3,UeJieHH.ffMH. EcJIH Mb! HMeeM .neno c .lIOJIOMHTaMH, TO B HHX
204 fJIABA 5
cTpyKTYPLI c MenK11M11 Kp11CTann11KaM11 )J,onoM11Ta 6y.!lyT HMl1THposaTb CTpyITTyptto-
TeKcTyptty10 KapT11Hy, a cTpyKTYPhI co cpe.llHHMH 11 KpynHhIMH Kp11cTanJ1aM11 .nono-
MHTa He 6yJJ.yT ee HMl1Tl1pOBaTh; 3Ha"IHT, neTpOcj>l13H"leCKl1H KJTacc 6y.ueT 3aBl1CeTb
OT pa3Mepa Kp11crnnnoa .uonoM11Ta, a TaK>Ke OT CTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypHbIX napaMeTpoa
(p11c. 5.26, a).
TipHB.ll3Ka cTpyKTyptto-TeKCTypttblX oco6eHHOCTeH K nop11cTocT11, npoH11uaeMo-
CT11 H Kan11nm1pttblM xapaKTepHCTHKaM npOH3BO)J,11TCSI c 11COOJlb30BaHHeM MeTO.lla,
0 KOTOpOM paCCKa3bJBaJIOCh B rnaae 2 (pHC. 5.27, a, I 11 2). fnaBHOe B '.HOM MeTO-
,ue - :no rpynn11poaatt11e CTPYKTYPHO-TeKCTypHhIX oco6ettttocTeH s nerpo<1l113111.Je-
cKHe KnaCCbl, OJJ.HaKO B HeKOTOphlX cnyl.fa.llx noJJe3HO 11COOJlb30BaTb MOJJ.Hcj>11u11po-
BaHHhIH cnoco6 yCTaHoeneHH CTpyKTyptto-TeKcrypttoro HH.lleKca 11n11 .ua)l(e cnoco6
ycrnttoaneHH.ll Ka)l(ymeroc.ll cTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypttoro HHJJ.eKca. Kotte"IHhIH pe3ynhTaT
scex 3THX .ueHCTBHH - BhIBO.U p.ll.na ypastteH11H llJJSI nepec"leTa nop11crocT11 a npo-
H11uaeMOCTh )],JUI Ka)KllOfO CTpyKTYPHO-TeKcrypHoro Knacca H )J,Jl.ll <t>opMyJJhl pacqern
HaChIIUeHHOCTH no nopHCTOCTH, KOTOpbie MO)l(HO CB.ll3aTh c reonornqecKOH MO)J,enbfO
1.Jepe3 KapThI nerpo<1l113111.JecK11x 1rnaccoa.
Cne.uy10m11H sa)l(tte.Hru11H war cocTOHT s yB.ll3Ke cTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypttbIX naH-
HhlX 11m1 neTpocjll131111ecKoro KJiacca c .uattHbIMH Kaporn)l(a (p11c. 5.27, a, I 11 2). Ha-
n:e)l<HOCTb TaKOH YB.ll3KH 6y.uer 3aBHCeTh OT Ka'leCTBa H BH,Ua HMe!OIUHXC.ll .uaHHhlX
fHC. ba30BhIH KOMnneKC fHC, B KOTOpblH BXO.!lT TaKHe BHJ(hl KapoTa)l(a, KaK fK,
HK, nnOTHOCTHOH, AK, rrKc, HeCKOJibKO BHllOB KapOTa)l(a conpOTHBneHHH H Ka-
sepHOMeTpH.SI, KaK HHKaKOH .upyro.H Ha6op CKBa)l(HHHblX 11ccne.uosaHHH cnoco6eH
06ecne1.J11Tb Heo6xo.u11My10 tta)J.e)l(HOCTb 3as11c11MocTeii Keptt-fHC. OnttaKo a psi-
n:e cny1.Jaes, KO[lla )),JI.II 3TOfO HCnOJlb30BaJIHCb TOnbKO JJ.aHHble rK H HK, 3TH 3a-
Bl1CHMOCTH TO)l(e nonyl.faJIHCh BilOJIHe )J,OCTOBepHblMH. 3Ty 3a.uaqy MO)l(HO pernHTb
MHO)l(eCTBOM pa3JIH'IHhlX cnoco6os, 11 B rnase 3 Mhl y)l(e rosopHJIH 0 HeKOTOphIX
np11HQ11nax, KOTOphie ne)l(aT s ocHoae scero npoQecca. JJ:m1 Qenew Koppen.llu1111
coseprneHHO tteo6xon11Mo, t.1T06h1 sepT11Kanhtty10 nocne.uoaarenhHOCTb cTpyKTyptto-
TeKcrypHblX oco6ettttocreit MO)l(HO 6bmo nerKo pacno3HaTh. B QenoM, )lJI.ll 11HTep-
npernu1111 11CTOp1111 oca,UKOHaKon11ett11.si 11 OKOHTyp11samrn ceKBeHL(l1H 11 841..{ H ~ H O
60J1bllle <1lau11it, tfeM Te tfeTbipe-n.llTh T11nOB crpyKTYPHO-TeKCTYPHhlX oco6eHHOCTeH,
KOTOph!X )J,OCTaTO'IHO J(Jl.ll KOppeJJ.llUHH rpatt11u '-ll1KJIOB, BhI.UeJieHHSI CJIOCB cj>11JibTpa-
u1111, no.uctfeTa npott11uaeMOCTH 11 HatfaJibHOH BO.llOHaCblW.eHHOCTl1. JJ:n.ll 00.[(Cl!eTa se-
J1Htfl1H npOH11QaeMOCTH 11 HallaJJhHOH BO.UOHaChlW.eHHOCTl1 Tpe6yerc.ll, 'ff06bI nerpo-
<ilH3H<JeCKl1H Knacc 11n11 CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHblH 11H.ueKc, Me)l(tfaCTH'itta.si nop11cTOCTh
11 1130JI11posaHHO-KasepHOBa.si nopHCTOCTb 6bIJ111 OtfeBHJ(Hbl. 3Tl1 napaMeTpbl 11cnoJih-
3YIOTCSI llJl.ll Bbltfl1CJieHHSI seprnKaJJhHblX npocjl11neH npOHHQaeMOCTH (p11c. 5.27, b)
11 HatfanbHOH 80.ll.OHaChIW.CHHOCTH no Ka)l(JJ,OH CKBa)l(HHe c np11MeHeHHeM COOTBeT-
CTBy10mero KOMOJieKCa fHC.
Kp11T11tfecKa.11 cy6aKTHBHOCTb onpe.Llen.sier yposeHb ttyneaoro Kan11nn.llpttoro .uas-
nemrn, KOTOpblH HY)l(HO 3HaTb .!lJl.ll MOJ(em1posamrn Ha'laJihHOH BO)lOHaCbJW.eHHOCTH.
3a,ual.fa 3TO ttenpOCTa.ll, HO ee MO)l(HO peUHITb, ecJ111 TpattccpopM11poBaTh KpHBYIO Ka-
011JIJIS!pHOfO nasneHl1.!1 B BblCOTY KOJJJJeKTOpa 11 noMeCTl1Th KpOBJIIO nepeXOJ(HOH 30-
Hhl, ycTaHOBJieHHYlO no :matfeHl1.llM Ha KpHBOH Kan11JJJJpHoro nasneHHSI, Ha so.no-
5.5. MET0.1U1KA nOCTPOEHIUI rEOJ10fO-rH)lPO)lHHAMM4ECKOl1 MO)lEJIH 205
ttecl>rnHOM KOHTaKTe B .no6bIBat0mdi CKBa)l(ttHe. Ha KpHBOH KanHJIJUlpHoro .naBJieHH.sl
ero HyneBOH ypoBeHb COBna.Ll,aer c HyJieBOH BbICOTOH nnacrn.
BepTHKMhHhie npcxJmnH neipocptt3ttt-1ecKHX napaMeTpOB pacC'IHThIBat0Tc.si ,UJI.si Ka)f(-
.noii CKBIDKHHbl, BblCOKOiaCTOTHOH ceKBeHUHH, Ka)l(JlOro BbICOKO'laCTOTHOro U.HK-
na H cl>HJihTpaUHOHHOro CJIO.sl H KOppenHpYJOTC.sl BHe CB.sl3H c KOJIJieKTOpoM (pHC. 5.28, a).
TaK MbI noJI)"laeM npHHUHOHMbHYJO ocHosy .[(]]JI nocne.nHero 3Tana nocTpoettHH MOJle-
JJH, a HMeHHO .[(]]JI pacnpe.u.eneHHH 3Ha1eHHH nopHCTOCTH, npoHHuaeMOCTH H Ha'laJibHOH
BOJJ.OHaCbJIUeHHOCTH B npe.u.enax CTpYKTypHO-TeKcrypHblX CJioeB cl>IUihTpaUHH. y 3TOH 3a-
.u.a'IH ecTb ttecKOJibKO perneHHH. Mo)l(HO BbIBeCTH cpe.u.ttee .nn.si Ka)l(.noi1 CKBa)ICH-
HbI 3Ha'leHHe Ka)l(.u.oro neTpocl>H3H'lecKoro napaMerpa s npe.nenax Ka)l(.noro cnoH
cl>HJibTpauHH H HHTepnoJIHpOBaTb noJiy<JeHHble cpe,nHl.Je BeJIH'IHHhl Me)l(,ny CKBa-
)l(HHaMH a Ka)f(,nOM TaKOM cnoe. Mo)l(HO pacnpe.u.enHTh neTpocl>HJl!LfeCKHe napa-
MeTpbI BHyTpH Ka)l(l{Oro CJIOH cl>HJibTpauHH Me)l(JJ:Y CKBa)l(J.JHaMH c IlOMOW:blO sa-
pnorpaMM, nocTpoeHHbIX no CKBa)l(HHHbIM .naHHbIM (pnc. 5.28, b). CTpem.1yw:ecTBO
aapttorpa<f>HH nepe.u. npoCTOH HHTepnOJIHUHeH COCTOHT B TOM, lJTO c OOMOW:b!O pa3JIH'l-
Hb!X sapnorpaMM MO)l(HO CKoppeKTttpOBaTb BbJJJ.ep)l(aHHOCTb 3Ha'leHHH npom1uaeMO-
CTH BHYTPH Ka)l(.noro <f>HJibTpauHOHHoro cnoH c y'IeTOM H3BeCTHbIX .ne6HTOB H npu-
eMttCTOCTH CKBa)l(HH. B TO )l(e BpeMH, xorn BepTHKaJibHble sapworpaMMbl HeTpyJlJTO
paCC'IHTaTb no .D.aHHblM fl1C, noCTpOeHHe ropH30HTaJibHblX BapHorpaMM,
)l(H3HeHHO Ba)l(Hbl ,UJl.sl pacnpe.neneHHH 3Ha'IeHHH npoHttuaeMOCTH Me)l(JJ.Y CKBa)l(HHa-
MH, OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha npe.D.nOJIO)l(eHHHX HJIH paCC'IHTbIBaeTC.sl. Ha OCHOBe onwcaHH.sl
o6Ha)l(eHHH.
CTpttMepbI Mo.u.eneii 'leTbipex THnos Bbl Haii,neTe Ha p11c. 5.29. Bee Mo.ne-
JIH npe.ncrnsnHtOT KOJIJieKTop, H3y'leHHbIH Ha MecTopo)f(,neHHH CeMHHOJI B CBHTe
Catt-AH.LI.pee B 3ana,nHoM Texace. Ha nepsoM pttcyHKe npe.ncrnsnetta CTPYKTYPHO-
TeKcTypHaH MO.D.eJib, IlOCTpOeHHa.si c HCOOJib30BaHHeM MeTo.u.a, 0 KOTOpOM Mb! roeo-
pttJIH BbJilJe. BTopoH pttcyHOK - '.HO MeJIKOCeTO'IHaH TpexMepHa.si MO,nenh, B KOTO-
poii JaMepeHHbie qepe3 Ka)l(llbIH 30 caHTHMeTpOB 3Ha'!eHHH npOHHuaeMOCTH JIHHeHHO
HHTepnom1posaHbl Me)l(.LIY CKBa)l(HHaMH napaJIJieJibHO rpaHHUaM UHKJIOB. JTOT no.n-
xo.n ttepeanHCTH'leH, TaK KaK, cy.nSI no onttcaHHtO o6Ha)l(eHtt.si, 3Ha'leHH.si npoHHuae-
MOCTH 6ecnopSIJlO'IHO pacnpe.neneHbI B Macwrn6e CTPYKTYP H He noJ]JlatOTCH naTe-
paJibHOH KOppeJIHUHH, eCJIH .LIHCKpeTHOCTb H3MepeHHH COCTaBJI.sleT 30 caHTHMeTpOB.
Tpemii pttcyttoK H3o6pa)l(aeT cTpyKTyptto-TeKCTYPHYIO MO.D.eJib, s KoTopoii 3Ha'-leHHH
npoHHuaeMOCTH cToxacTH'IeCKH pacnpe.neneHbI B npe.nenax CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypttbIX
HHTepBaJIOB cl>HJibTpauHH c HCOOJib30Bam1eM sepTHKaJibHblX aapttorpaMM, nocTpO-
eHHbIX no CKBa)l(HHHblM .LJ.aHHblM, H TeopeTH'IeCKHX ropH30HTaJibHblX sapHOrpaMM.
noxo)l(e, 'ITO 3TOT pttcyttoK .sisnHeTCH caMbIM peanHCTH'IHbIM, TaK KaK B pe3ynb-
TaTC ero HCilOJib30BaHH.sl .u.e6HTbl 11 npHeMHCTOCTb CKBa)l(HH OKa3bIBa!OTC.sl 6onee
BbICOKHMH, 1eM B mrneiiHO-HHTepnonwposaHHOH CTpyKTypHo-TeKcrypHOH MO.D.eJIH.
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210 fJJABA 5
JlunpaTypa
[I] Barber A.H. J1:, George C. J., Stiles L. H., Thompson B. B. (l 983) Infill drilling
to increase reserves - actual experience in Nine Fields in Texas, Oklahoma and
Illinois. J Pet Technol August 198: 1530-1538.
[2] Fogg G. E., Lucia F. J. ( 1990) Reservoir Modeling of Restricted Platform
Carbonates: Geologic/geostatistical Characterization of Interwell-scale reservoir
heterogeneity, Dune Field, Crane County, Texas. Bureau of Economic Geology,
University of Texas at Austin, 66 p.
[3] Galloway W.E., Ewing T.E .. Garrett C.E., Tyler N .. Bebout D.G. (1983)
Atlas of major Texas oil reservoirs. The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau
of Economic Geology, 139 pp.
[4] George C. J., Stiles L. H. (1978) Improved techniques for evaluating carbonate
water-floods in West Texas. J Pet Technol Nov 1978:1547-1554.
[5] Grant C. W., Goggin D. J., Harris PM. ( 1994) Outcrop analog for cyclic-shelf
reservoirs, San Andres Formation of Permian Basin: stratigraphic framework,
permeability distribution, geostatistics, and fluid-flow modeling. AAPG Bull
78 1:23-54.
[6] Hearn C. J.. Ebanks W. F. J1:, Tye R. S.. Ranganathan V ( 1984) Geological fac-
tors influencing reservoir performance on the Hartzog Draw field, Wyoming.
J Pet Technol Aug 1984:1335-1344.
[7] Hinricks P. D .. Lucia F J.. Mathis R. L. ( 1986) Permeability distribution and
reservoir continuity in Permian San Andres Shelf Carbonates, Guadalupe
Mountains, New Mexico. In: Moore G. E., Wilde G. L., (eds) Lower and
Middle Guadalupian facies, stratigraphy, and reservoir geometries, San
Andres/Grayburg formations, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas.
Permian Basin Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists
Publication 86-26:37-47.
[8] Hovorka S. D., Nance H. S., Kerans C. ( 1993) Parasequence geometry as
a control on porosity evolution: examples from the San Andres and Grayburg
formation in the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. In: Loucks R. G.,
Sarg J. F., (eds) Carbonate sequence stratigraphy: recent developments and
applications. AAPG Mem 57:493-514.
[9] Jennings J. W. (2000) Spatial statistics of permeability data from carbonate
outcrops of West Texas and New Mexico: Implications for improved reservoir
modeling. The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology,
Report of Investigations No. 258, 50 pp.
[IO] Jennings J. W.. Ruppel S. C.. Ward W. B. (2000) Geostatistical analysis
of permeability data and modeling of fluid-flow effects in carbonate outcrops.
SPE Reservoir Eva! & Eng 3, 4:292-303.
JlHTEPATYPA 211
[ 11 ] Kerans C., Lucia F. J., Senger R. K. ( 1994) Integrated characterization
of carbonate ramp reservoirs using Pennian San Andres Formation outcrop
analogs. AAPG Bull 78, 2: 181-216.
[ 12] Kerans C., Lucia F. J., Senger R. K., Fogg G. ., Nance H. S.. Hovorka S. D.
( 1993) Characterization of facies and permeability patterns in carbonate
reservoirs based on outcrop analogs. The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau
of Economic Geology, final report prepared for the Assistant Secretary for Fossil
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160 pp.
(13] Lucia F.J. (1983) Petrophysical parameters estimated from visual descriptions
of carbonate rocks: A field classification of carbonate pore space. J Pet Technol
35, 3:629-637.
[ 14] Lucia F. J. (1995) Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore
space for reservoir characterization. AAPG Bull 79, 9:1275-1300.
[ 15] Lucia R. J., Conti R. D. (1987) Rock fabric, permeability, and log relationships
in an upward-shoaling, vuggy carbonate sequence. The University of Tc.\,!S
at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Geological Circular 87-5, 22 pp.
[ 16] Lucia F. J., Major R. P ( 1994) Porosity evolution through hypersaline reflux
dolomitiza-tion. In: Purser BH, Tucker ME, Zenger DH, (eds) Dolomites,
a volume in honor of Dolomieu. Int Assoc Sedimentol Spec Publ 21 :325-34 l.
[ 17] Lucia F. J., Kerans C., Senger R. K. ( 1992) Defining flow units in dolomitized
carbonate-ramp reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers, Paper No. SPE
24702, Washington D. C., pp. 399-406.
(18] Lucia F. J., Kerans C.. Wang F. P ( 1995) Fluid-flow characterization
of dolomitized carbonate-ramp reservoirs: San Andres Formation (Pennian)
of Seminole field and Algerita Escarpment, Permian Basin, Texas and New
Mexico. In: Stoudt EL, Han-is PM (eds) Hydrocarbon reservoir characterization:
geologic framework and flow unit modeling. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary
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[ 19] Senger R. K.. Lucia F. J., Kerans C., Ferris M.A .. Fogg G. . ( 1993) Dominant
control on reservoir-flow behavior in carbonate reservoirs as determined from
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characterization III. Proc 3rd hit Reservoir Characterization Tech Conf, Tulsa,
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(20] Wang F. P., Lucia F. J. ( 1993) Comparison of empirical models for calculating
the vuggy porosity and cementation exponent of carbonates from log responses.
The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Geological
Circular 93-4, 27 pp.
212 fjIABA 5
121) li'ung F P.. Lucia F J.. Kerans C. ( 1994) Critical scales. upscaling, and
modeling of shallow-water carbonate reservoirs. Society of Petroleum
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[22] 1-f:'ang f: P. Luc:ia F .J.. K era11s C. ( 1998) Integrated reservoir characterization
study of a carbonate ramp reservoir: Seminole San Andres Unit, Gaines County,
Texas. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering I, 3: 105-114.
fJIABA 6
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214 f.JlABA 6
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6.1. BBE.[lEHHE 215
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Bhma.neHH.ll KaJibUHTOBoro ueMeHTa B oca,llOK TaK)l(e CB.Sl3aHbl c ycJIOBH.SIMH
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JI.bl npHBHOC.SIT B CHCTeMy KaJibUHH H Kap6oHaT. CTOHT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO <l>HJibTpauHH
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MeHTaU.H.ll HJIH u.eMeHTaUH.ll B xone norpy)l(eHH.ll oca.II.Ka MOJKeT npOH30HTH B pe3yJib-
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TaK KaK .D.JT.SI HX o6pa30BaHHH Tpe6yerc.ll npHBHOC cyJibcpaTOB B CHCTeMy c BbICOKO-
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216 fJ1ABA 6
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(a) (b)


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1.faTOro 11 o6wrno pasHoMeptto pacnpocTpatt11eTc11 MeJK.llY 3epttal\111. TaKOH u.eMeHT
tta3brnaeTC.SI pasttoMepHbIM (pasHOTOJIW.HHHhIM). KpynHhie nycTOThI, THnHtiHbie .llJI.SI
Kap60H8THblX pHCpOB, 3aqacry10 3anOJIHeHbl 60JibllJHMH rp03.lleBH.llHO-BeepHblMH CKOn-
JieHH.SIMH pa.llHaJibHO-JIY'lHCTOro Kap6oHaTHOro ueMeHTa MOpCKOfO npoHCXO')l()leHH.SI
(pHC. 6.1).
KanhUHTOsa.si u.eMeHTauw.si nponoJIJKaeTc.si no Mepe norpy)l(ett1111 oca.nKa [ 11 ].
npou.ecc ueMettrnu.1111 npw norpyJKettHH eme tte.nocrnTol!tto H3y>IeH. O.nttaKo asTo-
pbI [3] o6pamaioT BHHMaHHe Ha TO, '!TO B BO.llOHOCHOM ropH30HTe CBHTbl <l>JiopH-
.na (<l>JIOPH.llCKHH aKsH<flep) He o6Hapy)l(eHbl npH3HaKH u.eMeHTaU.HH, o6ycJIOBJieH-
HOH norpy)l(eHHeM ocanKoB. B TO JKe speM.si 6hmH si,rnsneHhl npou.ecch1 ueMeH-
rnu.1111, npe.nrnecTBOBaBUJHe ynJIOTtteHHIO oca.nKa, H CB.Sl3aHbl OHH c BblXO.llOM OT-
JIO)l(eHHH Ha nosepxHOCTb B OJIHroueHe HJIH c paHHeH CTa6HJIH3aUHeH MHHepano-
rHY:eCKOro cocrasa. TeM He Mettee, s pa6ornx [I 0, 11] onwcatta u.eMeHTau.11.si np11
norpyJKeHHH, CB.Sl3aHHa.SI c npoueccaMH BblMb!BaHH.SI cynh<paTOB B pe3yJibTaTe Tep-
MOXHMHl!eCKOrO 803.lleHCTBH.SI. HCTOl!HHKaMH KaJibU.H.SI 11 HOHOB Kap6ottaTa, KOTO-
pble tteo6xo.llHMhI .nn11 npo.uoJI)l(HTeJibHOH ueMeHTaUHH, 11sn11ioTc.S1 npouecch1 I) BhI-
meJiaq11saHH.S1 3epeH, CB.Sl3aHHOro c XHMHl!eCKHM ynJIOTHeHHeM, 2) BbIW.eJial!I-IBa-
HH.SI HeCTa6HJibHblX MHHepanoB THna aparoHHTa, 3) nepettoca HOHOB rpyHTOBbl-
MH so.naMH Ha 6onhrn11e paccTO.SIHH.SI. T11n111Jttb1M11 CTpyKTypaMH ueMeHTa, 06pa-
3y10m11MHC.S1 Ha CTa.llHl-1 3axopoHeHH.SI OCa.llKOB, .SIBJl.SllOTC.SI H30MeTpHl!eCKHH KaJib-
UHT 11 CHHTaKcHaJibHOe 06pacrntt11e. H3oMeTpH'ieCKHH ueMeHT o6bI4HO Hepastto-
MepHo pacnpocTpaHeH B TOJIW.e nopO.llbl H c03.naeT MeJIKOMaC11JTa6Hy10 HeO,!lHO-
PO.llHOCTb, c KOTOpOH MO/KeT 6h1Tb CB.Sl3aHa TaKa.SI /Ke MeJIKOM8CrnTa6tta.si H3Mett-
'lHBOCTb npom1uaeMOCTH. CHHTaKCHaJihHhIH ueMeHT KaK 6bl OKYTbIBaeT 3eptta,
cocTO.SllllHe 113 e.u11HH'IHbIX KpHcTaJIJIOB KaJibUHTa. OcTaTKH opraHH3MOB 11rn0Ko-
)l(HX 06bllfHO cueMeHTHpOBaHbl CHHTaKCHaJibHblM ueMeHTOM; noposoe npocTpaHCTBO
B oca.nKax, CJIO/KeHHblX npeHMyllJ,eCTBeHHO OCTaTKar.rn HrJIOKO/KHX nOJIHOCTblO 3att.si-
TO HM (18).
HeKOTOpbte THflbl ueMeHTa MOryT o6pa30BaTbC.SI TOJibKO B Ba.ll03HOH 30He (30He
s03.uyxottach1mett1111). MeHHCKOBbIH ueMeHT 06pa3yeTc.S1 TOJihKO s :noii 3otte, nornMy
'ITO OTpa)l(aeT <flopMy nosepXHOCTH KOHTaKTa MelK.llY BO.llOH H B03.llYXOM (pHC. 6.1 ).
Ott np11ypolleH K nopoBhlM KattanaM 11 yMettbrnaeT npom1uaeMOCTb 3ttati11TeJibHO
CHJibHee, 'leM 3TO npOH30lllJIO 6bl B cnyrne paBHOMepttoro HJIH H30MeTpH'ieCKOfO ue-
Mettrn. HaTe'lHbtH 11 MHKpocrnnaKTHTOBhIH ueMeHThI ornaraIOTC.SI npe11MymecTBeHHo
Ha HH)l(HeH KpOMKe 3epeH H HapaCTalOT B HanpaBJieHHH BHH3 . .[(onycn1MO npennona-
raTh, l!TO npH'lHHOH o6pa30B8HH.SI JTHX THTIOB ueMeHTa .SIBJI.SleTC.SI BO.lla, npocatiHBalO-
llJ.aSICSI BHH3 qepe3 l!aCTHl!HO 3aHSITble 803.llYXOM nOpbl.
.[(m1 scex THTIOB ueMeHTa xapaKTepHO TO, I.ITO OHH o6pa3ylOTCH Ha CTeHKaX nop.
nocTeneHHO 3aHHMasi noposoe npocrpattcrso 11 yMeHblllaH pa3Mep nop. B cJiyqae pas-
HOMepttoro pacnpocrpaHeHmr ueMeHTa pa3Mep nop yMeHhrnaercsi nponopu11olianbHO
ofrheMy 3anoJIHHIOW.ero HX ueMeHTa (pHC. 6.2). IloCTOSIHHOe yMeHhllleHHe pa3Mepa
nop (11 TeM CaMblM - MeJKl!aCTHl!HOro noposoro npOCTpattCTBa) .SIBJI.SleTC.SI npH'iHHOH
113Mettett11H npott11uaeMOCTH H Kan11JIJ1.S1pttoro .uasJiemtH. TaKHM o6pa30M, pacnpene-
6.2. UEMEHTAllH51, YnJlOTHEHME H HJEHPATEJlbHOE BbILUEJJAYMBAHHE 219
JieHHe nop no pa3Mepy 3aBHCHT OT Me)l('laCTWIHOH nopHCTOCTH, pa3Mepa 3epeH H HX
coprnpOBKH (pHC. 6.3). .
(a)
Et
,,!, 1000
.a
G
~ 100
~

~ 10
0
Q.
t::
10 20 30 40
Me)l(qacrnqttaSI nopHCTOCTb (%)
(b)
68
A B
3attuoe noposoe
npocTpaHCTBO(%)
Pttc. 6.2. l1.1Mettem1e npottHuaeMOCTH H Kan11muipHhlX ceoi1cTe e pe1y11hTaTe yMeHbIIIeHHSI
nopHCTOCTH, npoHCXO.ilSl!llero e xo.n:e 1anoJJHCHHS1 Me'llnepHoeoro nopoeoro npocrpattcTea.
no Mepe TOfO, KaK Me'llnepHOBOe IlOpOBOe npOCTPaHCTBO COKpamaeTCSI B pe3yJJbTaTe UeMeHTa-
UHH c 20 % (npHMep A) .n.o 7 % (npHMep B), npoHHuaeMOCTb noCTOSIHHO yMeHbIIIaeTcsi H BH.D.
KpHBOH KamIJIJJSlpHOfO aasJJeHHSI H3MeHSICTCSI, orpa')f(aSI yMeHhIIIeHHe pa3Mepa nop.
HepasuoMepttoe pacnpeneneu11e KaJibUHTOBoro u:eMeHTa Bbl3b1saeT MeJIKOMac-
una6uyio HeO,llHOpO.llHOCTb. IlpH '.HOM o6UJaSI nopHCTOCTb o6pa3ua )'MeHblllaeTCSI:, HO
nopHCTOCTb H pa3Mep nop B ero HecueMeHTHpOBaHHbIX qacnix OCTaeTCSI: HeH3MeHHOH.
B CHJIY TOfO, lfTO npOHHU:aeMOCTb H KanHJimlpHble CBOHCTBa B OCHOBHOM 3aBHCSIT
OT pa3Mepa nop, Hx yMettbwettHe B cnyqae uepasuoMepuoro pacnpe.neneHHSI QeMeHTa
Mettee 3HaqHTeJibHO, YeM npOH30WJIO 6bJ npH paBHOMepHOM pacnpe.neneHHH TaKOfO
))(e o6beMa ueMeHTa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, uepasuoMepHo pacnpe.neneHHbIH KaJibUHTOBblH
220 fJJABA 6
Knacc I
..
rpciiHCTOYH
+ flpeHMYIUCCTBCHHO JCpHHCTblH
1000 naKCTOYH
+
0 Ilpe11MylllCCTBCHHO rnHHllCTblC <1>au1m
4 Men

... o
O,Ql 0,05 0,1
Me:>K'lacrwrna" nopHCTOCTb (itomr eit.)
Knacc 2
0.4
P11c. 6.3. Kpocc-nnoT npottHuaeMOCTH H Me:>K'!aCTH'iHOH nop11cTOCTH .QIIff 111secTHffKOB pa'3-
JJH'IHOH CTpYKTYPbI c HeKasepH0'3HblM nopos&IM npocTpattcTBOM. Pa'36poc .uattHbIX B npeitcnax
y'iaCTKa 06bllCHlleTCll pa'3JIH'IHeM B BeJJH'IHHe H copTHpOBKe '3epett, a TaK:>Ke B o6beMe H pac-
npe,l\eJJeHHl1 ueMettrn,
ueMeHT yMeHhlllaeT nopHCTOCTb, HO npH 3TOM MO)KeT He OKa3btBaTb cepbe3H0f0 BJJHff-
HHR Ha npOHHuaeMOCTb HJJH KanHJJJJllpHbte CBOHCTBa. Ily6JJHKaUHll [ 17] 00}].TBep)KJJ.aCT
JTY TOlfKY 3peHH.SI.
6.2.2. YnJJoTueuue
8JJHffHHe, OKa3bIBaeMOC Ha ocaJ].KH yrnTOTHeHHeM, CXOD.HO c 3<f><f>eKTOM ueMeHTa-
UHH - o6a .SIBJJeHHll npHBOD.H K yMeHbllieHHIO pa3Mepa nop H COKpameHHIO nopHCTO-
CTH. B [4] noKa3aHo, lfTO ynnoTHCHHe 11 ueMeHTaUH.SI B pa3HOH cTeneHH yMeHbIIJa!OT
pa3Mep nop, lfTO OTpa)KaeTC.SI B He6oJJblllOM pa3JJHlfHH 38BHCHMOCTeH npOHHUaeMOCTH
OT nopHCTOCTH. OnHaKO B 3TOH KHHre Mbl paCCMOTpHM o6a npouecca COBMeCTHO.
YnnoTHeH11e - 3To o.nHospeMettHo 11 11311qecK11i1, 11 x11M11lfecK11i1 npouecc, np11-
lf11ttoi1 KOTOporo .SIBJJ.SleTC.SI B03pacTaHHC nasneHH.SI BbJUJeJJe)KalllHX nnacTOB B XO)le
norpy)KeHH.SI ocanKoB. 113MeHeHHff CTpyKTypbt npo11cxOD.llT 3a clfeT CHH)KeHH.SI nop11-
CTOCTH, yMeHblllCHHjl pa3Mepa 3epeH, npopaCTaHHR 3epeH, HX .ne<f>opMauHH H pa3py-
weHH.SI, a TaK)Ke cl>opMHposaHHR Tpem11HoBaTocT11. YnJJOTHeH11e tte Tpe6yer npHBHoca
Jl.0IlOJJHHTeJ1bHOfO MaTepttaJJa H3 BHewHero HCTOlfHHKa, a JaBHCHT TOJlbKO OT CTpyK-
TYPbl. KpoMe Toro, npouecc ynnoTHeHH" np11BOJlHT K BhI.llasn11saH1110 <f>J1t011nos 111
oca,UKOB B OKpy)KalOl.l.(He TOJ1UlH, KaK npaBHJIO - BblWeJJe)Kam11e.
6.2. 1..lEMEHTAL.lH.SI, YnJIOTHEHHE 11 H31>11PATEJibHOE BbllUEJIA4HBAHl1E 221
3KcnepHMeHTa.rJbHbie JJ.aHHbie noKaJbIBalOT, 'ITO npocToe MexaHH'lecKoe yrnmT-
HeHHe cnoco6Ho yMeHbllIHTb l'lopHCTOCTb H3BeCTKOBbIX HJIOB c 70 % JJ.O 40 % B HHTep-
saJJe nepsblx 100 M norpy)l(ettm1 ocaJJ.KOB (pHc. 6.4) [8]. MHKHe <l>eKaJibHbJe nenneTbI
6yJJ.yr ynnoTHeHhI, npH 3TOM cTpyKTypa HJMeHHTCH OT nenneTosoro npeHMymecTBeH-
HO 3epHHCTOfO naKCTOyHa J].0 nenneTOBOro npeHMymecTBeHHO fJIHHHCTOfO naKCTOyHa,
BaKcTOyHa HJIH MaJ].CTOyHa. Tsep)lble neJIJieTbl coxpaHHT CBOIO <j>opMy H MeJK3epHOBOe
noposoe rrpocrpattCTBO. l1 ttao6opoT, ocaJJ.KH c npeHMymecTBeHHO JepHHCTOH crpyK-
Typoif MoryT coxpaHHTb Ha'-!aJJbHYIO nopHCTOCTb B 4 7 % )1.0 rny6HHbl 700 M, no Ka
ynnOTHHB11Ja11c11 ynaKOBKa 11 pa3pyIIIeHHe Jepett He HatJ:HYT 3Ha'-IHTeJibHO YMeHblllaTb
o6beM noposoro npocTpaHCTBa (pwc. 6.4).
TiopHCTOCTb yMeHblllaeTCH He TOJihKO B pe3yJibTaTe MexaHHlJ:eCKOfO ynJIOTHemrn
ocaJJ.Ka. XHMH'lecKoe ymIOTHeHHe rrpo11sn11erc11 s <j>opMe pacrsopeHHH noJJ. )lasnettHeM
3epeH Ha ytJ:aCTKax HX KOHTaKTOB, 'ITO TaK)l(e CHHJKaeT nopHCTOCTb c TelJ:eHHeM spe-
MeHH no Mepe norpyJKeHHH ocaJJ.Ka. PacTBopeHwe Kap6oHaTHbIX 3epeH no.n JJ.aBneHHeM
corrpOBO)l()laeTCH Bbl.D.eJieHHeM KaJibQHH H Kap6oHaTHhlX HOHOB, KOTOpbie oca)KJlaIOTCH
s s11.ne u,eMeHrn s cMe)l(HOM noposoM rrpocrpaHCTBe. AsTOpbI [27] Ha npHMepe o6-
pa3UOB HJ lOIKHOH <l>nopHJibJ rrpo)leMOHCTpHpOBa.rJH COBOKYTIHblH 3<l><l>eKT ueMeHTauirn
H ynnortteHHH c TetteHHeM speMeHH no Mepe rrorpy1Kettm1 oca)lKa. fpa<l>HttecKoe cpan-
HeHHe KpHBOM, OTpa1Ka10mei1 3TOT J<l>cpeKT, c KpHBOH BJIHHHHH MexaHHlfeCKOfO ynno l"-
HeHHH IlOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO ueMeHTal.l,HH H XHMHlfeCKOe ynJIOTHeHHe HBJIHIOTCH Ba:>KH bl-
MH <fiaKTopaMH, yMeHbIIIaIOIUHMH 3HalfeHHH nopHCTOCTH B xone norpyJKeHH.SI OCaAKa
(pHC. 6.4).
TipwseneHHble KpHBbJe ynJIOTHeHHH no.n.TBepJKJJ.alOT, LJTO nopHCTOCTb Kap6ottaT-
HhlX ocaJJ.KOB MeJJ.JieHHO yMeHhIIIaeTC.SI B xo.ue wx rrorpy)l(eHHH. Ha my6wttax rropHAKa
I 000 M snonHe 06h1lJ:Hh1 senH'-IHHbI rropHCTOCTH OT 30 % .no 40 %. TaKHe nOKa3aTe-
JIH 6hlJIH nonytJ:eHbI s tteoreHOBbIX OTJIOJKeHHHX EaraMCKOH 6attKH, r.n.e wccneJJ.oBaHHH
KepHa H .uaHHbie fHC CHCTeP..!aTHlfeCKH .uasaJIH 3HalJ:eHH.SI nopHCTOCTH Ha my6HHe
700 MOT 35 % .D.O 50% [l, 22].
6.2.3. lh6upaTeJibHoe BbIUJ.enarneauue
BbIIUenattwsattHe - JTO )1.HareHeTHtJ:eCKHH npouecc, s xo.ue KOToporo Kap6otta-
TbI If JBanopHTOBble MHHepaJihl paCTBOpHIOTC.SI H y.naJJHIOTCH, TeM caMhlM C03.llaBaH
H H3Mett1111 noposoe npocTpattcTso s KOJIJieKTope. BJIHHHHe JToro rrpouecca Ha rrpo-
HHU.aeMOCTh 3aBHCHT OT reoMeTpHH H pacrronoJKeHHH o6pa30BaBUJHXCH rrycTOT OTHO-
CHTeJibHO MaTpHUbI nopo.UbI. BbIIUenatJ:HBattwe MO)l(eT 6b!Tb cs11JaHo co cTpyKTypoii
nopO.llbl H cnoco6HO C03.llaBaTb BTOpH'IHhie cnenKOBbie nopbl, KOTOpbie .SIBJI.SIIOTCH O.ll-
HHM HJ THilOB H30JIHpOBaHHblX nyCTOT. B .n.pyrnx c11ytta11x, Kor.ua BblIII.eJialJ:HBaHHe He
CBHJaHo co cTpyKTypoii rropoJibI, o6pa3yIOTC.SI coe,n11HeHHb1e MeJK.uy co6oii nycTOTbI,
KOTOpbie Mbl Ha3b!BaeM B3aHMOCBH3aHHbJMH. JTOT THO BbIIII.eJialfHBaHHH 6y.ueT pac-
CMOTpeH n03.1lHee.
1136HpaTeJibHOe BbllUeJialJ:HBaHHe npOHCXO)lHT B c11y1.rn11x, Kor.ua O.UHH H3 CTpyK-
TYPHbIX JJieMeHTOB rropOJibI pacTBop.S1eTc.S1 HHTCHCHBHee, tJ:eM ocTaJibHhie. TipH'-IHHOH
JTOfO o6hllJ:HO HBJIHeTC.SI TO, lfTO Kap6oHaTHble oca)lKH CJIOJKeHbl MHHepa.rJaMH c pa3-
222 rJJABA 6
JUllJHOH pacTBOpHMOCTblO. AttrnnpHT H rnnc 6onee pacTBopHMbt, 'leM KaJibUHT HJIH
)lOJIOMHT, H nOJTOMy Bblll{eJia'IHBalOTCX H36HpaTeJibHO, o6pa3yx nycTOTbl cyJib<jJaT-
HOro npOHCXO)l(JleHHX. Jla6opaTopHble )KCnepHMeHTbl noKinanH, 'ITO paCTBOpHMOCTb
KaJlbUHHCO.llep)l(all{HX Kap6oHaTHblX MHHepanoe yeeJIH'IHBaeTCSI OT KaJJbUHTa c HH3-
KHM conep)l(aHHeM MarttHX (HMK) .llO aparoHHT3 H KaJJbUHT3 c BblCOKHM CO.llep)l(aHH-
eM M3rHHX (BMK) (CM. maey 4). 0.llHaKO oca.uKH, nepeOH3lJ3JlbHO npencrnBJieHHble
KaJJbUHTOM c BblCOKHM CO.llep)l(aHHeM M3fHHX, K3K npaBHJIO, He paCTBOpS!IOTCSI, a 3a-
Mell{alOTCSI KaJibUHTOM c HH3KHM co.nep)l(aHHeM MarHHSI. B CBOIO oqepeJlb, MHOroJieT-
nopHCTOCTb (%)
10 50 100
0.1
I I
I I
!
KpHeall MexaHH'tCCKoro
ynnOTHCHHll
I
npcHMYlllCCTBCllHO
I
_....._
3Cp11HCTblC
npcHMYlllCCTBCHHO -----
_,___
rJIHHI CTblC
1,0
i
i
i
i
I
- ~ UeMeHTaUHll H xHMH'tecKoe
I
I
10
ynnoTHCHHC
~
I
i
i
..............
i
I
i I
I I
I
,l
I
.
,
Schmoker and Halley ( 1982) -
I
I
'1
I
no [27]
~ " " , / /
100
/ ! I
~ / /J
.,..,
v
........
......
......
k/
... -
--
- - - - -
----
.,,,,""'
.,..
1000
'
10000
PHc. 6.4. HJMeHeHHe nopHCTOcn1 e xone MexaHH'fecKoro ynnorneHHll rJIHHHCTblX H neclfaHblX
oca.UKOB c rny6HHOH (8). noTeHUHaJlbHOe 803.UCHCTBHe XHl\UllfeCKOro ynnoTHeHllll H ueMeH-
TaUHH OTpa:lKCHO 8 HJMeHeHHH 3H3
1
1CHHH nopHCTOCTH B nnacTax, npowe.uw11x MCX3HH'ICCKOC
ynnoTHeHHe no Mepe yeenHlfCHHll rny6HHbl Ha npHMepe ornmKCHHH B IO)KHOH <l>JIOpHllC [27).
6.2. UEMHITAUIHI, YnJJOTHEHllE H 1n1>11PATEJ11>110E BhlLUEJJNIMBAHllE 223
!He reOJIOrH'leCKHe HCCJIC.Ll.OBaHHSI noKa3aJIH, 'ITO aparOHHTOBbie 3epHa paCTBOpHIOTCSI
KTHBHee, lfeM KaJibUHT c HMK HJIH BMK [22, 31].
06pa30B3HHC KasepH B pe3yJibTaTe H36HpaTeJ1bHOro BbllllCJia'IHBaHHSI o6bI'IHO
rpHBO.LJ.HT K 11HBCpCHH CTPYKTYPbl noposoro npocrpaHCTBa B rpei1HCTOyHax - OT MC)f(-
epHOBOH nopHCTOCTH H UCJibHblX 3epeH K BTOpH'IHOH c11enKOBOH nopHCTOCTH H '.la-
IOJIHeHHOMY Me)f(3epHoBoMy nopoBoMy npocTpaHcrsy. CpaBHHTCJibHblH aHanHJ no-
:aJbIBaer, lfTO nOpHCTOCTb npH '.HOM He yseJIH'IHBaeTCSI (pHC. 6.5). nopHCTOCTb CO-
.peMeHHblX OOH.Ll.HblX rpeHHCTOYHOB COCTaBJIHeT 45 %, a B OOHJlHblX rpeHHCTOyHax co
nenKOBblM nopoBblM npocTpaHCTBOM oHa pe.nKo npesbnuaeT 30 %. Bee o6pa3Ubl Kep-
ra rpei1HCTOYHOB H naKCTOYHOB co CJienKOBblM nopOBblM npocTpaHCTBOM HJ CKBa)f(HH
'Hna H K11HHO, OT06paHHb1e HJ TOJIUlH, pacnoJIO)f(CHHOH HH)f(e sepxHero Kapcroeo-
o HHTepsana, xapaKTep1ny10TCSI nopHCTOCTblO OT 40 % JlO 50 % [22], LJTO, BH.llHMO,
Hlllb HeJHa'IHTCJibHO MCHbllle, tteM 6b1J10 B nepHO.ll oca.nK0HaKon11eHHH. Hau6011ee ee-
10HTHO, lfTO nopHCTOCTb He yseJIHlfHBaercsi nOTOMy, lfTO KaJibUHT H HOHbl Kap6oHaTa.
16pa3yiomHeCS1 npH Bbill(eJia'IHBaHHH HCCTa6HJibHOfO aparoHHTa, Bbma.nalOT B oca.noK
BHilC KaJibUHTOBOro ueMCHTa Ha 6JIH)f(3HllIHX ylfaCTKax noposoro npocrpaHCTBa.
hoT npmiecc MO)f(CT npOHCXO.llHTb Ha :nane norpy-A<eHHSI B npHcyrcTBHH rpyHTO-
OH BO;:tbI MopcKoro npoHCXO)f(JlCHHH
2
[6] HJIH B yc110BHHX Herny6oKOro norpy)f(eH 1rn
npHcyrCTBHH JIOK3J1H30BaHHblX J1HH3 npeCHOH BOilbl, o6HapY*eHHblX, HanpHMcp.
OTMCJISIX, CJIO)f(eHHbIX rpeHHCTOyHaMH [2].
(a)
2 MM
(b)
'He. 6.5. HHeeprnpoeaHHaH CTPYKTYPa. 06a 06pa.1ua xapaKTepmyt0TCH nop11crocTbt0
0-25 %. (a) CHHMOK cnenKOBblX nop e 1ano11HCHHOM MC'lIOepHoeoM npocTpattcTee, C.1lCJJaH-
blH cjJOTOMllKporpa<floM. (b) CHHMOK MC'lKJCpHoeoro nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa, c.neJJaHHblH
IOTOM II KporpacjJoM.
~ T . e. MopcKall tl0-'13. nonaewall e aKemjicp. - np11.11. 11epeH.
226 fJJARA 6
(a) (b)
1000 10'
,-..
~
t::=l:
100
-! 1000
::0
._.,
~
..c
100
I- u
u
10
0
0
::e
::;;
II.I
II.I
"'
10
"'
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::r
1
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=
1 ::
0
0 c.

c.
c::
c:: 0.1
O.L
1 5 10 40
flopHCTOCTb (%) flOpHCTOCTb (%)
11JOJlllpoBaHHOK38CpllOBall H101111poBBHHO-KaeepHO&all
nopUCTOCTb ( CpcllllCC nop11crocrb ( cpe;i11cc
l113'1CHllC 8%) 1118'1CllllC 20%)
PHc. 6.7. 811HJ1HHe HJomtpoeaHHbIX KaeepH Ha npoHHuae111ocTb e Kap6oHaTHblX nopo.aax.
(a) flopHCTOCTb B OOH.llHO-CJJCnKOBOM rpCHHCTOyHe. (b) Me11nepHOBall MHKponopHCTOCTb
B 0011.llHOM rpei1HcTOyHe.
CKHX nopo.u onmtrnero BocToKa noKa3ano, no rpeHHCTOYHbI xapaKTep1ny10Tcsi cpe.u-
HHMH 3Ha'-leHHSIMH npott11uaeMOCTH I 000 M.lJ., npeHMymecTeeHHO JepHHCTble naKcTo-
YHbI - I 00 M)l, a npeHMymecTBeHHO rnHHHCTbte cj>amrn - I M.U. IlpoH11uaeMOCTb
rpertttcrnyttoe co cnenKoeoii nopHcTOCTblO eapbHpyeT OT I .no I 0 M,ll.
no.11npHJJlfBHhlH UeMCHTaUHll/YnJJOTHCHHe H36HpaTeJJbHOe BbllUenalfHBaHHe
UlfKJl
nopHCTOCTb npoHHU3CMOCTb nopHCTOCTb npottHU3CMOCTb
D fpcliHCTOYH
0 50 500 ~ C n e n m " ' [rO ~

npc1tMYIUCCTBCHHO
1CpH11CTblii
naKCTOYH
npcuMylUCCTBCHHO
rJlHllllCTblii
lllBCCTHllK
Oca.uKoHaKonneHHe
0orpyi1CeHHC
PHc. 6.8. YMeHt.WCHHe nopucTOCTH H npoHHuac111ocm e xo.ae mmrcHCTHlfeCKHX npeo6pa-
JoeaHHH Ha pa3JJll
1
1HblX :nanax OTJJOilCCHlfll If norpyilCCHHJI OCa;J.KOB. Ilpo<j>HJlb pacnpC.llCJlC-
Hlfll nopHCTOCTlf H npOHlfUaeMOCTH B Tlfnll
1
1HOM MCJICIOIUCM BBepx UlfKJJC OC3.llKOH3KOnJIClfHll
B MCJlKOBOitHOH o6CTaHOBKC noKa3b1BaeT yMCHbWCHHC HX 3Ha4CHHii B 3aBHCHll10CTll OT <j>aKTo-
pa epeMem1/rny61JHbl. Kp11eb1e norpY'lKCHIJJI naHbl !lJlll ce1nb1 Apa6 .ll 10pcKoro eoJpacrn [26].
HJ611paTCJlbHOC BblWCJJalJHBaHHC He lf3MCHllCT BCJ1H4HHY nopHCTOCTll, HO 3Ha4HTCJlbHO CHll-
)l(aCT npOHllUaCMOCTb rpeHHCTOYHOB.
6.3. flPHMEPbl llJBECTH.SIKOBl>IX KOJIJIEKTOPOB
ToJJwa KOJJJJeKTopa
D
D
fpcil11croy11. nopHCTOCTb 30%.
t1po111tUaCMOCTb 1000 M.ll
fpeiiHCTOYH co CJICmroaoii
nopHCTOCTblO, nopnCTOCTb 30%,
npo111111acMoCTb I 0 M.ll
npc11MyuteCTBCHHO 1CpH11CTblC
naKCTOylfM, nopHCTOCTb 25%.
npo111111aeMOCTb 100 M.ll
Henpo1muaeMb1e nopO.!l.bl
D
OmmKc1111H 11p11n11a110-orn11a11oii
p3Bllllllbl II Hnbl, nopHCTOCTb 15%,
npoHnuaeMoCTb I MJl
40 KM 8blCOKOlf8CTOTHble
UHKJlbl
227
PHc. 6.9. Pacnpe.aeJJeHHe Kom1eKTopoe e BblCOKOlfacrnrnoM ceKBCHTHOM UHKJle, .aHareHeT111c-
cKH npeo6pa:ioeaHHOM B XO.!lC UCMeHTaUHH, ynJJOTHCHJUI If in6HpaTeJlbHOro BblWeJJa'lltBa I:" 1.
npoH11uaeMbJe npeHMYlUCCTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie CTPYKTYPbl 06bJllHO o6Hap}')KHBa-
IOTCJI B CaMOH eepxHeH 'laCTH TOJllUH oca.aKOB noimpHJlHBHOro UHKJla. 0HH KOHL{eH-
Tp1tpy10TCJI B lj>al{HJIX KpaeeoH 'laCTH wenb<l>a, Ha y11aCTKax CKJlOHOBblX It CBO.llOBblX
c)>au11if (p1tc. 6. 9). 6n113Koe CXOJlCTBO nponyKToe JJ.Harette3a H CTPYKTYP. o6pa3osas-
UJHXCJI Ha nane OCaJJ.KOHaKOnJleHHJI, 110180JlJleT HCnOJlb30BaTb Mo.nen11 ocaJJ.KOHaKon-
neHHJI Jl.JlJI nporHo3a pacnpe.neneHHJI neTpo<f>1111111ecK1tx csoifcTe. OcHOBHbIM pa1n11-
lfHCM 3.lleCb JIBJlJICTCJI O'leHb HHJKaJI npOHHUaCMOCTb rpeHHCTOYHOB co cnenKOBOH no-
pHCTOCTblO.
6.3. npHMepbl HlBeCTHHKOBblX KOJIJleKTOpOB
6.3.1. Mecropo*JJ,enue lfecrep (OKnaxoMa, CWA), MuccucuncKHii Hpyc
4
Mttcc11c11ncKaJ1 ra3oeaJI 1ane)l(b Ha MecTopo)l(JleHHH l.JecTep B ceeepo-3ana.nnoif
OKnaxoMe J1BJlJ1eTCJ1 np11MepoM naneo30HCKOro HJoecTHJIKOeoro KonneKTopa, e KOTO-
poM nopHCTOCTb 3aBHCHT OT lj>auttanbHOH npHHaJlJlC)l(HOCTH ocanKa H THna KaJlb-
UHTOBOro ueMeHTa [21 ]. HecMOTPJI Ha TO, 'ITO .naHHOe HCCHe.noeaHHe npoee.ueHO
.naeHO, OHO JIBJlJleTCJI npeKpaCHblM np11MepoM TOro, KaK 1HaHHJI 06 o6cTaHOBKC ce-
J.HIMeHTaUHH MoryT 6b1Tb HCnOJlb30BaHbl JlJljf MOllCJlHpoeaHHJI CBOHCTB KOJlJleKTopa
s cny'laJlx, Karna .n11areHeTH'leCKH npeo6pa:meaHHble noponb1 coxpaHHJlH nepeH'IHbie
cenHMeHTaUHOHHble npH3HaKH. J1cTOpHJI mtareHeTHlJeCKHX npeo6pa1oeaHHH 3.UeCb
nosonbHO npocrn, oHa BCJI CBO.!J.HTCJI K npoueccaM ynnOTHeHHJI H ueMeHTaUHH. Ton-
ma KOJlJleKTopa npe.LJ.CTaBJleHa llBYMJI MeJlelOlllHMH Beepx (perpecCHBHblMH) BblCOKO-
'laCTOTHblMH UHKJJaMH, HH)l(HHH 113 KOTOpblX CJlO)l(eH KpHHOH.llHblMH BaKCTOyHaMH,
4
np116JJll"lllTCJlbHblil 1KBHB3JICHT HlllKHCfO Kap6011a Eeponbl. - npu.11. 11epe6.
228 fJIABA 6
a eepXHHH - KpHHOH.UHblMH npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTblMH naKCTOyHaMH H rpeHH-
CTOyHal\>rn. Ka:>K.UbIH BbICOKOrncTOTHblH UHKJl no.upa3.uem1eTC" Ha .uea cpHJibTpaUHOH-
HbIX cno" (pHc. 6.10). KonneKTop cno:>KeH rpei1HcrnyHaMH, npe11MymecrneHHO 3epH11-
CThIMH naKcToyHaMH 11 npe11MymecTeeHHO rnHHHCThIMH H3BeCTH"KaMH. B1nya11hHO
MO:>KHO BhI)],eJlHTb TOJlbKO nopbl Me:>K.uy 3epHaMH B HeKOTOpblX rpettHCTOyHax. bOJlb-
wa" qacTh nopoeoro npocTpaHcTBa 3aKynopeHa B pe3ynhTaTe ynnoTHeHH" H 3anon-
HeHH" nop CHHTaKCHanhHhIM H H3onaxHTOBhIM ueMeHTOM. HanHq11e Me:>K3epHoeoro
nopoeoro npocTpaHcrna ce"3aHo c np11po.uoii KaJihUHToeoro ueMeHTa. CKeJieTHhie
3epHa "en"IOTC" e ocHOBHOM KPHHOH.UHhIMH o6JIOMKaMH. CHHTaKCHaJibHhIH ueMeHT
o6paCTaHH", o6ttapy:>KeHHblH B KpHHOH.UHbIX o6JIOMKax, COCTO"lll.HX 113 OT.UeJlbHblX
Kp11crn1111oe, KaK npae11JI0, no11HOCTb10 3anonH"eT Me:>1nepHoeoe nopoeoe npocTpaH-
crno. 0.nHaKo B cnylJajjX, KOr.na 3epHa KpHHOH.UHblX o6JIOMKOB npe.ncrneneHbl OOJIHTa-
MH, o6pa3yeTCjj He CHHTaKCHaJibHblH, a H30naXHTOBblH (paBHOMepHO-BOJIOKHHCTbIH)
ueMeHT, KOTOpbIH <JacTH'IHO 3ano11mreT Me:>K3epHoeoe nopoeoe npocTpaHCTBO. 0eT-
porpacpH4eCKHe HCCJie.uoeaHH" noKa3aJ1H, lJTO ece npo.uyKTHBHhie nopO.Ubl OTHOC"TC"
K rpeHHCTOYHaM, B KOTOpbIX 80 HJIH 6onee npoueHTOB 3epeH OOJIHTbl (pHC. 6.11 ).
CxeMhI oca.uKoHaKonneHH" MOrYT 6hITh 11cnoJib30BaHbI .UJijj nportt03a pacnpe.ue-
neHH" neTpocl>H3HlJeCKHX CBOHCTB B CHJIY 6JIH3KOfO cxo.ncrna Me:>K.uy nopHCTOCTblO
oca.uKoe 11 nop11cTOCTh10 OOH.UHhIX rpeHHCTOYHOB. OoH.UHbie rpettHCTOYHhI ornara-
IOTCjj B Bb!COK03Heprer11qecKOH o6CTaHOBKe, o6hilJHO B 6apoeo-pycJIOBbIX CHCTeMax.
MHCCHCHilCKHe nopO.Ubl Ha MeCTOpO:>K,UeHHH llecTep pa3.ueneHbl Ha .uee <1>au1111: Ha 6a-
p0Bhle, co.uep:>Kam11e OOH.UHbie rpeHHCTOYHhl, H Me)l(6apOBbie, xapaKTepH3YIOlll.HeC",
B nepeyIO oqepe.nb, o6HJIHeM Mettee cpparMeHTHpOBaHHOfO, HeOOH.UHOfO CKeJieTHOfO
)leTpHTa, HaJIHlJHeM TOHKOCJlOHCTblX H nepeMewaHHbIX H3BeCTKOBbIX rJlHH H MHOfO-
lJHCJieHHblX TOHKHX rJIHHHCTblX npocnoes.
Kp11sa.ii: caMonpmnsoJihHOH non"pH3aum1 (OC) 11cno11h3yeTc" .IIJI" H.1J.eHrncl>11Ka-
u1111 6aposb1x 11 Me)l(6aposb1x cpau11ii no .uaHHhIM KapoTa)l(a. Xorn BH.UhI
raMMa-KapOTa)l(a TaK)l(e npHMeHHMbl, MeTO,!l, OC 6011ee 'IYBCTBHTeJleH K H3MeHeHH-
jjM B reo11orn4ecKHX <J>au11jjx. B HHTepsanax 6apoeb1x <Pau11li aMnn11ry.ua ITC llOCTH-
raeT MaKCHMaJlbHblX BeJI11q11H, Tor.ua KaK HHTepeanaM Me)l(6apOBblX cI>aUHH COOTBeT-
CTBYIOT cJia60.uml>cl>epeHu11posaHHbie yqacTKH Kp11soli. I>onee .uernnhttoe paclJJieHeH11e
pa3pe3a c nOMOlll.blO MHKpOKapOTa)l(a Bbl"BJI"eT npHCYTCTBHe rpettHCTOYHOB, COCTO-
"llJ.HX 6011ee '!eM Ha 80 % H3 OOH.UOB. 3n1 3Mn11p11qeCKHe CB"3H Me)l(.ny cpauH"MH
H noKa3aHH"MH KapoTa)l(a 6hIJIH HCilOJib30BaHbl .UJI" Koppen"UHH BbICOK04aCTOTHblX
UHKJIOB 11 cl>HnhTpau110HHhIX HHTepsanos Ha o6urnpHoii TeppHTOp1111. TaKHM o6pa-
30M 6bIJIH OTKapntpoaaHhl H30naXHTbl 6apOBhIX cpaUHH (p11c. 6.10) H COOTHOllleHH"
nop11cTOCTb-TOJII11.HHa c y<JeTOM MO.UeJiett oca.uKoHaKonJieHH" rpeHHCTOyHOBhIX 6a-
pos H pycen.
6.3.2. MeJJOBbie OTJIO*eHHH Ty6apao, meJJb<IJ 6pa3HJIHH
He<l>rnHa" 3aJie)l(h Menosoro ( anb6CKOro) B03pacrn MecrnpO)l(.UeHH" Ty6apao
B 6accei1He CaHTOC Ha weJibcpe opa3HJIHH, .H3y4eHHa" Kpy30M [5], "BJI"eTC" npH-
MepoM KOJIJieKTopa, B KOTOpOM 06pa3oeam1e pa3J1H'IHbIX npo.nyKTOB .UHareHe3a CB"-
nc
6.3. 11'3BECTHRKOBblX KOJlJlEKTOPOB
(b)
: '1\ ,'-.._. - ,I ., \ 1 I \ I I
,; l e \ el'e\ 9\ I
I '\ 1 ' ', '. ', l \ \ \ Jr::, \
I f.\ I ', 0 / o I o': 1 'i o \
1
' I l .. I
J , ' \ ,.; . I I
1
1 Ui
,, , " ' f I . /
. e e .. 17. I ! ,' / / / j e .'
r i t.
10 KM
.' . JI
t. '
CKBa)f(HHbI -
KOHTpOJibHble TOqKH
,!lml nocrpoeuiu1
Kap'l'bl TOJILUHH
Ceqeune 1nonaxnT 3 M
229
Pwc. 6.10. KOJJJieKrnp MecrnpO)l{.UeHHst lfecrep (OKJiaxoMa, CWA). (a) KoJI-
11eKTop pa3,!leJieH Ha ,!lBa BblCOKoqacTOTHblX umma, Ka)Kll,blH H3 KOTOpblX co.11.ep)KHT no .II.Ba
lj>HJibTpauttoHHblX HHTepea11a, Bbl.!leJieHHbIX no Keptty. {b) Kaprn 1<1><1>eKTHBHblX TOJILUHH 6a-
posb1x <l>aUHH no )laHHblM KapOTa)Ka nC. Ha KapTe XOpOWO BH.!lHbl JIHHCHHblC TpCH.!lbl, npo-
rH03ttpyeMbie coepeMeHHbIMH MO,!lCJISIMH OTMeJibHblX OOJIHTOBblX rpeHHCTOYHOB [21 ].
33HO c oca,D.04HblMH cpaUH.SIMH, HO B pe3yJibTaTe mrnreHe3a npOH30WJIO H3MeHeHHe
cTpyKrypbI nop H nerpocpH3H4eCKHX csoiicrn. HcTOpm1 .nHareHe3a B .naHHOM cnyqae
HecKOJibKO 6onee cno:>KHa.SI, 4eM B npe.nwlyw.eM npHMepe. B .nononHeHHe K npocToMy
ynJIOTHeHHIO B pe3yJibTaTe ueMeHTaUHH npHCYTCTBYIOT MHKponopbl, pacnOJIO)KeHHbie
BHYTPH 3epeH (THn H30JIHpoeaHHO-KaeepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH), oKa3brnat0w.He CHJihHOe
BJIH.SIHHe Ha neTpOcpH3H'ieCKHe CBOHCTBa. npeHMymecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbie H3BeCTH.SIKH
CMeH.SllOTCSI rpeHHCTOyHaMu, a THil noposoro npocrpaHCTBa BapbHpyeT OT Me)K3epHO-
BOro .no H3om1poaaHHO-KaaepHoaoro. B .naHHOM cnyqae nepswrnb1e ce.n11MeHTaUHOH-
Hb1e CTPYKTYPhI OTJIO)KeHHH MoryT 6bITb eoccrnHOBneHbI no pe3yJihTaTaM H3y'ieHHSI
CTpoeHH.11 H nerpocpH3H'IeCKHX CBOHCTB BTOpwrno H3MeHeHHOH nopO.Ubl, a nony4eH-
H3SI ce,D.HMeHTaUHOHH3SI MO.UeJJb MO)KeT 6bITb HCilOJib30BaHa )J.JISI nocTpoeHH.11 MO,ll.eJIH
KOJIJJeKTOpa.
OnncaHHe KepHa (pHc. 6.12) noKa3b1eaeT HaJJH'iHe BeJJTHKaJibHOH nocne.noaa-
TeJibHOCTH MeJJeIOW.HX BBepx no.nnpHIIHBHblX UHKJIOB, CJIO)KeHHbIX cpaun.11MH OT rrpe-
HMyw.ecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTOro naKCTOyHa .uo OHKOH,D.HOro npeuMyw.ecrneHHO 3epHHCTO-
230 rJJABA 6
g 40
M
~
\0
0
g 20
....
(.)
C)
~
~ 0
1-honaxHTOBl>IH CHHTaKCHaJ11>H1>1it ueMeHT
ueMeHT '13CTH'IHO
3anonm1eT noposoe
npocTpaHCTBO
100 80 60 40
nonHOCTblO 3anonm1eT
noposoe npocrpattcTBo
20 0
.ll.om1 OOJIHTOBblX 3epeH B rpeHHCTOyttax
6apOBblX Q>auHH (%)
Puc. 6.11. Mucc11c1mcKHC KOJIJ1eKTop1>1 MccrnpmK.uemu1 4eCTep . .ll.11arpaMMa, n0Ka11>1ea10mall
pacnpe;leJleHHC HCnpo.nyKTHBHblX HCOOJlHTOBblX KpllHOH!lHblX rpei:iucrnyttoe c nopOBbll\I npo-
CTpaHCTBOl\I, 1anOJillCHHblM CHHTaKCllaJlbHbll\I ueMCHTOM o6paCTaHHll, It npOJlYKTHBHblX OOllil-
HblX KpHHOlt.UHblX rpciiHCTOYHOB c nopOBblJll npocTpaHCTBOM, '13CTH'IHO 33Hl1Tbll\I monaXHTO-
BblM UCMCHTOM. OomtTOBOe noKpblTllC npcnllTCTBYCT poCTy 0.JllHO'IHblX Kp11CT3JIJIOB Clt11TaK-
c11aJ11>HOro ueMeHrn 11 cnoco6CTeyeT 06pa1oeam110 111yJ11>THKpucrnnm11ccKoro uxonax1noeoro
(.llaHHble TIO (21 ]).
ro naKCTOyHa HJIH OOH.IlHOro rpeHHCTOyHa. JTH BblCOKO'f3CTOTHble UHKJlbl rpynnHpy-
IOTCJI B llBC BblCOKO'f3CTOTHble CCKBCHUHH, ycTaHOBJleHHble no HaJIH'IHIO na'IKH BaK-
CTOyHa, CBH.IleTeJJbCTBYIOllleH 06 HMCBWCM MCCTO 3H3'1HTCJlbHOM 33TOOJ1CHHH. Ka:>K,IlaJI
CCKBCHUlUI COCTOHT H3 WCCTH BblCOKO'f3CTOTHblX UHKJlOB. HH:>KHJUI CCKBCHUHJI (BJC)
xapaKTepmyeTCJI HaJJH'IHCM OHKOH.UHblX 3epeH, B TO epeMJI KaK sepXHJIJI (BIB) CJlO-
:>KCHa OOHLlHblMH 3CpHaMH.
B peJynbTaTe H'3Y'ICHHJI cTpOCHHJI nopo.u 6btno BblJIBJJeHo HaJJH'IHe rpex. neTpo-
cf>HJH'fecKHX Knaccoe: I - rpei-f ucrnyHoB, 2 - npett111ywecrneHHO 3epHHCTb1x naKCTO-
YHOB H 3 - npeHMywecTeeHHO rmmHCTbtX naKcToyttoe H eaKcTOyHoB. BepTHKaJlbHaJI
nocne.uoeaTCJlbHOCTb cf>auHH OT npeHMyllleCTBCHHO rnHHHCTOro .uo npCHMYlllCCTBCH-
HO 3CpHHCTOro naKCTOytta B HH>KHCH CCKBCHUHH 11 OT npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO fJ111HHCTblX
cf>aUHH .no rpeHHCTOyHa B eepxHCH CCKBCHUHH 003BOJIJleT BblLlCJJHTb .uea Q>HJibTpauu-
OHHblX lfHTCpBaJJa B K3>K.ll0M BbJCOKO'f3CTOTHOM UHKJlC (pHC. 6.12).
Kpocc-nnoT nopHCTOCTH H npom1uaeMOCTH B OOH.UHblX rpeHHCToyttax OOK33b1Ba-
CT, 'ITO .[l3HHblC nona}.l.aJOT B o6naCTb KJ13CCa 3 H HH>KC (pHC. 6.13, a). np11'111H3 noro
B TOM, 'ITO, XOTJI R HHX H npHCYTCTBYCT HCKOTOpoe MC:>K3epHOBOC nopoeoe npocTpaH-
CTBO, 60111>UJaJ1 'facTb nop ttaxomncJI BHYTPH 3epe1-1, 06pa1yJ1 Me>K3CpHoeyio MHKpono-
pHCTOCTb, J1BJJJ110lUY10CH O.!lHHM HJ nmoe HJOnHpoeattHbIX KaeepH. KaK OTMe'fa11oc1>
e rnaee 2, nopoeoe npocTpaHcTBo ettyTpH JepeH e npe11MywecTBCtttto JepttHCTbIX
<j>auHHX COBCCM HCHaMHOro YBCJ1H'IHB3CT npOHHUaCMOCTb. Ha rpa<j>HKC OTMC'taCTCJI
3aMeTHblH pa36poc .nattHblX, tto CTPYKTYPHO-TCKcTypttblH HHlleKc TPH MO>KCT .naTb
npHCMJlCMbie Jtta'ICHHH npottuuacMOCTH. Kpocc-nnoT nopucrocTH H npott11uaeMocn1
OHKOHllHOfO npeHMywecTBCHHO 3CpHHCTOro naKCTOytta nOK33blBaCT, 'ITO .uaHHble pac-
nonara!OTCJI tta rpam1uc MC>K.lY Knaccal\m 1 11 2 (puc. 6. 13. b ). OttKOll..'lbl HMelOT
6.3. flPMMEPbl 113BECTH.SIKOBblX KOJIJIEKTOPOB
raMMa- ,-..
KapOTalK .;. nopHCTOCTb
o .)() :c :m

.....
..:

OOllJlHblH rpeilHCTOYH
0HKOHJlHO-OOHJ1HblH rpeil1tcroy11
Oo1t.11110-01tK01rn110-neno11.1m bl ii
npe11MymecTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblH naKCTOYH
OoHJlHblH eaKcroyn/Maacroyn
a
-b

I "
:==::::::: -/,
I II

(I
b
231
6.12. BeprnKanbHall nocnCJlOBaTenbHOCTb <j>auuil, nocTpoeHHall no on1tcaH1tlllll i.:ep11a
:noeb1x omo:iKeHult e 6acceitHe Ca11rnc Ha wenblfie lipaJunHH [5]. B peJynbTaTe on11-
i KCpHa 6blJIH ycrnHOBJICHbl no.anpHJJHBHblC (cy6mtTopaJJbHblC) BblCOKO'-laCTOTHbte Ulll\-
J4U) c rpeitHcTOyHaMH 8 KpoBJJe, KOTOpbtC <j>opM11py10r BblCOKO'-laCTOTHblC ceKeeHUllH
HOBC TOJllUllllbl OTJIO:iKCHHH UHKJla It pacnpe.aenemtll npc11111ymecTeeHHO rJJHHHCTblX <j>a-
4CTbtpe reoJJOnt'-ICCKHX <fiaum1 crpynm1poeaHbt e Tpu ocHOBHbtX CTPYKTYPHO-TeKc-ryp-
KJJacca. raKlKe KalK.llbtH B4U paJ.aeneH Ha eepx11111t npem.1ymecTeCHHO JepHHCTblH 1111-
JJ H HHlKHltH npCllMYWCCTBCHHO rJJHHHCTblH HHTepeaJJ [5].
232 fJlABA 6
.UOBOJlbHO 6oJibWOH pa3Mep - 6011ee l MM B .LJ.HaMeTpe, lfTO npHBO.UHT K o6pa3oBa-
HHIO 6011ee KpynHblX nop, lfeM o6bllJHO Ha6JIIO,UaeTC.ff B npemitylUeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTblX
naKCToyttax. B pe3yJlbTaTe .lWHHbie pacno11ara10TC.ff no o6e cTopoHbI rpaHHUbI Me)l(.uy
KJlaccaMH l H 2, a CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbIH 1rn.ueKc 1,5 6y.ueT onpe.uemnb npoHHUa-
eMOCTb. IlpeHMylUeCTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl H BaKCTOYHbJ xapaKTep113YIOTC.ff
cpe.uttefi nop11cTOCTbIO 2 % 11 npottwuaeMOCTbIO MeHee 0, I M,n. HecKOJlbKO o6pa3uos,
KOTOpbie HMeIOT npottwuaeMOCTb BbJWe 0, l M.n, nonamt B o6JlaCTb, OTHOCHlUYIOCH
K KJlaccy 3, KaK H 6hrno npe.LJ.cKaJatto.
{a)
.---------------,
!:! 100
u
0
:E
10
:s:
::c
8.. 1
t:

(b)
0,1 ..... f91,._ __ _, 0,1 ........
1 5 10 40 5 10 20 30 40
flop11CTOCTb (%) Me)K<Jacrn<JHa.ii nop11CTOCTb (%)
P11c. 6.13. rpaqmK JaBl1Cl1MOCTH nop11CTOCTH, npomn.1aeMOCTH H CTpyKrypHblX xapaKTepH-
CTHK nopon nm1 MCCTOpO)K!lCHHll Ty6apao, 6acceHH CaHTOC. 3tta'lCHHll npoH11uaeMOCTH npH-
yp04CHbI K OHKOlfJ).HbIM, npettMymecrneHHO 3epHHCTblM naKCTOyHal\I (n3n) nerpolJ>H3Hl!eCKO-
ro KJJacca 2. OpettMYIUCCTBCHHO fJJHHHCTblC cpaum1 xapaKTCpH3YIOTCll Hlf3K11MH 3HalfCHlfllMH
npoHHUael\IOCTH. (a) 00l1llHblC rpeHHCTOYHbl c MC)K3CpHOBOH MHKponop11CTOCTblO xapaKTeptt-
JYIOTCll 3H3'lCHl1llMH nop11CTOCTH, 6JJH3Kl1MH K 3Ha'ICHHHM B 030 (b ), HO HX npom1uaeMOCTb
OTHOCl1TCH K KJlaccy J. (b) 030 pacnOJJO)KCHbl no o6e CTOpOHbl rpaHHUbl MC)K!lY KJJaCC3Ml1
I H 2 B CHJJY O'ICHb 60JJblllOro pa3Mepa OHKOH!lOB (naHHblC no [5]).
oueHKH Ha<JarJbHOH BO.LJ.OHaCbllUeHHOCTH 6bIJUI 11cnOJib30BaHbl KpHBbie Ka-
nHJIJISl.pttoro J).aBJJeHH.11. KpttBbJe, OTHOCSl.lUHeCR K OOHJ.J.HblM rpdtHCTOyHaM, HMeIOT
611MO,UaJJbHblH 811.U, r.ue HH3KOMY Kan11JIJJ.i!pHOMY .LJ.aBJleHHfO BXOJW COOTBeTCTByeT
HeJHalfHTeJihHbIH o6beM Me)l(JepHoeoro nopoeoro npocTpaHcTBa, H 6onee BbICOKOMy
Kan11nn.11ptt0My i:1aeneHH10 exo.ua - MeJIK11e BHyTp113epHOBhie nopbI, Koropb1e o6pa-
3YIOT 6oJlbUIYfO qacTh nopoeoro npocTpaHCTBa nopO.UbI (puc. 6.14, a). Kp11eb1e, cooT-
BeTCTBYIOlUHe OHKOHJ.J.HblM npettMylUeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTblM naKCTOyHaM, HMefOT MeHee
Bbipa)l(eHHoe 611MOJ.J.aJibHoe pacnpe.uenem1e. HH3KOe KanHJJJJHpttoe .LJ.aenettwe exo.ua
noKa3bJBaeT o6beM Me)l(OHKOH.UHblX nop 11 BblCOKOe KanHJJJI.iipttoe .nasJJeHHe BXO)la -
6oJJee MeJJKl1e nopbl, cymecTBYIOlUHe B TOHK11X Me)l(3epHOBblX 113BeCTKOBl1CTblX rm1-
Hax H, B03MO)l(H0, B caMHX OHKOH.LJ.HblX 3epttax (pHC. 6.14, b ). 3Tl1 COOTHOWeHH.ff yKa-
3bJBaIOT Ha TO, lfTO npeHMylUeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTbIH naKCTOYH 6y.uer HMeTb caMyfO HH3-
KYIO CTeneHb Ha<JaJJbHOH BO.LJ.OHaChllUeHHOCTH, a rpeHHCTOYH - caMyfO BbICOKyIO, npH
OJI.HOH H TOH )Ke TOJJlUHHe KOJIJieKTopa H nop11cTOCTH. CooTBercrnetttto, B OHKOH.UHOM
6.3. fIPHMEPbl IBBECTH.liKOBhlX KOJJJJEKTOPOB 233
npemvtymecTBettttO 3epHHCTOM naKcrnytte 6y.uyT co.uep)l(aTbCji ttaH6onhrnHe o6beMbJ
tte<Pm.
(a) (b)
,__ 136
68
1
00:
102
:s:
:i:
..
ti
68 :I:
'-
..
:i:
0
:s:
34
:i:
0
:ii
..
t:::(
0
100 80 60 40 20 0
0
100 80 60 40 20
HacbillleHHe pTyTbtO
(% OT nop)
HacbJllleHHe pryTbtO
(% OT 061.eMa nop)
.4 - Ko1tjiljrnu11eHT nop11crncT11 20.8%
Ko')(jllj>11u11eHT npo1111uacMocT11 2,7 M,l{
B - Ko')(j><jrnuneHT nop11crocrn 17,6%
Ko'31j>lj>11u11eHT npo1111uacMocT11 1,2 M,[{
0
PHc. 6.14. Kp11Bb1e Kam1mrnpHoro .naeneH1u1 .o,m1 MecrnpoiK.UcHHll Ty6apao. 6accei1H CaH-
TOC. (a) flp11Mepbl KpHBblX llflll OHKOH.!lHblX npettMymecTBCHHO 3epHHCTblX naKCTOYHOB, .ll.C-
MOHCTpHPYIOlllHe HH3KOe .11.asneH11e BXOJ:{a, THffH'lHOe Ml! Kpynttoro MeiK3epHOBOrO nopoaoro
npocTpattcTBa, H OTHOCHTenbHO BbICOKYIO sonoHaCbillleHHOCTb (Hacbtlllett11e PTYTblO npttHllTO
1a e.n11ttuuy), THnH'lHYIO Mll Manoro noposoro npocTpattcTsa, co1nasaeMoro MeiKJepttoobt-
1\Hf MHKponopaMH HflHCTOH H 3epHOBOH pa:n.1epHOCTH. (b) flp11Mepbl KpHBhIX .nmt nopHCThlX
0011.11.HblX rpeHHCTOYHOB, .11.eMOHCTp11py10lllHe 6Hl\10)J.3RbHblH BH)l., Tl-tnli'-iHblH .!lflll rpeitHCTO-
YHOB, e KOTOpbtx octtoattoi1 o6"heM noposoro npoCTpattcrna cocpe.noTo'leH BHYTPH 0011.uos.
YKa3aHHhie pa3JIJil!Hj! a KanHJIJij!pHhlX csoiicTsax MoryT 6bITb 11cnOJib30oattbl }l,JISI
pa3;::i:e11eHHSI 0011.UHblX rpeHHCTOYHOB (CTH = 3) H OHKOH.ll.Hb!X npeHMyruecTBeHHO
3epHHCThIX naKcToyttos (CTH = 1.5) no MeTOJly conporns11ett11H. Kpocc-nnoT Ha-
qanhHOH BOJ{OHaCMIUeHHOCTH, paccYHTaHHOH no MeTo;::i:11Ke Ap
1
m, " JHa':leHHH nopw-
CTOCTH, noJTy<leHHbIX no J{8HHblM r11c, noKa3bIBaeT, lJTO OOH.ll.HbJe cpauHH o6na.uaJOT
6onee Bb!COKOH BO,UOHaCblll.leHHOCThlO, ':leM OHKOH,UHble c TOH )Ke CaMOH nopHCTOCTblO
(pHC. 6.15). IlpeHMyruecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbJe cpauHH (CTI1=3) MOryT 6bITb BbI.UeJieHhl
no xapaKTepHOH .UJISI HHX HH3KOH nopHCTOCTH.
npocpHJIH sepTHK8JlhHOH npOHHUaeMOCTH paCClJHTbIB8IOTCji C HCnOJib30B8HHeM
cpopMyJJbl pac'-leTa npOHHL{aeMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH. 3Ha'leHHj! nopHCTOCTH nonyqa-
IOT no .uwarpaMMaM Kaporn)l(a nopHCTOCTH, a cTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypHblH HH.UeKc - H3
Kpocc-nJIOTa nopHCTOCTH-HaCb!ll{eHHOCTH.
c HCnOJib30BaHHeM .uaHHblX 0 CTpoeHHH nopO.Ubl 6b!Jla nocTpoeHa .UBYXMepttaH
MO,UeJib KOJIJJeKTopa. 1J,HKJ1bl H ceKBeHUHH KapntpylOTCSI B npe.uenax MeCTOpO)l{)le-
HHH. 0HH ccpopMHpOB8JlH xpoHOCTpaTttrpacpH':leCKHH KapKac _AJ]j! C03J{aHJ.ij! neTpO-
cpH3Hl{eCKOH MOD.em! (pHC. 6.16). Ka)l(.ll,b!H UHKJI 6b!Jl pa3.ueneH Ha 11.Ba CJIO.li cpHJib-
234 fJIABA 6
JepHHCTblH naKCTOYH
0.1
nopHCTOCTb (llOJIH ell.)
OoHllHblH rpciiHcToy11
P11c. 6.15. Kpocc-nnoT nopucrncTb-11pom1uacMocTb, 11m1tocTpHpytolUHH pa1ncncH11c MCiK.UY
0011,ilHblMll <jiaumlMll, 8 KOTOpblX nopoeoe npocTpaHCTBO 8 OCHOBHOM npenCTaBJICHO BHYT-
pmcpHOBblMH MllKponopaMH, II OHKOll.llHblMll <jiaumIMH, 8 KOTOpblX nopoeoe npoCTpaHCTBO
8 OCHOBHOM npC.il.CTaBJICHO KpynHbll\IH MC)IOCpHOBblMH nopaMll.
Tpaumt Ha OCHOBe CMCHbl sepntKaJJbHblX nocJJC.UOBaTCJJbHOCTeii npeHMYIUCCTBeHHO
rJllfHlfCTblX HJJH npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO JepHHCTblX <f>aUHH. npo<IJHJJH eepTHKaJJbHOH npo-
HlfUaCMOCTl1 6btJJlf paccJHTaHbl no <jJOpMyJJe ]aBHCHMOCTlf npOHlfUaCMOCTH OT no-
pHCTOCTH. 3HaJCHHH nopHCTOCTH noJJylfeHbl no lllfarpaMMaM KapoTmKa nopHCTOCTH.
a cTpyKTypHo-TcKcTypHblH HH.UeKc - HJ Kpocc-nJJoToB nop11cTocT1t-Hacb1meHHocn1.
8CJllflllfHa HalfaJlbHOH BOllOHaCbllllCHHOCTH paCClfHTbJBaJJaCb no KapoTa)f(HblM }laHHblM
no MCTO.UHKe AplfH. 3Ha'ICHHH npoH1tuaeMOCTlf If ua'laJJbHoii eonoHaCbilllCHHOCTlf
6b1JJ1t ocpenueHbt no Ka)f(JlOMY HHTepsany <f>1tnbTpa1um. PacnpeJleJJeHHe npou11uae-
MOCTlf noKaJaHo Ha pHc. 6.16. Xorn o6e npeHMymecTBeHHO JCpHHCTble <f>auHH 0T-
n111a10TCH BblCOKOH nopHCTOCTblO, MOlleJJb yKaJbJBaCT Ha OlfCHb CHJJbHYIO lfJMCHIH-
BOCTb npOHlfUaCMOCTH no ropmOHTaJJH H sepntKaJJH BCJie.UCTBHC Heom1opO.LtHOCTCH
e cTpoemm nponyKTHBHbIX OTJJO)f(CHHH. Ecmt 1tcnoJibJOBaTb TOJJbKO < ~ o p M y n y pac'ICTa
npom1uaeMOCTlf no nopHCTOCTlf lfJJlf MO}lCJJb HaCblll.lCHHOCTlf. TO "JTO MO)f(CT npHBC-
CTH K 3HaIHTCJJbHblM ow116KaM B nporH03C JKCnJJyarnUHOHHblX xapaKTepHCTHK KOJJ-
JJCKTOpa.
6.3.3. MOJlllHKOBblH rpeiiuCToyu nepMCKOro BOlpaCTa, ropbl rBa.llaJJyne (ClllA)
Pe3yJJbTaTbl Hccne.noeattuif TOJJlllH rpeiiHcToyHa co cnenKOBOH (MOJJ.UHKOBOH) no-
p11crncTb10 npHBCllCHbl 3.UCCb B Ka<Jecrne npHMepa BJIHHHlfH H36HpaTCJlbHOro Bbl-
IUCJJa'IHBaHHH Ha pacnpe.ueneHHC ncTpo<IJHJtt'ICCKHX csoiicTB. B masc 4 peJyJJbTaTbJ
nccJ1c,'\OBaHHH o6Ha)f(cHHH Ha YcTync AJJ..!J.)f(CpHrn 6b1JJH HcnonbJOBaHbl nm1 neMoH-
CTpau1m YBCJIH'ICHHH o6bcMa rpeHHCTOYHOB npu nporpaLtamm (BbICOKOM CTOHHHll
ypoBHH MOpH}. Xon pa3pe3 noJJHOCTblO !lOJIOMHTH3HposaH, nepe1t'IHb1e ce.nHMCHTa-
UlfOHHble npH3HaKH ocanKa pacno3HasaeMbl. )J,aHHbie, nony1eHHb1e np11 1ny'leHHlf
JTHX o6Ha)f(eHHH, n0Ka"3b1Ba10T. no rpeiiHCTOYHbl xapaKTep1ny10TCH cpcnHeii npOHlf-
uaeMOCTblO I 00 M)J,, npe11MymecTBeHHo JepH1tCTb1e naKCTOYHbl - I 0 M)l, a saKcTo-
D
D
6.3. CTPHMEPbl IBBECTHSIKOBblX KOJlJIEKTOPOB
0 0
I
0
------=

t::---
8blCOK3ll npo1muaeMOCTb
IOOOM
( OHKOH.!lHO-OOH.!lHblH rpeHHCTOYH)
HH3Kall npoHHuaeMOCTb
(OOH.UHblH rpeHHCTOYH)
HenpottuuaeMble HHTepeanbt
(npeHMymecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTble lj>au1m)
0
I
I
0
I =
I
,
I
-
1
.

.

:
..
.
.
.


'
.
I
2
:i
4
.'i
6
7
8
!J
10
II
235
PHc. 6.16. Mo.11.e11b KOJJJJCKTopa, H11moCTp11pyiomaJ1 pacnpe.!lenettue OHKOH.!lHblX
ct>au11i1 c BblCOKHMH KOJIJICKTOpCKHMlt CBOHCTBaMlt II OOH,J.HblX <1>au11ii c Hll3KHMH KOJIJICKTOp-
CKHl\111 [ 5].
yHbl - I MJ.{, e TO epeMSI KaK ece TPH <J>aum1 HMCIOT OJlHHaKoeyio nopwcTOCTb -
OKOJIO 13 %.
HcKJIIO'leHHeM HJ npttee.neHHOH TCH.llCHUHH J1BJIJ1CTCS1 rpdittCTOYH e UHKJie 7,
r.ne HJ6ttpaTeJihHoe Bb1meJia1.1tteaHHe 3epett HtteepTttpoeano cTpynypy nopoeoro npo-
CTpattcTea H npOJIBHJIOCb B cj>opMHpoeamrn BblCOKOnopHCTblX ( B cpC.llHCM 20 % ),
HO HH3KOnpOHHUaCMblX (B cpenHeM 2,5 M)l) y1.1aCTKOB B npe.nenax KOCOCJIOHCTO-
ro rpeHHCTOyHa ([ 12), pHC. 6. 17). <t>opMHpoeaHHe MOJl.llHKOBOH nopHCTOCTH B 3TOM
cny1.1ae CBSIJaHO c rpaHHUCH BblCOKO'laCTOTHOH CCKBeHUHH
5
HJIH c JIOKaJibHO pacnpo-
CTpatteHHblMH JIHH'3aMH npeCHOH 80.llbl, o6pa3oeaBUJHMHCJI B pe3yJlbTaTe nepeKpblTHSI
rpeiiHcTOytta oca.uKaMH npHJIHBHO-OTJUIBHOH paBHHHbl. TaKHM o6paJoM, e cTpynype
COBpCMCHHOro MOJl.llHKOBOro rpeHHCTOyHa OTpa3HJIHCb He TOJlbKO oco6eHHOCTH ycJIO-
BHH ocanKoHaKonneHHSI e nep11on ero o6paJoeaHHSI, HO H nocnei:tyiomwe noKaJJbHb1e
nepeMell{CHHSI naneorpyHTOBblX BOD..
6.3.4. MeJJOBaH 1aJ1e:iKb l\1ecTopolKJleHnH HM-3JJb-Waprn
(KaTap, 6JJmKHHH BOCTOK)
B npttee;teHHblX eb1rne npHMepax meecTHJIKOBbtX KOJIJienopoe npO.:'..\YIITHBHblMH
<t>auHJIMH JIBJIJllOTCJI rpdtHCTOYHbl H npeHMymeCTBCHHO 3epHHCTble naKCTOYHbl, a npe-
'no.-ipa1yMcBalOTCH )'CJIOBIUI o6pa10ea1111H oca'lKOB. COOTBCTCTB)'IOlllllC 'l'311111tC B4C. - flp11.11. lle/U!R.
236 fJIABA 6
Cesep IOr
H A z v R Q 0
(a)
r
061.eM nop (%)
0 30
L...LJ...J
THn nop
CTPYK1YPHOTeKcrypub1e HHTepeanb1 $HllbTP3UHH
(b)
cj>)'T M
:F ....
500 1000 cj>yr
I I I I 1'
() 100 200 30()M
TIOJICHCHHJI K pHCYHKaM (a) H (b)
THn nopo.ll
D

cJ>eHeCTpoewc cj>aum1 11 KJ>OllllC
(npoHHuaeMocn. 0,0 I M,/l)
.llonorpciiHCTOYH c o6wHpnoii
MOll)lHKOBOii nopllCTOCTLIO
(npoHHll8CMOCTb 2,S MJll
.llonorpciiHCTOYll c MOl14111<080A
nopHCTOCTLIO (npoHllU8CMOCTL 2,2 M,ll)
Tpa11crpccc11a11wli .ao110MaitCToyH
(npoHHU8CMOCTL 0,01 M,ll)
THn nopHCTOCTH, onpe,!lenCHHblH
Ha OCHOBe neTPQrpa$H'feCKOro
3H3JIH3a
D M011n11KO&all nopHcrocrb
MelK'lacnt'IHall nopncrm.-n.
PHc. 6.17. Pa3pe3 ornmKeHHH umma 7, Jlowcp-KaHbOH, Ycryn All.ll'lKepHTa, Ha KOTopoM BH.llHO
JlBYXMepHoe (nnOIUll.llHOC) CTPOCHHe MOJl.llHKOBoro rpCHHCTOyHa. B pe3yJlbTaTe H36HpaTeJlb-
Horo BblWeJla'fHBaHHll 3epeH rpeHHCTOYH HMCeT 6onee HH3K}'IO npom1uaeMOCTb, 'fCM MO>KHO
6blnO 6b1 O>KH;J.aTb (no [ 15)).
HMymecTBeHHO rmtHHCTb1e <f>auHH OTHOCJITCJI K HH3KOnpoHHUaeMblM. CeHTa Wyaii6a
Menoeoro ao3pacrn Ha EnmKHeM BocToKe - JTO npHMep KonneKTopa, HJ KOToporo
OCHOBH3JI .ll06bl'Ia npOH3BO,llHTCJI H3 BbICOKOnOpHCTblX BaKCTOYHOB H MaD.CTOYHOB, OT-
HOCJllUHXCJI K neTpo$HJH'1ecK0My Knaccy 3. Mecrnpo)K,!leHHe H.LUJ.-JJih-lliaprn, pacno-
6.3. nr11MEPbl UJBECTll.SIKOBblX KOJIJIEKTOPOB
raMMa-
KapOTa)I(
0 so
1555-
A
1585-
1615-
1645-
1675-
<J>auHH
noeepXHOCTb
M3KCllM3nbHOro
l3TOllJICHllll, nM3
Tpa11crpecc11e11a11
CllCTCMB TpBKTOB,
TCT
YcnoeH.11
oca.nKoHaKonneHH.11
MeJIKa.11 no.nnpHJIHBHa.11
OTMeJIL
BHernHHii wenL<I>
rny60KHH BHeIUHHH
wenL<j>
AHa3po6HbIH
rny60KHH BHCWHHii
rnenL<I>
TpaHcrpeccHBHa.11
nnaT<l>opMa
YcnoeHLie
o6o3Ha'leHH.ll <j>aUHH
D Op6HTOJJllHOBblii
lleJIOH,llHblii naKCTOYll
D naKc10y11/aa!croy11,
llOCTJ>OCHHWH

na111KI1anBUHllMll
i=:=l Bonopocneewii
nai."CTOYH
neno11.11Hblii 118KCTOYH
Man.110CKOBO
nenOll.!lHblii BaKCToyH

08'.lllllbHWC
IJlllHbl
237
Puc. 6.18. BepTHKanLHLIH <)>auManbHbIH np0<J>Mnb H ccKeeHT-CTPaTHrpa<j>u'ICCKa.11 HHTepnpe-
Taun11 OTJIO)l(eHHii CBHTbl Wyaii6a Ha MeCTOpO'lK.!{eHHH 11.n.It-")Jlb-Wapnt (no [ 15)).
JJo:>KeHHoe tta eocTO'iHOM wenL<j>e Kampa, - npHMep no,!J,o6Horo Konnenopa. 3aneil'b
npHypo'ieHa IC CTpynype o6neK3HHH, npe,!1,nOJIQ)l<HTeJJbHO CBSl3aHHOH c 3anerat01UHl\I
rny6)1(e COJJJIHblM TeJJOM. 0Ha pa36HTa MHOfO'iHCJJeHHblMH pa3JJOM3MH, H BbICOKHe
.ae6J.tTbl CKBa)l(HH 061.HCHHIOTCJI HaJJH'meM 30H Tpell.lHHOB3TOCTH, CBH3aHHbIX c 3THMH
pa3JJOM3MH.
B CBHTe Wyai16a BbI,!J,eJJHIOTCH '1eTb1pe HHTepeana, OT A no D, H3 KOTO-
pb!X A JIBJJJleTCH nponyKTHBHblM (pHC. 6.18). CaMblH HH)l(HHH HHTepean - D -
HMeeT TOJJll.lHHY OKOJJO 18 MeTpoe H BblnOJIHeH rpaHcrpeCCHBHblMH OTJIO)l(eHHHMH.
238 fJIABA 6
11HTCp8aJJbl OT C no A HMCIOT TOJHUHHY nop.11.uKa 30 MCTp08 Ka:>K.llblH H npe,a.-
CTa8JJ.lllOT co6oi1 oca,a.OYHOC 8bln0JJHCHHC 6accdilrn, HCnblTblBa8WCro TCKTOHHYCCKOC
norp)')KCHlfe. MeJJK080.llHO-MOpCKHe <}>aium BCKpblTbl TOJlbKO B sepxHeH YaCTl1 C8HTbl
Wyaii6a no.a rmrnar.rn Haxp YMp. XapaKTep KOHTaKTa C8HTbt Wyatt6a 11 JTHX rmrn
.11811.llCTC.ll cnopHblM, H YaCTO OH C8.113bl8aeTC.ll c 'Jp03HOHHblMH npoueccaMH B ycno-
8H.llX cy6aJpaJibHOH JKCH0'3HUHH. Tip11 JTOM npo11cxmK.UCHHC nopHCTblX npe11Mymc-
CTBCHHO rJJHHHCTblX 1138eCTH.llK08, KaK npaBHJJO, C8.113bl8aeTC.ll c 8bllUCJia4H8aHHCM
npecHblMH naneo80JJ,ar.m 8 norpe6eHHblX 1111H1ax. OnHaKo 8 xo.ac Hcc11e.uo8aHH.11 Me-
cTopmK.aeH11.11 l1ll.Ll-3Jlb-lliaprn HHKaKHX CBH.UCTCJlbCTB no,a.o6HOH Jp03HH He o6Ha-
py)l(CHO.
l1HTCpBaJibl A 11 B nonpa3)lCJ1.lllOTC.ll Ha perpeCCH8HblC UHKJJbl (pHC. 6.19).
B 3a8HCHMOCTH OT rny611HbI o6pa3o8aHH.ll ocanKa B so.auoi1 cpenc 6b1J1H BblllCJICHbl
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H38CCTH.11KaM11. B HHTepeanc B 6b1m1 8hlllCJleHbl TPH UHKna. e HHTepeaJ1e C -
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rype nopon. nocKOJibKY ece UHKJlbl, KpOMC ll8YX caMblX 8epxm1x, COCTO.llT 113 rny6o-
KOBO!lHblX OC3.LJ.KOB, MO)l(HO cnenaTb BblBO.Ll, lfTO UHKJJHlfHOCTb, BOJMO)l(HO, He CB.113aHa
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npocTpaHCHhl Ha no.a8cTpeHHOM KpblJIC cTpyKTypb1.
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PHc. 6.19. BepmKan1>HaJ1 nocnenosa1cn1>Hoc11> <j>aUHH B HHTepsanax A H B. HH1ep-
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soro npocTpaHCTBa. THnH'rnb1e 3Hat:feHHR npoHHu,aeMocrn - npHMepHo I 0-20 M)J.,
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<flau,HH ornocucR K CTPYKTYPHO-TeKCTYPHOMY rnny A .
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t:feTa npoHHU,aeMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH, KOTOpbte npe,ll.CTaBJJeHbl HH)Ke.
CTPYKTYPHO-TeKCTYPHbtH rnn A: k = 5286 x k
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no KCpHy.
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no KCpHy. (a) Kpocc-nnoT nop11cTOCTtt no rHC 11 eonoHacbtlllCHHOCTH 110 Ap'llt, n0Ka1b1eato-
m11ii 'ICTK1te pa1JIH'l1tst MC)KllY TpcMst cTpyKT)'p110-TeKcrypHblMH nma!'.111. (b) BcprnKaJJbHbrll
npo<j>HJlb npoH11uaeMOCTH, pacC'IHTaHllblH no ipopMync nepecrern nopHCTOCTH B 11pOHHU3C-
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cTpyKTyptto-TeKcrypHblX <j>au11ii c ceKBeHrnO-CTparnrpa<j>H'lecKHM KapKacoM. Pe3yJJb-
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co CTpaTHrpa<j>Hl.{eCKHM KapKaCoM; npH '.HOM noTpe6osaJJOCb C!lCJlaTb HC3Ha'lHTCJlb-
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TeKcrypttblMH oco6cHHOCTRMH, on11caHHeM <j>au11it 11 CTpaTHrpacjmdi. CTpyKrypHo-
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e npe.uenax IO BblCOKOl.{aCTOTHbIX UHKJJOB. HH3Konop11cTbIC (nnoTHbte) HHTepeanbI
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pa)KeHHR TOHKHX CTHJIOnHTOBbIX npocnoee. ( C) npe.D.CTaBnCHHe MO.D.Cnlf B 1'.1)JllfllCCTBCHHblX
noKaJaTenRX npOHHUaeMOCTH MR 1arpy1KH B nporpaMMHbIH KOMDJICKC. 06paTHTC BHHMaHHe
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Jlunparypa
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7.1. 8Be)lenue
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npOCTpaHCTBe BOOJIHe O<ieBHJ{Ha, pe3yJibTaTbJ MHOroqHCJieHHbJX 11CCJie,llOBaHl1H no-
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areHe3 o6brqHo np11BO.llHT K yMeHhrneHttIO nop11cTOCTH, nepepacnpe.neJieHHIO noposo-
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6) CilJIOWHOe BblIUeJia<urnaHHe, 6peK':IHposamte H cpopMHpOBaHHe rpeIUHHOBaTOCHf.
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7.2. )lonOMHTH3AUIUI 253
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06pa3osaHm1 nopO.llbl. TaK)l(e )J.nSI B03HHKHOBeHHSI 3T11x npoueccos MO)l(eT noTpe60-
BaTbcS1 perHOHaJlbHblH nepeHOC HOHOB rpyttTOBblMH BO)l.aMH, B 3TOM cnyqae CBH3b
c o6crnHOBKOH oca)lKOHaKonneHHSI MO)l(eT H He npocJie)l(HBaThCSI. B pe3ynhTate npo-
H11uaeMOCTh npOCTblX H3BeCTHXKOBhlX KOJIJleKTOpOB OKa3b!BaeTCSI TeCHO CBSl3aHHOH
c OCHOBHhlMH crpyKTYPHO-TeKCTypHblMH oco6eHHOCTMH rpeHHCTOYHOB. npeHMyw.e-
CTBeHHO 3epHHCTblX naKCTOYHOB, rJIHHHCTblX l13BeCTHSIKOB H BHyrp113epHOBOH no-
pHCTOCTb!O.
B 3TOH rnase Mhl y1leJTHM oco6oe BHHMaHHe uonoMHtH3aUHH 11 CBSl3aHHOH c Heii
3BanopHTOBOH MHHepanH3aUHH. ,ll.OJIOMHTH3aQHSI Tpe6yeT HaJTH4HX <f>HJ1btpau1111 Q>n10-
H)J.a .unsi npHBHoca B cwcreMy Marn11si. Cne.uosarenhHO, <i>HJlbTpauwx <Pn1011.na HB-
JISleTCSI Ba)f(HblM clJaKTopoM B xone o6pa30BaHHX .UOJTOMHTOBblX nopon. a crpyKrypa
)J.OJIOMHTOB MO)f(eT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb HJIH He COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nepBH'iHblM ce,UHl\ICH-
TaUHOHHb!M crpyKJYpaM. KniolleBhIM MOMeHTOM sisnsiercSI Haxm1cxem1e 11cTo'l 111 i !\a
H nyTeH cPHJ1htpau1111 nonoMHTH3HpyiomHx <Pn10wnos. DpH pattHeii JJ.OJIOMHTH3aUI ! ! 1
<PnlOHllbl, CKopee Bcero, 6yuyr BblCOKOMHHepaJTH30BaHHhlMH, HX HCT04HHKOM SIBJlSl-
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)l.0JlOMHTH3aUHH }lHareHeTHl!eCKHe npouecCbl MoryT 3HalfHTeJlbHO H3MeHHTb npOHHUa-
eMOCTb, B pe3yJihTaTe qero Jl0JIOMHTH3Hpyiomwe BO)l.bl Ha TI03}lHeH CTa)l.HH npouecca
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pHT 06bil!HO accou1111py10rcx c )J.OJTOMHTH3al..(HeH. ,ll.JISI HX o6pa3oBaHHR Tpe6yeTCSI
npHBHOC B CHCTeMy cyJih<i>aTOB BblCOKOMHHepaJTH30BaHHOH BOJlOH (pacCOJIOM). npo-
Be}leHHble HCCJJe)J.OBaHHSI noKa3blBalOT cna6y10 CBR3b Me)f(JJ.Y CTpOeHHeM oca,ll04HblX
Q>auHH H crpyKJYpaMH .u.11areHeTH'leCKl1X nmca H aHrH)lpHTa. c npyrow CTOpOHbl,
CJIOHCTblH aHn1npHT H rwnc, KOHe4HO, SIBJIXIOTCSI oca)J.Ol!Hb!MH OTJIO:>KeHHSIMH, H nm
HX npocTpaHCTBeHHOro pacnpe.11.eneHHSI MO)f(eT 6b!Tb npencKaJaH c IlOMOJUblO MOJJ.e-
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2
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o6bel\rn cymecTByJOJUHX B npupo.ue .uonoMHTOB. OnHaKo .11.nsi npespameHHSI HJBeCTHSl-
KOB B .[(OJlOMHTbl rpe6yercx cpHJibTpaUHR orpOMHblX o6beMOB nepeHaCblIUeHHOH MOp-
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60JibllIHX o6beMOB MOpCKOH BO.Ubl '1epe3 TOJIIUH Kap6oHaTOB 6b!JIO COJ,UaHO HeCKOJlb-
254 fJJABA 7
KO fHll.POJJOfHlfCCKHX MO.llCJICH: I) npocalfHBaHHe BblCOKOMHHepaJJH30BaHHOH MOpCKOH
80.llbl (paccOJJOB) B 1rn1Kene1KaUlHC CJIOH, 2) 30Ha CMeUJHBaHHSI, 3) TepMaJlbHaSI KOHBCK-
UHSI (KOHBeKUHSI Koro)'Ta) (p11c. 7.1 ). B 3oHe c.11eutu6a1w11 npoHcxo.nHT cMern11satt11e
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H nOD. OCTpOBaMH. npe.nnonaraeTCSI, lfTO }l0JIOMHTH3aUml npOHCXO!lHT B pC3YJJbTaTe
CMClllHBam1si .usyx HaCbllUCHHblX KaJJbUHTOM <j>JJIOHD.OB. TaKOC CMCWCHHC BO.!l BblJbIBa-
CT HC.llOHaCblWCHHe nony
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IKCT C03,ZlaTb XHMH
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nan.eHHSI e ocanoK .nonoMHTa; :noT npouecc H HaJb1BaCTcsi J.lOJIOMHTH3auHdi. Mo.nenb
mep.11a.1bll0li KO/lfleKl{Ull (KOllfleKl{Ull Ko<'oynw) OCHOBblBaeTCSI Ha BJ111SIHHH TCpMaJJb-
HOro rpa}lHCHTa Ha cj>HJJbTpaUHIO MOpCKOH BO.Ubl lfepe3 Kap6oHaTHylO nnaTcj>opMy [56].
ECJJH KOJJHlfCCTBO MOpCKOH BOD.bl, npowe.nrndi lfepe3 TaKylO nJJanflopMy, .!l.OCTaTOlfHO
BCJIHKO, TO OHa CTaHOBHTCSI nepeHaCbllUCHHOH JlOJIOMHTOM H cnoco6HOH .llOJIOMHTH-
3HpOBaTb HJBCCTHSIKH. B psi.ue 11ccJ1e.nosatt11if, nocesimeHHblX Kap6oHaTHblM aTonnaM,
noKa3aHO, lfTO Jl0JIOMHTH33UHSI npoHCXO.!lHJJa B COOTBCTCTBHH c ')TOH MOD.CJlblO [46].
0}.lttaKO llOllblTKH MO.llCJJHp083Tb ')TOT npouecc B KOJJHlfCCTBCHHblX noKaJaTeJJSIX npo-
,llCMOHCTpHpOBaJJH, lfTO OH HC MOIKCT o6bSICHHTb o6pa30B3HHC TaKHX 60JJblllHX o6b-
CMOB nonoMHTa [56). Tep.1106apu'lec1<aR (<'11opo111ep.11a.1h1w11) .11ooe.1b - JTO MO.UCJJb
norpy.iKCHHSI OCa.UK3. npH 'HOM HCTOlfHHK rH.UpOTCpMaJJbHblX paCTBOpOB OCTaCTCSI
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1
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H npyrnM ylfaCTKaM OTHOCHTCJlbHO llOBbllllCHHOH npott11uaeMOCTH. )lOJJOMHTH3aUHSI,
CBSl3atrnasi c pa3JJOMaMH, lf3CTO BCTpe11aeTCSI Ha MCCTOpOIK,!J.CHHSIX TBCp.!lblX 110JIC3HblX
HCKOl13CMblX [6]. Ho B HaCTOSllUCC BpCMSI C
1
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TaKHX eon.
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ue1npauHeH COJJCH, KOTOpasi o6pa30BaJJaCb B pC3YJibTaTC HCnapCHHSI. npocalfHBaHHC
npOHCXO.llHJIO B HlllKCJ1e/Kaw11e nnaCTbl c JaMCWCHHCM HaXO.UHBUJCHCSI TaM MOpCKOH
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siBJJsteTcsi T11111111HblM 11cT0
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waSI Kap6oHaT KaJJbUHst Ha nonoMHT 11 cnoco6cTBy.!I Bbman.em110 rnnca H aHrnnpina.
3rn MO.llCJlb Jl:OJIOMllTll3au1m tta116onee ll.OCTOBepHa H naeT HallJJYlfWHH nporH03 113
acex cywecTBylOWHX Mo.ne11eri. 01rn 6btJJa ycnernHo onpo6oeaHa aernpaMH Xiao [16).
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1paBJieHHe <f>HilbTpaUHH - BBepx H u a p ~ y B npoHHU3CMble CIIOH.
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rnoHaJlbHblMH rpyHTOBblMH eo.nal\ut e HanpaeJ1eH1111 cyw11, 06pa1y11 ceepx11.11rnepaJ1HJoeaHHb11i
cj>Jltoll!l. COCTOJllUHH 11'3 MOpCKOH H aTMoctf>cpHOH BO.!.lbl.
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B llOJJOMHTbl B xo.ae M1tKpOXHMH1ecKHX npoueccos Bb1mena
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U11ll 11 oca)Kllettw1 no110M11ra. Htt)Ke np11Benettb1 !lBa ypaBHeH11H, on11cb1Baiow11e no
llBJJCHlfe. OttH COOTBCTCTBYIOT KOHClfHblM 1rnnaM npOJlOJJ)f(alOWlfXCll cepuii BOJMO)f(-
HblX peaKuHii:
2CaCO:J +Mg++ = CaMg(CO:lh +ca++ (MOJJbHOC B3aHMOJaMemeHHC).
Mg+++ ca+++ 2co3 = CaMg(COah (ueMCHTaUHll).
YpaeHeHHC 3aMC1UCH1tll - "lTO MOJJbHall peaKUHll, np11 "lTOM npennonaraeTcll,
tJTO eemtlfHHa Marnueso-KaJJbUHCBoro Ko1cl>cjlHUHCHTa (cooTHoweHHll Mg/Ca e eo-
.ne) llBJJlleTcll onpe.nem1101UHM cj>aKTopoM s peaKUHH. Atta11111 BOJt, co.uepjf(am1txcsi
KaK B .upeBHHX, TaK H B COBpeMeHHblX JlOJIOMHTaX, noKaJblBaeT, lfTO JlJJSI llOJJOMHTH-
1aumt ltJBCCTHSIKOB BCJJHlfHHa MarHlfCBO-KaJJbUHCBOro KOJcj>cj>HUHeHTa llOJJ)f(Ha 6bJTb
BblWC I [11] (puc. 7.3). OllHaKO o6bllfHaSI MOpCKaH BO.Ila xapaKTepHJYCTCSI BCJJHlfHHOH
ManmeBO-KaJlbUHeBoro KOJcj>cj>HUlfCHTa, paBHOH 7. 'ITO He cnoco6cTByeT 06pa10Ba-
HHIO 3HalfHTeJJbHblX KOJlHlfCCTB .llOJJOMHTa, TCM caMblM no.ulfepKHBaH BJJHSIHHC KHHC-
THKH::? Ha no110MHT1nau1110. MopcK1te JlOJJOMHTbl o6bllfHO np11ypolfeHbl K ycnoBHHM
ucnapll!Olllef.tcft MOpCKOH BO.Ubl, HMCIOWCH BCJllflfHHY MarHHCBO-KaJJbUHCBOro KO"lcj>-
cj>HUHCHTa OT I 0 .llO 50. noeblWCHHbJe JHalfeHlfSI noro noKa3aTCJJSI llBJllllOTCll pe1y11b-
1
Haxo.lllTCM Ha 1106epeiKbC 06be;u111e11HblX Apa6c1mx (flcpc11;ic1mii "Jamie). -
flprt.11. lll!flL'.
8 811:.tY HCOOX0.111MOCTb 4)11JlbTpa111111 CiOJlblUllX Mace 80.'lbl II ec CKOpOCTb. - flp11.11. lll!fll!H.
Ca
1:30 1:10 1:3
7.2. ,llOJIOMHTIHAUIUI
Mg/Ca
(npOMHJIJie)
Mg
1:1 3:1 10:1 30:1
257
353
3,53
0,35%
( 350 npoMHJIJie)
PHc. 7.3. CooTHoweHHe Me)l(Jl.y yLJaCTKaMH cTa6HJJbHocrn JlOJIOMHTa H KaJJbUHTa H eeJIHLJH-
HaMH M3rHHCBO-KanbUHeeoro KOJ<l><l>HUHeHTa H MHHepanHJaUHH [ 11 ]. ,lloJIOMHTH3Hpyt0ma.11
BO]la o6Hapy>KeHa B pa3JJHlJHblX ycJJOBH.!IX, BKJ1JOLJ3.!I ca6xa (npHJJHBllO-OTnHBHa.11 paBHHHa),
rpyHTOBble BOJlbl " COJJeH!.le 03epa.
TaTOM noTepb KanbUHR B XOJ.J.e Bbma.u.eHHR rnnca, aHrH.l\pHTa H Kap6oHaTa KanbUHR
ecne,llCTBHe HCnapeHHR MOpCKOH BOJ.J.bl (pHC. 7.4).
B 3aKpbITOH cHcTeMe 3aMewe11He KaJibUHTa HJIH aparoHHTa J.J.OJIOMHTOM yMeHb-
waeT o6beM MHHepaJibHOfO CKeJJeTa nopOJ.J.bl, noTOMY
1
-ITO MOJIRpHblH o6'beM .llOJIO-
MHTa MeHbllle, tteM KanbUHTa HJIH aparoHHTa. CTo cpaeHeHHtO C KaJibUHTOM yMeHb-
llleHHe MOJIRpHoro o6beMa COCTaBJIReT 12,5 %, lfTO RBJIReTCR OCHOBOH J.J.JIR xopowo
H3BeCTHbIX npoueccoe o6pa30BaHHR nopHCTOCTH B XOJ.J.e J.J.OJIOMHTH3aUHH [2]. 0J.J.Ha-
KO J.J.OJIOMHTH3aUHR BKntOlfaeT He06XO.l\HMOCTb cl>HJibTpaUHH ttepe3 nopo.ny 60JibWHX
o6"beMOB BOJlbl, lfTO Tpe6yer HaJIHlfHR OTKpblTOH CHCTeMbl. B 3TOM cnyi1ae He TOJibKO
M3rHHH, HO H Kap6oHaT-aHHOHbl MOryT 6bITb npHBHeceHbl B CHCTeMy, lfTO npHBO.llHT
OJ.J.HOBpeMeHHO H K 3aMeweHHtO, H K 3anon11eHHtO (B npouecce 3TOro 3aMeweHHR)
nop J.J.OJIOMHTOM. TaKHM o6pa30M, npouecc J.J.OJIOMHTH3aUHH BKntOttaer e ce6R H Ja-
MeweHHe KaJibUHTa HJIH aparoHHTa .llOJIOMHTOM, H ueMeHTaUHtO nopoeoro npoCTpaH-
CTBa .l\OJIOMHTOBbIM ueMeHTOM. JrOT npouecc HaJblBaeTCR o6"beMHblM 3aMeweHHeM
(HJIH paBH006'beMHblM 3aMeweHHeM) H MO:lKeT 6b1Tb Bblpa:lKeH CJie)\yt0weH cl>opMy-
JIOH [37):
(2 - :r)CaC03 + Mg
2
+ + C O ~ - = CaMg(C0
3
)2 + (1 - x)Ca
2
+,
258 fJIABA 7
50
Q)
0
Q)
=
:s:
Q)
:c
:s: Q)
::r 3
.a 0
~ :c
::= l5
0
Q)
= 0
Q)
:s:
:c
.a
:c
a ;;
10
::E
)1


5
0,5 1 2 3 4
-
l1oH xnopa CI ( 3KBHBaJieHT /Kr)
PHc. 7.4. Tioab1weHHe BeJIHlJHHbI Marm1eao-Kanbu0eaoro K034>QlHUHeHTa acne.n.cTBHe Bbma.n.e-
HHR B oca.n.oK CaS04 (rnnca HJIH attrn.n.pma) a npouecce HcnapeHHll MopcKOH BOJI.bt. .llaHHbie
nonytJeHbI Ha o. liottaupe (HH.!lepnatt.n.cKHe AttTHJibI), anpoKCHMHPYIOUlHe KpHBbie pactJHTaHbI
no 3aBHCHMOCTRM Bbina.!leHHll rnnca H aparoHHTa [7].
r)l.e x - KOJIHlJeCTBO MOJieH Kap6oHaT-aHHOHOB, npHBHeceHHbIX .UOJIOMHTH3Hpy!Oll{HM
4>JIIOH)l.OM.
IlpOHCXO:>K,UeHHe nopHCTOCTH B ,UOJIOMHTaX - ropa3)l.0 6oJiee CJIO:>KHbIH npouecc,
11eM npe.ll.rronaranoc& 61>1 np11 npocrnii peaKUHH MOJihHoro 3aMemeHHJI. lhy11euHe
MOJIO)l.blX H3BeCTHJIKOB H CBJl3aHHbIX c HHMH .UOJIOMHTOB )l.aeT B03MO:>KHOCTb rrpe.u-
IlOJIO:>KHTb, lJTO 6on1>UiaJ1 11aCTb rroposoro rrpoCTpaHCTBa B )l.OJIOMHTaX yHacne.uosaua
OT rrpe.uwecTBOBaBUIHX H3BeCTHJIKOB H 3anonueHa B XO)l,e csepX.ll.OJIOMHTH3aUHH [34].
B cospeMettHbIX )l.OJIOMHTOBhIX OTJIO)l(eHHJIX ysenH11eHHe o6'beMa )l.OJIOMHTa Mano BJIH-
ReT ua o6'beM rrop (pHC. 7.5). 3HalJeHHR IIOpHCTOCTH HeoreHOBbIX H3BeCTHRKOB H .uo-
JIOMHTOB ua EaraMCKOH 6auKe oqeui, 6JIH3KH [36], <ITO II03BOJ1ReT rrpe)l.nono:>KHTh, lfTO
o6DeM rrop B )l.OJIOMHTax B OCHOBHOM yuacne)l.OBaH OT npe.uweCTBOBaBUIHX H3BeCT-
HRKOB. To )l(e caMoe sepHo ){Jij! Mnoueuos1>1x HJBeCTHRKOB 11 .ll.OJIOMHTOB EOJibUIOro
Eapi,epuoro Pml>a (AscTpaJIHR) [8]. 0.uHaKo nnnoueH-rrneiicrnueuos1>1e .uonoMHTbI,
KaK rrpaBHJIO, Meuee nopHCTbie, lJeM HX H3BeCTHRKOBbie npOTOTHIIbl. 11ccne.uosaHHR
npoueccos .uonoMHTH3aUHH rrnHoueu-nneiicToueHoB1>1x Kap6ouaTos ua o. Eouaupe
(HH.uepnaH)l.CKHe AHTHJI1>1) noKa3anH, lfTO HJsecTHllKH HMelOT rrop11cTOCTh B cpe.u-
HeM 25 %, B TO BpeMR KaK .UOJIOMHTbl - 11 %, 'ITO Il03BOJIReT npe.urroJIO:>KHTb CHH-
:>KeHHe nopHCTOCTH a CBUH co csepx.uonoMHTH3aUHeH [27]. EcnH 61>1 .UOJIOMHTH3aUHR
npOHCXO.UHJia B 3aKpblTOH CHCTeMe H KaJibUHH B Kap6ouaTHOH peUieTKe 3aMeHRJICJI
61>1 TOJibKO MarHHeM, TO o6pa30BaBUIHeCR B pe3yJI&TaTe )).OJIOMHTbl HMeJIH 61>1 rropH-
CTOCTb 35 o/o (pHC. 7.6).
Ilane030HCKHe ,UOJIOMHTbl 3alJaCTYIO RBJIRIOTCR 6oJiee rrOpHCTblMH, 'IeM HX
npe)l.IlleCTBeHHHKH-H3BeCTHRKH. 3TO Ha6mc))l.eHHe 'IaCTO HCIIOJib3yeTCJI B Ka'leCTBe
)l.OKa3aTeJibCTBa Toro, 'ITO npH )l.0JIOMHTH3aUHH C03,UaeTCR .uorronmneJibHaR IIOpH-
IlnHoueu-Tineikrouett
(2 MJIH neT mna.!l) (no [27])
IO pa
( 175 MJIH JleT Ha3a.!l)
(no [42])
7.2. ,[{OJIOMHTH3AUH.H
IIOPHCTOCTb l 00%
HeoreH ( 15 MJIH neT H3.3a.ll)
(no [36])
MHoueu
( 15 MJIH neT H3.3a.!l)
(no [8])

)J.eBOH (380 MJIH neT Ha3a,ll)
(no [24])
)J.OJIOMHT 100 3
259
PHc. 7.5. CooTHOllleHm1 Me>K.Lly nopucTocT&IO, .uonoMHTH3auueu u speMeneM. CospeMeHH;.1e
H3BeCTHSIKH xapaKTepH3YIOTCSI 6onee BbJCOKOH nopHCTOCTblO, 'IeM .!lOJIOMHTbl HJJH 6onee .llpee-
HHe H3BeCTHSIKH. YMeHbllleHHe nopHCTOCTH B H3BeCTHKaX B xo.ue .!l0JIOMHTH3al{HH c Te'leHHeM
epeMeHH H no Mepe norp)l)KeHHSI, B03MO)!(ffO, OObSICJUleTCSI pa3JIH'IHJIMH B creneHH )'llJIOTHeHIDI.
CTOCTh o6neMOM 12,5 %. CymecTByeT H art1>Tepttan1sttoe 06M1ctteHHe: H3BecTH.s:tKH
06na.u.a10T 60JihUieH cnoco6HOCTblO K C'.lKaTHIO, L[eM .!lOJIOMHTbl, 11 Tep.lllOT nopHCTOCTb
6b1CTpee, L[eM nocne.u.HHe. 3-ro COOTHOUieHHe BH.llHO Ha rpa<t>11Ke 3aBHCI1MOCTH no-
pHCTOCTH OT my6nHbI .u.m1 IO'.lKHOH <l>nopH.!lbI: Ha tte6onbUIHX my6Httax .nonoMHTbI
Mettee nopHCTbl, qeM H3BeCTH.llKH, H no Mepe poCTa my6HHbl CTaHOBUC.11 6onee no-
pHCTbIMH, qeM nocne.u.Hue (pHc. 7.7, [47]). TaKyio '.lKe 3aBHCHMOCTb MO'.lKHO Ha6mo.u.aTD
Ha MeCTOpO'.lK,UeHHH fasap (31,42): rpeHHCTOYHhl H .llOJIOMHTbl HMelOT 6JIH3KHe 3Ha'1e-
HH.11 nopHCTOCTH, a npeHMymecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbie <t>aUHH - 6onee HH3KHe BCJie,llCTBHe
ynnOTHeHH.11. B 3TOM paH:otte .nom1 .nonoMHTOB s npeHMymecTBeHHO mHHHCThIX cTpyK-
zypax BbIUie, H rpa<t>HK 3aBHCHMOCTH Me'.lK.llY npoueHTHbIM co.nep'.lKaHHeM .llOJIOMHTOB
H seJIH'IHHOH nopHCTOCTH IlOKa3bIBaeT CHH'.lKeHHe nocne.ntteH: no Mepe poem .UOJIH
.llOJIOMHTOB H TOHKHX H3BeCTKOBHCTbIX rJIHH H ee pe3KOe yseJIHL[eHHe B CHTyaUHH, KO-
r.na see Kap6oHaTbl OKa3aJIHCb 3aMemeHbl (pHC. 7.8). 8JIH.llHHe csepx.nonoMHTH3RUHH
( HJIH nepe,llOJIOMHTH3aUHH) ua6JIIO.llaeTC.!I B .!lOJIOMHTaX c nopHCTOCTblO 0-30 %.
Ha OCHOBe 3THX Ha6JIIO,UeHHH 6brna BhIBeJJ;eHa mnoTe3a 0 TOM, L[TO nopHCTOCTb
B .U.OJIOMHTaX 3aBHCHT OT 1) nopHCTOCTH npe.u.rneCTBOBaBUIHX (HCXO,ll.Hb!X) H3BeCTH.ll-
KOB, 2) CTeneHH nepe.u.OJIOMHTH3aumrn H 3) ynnOTHeHH.!I. lfoTBepTblM B03MO'.lKHhlM
<t>aKTopoM, BJIH.lll01UHM ua YMeH1>rneHHe nopHCTOCTH, .!IBJI.11eTc.11 nocne.u.yioma.11 ueMeH-
TaUH.!l B xo.ue <l>HJibTpaUHH .ll0JIOMHTH3Hpyiomero cpnlOH.!la.
Onpe.nenettue Toqttoro speMeHH .!lOJIOMHTHJaUHH Ba'.lKHO .!lJI.!l noHHMaHH.!l npouc-
XO'.lK.!lettu.11 nopHCTOCTH B JII06b!X .!lOJIOMHTOBbIX o6pa30BaHH.!IX. )ln.11 TOfO L[T06bI o6ec-
260 fJIABA 7
IlJJuoueu-m1eiicrnueuoab1e HlBeCTHHKH l>oeaiipe

fl1TIOTETl1l.JECKHfi
TIPOUECC
PEAflbHbUf TIPOUECC
8
....
f: 6
u
4
2
PeanbHbIH npHBHOC
++ ++ =
Mg , Ca , C0
3
IlJIHOUeH-nneHCTOUeHOBbie
.Ll0flOMHTb160Halipe
40

s 30
I-<
20
::r
10
n = 115
Cpea11ee
3113'1CHHC = 11 %
10 20 30 40 50
IlopHCTOCTb (%)
n = 26
Cpe.llHCC
3H3'1CHllC = 253
3aMeiueHHe
++ ++
Mg ,Ha Ca
10 20 30 40 50
IlopHCTOCTb (%)
I1m1oueu-nnelicToueH0Bb1e
JJ.OJIOMHTbI I>ouaupe
(B cnyqae MOnbHOro JaMemeum1)

n = 26
8 Cpe.11Hee

3H3'1CHHC = 35%
I-<
6
0
I-<
u
4

::r
2

0 10 20 30 40 50
IlopHCTOCTb (%)
Puc. 7.6. fucTOrpaMMbI nopHCTOCTH .1uu1 .llOnOMHTOB, npe.D.rnecTBOBaswnx HM H3BecTHllKOB
H nmoTeTHlJeCKHX .D.OJJOMHTOB, paccmTaHHblX .ll)l.ll cJJytfa.ll MOflbHOro 3aMemeHHll [27]
ne'!HTb <l>HJibTpaumo 60JibllIHX o6beMOB BO.LI.hi Ltepe3 Kap6oHaTHOe Teno, OHO .uomK-
HO 6hITb nopHCTblM H npOHHuaeMblM. 3TO 03HaLtaeT, LfTO H HCXO.ll.Hble H3BeCTHSIKH
.ll.OJI)l(Hbl 6h!Tb nOpHCThlMH. ,[{OJIOMHThl, <t>opMHpOBaHHe KOTOpblX CBSl3aHo c npoca-
LfHBam1eM csepxMHHepanH30BaHHOH BO.Uhl, CKOpee BCero, o6pa30BaJIHCb Ha paHHHX
3Tanax JJ.HareHe3a, H npeJJ.llleCTBOBaBnme HM H3BeCTHSIKH 6hlJIH OTHOCHTeJihHO nopH-
CTblMH. ,[{OJIOMHTbl, o6pa30BaBllIHeCSI B pe3yJihTaTe npouecCOB CKOpee
Bcero, cct>opMHpOBaJIHCh Ha n03.LlHHX 3Tanax JJ.HareHe3a, H npe.u11IeCTBOBaB11IHe HM
H3BeCTHllKH 6hIJIH MeHee nopnCTbIMH scne.LlCTBHe ynnoTHeHH.si H ueMeHTaUHH. KaK
TOLfHOe BpeMSI Il03JJ.HCH JJ.OJIOMHTH3aUHH, TaK H nopHCTOCTb HCXOJJ.HblX H3BeCTHSIKOB
Tpy;moonpe.uennMhI. Onpe.ueneHne speMeHH o6hILfHO ocHOBaHo Ha TeKcrypHbIX B3a-
HMOCBS13SIX c .upyrHMH JJ.HareHCTH'!eCKHMH SIBJieHHSIMH, TaKHMH, KaK <f>opMHpOBaHHe
TpemuHoBaTOCTH HJIH 6peKLtHH 06py11IeHn.si, QeMeHTauu.si u T. n. B [6] onncaH yHu-
KaJihHhIH IlO.UXO.ll. K onpe.uenettmo TeMneparyp JJ.0JIOMHTH3aQHH, nonyLteHHhIX B pe-
3YJihTaTe aHaJIH3a co.uep)Kall(Hxc.si <1>1110n.uos. JJ.,n.si onpe.uenettH.si B03pacrn n03)1.HeH .uo-
JIOMHTH3aUHH aBTOpbl cpaBHHBaJIH TeMnepaTyphl c KpHBbIMH norpy:>KeHHSI c Te'leHHeM
BpeMeHH. TiopHCTOCTb HCXO.ll.Hb!X H3BeCTHSIKOB LtaCTO onpe.n.eJISllOT no KpHBblM 3aBHCH-
MOCTH nopHCTOCTH OT rny6HHhl (CM., ttanpHMep, [47]). 0.nHaKO o6o6meHHbie rpacpHKH
TaKOH 3aBHCHMOCTH He n03BOJISllOT .LlOCTaTOLfHO TOLfHO paCCLfHTaTb umpOKHH )],Hana-
7.2. ,lJ.OJIOMl1TH3AUIUI
IlopHCTOCTb (%)
20 40

:s:
IO
....
'5
261
P1'1c. 7.7. 3aBHCHMOCTb nopHcrocrn OT my611Hbl H JI1'1TOJiornH (IO)l{Ha.11 <l>JiopH.ua). ,lJ.aHH&te no
caMblM MeJIKHM my61'1HaM nonr1eHbl H3 'leTBepTWIHblX Kap6oHaTOB, a no caMblM 60JiblllHM -
H3 MeJIOBblX. ,lJ.OJIOM1'1Tbl CTaHOB.!ITC.!I 6oJiee nopHCTblMH, 'leM H3BeCTH.!IKH, Ha rny6uue OKOJIO
I 600 MeTpOB, T. e. npuMepHo Ha rpaHuue Tpern'IHbIX" MeJIOBbIX oTJJO)l{eH1'1H (47).
-
Q) <II
30
:a 2
'"" Q)
11'.leeCTHllK JlonOMHTOBblii H'.lBeCTHllK ,Aon OM HT
C) ,.Q
:S: IO
Ycpe.uHeHHI.Ie npe11MymecTBeHHO
:c 0
-
e

20
mHHHCTble C"fPYKTYPbl ....__ !-; 0
'-'
100 0 :c
.a
.... --------- :c c:
'""
....
80 a'i g
C)
,,,.
g
"
C)
10
60
C) c
:s: u'-'
Q..
40

0
t::
20
::d!
:s: ti
0 0
Q) Q)
Q. Ill
0 20 40 60 80 100
t:: M
:s:
.[(oJIOMHT (% nOJIHOro o6'beMa)
P1'!c. 7.8. fpa<i>HK JaBHC1'1MOCTH Me)l{.uy .uoJieH JJ.OJIOMHTa, nopHCTOCThlO " .uonefi npeuMyme-
cTBeHHO rJI1'1HHCThtx CTPYKTyp, noKaJb1sa10IUHH, 'ITO 3Ha'!eHH.!I nopHCTOCTH B rpeJiHcrnyttax
H .uonoMHTax 6JIH3KH, Ho s npeHMymecTBeHHO rnHHHCT&Ix CTPYKTYpax - '.3Ha'IHTe11&Ho 60-
nee HH'.3K1'1, sepO.!ITHO, B pe3yJibT3Te pa311H'IHOH CTeneHH ynJIOTHeH1'1.!I 3THX !OpCKHX OTJJO>Ke-
HHH (3 l].
262 fJIABA 7
30H 3HatteHHH nopHCTOCTH B Kap6oHaTax Ha pa3JJHl.fHblX rny6HHax H noJTOMY MaJJO
HCnOJJb3YIOTCJI npH H3ylfeHHH cneumf>HtteCKHX ):{OJJOMHT08blX o6pa:msaHHH (pHC. 7.9).
fpa4'HK l8BHCHMOCTH nOpHCTOCTb-rJJYfiHH8
IlneHCTOUCH JlJIR HlBeCTHRKOB
!""Kl 06Ha'lKCHHe
6..ct1lt!] (M)
A.nb Xyeaiiwa
+rro 2400
l.ll.1.3600 M)
liacceiiu CauToc
3000

3600
00 cl>yro
SUM)
--4 00
6000
0
MHOUCH
IJOOcl>yroa
(400M)
70IMJ cl>yroa
(2100 .,,
6500cl>yro
(1970 '1)
8700 cl>yroe
(2650 M)
Kap6ou
ml3500cl>yroa

Ycpe.llHCHHbie .llaHHb1e
(no [9])
PHc. 7.9. KpHBlUI, noKaJblBalOIUaH HlMCHCHHe JHalfeHHH nopHCTOCTH c rny6HHOH e pa311HlfHblX
H3BCCTHJ1Kax, B cpaBHCHHH c auanorttlfHOH KpHBOH, npHBCllCHHOH B [47] .
.LloJJOMHTH3aum1 MO)KeT B 3Ha
1
1HTeJibHOH CTeneHH H3MeHHTb CTpyKTypHO-TeK-
CTypHble npH3HaKH nopo.n (pHc. 7 .10). B npeHMymecTBeHHO rnHHHCTbIX H3BeCTHH-
Kax o6pa3ylOlUHCCJI KpHCTaJJJlbl ):{OJJOMHTa MOryT HMeTb pa3MCpbl fJJHHHCTblX lfaCTHU,
HO MOryT 6bITb H HaMHOfO Kpynttee TOHKHX KpHCTaJJJJOB Kap6oHaTOB, KOTOpble OHH
JaMemaioT. PaJMep KpHcTannos nonoMHTa o6bI'IHO sapbHpyeT oT HeCKOJJbKHX MHK-
poH JlO 200 MKM, B TO epeMJI KaK pa3Mep KpHCTaJIJJOB H3BCCTHJIKOB B KaJJbUHeeo-
Kap6oHaTHblX rnHHax - 06b1ttHo OT 1 .no I 0 MKM. CnenosaTeJJbHO, nonOMHTHJaUHH
Kap6ouaTHOfO HJJa MO)KeT npHBCCTH K yseJJHlfeHHIO pa3Mepa KpHCTaJIJJOB OT 20 MKM
.lCooreeTCTByeT eepXHCMY Kap6otty (OT 6awK11pc1>ro ..'10 llKCJlbCKOro 11pyca) no eeponeiiCKOH CHCTe-
MC. - flp1w. 11epe6.
7.2 . .lJ.OJlOM 11Tl13A U11jj 263
10 6onee l.feM 200 MKM, c cooTeeTCTBYIOIUHM yeen11lfeH11eM pa3Mepa nop. Yeen11lfeH11e
133Mepa lf3CTHU B pe3yJibT3Te .ll0JIOMHTH33UHH npeHMYIUCCTBeHHO rJIHHHCTblX Kap6o-
13THblX nopo.n 3HalfHTeJJbHO ynylfrnaeT $HJJbTpau110HHb1e ceoHCTBa nopO.UbI 11 Kan11n-
HpHb1e CBOHCTBa, BCJJe.llCTBHC COOTBeTCTBYIOIUero yseJrnlfeHHH pa3Mepa nop. 0.nHaKO
seJIHl.feHHe pa3Mepa nop B pe3yJibTaTe yKpynHeHHH pa3Mepa lf3CTHU KOMneHCHpyeTCH
16pa3083HHCM .u.onOJIHHTeJibHOro .llOJIOMHTa B pe3yJJbTaTe npHBHOCa M3rHHH H Kap6o-
:aTa llOJIOMHTH3HPYIOIUHMH BO.ll3MH. IlpHBHOC HOBOro MaTepHana MO:>KeT npHBeCTH
.a:>Ke K o6meMy YMeHblllCHHIO nop11cTOCTH 11 cooTBeTCTsy10meMy YMCHbrneHHIO pa3-
1epa nop.
(a)
<I>OPMMPOBAHME .ll.OflOMMTOBbIX CTPYKTYP
YeenH'1eHne pa3Mepa nop e xo.ne .nonoMHTH33UHH
npeHMymecTBCHHO rnHHHCTblX H3BCCTHHKOB
++ =
npnBHOC Mg ' C03
--r--r ......
npneHoc l\'1g , C0
3
c, Ca
<I>aJa 33MCIUCHHll (nopHCTOCTb OCTaeTCll nOCTOllHHOH) CTa.!lHJI
JanOJIHCHHH nop
(b) JlonOMHTH33UHH npeHMymecrseHHO 3epHHCTLIX H3BeCTHHKOB
He npHBO.!lHT K yeeJIHlfCHHIO pa3Mepa nop
TlpHBHOC Mg++, C 0
3
~ , Ca++
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
<l>a3a 33MeuteHHll (nopHCTOCTb OCT3eTCll nocTOllHHOH)
CT3.!lHH
JanOJIHCHHll nop
11c. 7. I 0. MJMeHeHHe CTPYICT)'PLI nopoeoro npocTpaHcTea ecne11cTBHe .nonoMHTH33UHll
l) npeHMymecTBCHHO rnHHHCTblX HJBeCTHllKOB H (b) npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTblX H3BeCT-
llKOB. EcJJH e xone npeepauteHHll npeHMymecTBeHHO rmrnHcToro H3BeCTHHKa B cpe.nHe- mm
pynHOKpHCTaJIJIHtteCKHH .!lOJIOMHT pa3Mep nop yeeJJH'ilfBaeTCll, TO .llOJIOMHTH33UHll npeHMy-
teCTBCHHO JepuHCTLIX CTPYICT)'P npaKTHtteCKH He BJIHHCT Ha pa3Mep nop.
Yeen11tteH11e pa3Mepa nop HBJIHeTCH pe3yJibTaTOM peopraHH33UHH nopoeoro npo-
rpaHCTBa e xo.ne 11onoMHTHJau1111. HanpuMep, KpliCTaJIJibI .llOJIOMHTa pa3MepoM
00 MKM 33HMyr He TOJlbKO npocTpaHCTBO, paHee 33HHTOC KpHCTaJIJlaMH KaJibUHTa
264 fJIABA 7
HJIH aparoHHTa pa3MepoM Mettee 20 MKM, HO H MHKponopbl, cymecTBOBawHe Me:>K-
JJ.Y HHMH. CneJJ,oBaTeJihHO, KpHCTaJIJihI JJ.OJIOMHTa pa3MepoM 200 MKM o.nttospeMeHHO
H JaMelll,alOT KpHCTaJIJlbl KaJibUHTa, H JanoJIH.lllOT nopbl Me:>KJJ.Y HHMH. flpHBHOC KaJib-
UH.11, MarHH.11 H Kap6oHaTa B MecTa pacTylll.HX KpHCTaJIJIOB JJ.OJIOMHTa npHBOJJ.HT K TOMy,
'ITO KpHCTaJIJibl JJ.OJIOMHTa 3aHHMalOT 60JibWHH ofu.eM, 'IeM npeJJ,WeCTBOBOBWHe HM
KpHCTaJIJlbl KaJihl(HTa .[{B)'M.11 OCHOBHblMH HCTO'IHHKaMH KaJibl..{H.11, MarHHJI H Kap6o-
HaTHbIX HO HOB JIBJl.lllOTC.11 I) BbllUeJia'IHBamte 6JIH3Jie:>Kamux KpHCTaJIJIOB Kap6ottaTOB,
2) pernoHaJihHhie rpyHTOBhie BOJJ.hl. Murray [38] Ha3BaJI '3TH HCTO'IHHKH JIOKaJibHbI-
MH H y.uaneHHbIMH. Bb!mena'IHBaHHe 6JIH3Jie:>Kall(Hx Kap6ottaTOB <J:>opMHpyeT Me:>KKpH-
CTaJIJIH'IeCKYIO nopHCTOCTb, B TO speM.11 KaK oca:>KJJ,eHHe .UOJIOMHTa H3 pernOHaJibHblX
rpyHTOBblX BOJJ, o6pa3yeT JJ.OJIOMHTOBblH ueMeHT (pHC. 7. I 0).
flpouecc <J:>opMHpOBaHH.11 KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH B XOJJ,e JJ,OJIOMHTH3al(HH cxo-
JJ,eH c BhiweonHcattHbIM. Ecnu B nopoJJ.e y:>Ke 06pa3osanc.11 KpHCTaJIJI .aonoMHTa, 3TO
.llBAAeTc.11 6naronpH.11THhIM <J:>aKTopoM .nn.11 JJ.aJihHei1wero oca:>K.aeHH.11 .llOJIOMHTa. Ta-
KHM o6pa30M, Kap60HaTb1, paCTsopeHHble B O,llHOM MeCTe, nepeHOC.llTCJI Ha pacTylll.He
KpHCTa.JIJlhI .nonoMHTa s .upyroM MecTe. CKeJieTHbie <l>parMeHThI, KaK npasHno, Bhnue-
na'IHBalOTC.11 B npouecce JJ.OJIOMHTH3al..{HH B nocne.UHIOIO O'IepeJJ.b B CHJIY HX pa3Mepa,
Il03TOMy, KOr,na Kap6ottaT nepeHOCHTC.11 Ha HMelOill,HeC.11 KpHCTaJIJlbl ,llOJIOMHTa, OCTa-
IOTC.11 BbIIUeJIOlfeHHhie CKeneTHble o6JIOMKH, KOTOpbie C03,llalOT THn H30JIHposaHHblX
nycTOT, Ha3bIBaeMhIX HCKonaeMhIMH cnenKaMH (pHc. 7. l 0). O.uttaKo <t>opMHposattHe
TaKHX nycTOT B XOJJ,e BbIIll,eJialJHBaHH.11 MaJIO BJIH.lleT Ha o6myto nopHCTOCTb, IlOCKOJlb-
KY KOMneHcHpyeTc.11 JanonHettneM nop .uonoMHTOM, tJTO npHBOJJ.HT K )'MeHbllleHmo
Me:>KKpHCTaJIJIHlfeCKoro noposoro npoCTpattcTBa.
Pa3Mep 3epeH s rpei1HcToyttax, KaK npasHno, 3HatJHTeJihHO 6onhllle, tJeM pa3Mep
KpHCTaJIJIOB .UOJIOMHTa (pHC. 7.10), Il03TOMY JJ.OJIOMHTH3aUH.ll He 0Ka3bIBaeT 3aMeTHO-
ro BJiffjfffHjf Ha pa3Mep nop B HHX. flpeHMylll,eCTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl TaK:>Ke
B OCHOBHOM COCTO.llT H3 KpynHhIX 3epeH, 3aMeIUeHHe KOTOpblX 3HalfHTeJibHO 6onee
MeJIKHMH KpHCTaJIJiaMH JJ.OJIOMHTa He nOBJIH.lleT B 60JibllIOH CTeneHH Ha pa3Mep nop.
O.attaKo 3aMelll,eHHe JepeH B npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCThIX naKCToyttax KpHCTanna-
MH .nonoMHTa pa3MepoM CBhIIlle 100 MKM 3HatJHTeJihHO yny'IUIHT neTpo<j>H3HlfeCKHe
csoi1cTBa TaKoi1 nopOJJ.bl.
PaJMep KpHcTannos .uonoMHTa .11sn.11eTc.11 sa:>KHhIM <PaKTopoM, BJIH.lllOll(HM Ha
neTPo<l>HJHtJecKHe csoi1cTsa nopOJJ.hI. Ott onpe.nen"eTC.11 .UB)'M.11 cpaKTopaMH: I) Ha-
Cb1Ill,eHHOCTh10 pacTBopa (npHMeHHTeJibHO K ,llOJIOMHTY 3TO - BeJIHlJHHa MarnHeBO-
KaJibl(HeBOro K03cPcPHUHeHTa), 2) nnoma.UblO nosepXHOCTH npe.urneCTBOBaBUieH CTpyK-
TYPbl. B Mo.aenn 3sanopHTosoro npocaqnsamu1 MopcKOH BOJJ.bI s HH:>Kene:>Kalll,He cnoH,
csepXMHHepanH30BaHHa.ll BOJJ,a, nepeHaCbIIUeHHa.11 JJ.OJIOMHTOM, noczynaeT B CHCTeMy
H3 o6naCTH npHJIHBHO-OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl, npocatJHBa.llCb BHH3 no pa3pe3y, H MH-
rpHpyeT H3 CHCTeMbl B HanpasneHHH MOp.11. HaCbIIUeHHOCTb .UOJIOMHTOM )'MeHblllaeT-
C.11 no Mepe npOJJ.BH:>KeHH" BO.llbl e YKa3aHHblX HanpasneHH.llX, a pa3Mep KpHcTannos
.nonoMHTa - yseJIH'IHBaeTc.11 Ha nyrnx cpHJibTpauHn. CospeMeHHhie .nonoMHThl, 06-
HapY:>KeHHbie B ycJIOBH.llX 3BanopHTOBOH npHJIHBHO-OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl, COCTO.llT H3
KpHCTaJIJIOB pa3MepoM OKOJIO 5 MKM, TaK :>Ke, KaK H JJ.OJIOMHTH3HpoeaHHbie OCaJJ.KH
npHJIHBHO-OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl, onHCaHHble B O.UHOM H3 reoJIOrHlfeCKHX HCCJieJJ,OBa-
7.2. )lOJJOMHTH3AUIUI 265
HHH. B JJ.OJIOMHTOBhIX KOJIJieKTopax CBHT Catt-AHJJ.pec H fpei16ypr B 3ana.uttoM Texace
H Hb10-MeKCHKO qacro ua6.ri10.D.aeTc11 KoppeJIHUHH Me)l(.uy pa3MepaMH KpHCTaJIJIOB .D.O-
JIOMHTa H paccTOHHHeM .L\O BhillleJie)l(amHx npHJIHBHO-OTJIHBHhIX <t>auHH:. B 3ane:>1m
B CBHTe Cau-Att,L\pec nepMcKoro so3pacrn Ha MecTopo)l(,neHHH CeMHHOJI B 3ana,L\HOM
Texace pa3Mep KpHCTaJIJIOB )J.OJIOMHTa yseJIHqHsaeTCH c my6HHOH (pHC. 7 .11 ). no-
KpbIWKOH KOJIJieKTopa j!BJijilOTCH npHJIHBHO-OTJIHBHbie <t>aUHH, H yseJiuqeuue pa3Mepa
KpHCTaJIJIOB )J.OJIOMHTa HHTepnpeTHpyeTCH KaK pe3yJibTaT )'MeHhllleHHH CTeneHH HaCbl-
meHHOCTH )J.OJIOMHTOM no Mepe Toro, KaK )J.0JIOMHTH3Hpy10ma11 so.na MHrpHpyeT BHH3
H3 3THX cpaUHH.
Pa3Mepbl KpHCTaJIJIOB )lOJIOMHTa TaK)l(e KOppeJIHPYIOTCH c HCXO.llHblMH CTpyKry-
paMH nopo.ll. ,[{oJIOMHTH3HpoBaHHbie 3eptta 06b1quo npe.acrnsJieHbI 6onee rpy6bIMH
KpHcTaJIJiaMH, 'leM .llOJIOMHTH3HposaHHhIH HJI. HaH6onee 11pKHM npHMepoM MO)l(eT
CJIY)l(HTb nceB)lOMopcpHoe 3aMemeHHe o6JIOMKOB 3XHHO.UepM (HrJIOKO)l(HX), npu KO-
TOpOM cpopMHPYIOTCH MHJIJIHMeTpOBbie KpHCTaJIJibl )lOJIOMHTa B M3Tpnue, CJIO)l(eHHOH
200-MHKpOHHbIMH KpHCTaJIJiaMH [24]. IlJioma.D.b nosepxHOCTH MO)l(eT 6bITb COOTHece-
Ha c o6DeMOM Kap6oHaTHOro pacTBopa, IIOCTYfiHBlllero B nopO.L\y, H 3TO, B03MO)ICH0,
~
3
I
=
= IO
;:...
i::
BaKcTOYlfbI
H Ma,nCTOYHbl
1540 ..-.--.---------.
1555
1570
1585
1600
y = 0,503x - 767 ,58
R
2
= 0,47
1615 ' ' '
0 20 40 60 80 100
PaJMep KpncTannoe
,nOJJOMHTa (MKM)
fpeHHCTOYHbl
H npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO
JepHHCTble naKCTOYHbl
20
PaJMep KpHCTannoe
,nOJJOMHTa (MKM)
P11c. 7 .11. Kpocc-rn10T rny611Hb1 11 pa3Mepa Kp11cTannoB .uonoM11Ta L\Illl npe11MymecTBeHHO
rn11tt11CTbIX 11 npe11MymecTBeHHO 3epH11CTbIX D.OIIOMl1TOB B KOJIJieKTope CBl1TbI CaH-AH.npec,
MecropmK.nett11e CeM11HoJI (3ana,nHbIH Texac ), .neMOHCTp11py10m11i1 TeHD.eHI.\11!0 ysen11'!eH11J1
pa3Mepa KpHCTaJ!JIOB c rny611HOH.
266 fJlABA 7
SIBJUICTCSI KJllOlfeBblM napaMeTpOM, KOHTpOJIHPYlOlllHM pa3Mep KpHCTaJIJJOB JlOJIOMH-
Ta. BJIHSIHHe rpaHynoMerpHlfecKoro cocrnsa Ha pa3Mep KpHcTannos JJ.OJJOMHTa MO>K-
HO npo.ueMOHCTpHpoeaTb Ha rpa<l>HKe JaBHCHMOCTH pa3Mcpa KpHCTaJIJJOB OT rny6HHbl
Ha Mecrnpo>K.ueHHH CeMHHOJJ (pHc. 7.1 l ). 3To BJIHSIHHe npoS1BJIS1CTCS1 B TOM, lfTO npe-
HMymecreeHHO 3ep1rncTb1e CTPYKTYPbl xapaKTepHJYIOTCSI 6onee KpynHbIMH KpHCTan-
JJaMH .uoJJOMHTa, lfCM npeHMyiuecreeHHO rnHHHCTbie, .na>Ke c YlfeTOM roro, lfTO c rny-
6HHOH cpeJJ.HHH pa3Mep KpHCTaJIJJOB yseJJHlfHBaeTCSI. Bm1S1HHe nJJoma.nH noeepxHOCTH
oca.nKOB MO>KeT TaK>KC lfaCTHlfHO 06bSICHHTb TaKOC Ha6mo.ueHHe: c<t>opMHpoeaHHble
Ha 6oJJee noJ.nHHX :nanax .nonoMHTbl ecerna HMe10r KpHCTaJJJibl B .nHanaJoHe OT cpen-
HHX no KpynHblX. Tipe.uwecrnyiomHe JJ.OJJOMHTH3aUHH ueMeHTaUH.11 H ynJJOTHeHHC npH
norpymeHHH yMeHblllalOT nopHCTOCTb H nJJOUlaJlb noeepXHOCTH, COJJ].aBaSI ycnOBHSI,
Heo6xO.ZUfMble llJlSI cf>opMHpoBaHHSI 6oJJee KpynHblX KpHCTaJIJJOB JlOJJOMHTa.
B uenoM MO>KHO CKaJaTb, lfTO .uoJJOMHTHJaUHSI BJJHSleT Ha cj>HJJbTpaUHOHHbie xa-
paKTepHCTHKH Kap6oHaTHbJX nopo.U-KOJJJJCKTOpOB CJJe.nyJOlllHM o6pa30M: l) yseJJHlfH-
eaeT pa3Mep lfaCTHU, 2) yMCHbwaer o6'beM nop scJJeJlCTBHC npeab1meHH.11 o6beMa 06-
pa3y10werocS1 JlOJJOMHTa,
4
3) cl>opMHpyer cJJenKOBbie nopbI, 4) ycHnHaaer conpoTHB-
JJSleMocrb ynJJOTHeHHIO.
nerpocf>H3HlfCCKHe CBOHCTBa JlOJIOMHTOB H ce.nHMeHTaUHOHHblX CTPYKTYP MOryr
He coena;'laTb, nOTOMY lfTO KJiacc }lOJIOMHTa onpe.ueJISleTCSI KaK 3THMH crpyKrypaMH,
TaK H pa3MepoM KpHCTaJIJIOB (KaK yKa3bJBaeT MOJlHcf>HUHpoBaHHaSI KJiaccmflHKaUHSI
)laHX"JMa [22]). )loJJorpeiiHCTOYHbl, npeHMYIUCCTBeHHO 3CpHHCTblC .nononaKCTOYHbl
c KpHCTaJIJJaMH pa3MepoM MCHee l 00 MKM H npeHMyuteCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblC JlOJIOMH-
Tbl c KpHCTaJIJJaMH pa3MCpOM MCHCe 20 MKM Ha rpacl>HKC 6y.nyr CKOHUeHTpHposaHbl
B rpex o6nacrnx, KOTOpb!C OTHOCSITCSI, COOTBCTCTBCHHO, K KJJaccaM I, 2 H 3. )loJIOMHTbl
c KpHCTaJIJJaMH pa3MCpOM MCHCC 20 MKM npHypo<ICHbl K <t>aUHSIM npHJJHBHO-OTJJHBHOH
paBHHHbl H cMe>KHbIM c HHMH. B npe.neJJax 3THX nnacros nerpocj>HJHlfCCKHC KJJaCCbl
6y.nyr coorsercrsosaTb ce.nHMCHTaQHOHHbIM CTPYKTYPaM, H MO.lleJIH ocaAKOHaKonne-
""" MOryr 6b1Tb HCllOJlb30BaHbl Jl)ISI OnHCaHHSI npocrpaHCTBeHHOro pacnpe.neJICHHSI
nerpocl>HJHlfCCKHX csoiicrs (pHc. 7.12). B npeHMymecrsettuo rJJHHHCTbIX .uonm.mrax,
pacnOJJO>KCHllblX .naJibllle OT cj>auHii npHJJHBHO-OTJJHBHOH paBHHHbl, pa3Mepb1 KpHCTaJl-
JIOB .nonoMHTa o6bilfHO 6onbwe 20 MKM, HO MeHbwe 100 MKM. B npe.nenax "JTHX nJJa-
crna npeHMYlllCCTBeHHO rmlHHCTblC .llOJIOMHTbl 6y.nyT OTHOCHTbCSI K KJiaccy 2. a He 3,
K KOTOpOMY OTHOCSITCSI npenweCTBOBaBWHe HM npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTbie H3-
BCCTHSIKH (pHC. 7. J 2). CTpcHMYUlCCTBeHHO rJIHHHCTble JJ.OJIOMHTbl H npCHMYlUCCTBeH-
HO 3ep11HCTb1e .uo;10naKcroyttb1 6ynyr OTHOCHTbCSI K KJJaccy 2. B KJiacc I nona.naior
TOJlbKO .nonorpeiiHCTOYHbl, H norpe6yeTCSI npHMeHeHHe TOJlbKO 0.llHOH JaBHCHMOCTH,
KpoMe cny<1aee, Korn.a npHcyrcrsyior rpewucroyHbI. B cny<1ae, Kor.na paJMep KpHCTaJl-
nos .nonoMHTa npeBbIWaer I 00 MKM, see .no110MHTbI 6y.nyr OTHOCHTbCSI K KJiaccy I,
HCJaBHCHMO OT ycnosHii oca.nK0HaKom1eHH.ll. TipH 3TOM norpe6yercS1 TOJJbKO o.nua
JaBHCHMOCTb, H llJJSI onpe.neJJeHHSI nerpocl>HJHlfCCKoro KJiacca yc11oeHS1 oca.nK0HaKon-
11ettH.11 He HY>KHbl.
~ H a . J . o6bCMOM o6pa3ylOUUIXCll llOBblX nop. - flpll\I. 11'!/}(!fl.
7.2. ,AOJ10Ml1TH3AUIUI

nozmpHn11e11oro
UllKJ18

ZIOJIOMllTbl
CpeAHCKpHCTannH'lecK11e KpynHOKpHCTaJJIIH'lecKne
llOJIOMlfTbl )lOJIOMllTbl
nopHCTOCTL npoHHllllCMOCTL nopHCTOCTL npoHllUaCMOCTL nopHCTOCU npo11HU8CMOC..

KJl3CC
D rpeiincTOyH
D llpeHMYlllCCTBCHHO
1ep11HCTb1ii naKCToyn
BaKCTOYH
l
100 10

CJ 25 50 100 10
AHrH.'.lpHTO .... H rrr It rr
UC.,CHT I If 2! In
267
Puc. 7 .12. 11nmoCTpauIDI BJJHllHHll .llOJIOMHTHJaUHH csepxMHHepanHJosaHHbIMH <t>n10H.'laM11
Ha nopHCTOCTb H npOHHuaeMOCTb B npe.llenax e)lHHH'iHOro no.u.npHJIHBHOro MeJIKOBO.!l!IO-
perpeccHBHOro (Mene10mero BBepx) UHKJJa oca.u.KoHaKOnJleHHll. KpHBall, COOTBen: I< \j' i:!;l
npe.llwecTsoeaewHM HJBeCTHllKaM, nocTpoeHa no .llaHHbIM HJ 10pcKoi1 cmnb1 Apali .J. lLJ.
IlopHCTOCTb '.)THX ornmKeHHH yMeHbWHTCJI B xo.u.e .U.OJIOMHTHJaU.HH Ha BCJIH'iHHy, COOTBeT-
CTBYIOlllYIO o6beMy MHrpHpoeaewero '!epe3 HHX .llOJIOMHTH3HpyIOll.lero <t>nIOH,!1.a. Ilpo<f>HJib
npmmuaeMOCTH HJMeHHTCll B JaBHCHMOCTH OT I) H3MCHeHHll nopHCTOCTH. 2) pa3MepoB KpH-
CTaJJJIOB .llOJJOMHTa, 06pa3osasweroc11 e npeHMywecTeeHHO rnHHHCTbIX CTPYKTYPax. Pacnono-
)f(eHHe neTPOlf>H311'iCCKllX KJlaCCOB Ha eepTHKaJibHOH IUKaJJe 6y.lleT H3MCHJITbCll 8 COOTBeTCTBHH
c H3MCHCHHJIMl1 pa3Mepa KpHCTaJJJIOB .llOJIOMHTa.
7.2.3. Pacnpe!leJJeHne llOJIOMHTOB
XapaKTep .!10JlOMHTH3aUIHf 3aBHCHT OT HCTO'iHHKa, 06beMa H nyreH <f>HJlbTpaUHH
.!lOJIOMHTH3HPYJOIUeH BOJ.lbl. B MonenH npocal.fHBaHH'1 ceepxMHHepanHJoeaHHOH Mop-
CKOH BOJJ.bl B HmKeJie)KaUJ.He CJIOH HCTOl.fHHKOM J.l0JIOMHTH3Hpy!OIUHX BOJJ. jlBJljleTC'1
cynpanHTOpaJibHaH 30Ha, HX o6beM 6yneT 3aBHceTb OT H3MetteHHH ycnOBHH e 3TOH
30He c Tel.feHHCM epeMcHH, a nyrH <f>HJibTpaUHH 6ynyr onpenenHTbCJI npOHHuaeMo-
CTblO HH)KcJic)KaUJ.HX H3BeCTHHKOB. OpH nocTynneHHH He6oJibtuHX o6beMOB csepxMH-
HepanH30BaHHOH BOJJ.bl ..1lOJIOMHTH3aUHH KOCHeTCH TOJlblCO ct>auHH npHJIHBHO-OTJlHBHOH
paBHHHbI. OpH o6pa3oBaHHH .nonoMHTH3HpyJOw.eli B0.11.bl B 6oJJbtuHX o6beMax ..11ono-
MHTH3aUHH 3axeaTHT COTHH MCTpOB HH)KCJle)KaUJ.HX cy6JJHTOpaJibHblX OCa.rIKOB. B .apy-
rnx MO)lCJUIX .1lOJIOMHTH3aUHH onpeneJIHTb HCTOl.fHHK H o6beMbl J.l0JIOMHTH3HPYIOlllHX
<f>n!OH.!lOB ropa3J.lO TPY.11Hee. 0.!lHaKo Kpynttbte o6paJosaHHH no3.rIHHX .11.onOMHTOB -
3TO He peJ.lKOCTb, H HCTO'-IHHKH nOHBJieHH'1 60JibWHX 06bCMOB ..1IOJIOMHTH3HPYIOWHX
BOJ.l, He CBH3aHHblX C MOpCKOH 80.!lOH, MOryT cywecTBOBaTb. OpOHHUacMOCTb, Onpe-
.rieJIHIOW.aH CBOHCTBa 1103.!lHHX J.lOJIOMHTOB, o6bl'-IHO JaBHCHT OT p_ima ct>aKTopoB, Ta-
KHX KaK CTeneHb TpeW.HHOBaTOCTH, HaJIH'-IHC pa3JIOMOB, Kapcrn, KapCTOBblX
H T. n., a TaK)Ke ocTaTO'-IHOH npoHHuaeMOCTH MaTpHUbl. Mb1 nonpo6Hee ocTaHOBHMCH
268 fJJABA 7
Ha HeKOTOpblX H3 3THX H)leH B xo.ne paCCMOTpeHHJI npHMepoB cneumpw1eCKHX MeCTO-
pO>K,UeHHH.
,lloJIOMHTH3aUHJI yseJIH'.fHBaeT eMKOCTHblH noTeHl(HaJl Kap6oHaTHblX nJJaT<l>OPM
(pHc. 7 .13 ). B TOJJIUax H3BeCTHJIKOB npoueccb1 ynnorneHHJI o6bl"IHO npHBO.ctJIT
K yMeHbWeHHIO nopHCTOCTH B npeHMyweCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTblX <l>aUHJIX .uo TaKOH
CTeneHH, "ITO npOHHl(aeMOCTb CTaHOBHTCJI CJIHWKOM HH3KOH .nJI1I Toro, "IT06bl }laH-
HaJI TOJIIUa nopOJl Morna paccMaTpHBaTbCJI B Ka"leCTBe KOJIJieKTopa. ,lloJIOMHTH3aUHJI
MO>KeT npeo6pa30BaTb 3TH npeHMywecTBeHHO fJIHHHCTble H38eCTHJIKH B cpe.uHeKpH-
CTaJJJIH"leCKHe npeHMyweCTBCHHO fJIHHHCTble .UOJIOMHTbl. 3TOT npouecc O}lHOBpeMeH-
HO H npenoxpattJleT noposoe npocTpattCTBO OT npoueccos ynnoTHeHHJI, H npHBO-
.UHT K yseJIH"leHHIO pa3Mepa nop. B pe3yJihTaTe noTCHUHaJJ .no110MHTOB 06paJOBb1BaTb
MOIUHblC KOJIJICKTOpCKHC TOJIIUH 6onee BCJIHK, "leM noTeHUHaJI HJBeCTHJIKOB.
nopO.Llbl C BblCOKHMH
KOJJJJCKTOpCKHMH
CBOHCTBaMH

D
fpciiHCTOYHbl
npcHMYlllCCTBCHllO
1CpHHCTLIC llOJIOnaKCTOYHLI
CpcllHCKpHCTaJIJIH'ICCKllC
npCHMYlllCCTBCllllO
f1111HllCTble llOJIOMlfTbl
nopOJlbl C HH3KHMH
KOIIIICKTOpCKHMH
CBOHCTB3MH


JlOJIOMHTH1HpoB3HHblC
OTJIOllCCHHll npHJIHBHO-
OTJlllBHOH paBllHHbl
)lonorpciiHCTOYHbl
c nopoBblM npoCTpatlCTBOM,
:ianonHCHHblM cynMjlllTIIMH
HlBCCTHllKOBl.IC
B3KCTOyllbl " naKCTOYllbl
8blCOKO"l3CTOTHblC
UHKJlbl
PHC. 7 .13. 06o6meHH311 CXCMa pacnpeJlCIICHHll KOJIJICKTopoe B BblCOKO"l3CTOTHOH CCKBCHUHH,
o6pa30B3BWHXC.ll B pC3YJJbT3TC npoueccoe UCMCHTaUHH, ynnOTHCHH.11 " nocnenoeaeweii 33
HHMH .LIOJIOMHTH33UHH npoca"IHB3IOIUHMHCll ceepXMHHCpaJJH3083HHblMH paccoJJaMH " JBano-
pHTOBOH MHHCpaJJmauHH. YeeJJH"ICHHC pa1Mepoe "13CTHU e npeHMymecTBCHHO rnHHHCTblX
JlOJJOMHTaX yeeJJH"IHB3CT o6'beM noTCHUHaJJbHO npo.nyKTHB11oro KOnneKTopa.
7.2.4. KaJ1bUHTH1auna AOJJOMHTOB
npouecc JaMCIUCHHJI l.f3BCCTHJIKOB .1l0Jl0MHTOM MO>KeT nepeHTH 8 o6paTHblH,
T. e. CMeHHTbCJI npoueccoM KaJlbl(lffH3aUHH .UOJJOMHTa no.n 803)1.eHCT8HeM 80.D. c 8bl-
COKHM C0.1lep>Kam1eM KaJlbUHJI. fpyHTOBblC BO.Ubl, xapaKTepH3YIOIUHCCJI BCJIH'JHHOH
MafHHCBO-KaJlbl(HeBoro K03<l><l>HUHeHTa MeHbWC 1, o6JJa)J.alOT cnoco6HOCTblO BblWC-
Jia"IHBaTb .uonoMHT, npH JTOM KaJibUHT Bbma)J.aeT 8 oca)J.OK. CymecrnyIOT caMble
7.3. 3BAnOPHTOBA.SI MHHEPAJil13AUH}l 269
pa3.nH
1
1Hble MOJ.lCJIH npouecca <t>opM11p08aHHH 80.ll, 0611a.na10m11x HH3KHM M3rHHCBO-
KaJlbU11C8blM KO)<t><1>11u11eHTOM 11 cnoco6HbJX KaJJbU11TH3HpOBaTb .llOJIOMHT, HO see OHH
no.npaJyMeealOT HaJJH'IHe aTMoc<t>epttblX HJJH rny60K11x rpyttTOBblX 80.IJ.. Bb1llle11at111ea-
H11e CaS0
4
aTMoc<t>epHblMH rpyHTOBhJMl1 eo.uaMH KaK paJ 11 <t>opM11pyeT TaK11e HHJKO-
MarH11e80-KaJJbUl1C8bJe 80.11.hl, cnoco6Hble Bbl3BaTb KaJJhUHTH3aUHIO [I, 25]. 06orn-
meHHblC KaJJbUHCM 80).lbl, KOTOpblC o6pa3ylOTCH B rny60K03aJJCralOLUHX coneHOCHblX
OTJIO)f(eHHHX H 3aTeM MHrpHpytoT no pa3JJOM3M 8Bepx, TaK)l(C 06na.na10T cnoco6Ho-
CTbto K3JlbUHTH3HpOB3Tb .llOJIOMHT ! 21 ).
KanbUHTH311posaHHb1e KpHcTan.ilbl .nonoMHTa o6bltfHO cocTOHT H3 KaJJbUl1TOBOH
UCHTpa.JlbHOH 'laCTH, OKPY)l(CHHOH )lOJIOMHTOM. nycTOTCJlblC poM611KH .llOJIOMHTa (lia-
CTO Ha3bl8aeMble CKeJICTHblM .ll0JIOMl1TOM) Ha6mo]lalOTCH BO MHOrHX .llOJJOMHT08blX o6-
pa308aHl1JJX, 113 1ero MO)l(HO npe.nnoJJO)f(l1Tb, 'ITO ueHTpaJJbHble 'laCTH KpHCTanJJOB .uo-
JJOMHTa o6na.naioT 6onbweii pacTBop11MOCTb10, 'ICM 11x 06paMneH11e. Bb1we11at111BaH11e
Kp11CTaJIJIOB .llOJIOMHTa 06bl'IHO np11B0lll1T K o6pa30B3HHIO H30JJHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBblX
nop. HeK0Topb1e neTporpa<t>w1ecK11e 11ccne.nosaHHJJ no3sonHtoT npe.nnonO)l(HTb, tfTO
KaJJbUHT 3anOJIHJICT nyCTble .llOJIOMHTOBble poM6bJ, a pe3yJibTaTbl .npyrnx 11ccne.noea-
Hl1H yKaJb18atoT Ha TO, 'ITO KaJJbUHT 3aMemaeT nonoMHT [10).
7.3. 3eanopHTOB8H MHHepaJJH38QHH
AHrHJlpHT (CaS04) 11 rnnc (CaS042H20) jJBJlj!JOTCH )BanopHTOBblMH MHHepa-
JJaMH, 'laCTO B ).lOJJOMHTOBblX KOJJJICKTOpax. ra.1111T (NaCl) HeTH-
nH'ICH, HO MO)l(CT HHOr;ta 3anoJJmlTb nopoeoe npocTpaHCTBO, npHMblKalOmee K CJIOJJM
COJJH. r11nc - 3TO THnH'IHblH 3BanopHTOBblH MHHepa11, np11CYTCT8YIOlU11H 8 COBpe-
MCHHblX oca.nKax H Ha He60JJbWl1X rny611Hax, HO crycTKH ()f(CJJBaKH) H CJIOH cospe-
MCHHOro attrnnp11Ta TaK)l(e s ca6xe s paiioHe Tpyurna11 KocT [3]. 3ea-
nop11To8aH 0611aCTb np11n11BHO-OTJJHBHOH paBHHHbl j!BJISICTCJJ 11CTO'IHHKOM cynb<t>aT08,
a TaK)l(C 060f3lUCllHblX Marn11eM 80.ll. CTOHKHJIOTOnHble <t>opMbl H )l(CJIB3Kl1 nO'ITH He
oKa3brnatoT BJJHSIHHJJ Ha KonneKTopcK11e csoiicTsa. C11011CTb1e )BanopHTbl 06b1t1HO np11-
cyTcTBy10T B TpaKTax <t>auHH npH11HBHO-OTJIH8HOH paBHHHbl H 06pa3y10T noKpblllJKH
H <t>nio11.noynopbl .!lJl.11 KOJIJICKTOp08. 3anOJIHJJIOll.lHH nopbl aHrn.npHT o6bl'IHO npHCYT-
CTByeT B rpeHHCTOYllOBblX o6pa3083HHHX, KOTOpble CB"33Hbl c MOlllHblMH <t>auHHMH
npHJJHBHO-OTJIH8HOH paBHl1Hbl H MoryT 6b1Tb on11caHbl B COOTBCTCTBHH co cxeMaMH
oca.uKoHaKonneHHH.
3aMemettHe rnnca aHrn.D.pHTOM 33BHCHT OT TeMnepaTypbl H aKTHBHOCTH 80.llbl
(p11c. 7.14). CoepeMeHHblC a11rn.np11Tbl e oca.nKax np111111eHo-orn11sHoii
30Hbl CTepCH.UCKOfO 3aJJH83, fJlC TCMncparypbl 6JJH3 no8epXHOCTH .UHa O'leHb BblCOKl1e
H 80llbl, 11acb1U.ta10m11e JlOHHbJe oca;.tK11, ot1eHh co11e11h1c. nosb1me1111e TeMneparypbI
c rny6HHOH npHBO.llHT K TOMy, 'ITO rnnc, HaXO.llJllUHHCJJ B np11n08CpXHOCTHblX ro-
pH30HTax, nepexon11r 8 aHrn.D.pHr. B nepMCKOM 6accetf He B 3ana.nHoM Texace rnnc
Ha rny61111ax .uo I 200 M [ 19, 39).
B .nonoMHTOBblX KOJJJJeKTopax 06blt1Ho npHCYTCTBYIOT t1eTb1pe T11na attrn.np11Tos
(p11C. 7 .15). llOllKlLW111011Hblli llll?UOpllm 06Hapy)l(CH B BHJle KpynHblX Kp11CTaJJJIOB 3H-
fHJlpHTa c BKJJto'leHHJJMl1 6onee MCJIKHX KpHCTaJJJJOB JlOJIOMHTa, 'laCTO cnopa.n11t1eCKH
270 fJJABA 7
80
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0
AHrHllpHT H paccon
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40
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c
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(after Hardie, 1967) - (no (13])
0
I 0,9 0,8 0,7
AKTHBHOCTb BO.lib!
PHC. 7.14. fpa<f>HK 33BHCHMOCTH TeMnepazypbl OT aKTHBHOCTH BO)tbl, noK33bl8310lUHH ycnoemt
o6pa30BaHHJI nmca H aHntllpHTa npH pa3JJH'IHOH MHHepaJJHJaUHH BOJt [ 13].
pacnpe.neneHHbIX e Tomue nopO.llbI. KpHCTaJIJibI 06paJy10TcJ1 e pe3yJibTaTe KOM6Htta-
UHH npoueccoe JaMemeHHJI H 1anontteHHJ1 nop, H nopHCTOCTb YMeHbUiaeTCJI nponop-
UHOHaJibHO o6DeMy 3anonHJ11:0IUero nopbl MaTepHana. TioiiKHJJOTOnHbIH a1ffH.llPHT, KaK
npaeHno, 6ecnopJ1.llOt:fHO pacceJIH H HepaBHOMepHo pacnpoCTpaHeH. Cne.noeaTeJJbHO,
e npocTpaHCTee Me:>K.ny KpHCTannaMH pacnpe.n.eneHHe nop no pa3Mepy, cymecTsosas-
rnee B MHHepanbHOM CKeJJeTe nepBOHat:faJibHO, coxpaHJICTCJI. TipOHHUaeMOCTb H Ka-
nHJJJJJlpHblC CBOHCTBa 60JJbllle CBJl3aHbl c pa3MepoM nop, 'ICM c co6CTBCHHO nopHCTO-
CTbl:O, noJTOMy OHH JIHlllb HeMHOro H3MCHJll:OTCJI B pe3yJ1bTaTe o6pa3oBaHHJI nOHKH-
JlOTOnHoro aHrHJ\PHTa.
)/(e.,160K08blli Olli'llOpum npHCYTCTeyeT B .llOJIOMHTe B BH)lC TOHKOKpHCTaJIJJH'le-
CKHX Mace aHrn.upHrn H o6bI'IHO 06paJyeTCJ1 BHYTPH oca.nKa e peJyJJbTaTe 3aMeIUeHHJI
nH6o o6bI'IHOro a11rnnpHTa, JJH6o rnnca. Cne.nosaTeJJbHO, :>KenaaKH J1BJJJ11:0TCJ1 .nHare-
HeTH'leCKOH crpyKTypOH H He .UOJJ:>Kllbl HCnOJib30BaTbCJI )lJIJI HHTepnpeTaUHH xapaKTe-
pHCTHK o6CTaHOBKH oca.u.KoHaKOnJieHHJI. )l(enBaKH o6b!t:fHO COCTaBJIJll:OT ue60JJbWOH
npoueHT OT nOJJHOro o6'beMa nopO.llbl H no'ITH He OKa3blBaJ:OT BJIHJIHHJI Ha nopHCTOCTb
HJIH npOHHUaeMOCTb.
A11z11opum, 1a1101mR10u1111I 11opb1, o6bl'mo pacnpocrpaHeH nosceMeCTHO H o.nHo-
epeMeHHO yMeHbUiaeT H nopHcTOCTb, H pacnpe.neneHHe nop no pa3Mepy B Kap6oHaT-
HbIX KOJIJICKTOpax, noCKOJlbKY 3anOJJHJ1eT MC:>K3epHOBOe, MC:>KKpHCTaJIJJH'ICCKOC H Ka-
eepHOBOe nopoeoe npocrpaHCTeo.
C10ucmb1e a11wop11111b1 o6ttapY:>KeHbI B naTepanbHO npoTJl:>KeHHbIX CJJOJIX TOJJIUH-
HOH OT HCCKOJlbKHX caHTHMeTpOB .u.o HCCKOJlbKHX .u.eCJITKOB MCTpOB H o6pa3yJ:OTCJI
e pe1ynbTaTe Bbma.u.eHHJI rnnca B csepxconeHbIX so.n.oeMax H ero nocne.nywme-
ro npeo6pa30BaHHJI B aHrHJJ.PHT. 3TH OTJIO:>KCHHJI MOfYT 6b!Tb HJIH TOHKOCJIOHCTbl-
MH (nnacTHH'laTblMH), HJIH COCTOJITb H3 cpOCWHXCJI :>KCJIBaKOB. TOHKO paccnoeH-
HblH aHrn,npHT, KaK npe.nnonaraeTCJI, o6pa30BaJICJI H3 KpHCTaJIJIOB rnnca, BbinaBUIHX
B csepxconeHOH ao.n.e [35]. TipoCJIOH CpOCUIHXCJI :>KeJJBaKOB, BHllHMO, o6pa30BaJJHCb
H3 KpynHbIX KpHCTaJIJIOB rnnca, BblpOCWHX Ha JI.He ceepxconeHblX 03ep H naryH [49].
7.3. 3BAnOPHTOBAJI MHHEPAJ1113AUHJI
CTPYKTYPA
IlOHKHJIOTOfiHaJI
L-.1
0,1 MM
L-.1
1 CM
3anonttemu1 nop
CJJOHCTaJI
L-.1
0,1 MM
CpocwHCCH
~ : ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ llCCJIB8Kll
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flnaCTHH'laTU
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(B BH.lle BKJIIO'ICHHH)
IlopHCTOCTb MaYpHUbl
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fiOCTOJIHHblM
01IAfOBOEPACTIPE.[\EJIEHJ1E
(e BH)le BKJllO'leHHH)
IlopHCTOCTb MaTpHUbl
YMCHbWaeTCJI
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fiOCTOllHHblM
PABHOMEPHOE PACTIPE.[\EJIEHHE
Me)l(llaCTH'IHaJI nopncroCTb
" npottnuaeMocTb YMeHbWaIOTCJI
JIATEPAJibHO nPOT.SDKEHHblE
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271
PHC. 7 .15. ,[\HarpaMMa OCHOBHblX crpylCT)'p aHrH.llpHTa H rnnca, npHCYTCTBYIOIUHX B Kap6o-
HaTHblX nopo.llaX, H HX BnHllHHe Ha KOJJJJCKTOpCKHe CBOHCTBa.
CnoHCTbte aHntJ.\pHTbt o6bt'IHO .1tBJJ.1t10TCJ1 O'ICHb xoporn11M11 cj>n1011AoynopaMH HJIH no-
KpbtrnKaMH.
ran11T TaK'>KC npHCyYCTBYCT B Kap6oHaTHblX KOJIJICKTOpax, COJJ.Cp)f(aUlHX CJIOH CO-
JIH, B 811.11.C JanOJIH.lllO!llCfO nOpbl 3BanopHTOBOfO MHHepana. ranHT 06J1a.u.aeT BblCOKOH
pacTBOpHMOCTblO H npH no.11.roTOBKe o6pa3UOB Keptta K HCCJJeJ.\OBaHHJIM nerKO BbIIUe-
272 rllABA 7
JialntBaeTCJI. JTO - H30TpOnHblH npo3pa'1HblH MHHepan, nO')TOMY B xo.ue nCTporpactm-
'ICCKHX HCCJIC.UOBaHHH 06Hapy)l{HTb ero B WJIH<pax 3aTpy.UHHTCJlbHO. npoKpaurnBaHHC
06pa3ua noMoraeT BHJyanbHO pa3JlCJIHTb ranHT H nopoeoe npocTpaucTBo
.[{onroc epeM" C'IHTanocb, 'ITO aHrnJlpHT 3anom1J1eT noposoe npocTpaHCTBO e JlO-
JIOMHTaX, npcepama.11 HX B nJIOTHblC, Henpo.uyKTHBHblC Kap6oHaTbl. 3TO JlCHCTBH-
TCJlbHO TaK B cny'la"x CJlOHCTblX HJIH JanOJIH.lllOlUHX nopbl aHrn.U.pHTOB, HO HaWH
HCCJICJlOBaHH.11 .nonoMHTOBblX KOJIJieKTopos e nepMCKOM 6acccii11e (3anaJJ.HbJH Tcxac)
llOKa3a.'1H, 'ITO .11.Jljf IJOHKHJIOTOllHblX aHrHJlpHTOB JTO HCBCpHO (33]. noHKHJIOTOnHblC
aHrn.upHTbl jfBJl.lllOTC.11 HaH6onee THnH'IHOH cpopMOH B nepMCKHX .llOJJOMHTaX B 3ana}J.-
HOM Texacc. 0HH BCTpe'lalOTC.11 B BHJJ.C rHC3Jl (o'laroe), o6bl'IHO - c BKJllO'ICHffjfMH
D.OJIOMHTa, pa3MepoM OT HCCKOJibKHX MHJIJIHMCTJ>OB no caHTHMCTpOB, npH )TOM aH-
rn.npHT H JalJOJIH.llCT MC)l{'laCTH'IHblC nopbl, H JaMCll.{aCT co.uep)l{alUHC cro Kap6oHaTbl.
Kpocc-nnoT MC)l{'lacTH'IHOH nopHCTOCTH H npoHHuaeMOCTH, JaMepeHHblX B cpeJ!He-
KpHCTaJIJIH'ICCKHX D.OJIOMHTaX H npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblX JJ.OJionaKCTOyHaX, co-
.ncpJKaUlHX '.Ula'IHTCJJbHOe KOJIH'ICCTBO llOHKHJIOTOn11oro aHrHD.PHTa, HOKa3bJBaeT, 'ITO
}laHHblC KOHueHTpHpyioTc.11 B o6nacTH nCTpocl>HJH'leCKoro KJiacca 1, a HC 2, KaK paHee
npe}lnonaran JiycHa [22] (pHc. 7.16). KpoMc rnro, H .uaHHbie Kan11nn,.pHoro llaBJic-
HHJI, 3aMepeHHOro B BbJWeyKa3aHHblX o6pa3uax, HOKa3b18alOT aHOMaJlbHO KpynHblC
llJI.11 crpyKTyp KJiacca 2 pa3Mepb1 nopoBblX KaHanoa.
On11caHHb1e Bbnuc Ha6nio.ueHH.11 no3son.1110T npe.unoJJO)ICHTb, 'ITO noiiKHJJOTOn-
HblH aHrn.UpHT yMeHbUJaCT nopHCTOCTb, HO He YMCHbmaeT pa3Mep nopoBblX KaHanoe.
npoHHUaCMOCTb B Onpe.uemllOIUCH CTCllCHH JaBHCHT OT pa3Mepa nopOBblX KaHaJIOB
H OCTaCTCJI npal<TH'ICCKH noCTO.llHHOH, llCCMOTp.11 Ha TO, 'ITO JaHOJlHCHHC nop rHC3-
D.aMH aHrn.UpHTa CHH)l{aCT nopHCTOCTb. 3TOT ')cpcpeKT npHBOJlHT K TOMy, 'ITO Ha rpa-
cPHKe D.aHHblC CMClUalOTCJI BJICBO, OT o6JJaCTH KJiacca 2 K o6naCTH KJiacca I. 3TOT
3cpcpeKT 6bJJJ llO.!lTBCp)l(JlCH nepBH'IHblMH pe3yJibTaTaMH, IJOJJY'ICHHbIMH B XO}lC .llCTanb-
HOro MO.llCJ1HpoeaHHJI npoueccoB cpHJibTpaumt, npH KOTOpOM cpaBHHBaJlHCb 3Ha'ICHH.ll
npoHHuaeMOCTH JlOJIOMHTOB, co.uepJKa1uHx H He conep)l{am11x rHCJlla aHrn.up11rn. Cnc-
JlOBaTCJJbHO, Mbl npe}lnonaraeM, 'ITO llOHKHJlOTOllHblH aHrH.llPHT (a TaK)l{e H )ICCJIBaKH
aHrn.UpHTa) HC TOJlbKO He cnoco6cTByCT <PopMHpoea1rn10 nJIOTHblX Henpo.uyKTHBHblX
JlOJJOMHTOB, HO H, Hao6opoT, ynylfrna!OT nCTpocpH3HlfCCKHC ceoiicTBa.
7.3.1. KaJJbUHTHl8UHH aurn.1tpHTa H rnnca
AHrn.UpHT HJIH rnnc MO:lKCT 6bJTb JaMCIUCH KaJibUHTOM H, HHOr!la, caMOpO.llHOH
cepoii H aYTHrCHHblM KpCMHC3CMOM [25]. 06Ha)l{CHH.ll paMna H rnenbcpOBblX ornO)l{C-
HHH nepMCKOro B03pacrn B ropax reallenyne (Texac H HblO-MCKCHKO) co.nep)l{aT )l{CJl-
BaKH KaJibUHTOBblX llCCB.llOMOpcp03, a HanH'IHC IJOHKHJlOTOIJHOro aHrnD.pHTa ll03BOJ1.ll-
eT npennoJIO)ICHTb, 'ITO aHrn.UpHT, KOTOpblH o6bl'IHO npHCYTCTBYCT B nm-pe6eHHblX
a11anorax 3THX o6Ha)l{CHHH, 6bIJl 3aMelUCH KanbUHTOM BO epeM" 803llblMaHHjf B npH-
CYTCTBHH MCTCOpHblX BOJl, npOHHKWHX B BCpXHIOIO 'laCTb pa3pC3a [23,48]. Heo6bllfHO
HH3KOC co.uep)l{aHHC H30TOHOB yrnepo.u.a, Bbl.llBJICHHOC B HCKOTOpblX KaJibQHTaX, H03-
BOJI.llCT npCJlllOJIO)l{HTb 3aMClllCHHC opraHoreHHblM yrnepOD.OM, 803M0)1{H0, CB.113aHHblM
c yrneeonopo.uaMH. HHorna np11cyTcTayeT caMoponua.11 cepa, ce.11JaHHa" c JaMeme-
7.4. nr11MEPbl MECTOPO)l(JlEHHii - JlOJIOMllTOBblE II IHBEC:THjjKOBblE KOJJJIEKTOPbl 273
BJUUIHHE PACnP.E.L{EJIEHIDI 04AfOBOro UEMEHTA
HA KPOCC-TIJJOT 3ABl1Cl1MOCTl1 TIOPl1CTOCTl1 OT TIPOH11UAEMOCTl1
PaeHoMepHo
nopoeoe npocTpaHCTBO

I
Kp11 ..... paBllLIX I I
(a)
I
QqarOBblH
3HrH.!lpHTOBblH
UCMCHT
(b)
500 MKM
TioiiKHJJOTonHblH
cy11blpaT
500 MKM
PaeHOMepHo
pacnpe11e11eHHblH
Kap60HaTHblH UCMCHT
(c)
500 MKM
Kap6oHaTHblH
UCMCHT
ac11111n111 nopoewx
/
K.riacc
1
I
I
10 20 30 40
Me:lK'laCTH 'lall
nopHCTOCTb (%)
Puc. 7 .16. PHcyHoK. 11eM0HcTpHpyto1UHH BJJIUIHHe o4aroeoro pacnpeneneHHll aHrn,upHrn
Ha COOTHOWCHHC nopHCTOCTH H npoHHUaCMOCTH. PaBHOMepHO pacnpeneneHHblH .uo6ae04HblH
o6neM UCMCHTa ( c) YMCHbWaeT pa3Mep nopOBblX KaHaJJOB, 3H3'1CHHC nopHCTOCTH H npoHH-
uaeMOCTb paJHblX neTp0<f>HJH'leCKHX KJtaccoe (OT A .no C). llo6aBJJeH1te O'laroeoro ueMCHTa
(e .naHHOM cnyqac - attrnnpHrn) yMCHbwacT nopHCTOCTb, HO npaKTH'tecKH He H3MCHllCT pa3-
Mep nopOBblX K3HaJJOB H nOHIUl\aCT npommaeMOCTb, HC3H3'1HTCJlbHO CMClU3ll CTJ>YKTYPbl H3
KJJacca 2 K 1maccy I (A K 8).
HHeM )t(eJJBaKOB aHrnD.pHTa KaJJbUHTOM B norpe6eHHblX OTJJO)t(emu1x,
1
-ITO n03BOJUleT
npe.unoJJO)t(HTb HaJJH'IHe cynbcpaTBOCCTaHaBJJHBaJOlllHX 6aKTepHH.
7.4. npHMepbl MeCTopoJK)leHHH - llOJIOMHTOBble H H3BeCTHHKOBble
KOJJJJeKTOpbl
IlO.!lXO.llbl K npOrH03HpOBaHHJO neTpOcpH3H'leCKHX CBOHCTB JlOJJOMHTOBblX KOJl-
JJeKTOpOB BeCbMa pa3H006pa3Hbl H JaBHCSIT OT CTeneHH accouHaUHH ll.OJJOMHTOB H H3-
eecTH.!IKOB. B cnyqa.11x nepecnaHBaHH.11 nonoMHTOB H H3BCCTH.!IKOB nepeocTeneHHoe
JHa'leHHe .llJJ.11 npornoJHposaHH.11 csoiicTB npHo6perneT pacnpeneJteHtte JJ.OJtOMHTOB.
B cnyqa.11x, Kor.na KOJJJJeKTop noJJHOCTbJO CJJO)t(eH .uonoMHTaMH, KJJJO'ICBbJM CTaHOBHT-
274 f"JJABA 7
CH aonpoc o pacnpenenettHH neTpocj>H3H4ecKHX KJJaccoa BHYTPH no110MHTOB. Mbt pac-
CMOTpHM TPH npHMepa .UOJlOMHT-HJBeCTHSIKOBblX KOJlJlCKTOpOB, aKUCHTHPYH BHHMaHHC
Ha npornoJe pacnpeneneHHH JlOJlOMHTOB, 11 TPH no1111ocTbt0 .nonoMHTOBbtX KomteKTo-
pa, C).leJlaB <J>oKyc Ha nporno3e H MO,TlellHpoeaHHH pacnpe.neneHHSI lleTPOcl>H3H4CCKHX
KJiaccoe. Ba)l(HOCTb nocTpoeHHst peam-1cn1'IHbtX Mo.ncneii Ko1111eKTopoa JlJ1st M0.1leJIH-
poaaHHst cj>HJlbTpaUHH H noKa3aTeJ1CH ).l06bt4H 6yneT nO).l4epKHYTa Ha npHMepe JlOJlO-
MHTOBblX KOJlJlCKTOpOB.
7.4.1. KoJJJ1eKTOpb1 Pen PHeep, wTaTbl Mounua H CeeepuaH .lJ.aKoTa (CUJA)
Ko1111eKTopbt CBHTbJ Pen Pnsep HBJlstIOTCst npHMepaMH no110MHTOBbtX KOJIJleK-
rnpoa, Q>opMa o6pa3oBaHHSI (reoMeTpH'lCCKast xapaKTepHCTHKa) KOTOpblX CBH3aHa
c npHJIHBHO-OTJlHBHblMH paBHHHHblMH 06;1aCTSIMlf. 0HH OTHOCSITCSI K aepxHeMy op.uo-
BHKY H CJlO)l(eHbt non- If HannpunHBHbJMH orno)l(eHHstMH. o6pa3oaaaUJHMHCsr Ha o'leHb
WHpOKOM MCJJKOBOnHOM Kap6oHaTHOM lllCJlb<l>e [5]. }lOJlOMHTbl WHpOKO pacnpocTpa-
HCHbl H OTMe'leHO HX 6J1H3KOC CXOLlCTBO c HaLlllPHJlHBHblMH H npHllHBHO-OTJTHBHblMH
cJ>auHHMH. 0.aHaKO Me)f(ny .LlOJlOMHTaMH H no.unpHJlHBHblMH <l>aUHSIMH CXOLlCTBa npaK-
TH'ICCKH HeT. Hao6opoT. nopHCTbte no,ri.npHllHBHb1e JlOJJOMHTbt 3aMe1uat0Tcsr a ropH-
30HTaJibHOM HanpaaJTeHHH flJlOTHblMH H3BCCTHSIKaMH 6CJ BCSIKOH CBHJH c xapaKTepoM
cj>auHJ:i.
B CBHTC Peil PHeep Bbl.IlCJlCHO TpH UHKJla, Ka)f()lblH HJ KOTOpbtX CO.llCp)l(HT B Kpoa-
Jle OTJlO)f(CHHst npHJlHBHo-ornHBHOH paaHHHbt (p11c. 7.17). Ha.11npHJ1HBHb1e cj>auim
a HH)l(HeM UHKJle (3oHa C) npencrnaneHbI MOIUHbIMH aHrn!lpHTOBbtMH ,ri.oJJOMHTaMH,
o6bt'IHO - TOHKOKpHCTaJJJlH'ICCKHMH H HHJKOnpOHHUaeMbIMH, c npOCJIOHMH CJlOHCTblX
HJJH )f(CJlBaKOBbIX aHrn.UpHTOB. ).loJJOMHT OTMC43CTCSI Ha pa'1HblX rnyfornax B noncrn-
JlaIOUlHX no.anpHJIHBHblX Q>auHHX, lJTO, B03MO)f(HO, CBSl3aHHO c Q>HJlbTpauHeH ceepx-
MHHepaJIH30BaHHOH BO.llbl, o6pa30BaHHOH B peJyJlbTaTe HcnapCHHH MOpCKOH 80).lbl
B Ha.anpHllHBHOH o6CTaHOBKC (pHC. 7 .18). CTonnpHllHBHbIC .llOJlOMHTbl xapaKTepmy-
IOTCSI 6onec rpy6btMH KpHCTaJlJJaMH, 'ICM Ha.anpHllHBllblC, H, KaK npaBHJlO, HBJlHIOTCH
nopHCTbtMH H npom1uaeMbtMH. C11enosaTCJ1bHO, TOJlIUHHa npoJlyKTHBHbtX LlOJJOMHTOB
JaBHCHT OT TOJlWHHbl nOJlrlpHJIHBHblX ,i'.lOJlOMHTOB. npe.ano11araCTCH, 'ITO cj>opMa no,-
npHJJHBHblX JlOJIOMHTOBblX TCJl CBSl"3aHa c npoca'IHBatmeM CBCpXMHHepaJ1H30BaHHblX
cj>JJIOH.LlOB B HH)f(CJlC)f(aWHC CJIOH no pernoHaJJbHblM npOHHUaCMblM 30HaM, CB.inaHHblM
c TPCWHHOBaToCTbIO.
Cpemmii UHKn (JoHa B) stBJlstCTCH ocHOBHbtM nponyKTHBHbtM ropHJOHTOM ua au-
THKJIHHaJJH Ce.uap KpHK B Ceaepttoii }laKoTe (CWA). Ha.nnpH11HBHb1e cj>aum1 Mano-
MOWHbie, c nJJaCTOBblM aHrn.npHTOM 11 cpomeHHblMH )l(eJlBaKaMH aHnt.i'.lpHTa B Kpo-
BCJlbHOH lf3CTH, .UOJ10MHTH3HpOBaHHbte, npH'ICM noJTOMHTHJaUHSI npOCJ1C)f(HB3CTCSI Ha
pa111H4HbtX rnyfornax a HH)l(CJle)l(awHx nonnpHJJHBHbtX OTJTO)l(CHHstX. UHKJJ pa3.UCJ1CH
Ha TPH Q>auHH nopHCTbtx nponyKTHBHbtX no110MHTOB: tta.nnpHJlHBHbJe, Me)l(npH11HB-
Hb1e H no.nnpHllHBHbte. JTH cf>amm MOryT 6b1Tb H.UCHTH<l>nunpoeallbl no nopHCTOCTlf
H y,'lCJlbHblM conponfBJJeHHSIM Ha .UHarpaMMax 'lJ1CKTpH4eCKOro KapOTa)f(a BCJlC).lCTBHC
pa1mf'IHH B pa1Mepax ux 'laCTHU H nop. Ha.u- u MC)f(np111111ettb1e Q>aUHH xapaKTepH1y-
10Tcsr TOHKOKpHCTaJlJlH'IecKoif cTpyI<TypoJ:i H Mettee npo1muaeMbt, 'ICM 6onee rpy6o-
7.4. nr11MEPbl MECTOPO)l(llEHHii - llOJIOMHTOBblE II ll3BECTH.RKOBblE KOJJJJEKTOPbl 275
noCTA
I
UHKJI A
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UHKJI B
_i_

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--

UHKJI D
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30HA. {
u -u.
I "
2620
HK KPOBJl}I CBHTbl
PE.11 PHBEP
WTPHXOBKOH
nOKA3AHbl
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OTJIO)l(EHH.SI
2620
BEPX
KEPHA
30HAccB
2650
HH3
KEPHA
COJlEl')l(AHHE
.llOJIOMHTOB B %
OT KAP60HATHOH
cJ>PAKUHl1
2620
IOU
2650
2680
PHc. 7.17. UHKnbt ocallKOHaKonncm111 H ocHOBHbte npollyKTHBHbte JOHbt, ce11JaHHbte c llOno-
MllTaMH u Ha!lnpHmIBHbtMH TOJilUaMH e csHTe Pell PHeep. no ll3HHbIM raMMa- H
ro Kapora)Ka. J13eccTHllK1t nnoTHbte, llOIIOMHTbt nopHCTblC. HHTepsan JaneraHHll .uonoMHTOB
OXB3Tbl83CT Ha.nnpHIIHBHblC H nOllCTllJl310UUIC nollnpunHBHblC OTJIO)l(Clllfll (no [5]).
KpHCTaJIJIH'ICCKHe nonnpHJIHBHblC llOJIOMHTbl. nepBbie nee cj>auHH OTJIHl.falOTC>t ttenpe-
pblBHbIM pacnpocTpaHCHHCM no nnoman11, B TO epeM>t KaK ,UOJIOMHTbl nonnp1rnHBHOH
30Hbl HMCIOT npepb!BHCTOC 3a.neraHHe.
3TH KOJinCKTOpbl - OTJJH'IHblH npHMep, B KOTOpOM H3BCCTH>1KH ecer.na nJIOTHbIC,
a .UOJIOMHTbl eapbHpytoT OT nJIOTHblX .no nopHCTblX pa3HOCTCH. 0CHOBblBa>tCb Ha npH-
BCllCHHOH Bb!WC rHllOTCJC, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 1.fTO H3BCCTH>1KH CTaHOB>tTC>t OJIOTHblMH
B pe3yJibTaTC ynJIOTHCHH>t, B TO epeM>t KaK ,UOJIOMHTbl 06na.na10T xopoweif conpOTHB-
m1eMOCTblO K JTOMY npoueccy. CTpH npeKpameHHH npouecca .nonoMHTHJaUHH (YTO
npOHCXOllHT, sepO>tTHO, y)l(e BCKOpe nocne norpy)l(cHH>t Ha He60JibWYIO rny6irny) no-
pHCTOCTb nonnpHJIHBHblX .llOJIOMHTOB He OTJIHl.faCTC>t OT nopHCTOCTH COCCJlCTBYIOlllHX
H3BCCTH>1KOB. 0.D.HaKO B TC'ICHHC 6onee 1.fCM 500-MlfJIJIHOHHOJICTHero nepHo.na norpy-
)l(CHH>t H3BCCTH.llKH llOTCp>tJIH CBOIO nopHCTOCTb BCJIC,UCTBHC ynnOTHCHH.ll, Tor.na KaK
.noJIOMHTbl OKa3aJIHCb 6onee ycTOH'IHBblMH H coxpaHHJIH CBOH npe:>l\HHC noKaJaTeJIH
nopHCTOCTl1.
276
0
3
6
:!
ca
= 9
=
IO
>.
i:
12
15
18
fJIABA 7
CpcllHJlll HlllKHllll OTMCTKa ypoBHll BO.llbl
3a OCHOBy .Mll llC'IHCllCHHll
CKBalKHHa CKealKHHa CKealKHHa CKBallC1111a
no BCCM npHJJHBaM, \
22-23 N! 33-26 .N'2 11-36

N2 42-16
<l>aUHH
To11KOc11011CTble
HannpHllllBHblC
lj>aUHH
C MHOl"O'lllCllCHHblMH
CllC.ll8MH llJIOCJIOB
\
i:;:J 0011oc'lan.rii .llOllOMHT 11 aHr1titp1rr
l!ij ){OllOMHT
11HTcpnpCTBUHll no JI. ):llK. CToKy
J13BCCTHllK
t
C (ceeep)
npHMCpllblH KOlll)'p
MCCTOpolK.nCHHll neHHCll
0 n11aCTHH'l8TblC H8JlnpH11HBHblC cJiaWlll
fl] ToHKOC11011crwe HMnp1m11e11&1e cJiau1111
[!] l>au1111 c M11oro'111c11eH11blMH
c11e.naM1t HllOCJlOB
l>au1111 "JaKpbITOro MOpll
0 MopcKHC cJiau1111
no.nOWBa nOllHOCTblO
JlOllOMHTH3HpoBaHHblX nopO.ll
(BepTHKallbHblii M8CWTa6 pa3pe3a
3HB'lllTCllbHO YBCllH'ICH)
PHc. 7.18. CooTHoweHHe J11tT011orn1t H ce.nHMeHTaLUtOHHbtX <j>aUHH e JOHe U6-U7, CBHTa Pe.n
PHeep. noeepXHOCTb KOHTatrra Me)K.!lY .110JIOMHTOM H H3BeCTHllKOM He coenallaeT c nonnpH-
JIHBHblMH <f>aUHllMH, nOTOMY '!TO CBll3aHa c nyTllMH lj>HJlbTpaUHH .!l0JIOMHTH3Hpy10iueii BOllbl,
a He c xapatrrepoM oca.nKOHaKonneHHll [5].
7.4. nPllMEl'bl MECTOl'o:lKJ.lEHlli-i - J.lOJIOMllTOBblE II 11'3RECTH.SIKOBblE KOJIJIEKTOPbl 277
HJMeHeH11e nopo.ll no eepr11Ka1111 OT nJIOTHblX K nop11cTblM .11eJI.11eTc.11 np11MepoM
nepe.llOJIOMl1Tl13aUHH>> ( ceepx.uoJIOMl1TH3aUH11), CB.!13aHHOH c TOJllUHHOH np11JJl1BHO-
OTJJHBHblX cj>auuii. MomHa.11 Tonma JTHX orno)l(ett11ii e Jotte C xapaKTep113yeTc.11 HHJ-
KOH nopucTOCTblO. YLt11Tb1Ba.11 nmoTeJy ceepx.uonoM11T11Jau1111, JTH orno)l(em1.11 61>1n11
nepenoJJOMHTl1311pOBaHbl B XO)le npoXO)l(,llCHH.11 60JJblllOro KOJJHllCCTBa )l0JlOMHTl1311-
PYIOlllCH BO.Ubl. H ttao6opoT, TOHKHC cnoH np11n11e110-orn11BHblX ocanKoB B JOHe B
.!IBJJ.!llOTC.!I nopHCTblMl1 11 npOH11UaCMbIMl1, '!TO ll03BOJl.!leT roeop11Tb 0 ropa3.ll0 MCHb-
WHX o6beMax .!10JJOMl1TH3HPYIOllll1X <f>JIIOH)lOB 11 MCHbllJHX Macwrn6ax ceepX.1lOJJOMl1-
TH3au1rn. C11eJloBaTeJJbHO, nop11cTOCTb nonoMHTOB MO)l(CT 6b1Tb ce.11Jatta c TOJ1lUHHOH
HHTepBaJJOB npHJJHBHO-OTJIHBHbIX OTJ10)1(CHl1H.
7.4.2 . .LI.eeoucKaH JaJJeJKL MecTopoiK.LleHHH 311Jtp10c CayT, 3anam1i.1ii Texac
(CIUA)
B HCKOTOpblX Jl0JlOMl1TOBblX KOJIJJCKTOpax LlOJlOMl1THJau11.11 JaxeaTHJia 11CKJJIO'fl1-
TCJlbHO npeHMYlUCCTBCHlfO rmmHCTble <f>attl111, 11 pacnpenene1111e )l0JlOMl1TOB MOil<eT
6bJTb npcncKa3aHO Ha OCHOBC 1m<f>opMau1111 0 CC.!lHMCHTaUHOHHOH o6CTaHOBKC. B h.U-
TOpOH npo11cxomrno HaKOrJJICHHC "JTHX cpau11i:f. .[J.eBOHCKa.!I JaJJC)l(b MCCTOpO)l(JlCHIUI
3ttJip10c CayT .11en.!leTc.11 np11MepoM TaKOH .uonoMHT11Jau11u 11 o6bCKTOM nporno1a ;:,1
yKaJaHHOH MCTO.llJIKC.
MecrnpO)l(!lCHl1C uaxo.u11TC.!I e oKpyre 311.up1oc, 3ananHbIH Texac [24] . .[J.06b1-
Lta ocymecTBJJ.!leTC.!I HJ Kap6oHaTHOH TOJUUH .UCBOHCKOro B03pacTa, o6pa3083BUJCHC.!I
B6JIH311 OKpaHHHOH LtaCTH UJCJJb<f>a. 0TJJO)l(CHH.!I MCJJC!OlUCH BBepx (perpeccHBHOH) ce-
KBCHUHH MCH.!llOTC.11 OT npe11MymecTBCHHO rJJl1Hl1CTblX <f>aulftt K npe11MYlllCCTBCHHO
3CpHHCTblM 11 nepeKpblTbl pernoHaJlbHblM HCCOrJJaCHCM. CTpO.llYKTHBHbIC cpau1111 npei:t-
CTaBJJCHbl nopHCTblMH HJBeCTH.11KaM11 11 .UOJIOMHTaMH. CeKee11u11.11 neJI11Tc.11 Ha HH)l(-
Hl1H HHTCpBaJJ, CJJO)l(CHHblH llCJIOHllHblM npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblM naKCTOYHOM,
11 eepxH11ii, npcJJ.CTaBJieHHbIH Kp11HOl1.llHblM rpettHCTOYHOM. HHTepeaJibl BblJlCJl.!IJOT-
c.11 no raMMa-Kapora)l(y. H11)1(HHii 111nepsaJJ HaKanm1saJJc.11 s Hl13KOJttepreT11LtecKoii
o6CTaHOBKC 11 OTJIHiaeTC.11 tteperyn.11pHblM xapaKTepoM pacnpeneJICHH.!I nop, B 3aBl1CH-
MOCTH OT o6beMa HJIOB B oca}.lKC.
BepxH11ii HHTepsaJJ nonpa3.UCJJ.!ICTC.!I Ha ttecKOJibKO <f>a1t11ft. B <f>au1111 rpeHHCTO-
yttoe npeo6Jia)lalOT o6JJOMKl1 Kp11H011JlCH. 0Hl1 rJJIOTHO CUCMCHTHpoeaHbl Cl1HTaKCl1-
aJJbHblM KaJibUlffOBblM UCMCHTOM. <l>aU11.!I npCl1MYlUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTOro naKCTOytta
npe.ncTaBJICHa 3CpHHCTblMl1 OTJJ0)1(HH.!IMl1 c HC60JibWHM KOJll1'-ICCTBOM MC)l(3CpHOBbIX
H3BCCTKOBblX HJIOB, KOTOpblC .!IBJI.!llOTC.11 nop11CTblMlf H npoH11U3CMbIMl1 B pC3YJibTa-
Te BbllUCJia'll1BaHl1.!1 llOCJIC.llHHX. )loJIOMHTOBa.11 cpau11.11 npCJJ.CTaBJieHa KpynHOKp11CTaJl-
Jll111CCKHMH )l0JIOBaKCTOyHaMl1 11 .!IBJJ.!ICTC.!I caMOH npoHuuaeMOH B JTOM KOJJJJeKTope.
<l>au1111 pa3Jil1
1
1Hbl no ma'ICHH.!IM nopHCTOCTl1 (puc. 7.19). )lOJIOMHTH3Hpy10ma.11 BO-
na, BHJlHMO, o6pa30BaJiaCb B BbIWCJIC)l(am11x rop11:mHTaX B HannpHJlHBHbIX ycnoBH.!IX
11 s11111, s TOJilllY JTHX OTJJO)l(CHHH. Kp11HOHJJ.HbIC rpeHHCTOYHbI K no-
MY speMeH11 6b1m1 cueMCHTHpoeaHHbIMl1 If ttenpou11uaeMblMH. BaKCTOYHbl no-
npe)l(HCMY ocrneam1Cb nop11CTblMl1 11 npou11uaeMblMH, rJOCKOJlbKY 6bJJil1
HC 0
1
1CHb rny6oKO. CooTBCTCTBCHHO, .UOJIOMHTH3Hpyioma.!I eo11a B OCHOBHOM <f>11JJbTpo-
BaJJaCb lfCpC3 BaKCTOYHbl, npeo6pa3y.11 HX B .UOJIOMI!Tbl.
278 rnABA 7
30
20
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10
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c:
Ha'laJJ&Hoe co11cp1KaH11c 11JeCCTKoe&1x 11noe (%)
PHc. 7.19. 06061UCHHa.11 CXCMa, llCMOHCTp1tpyt01Ua.11 coornowem1e MCJKtJ.y JlOJICH H3BCCTKOBblX
lfJJOB, H3BCCTH.llKOB H .UOJJOl\IHTOB H nopHCTOCTblO. B JlCBOHCKOH 33JJCIKH MCCTOpOIKJlCHH.11 3H.ll-
p10C Cayr (3ana!lHblil Tcxac) nopHCTOCTb, onpCJlCJJCHHa.R no r11c, MO)KCT 6&1Tb HCflOJJb3083113
.!lJJ.11 onpe.ueneHH.11 crpyKrypHb1X cjJauHii [24].
1'h6HpaTeJlbHaSI npHpo.ua npouecca .llOJ10MHTH3aUHH n03BOJ1.llCT np.!!MO HCnOJlb30-
eaTb CC.IlHMCHTaUHOHHbJC MO.!lCJlH )l.Jl.11 KaprHpoeaHH.11 CBOHCTB KOJlJlCKTOpOB H nporno-
33 HX pacnpocTpaHCHHSI (pHc. 7.20). Mo)l<HO npe.nnonararb 6b1CTpb1e HJMeHeHH.11 -
OT HH3KO- HJTH HenponyKTHBHblX l(OJJOMHTOB D.O BblCOKOnpo.nyKTHBHblX .UOJJOMHTOB, -
npoHcxo.n.11mHe a.nonb no npocn1paH11JO nnacToB. TaKoii xapaKTep H36HpaTeJTbHOH .uo-
JJOMHTHJauHH B KpHHOH.!lHblX OTJJOiKCHH.llX 6bIJI OTMClJCH B o6HaiKCHH.llX H rny6oKO 3a-
11era1om11x ropH30HTaX CBHTbl Tep!iep-BJJIJIH (MHCCHCHnCKOro B03pacrn) Kalia.UCKOH
nposuHUHH Anb6eprn (pttc. 7.2 l, [28, 40]). 8 06Ha1KeH1t.11x nnacrns .nonoMHTOB MOiK-
HO JaMCTHTb HJMCHCHH.11 B HX COCTaBC, KaK no sepTHKanH, TaK H no ropH30HTaJJH, - OT
.llOJlOBaKCTOYHOB .llO Jl,OJIOMHTH3HpOBaHHblX KpHHOH.UHblX npem"IYJUCCTBCHHO 1epHH-
CTblX naKCTOYHOB H .nanee .llO KpHHOHJJ,HblX rpeHHCTOYHOB. 11TOfOBblH xapaKTep pac-
npoCTpaHCHH.11 .!lOJlOMHTOB OKaJaJJC.11 TCCHO CB.113aHHblM c ycJTOBH.llMH CC.rlHMCHTaUHH.
7.4.3. IlJJOUl3.llb Xapa.n l\leCTOpOil\lleHHSI raeap
IOpCKHC llOJJOMHTbl Ha MCCTOpOiKllCHHH rasap B Cay.noBCKOH ApaBHH .llBJl.lllOTC.11
npHMepoM cttryauHH, B KOTOpOH 60JibU18.ll lJ8CTb nopo.u He HMCCT CB.llJH c JBano-
pHTOBblMH npHJJHBHO-OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl, noJTOMY nporH03 pacnpe)l.ene-
HH.11 nepab1x crnuoa11Tc.11 TPY.'l.HOBbmonHHMblM. E.Il1rncrneHHb1e .uonOMHTbI, KOTOpb1e
MoryT HMCTb np.!!MYIO CB.l!Jb c 3BanoptffOBOH CCJJ,HMCHTaUHCH - 3TO MaJJOMOlUHblC
npocnoH TOHKOKpHCTaJJJJHlJCCKllX ll.OJJOMHTOB, 1aneraJOIUHC Henocpe.llCTBCHHO no,ri.
attrnnp11TOBbIMH OTJIOiKCHHSIMH. Om1. BH.llHMO, 6btJJH ccj>0pMHpoeaHbI s peJyJJhTaTe
npocalfHBaHH.11 csepxMHHepanrnosaHHbIX so.a Ha paHHHX Jrnnax ,ri.uareHe3a. Olltta-
KO 60JibllHIHCTBO .IlOJIOMHTOBbIX TCJJ npell.CTaBJICHO KpynHOKpHCTaJIJ1H
1
1CCKHMH .UOJJO-
MHTaMH, HC HMClOlUHMH OTHOWCHH.11 K cpau11.11M npHJJHBHO-OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl HJIH
cneuttcf>HlJCCKHM CC!lHMCHTaUHOHHblM CTpytrrypaM. Oo BCCM npHJHaKaM, OHH 6bIJJli
ccpopMHpOB8Hbl B XOllC 6onee nOJ.IlHHX m1areHCTH'iCCKHX npOUCCCOB. feOXHMHlJC-
7.4. nPMMEPbl MECTOPO>KAEHl111 - AOJIOMHTOBblE H IBBECTHKOBblE KOJIJIEKTOPbl 279
.lleeoHCKall 3aJJe>Kb MeCTOpO>K.lleHHll 3H.llp10C
Cayr (oKpyr 3H.llp10c, Texac)
300 0 900 M
<I>auHH
~ fpeiiHCTOYH
[=:::J IlpeHMyUleCTBeHHO 3CpHHCTblC naKCTOYHbl
~ npeHMyUleCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTble )lOilOMHTbl
PHc. 7.20. Kaprn HJonaxHT 'l<j><l>eKTHBHOH TOnIUHHbl .lleeoHcKoi1 Jane>KH Ha MecTopO'll<JieHHH
3HJipioc Cayr, JieM0HcTpHpyioma11 caMblC BblCOKHC 1Ha'fCHH11 TOnlllHH e .llOJIOMHTH3HpoeaH-
HblX npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rnHHHCTblX <l>aUHllX, MeHbWHe 3Ha'feHHll - B HJBeCTHllKOBblX npe-
Hl'.IYllleCTBeHHO 3epHHCTblX naKcTOyHax (BHYTPCHHHif 6ap) H HH3KHC 3H3'fCHHll - B rpCHHCTO-
YHOBblX (6apoeb1x) <1>auH11x [28).
CKHC HCCJIC)lOBaHHSI [50) no3BOJISllOT npe.nnoJJO">KHTb, lJTO )lOJIOMHTH3HPYIOlllaSI BO-
.na 6blJJa npeJlCTaBJJeHa BH.ll0H3MeHeHHOH MOpCKOH BO)lOH, HO ee HCTOlJHHK " nyTb
<)>HJibTpau1111 onpe.ueJIHTb HCB03MO>KHO. 3To 3aTpy.llHSICT nporH03 pacnpe.ueneHHSI )lO-
JIOMMTOB. OcHOBbIBastCb Ha KaPTC M30naXMT )lOJIOMMTOB McCTOpO>K)lCHHSI rasap, as-
TOpbl [4] npe.unoJIO>KHJIH, l.fTO .ll0JIOMMTH3HPYIOIUMH cj>JJIOH.ll npOHHK H3 BbllUCJIC)l(a-
IUHX aHnt)lpHTOBblX CJJOCB, HHcj>HJlbTPYSICb sepTHKaJlbHO BHH3 no Tpem11HaM M 3aTeM
ropM30HTaJlbHO - B npOHHuaeMblC nnaCTbl. 3rn rn.aponorn11ccKast MO)lcJlb, BOJMO>K-
HO, SIBJISICTCSI HaH11y
1
1rueu, HO pa3Mep .llOJIOMHTOBblX Tell npH )TOM OCTaeTCSI Hem-
BcCTHblM.
BepltlUKQ!lbHQR noC!leOOBQllU!.llbHOClnb ceo1u1en111aquoHHblX c111py1<111yp
Pa3pe3 MCCTOpO)l()leHmI f asap MO>KeT 6btTb no.npa3)lCJICH Ha )lBa HHTepBa-
Jia, sepXHHH, npe.llCTaBJlCHHblH rpeHHCTOyHaMH H npeHMyIUeCTBCHHO JepHHCTblMH
naKCTOyHaMM, H HM>KHHH, CJIO>KeHHblH npeHMyIUeCTBcHHO rJlHHHCTblMH <t>aUHJIMM
(pHc. 7.22). BepTHKanbHblc noc11eL10BaTeJ1bHOCTH ce)lHMcHTaUHOHHbIX cj>au11u, ycrn-
280
c=J

fIIABA 7
3 _s
rpeHHCTOYH
CanaHHblC
HKpHHHTOBblH
C MOpcKHMll
.[lOIJOMHTH3HpoeaHHblH
TC'ICHHRMlt
')HKpHHHTOBblH naKCTOYH
He: CBR1311Hbll!
C MOpcKllMll
.[loIJOMHTOBblH eaKcroyH
Te<fCHltRMll
\JI
nnoTHOCTb
(<faCTOTa
pacnpocTpaHeHHll)
KpHHOHJieH
noeepXHOCTb
KOHTaKTa
H3BeCTHllKOB
H .llOIIOMHTOB
P11c. 7.21. PeKOHCTPYKUHll cc.n11MeHTau110HHOH o6cTaHOBKH .anll ce11Tb1 TepHep-B-1n11H no
o6Ha)l{eHHllM e My1 MayHTHH (Altb6cprn, KaHaJia), noKa'lblBalOutH nanwme <1>au1taJ11>1-to10
KOHTponH tta.11 pacnpocTpaHeHHeM cpe.11HeKp1tcTaJIJIH'ICCKHX .aonoeaKcrnyHoe [ 40].
HOBJJeHHbJe no onHC3HHllM KepHa, nOJBOJllllOT npe.anoJJo:>KHTb, 1.fTO OHH MOryT 6b1Tb
HCnOJJb3083Hbl .llilll KoppeJJllUHH BblCOK0'13CTOTHblX UHKJlOB H onpeJlCJlCHHll xpOHO-
CTpaTHrpa<l>HlfeCKHX nosepXHOCTCH .llJlll ueneH nocTpoeHHSI CCKBCHTHOro CTparnrpa-
c1>111.feCKOro KapKaca. 0JlH3KO TaKoe BOlMO)!{HO TOJJbKO .llilll HJBCCTHllKOBblX HHTepsa-
JIOB. 3aMeLQeHHe HJBeCTHllKOB .nonOMHTaMH ycJIO)!{HlleT aHa.nHJ eepntKaJibHbtX nocne-
11osaTeJJbHOCTeii cl>aUHH, nocKOJJbKY THnHl.fHblC .llilJI !lOJIOMHTOB KpynHble Kp11CT3JIJlbl
M3CKHpytoT CC.!lHMCHTaUHOHHbltt xapaKTep npe.nrneCTBOB3BllJHX 113BCCTHJIKOB.
On11ca1111e cmpyKmypno-meKc111yp11wx oco6en11ocmeu 11 nempotJm1u11ecKue cB01icmBa
)laHHblH KOJJJJeKTop CO)lep)l(HT B CBOCM COCTaBC Bee OCHOBHblC CTpyKTypHO-
TCKCTYPHbte oco6eHHOCTH H3BeCTH.llKOB, a TaK)!{e TOHKO- H KpynHoKpHCT3JIJJH'ICCKHe
!lOJJOMHTbl [31). fpeHHCTOYHbl co.aep)f{aT xopowo oTcoprnpoeaHHhte OKYT3HHble Jep-
Ha (pa3MepoM 200-400 MKM), HJonaXHTOBblH K3JlbUHTOBblH ueMeHT Ha noJIHKpH-
CTaJJJJHl.fCCKHX 3ept1ax H CHHT3KCH3JlbHO-o6pacraJOLQHH Ha O!lHHOl.fHblX KpHCT3JIJUI-
- llCl(()naeMble OCT3TKll JlllJlltii. BCTpctalOWllCCll B oca.UO'iHblX nopo.aax. -
flp11.11. 11epen.
7.4. nr11MEPbl MECTOPO>K,llEHllB - .llOJIOMlffOllblE II IHBECTH$1KOl3blE KOJIJJEKTOPbl 281
nnoma.nb XapaJl, MeCTOpmKJleHfte raeap
(CayJtoecKaJI ApaBHJI)
~
faMMa- ,. Heirrpott11aJ1
KapoTalK (rK) = nopHCTOCTb
~
0 50 c 0.3 ()
2010
2010
W70
2llMI
AHrHJlpHTbl
CBHTbl Apa6 .[{
BepxHHH
t::t:
HHTepBaJI
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<
:a
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tu
HHTepean
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Puc. 7.22. THnH'IHble KpHBble r11c. n!lOIUa)lb Xapa.il MecrnpmK.llCHHJI raeap.
tteCKHX <f>parMeHTaX JXHHO.UepM (HrJ10KO)KHX). npeHMYlllCCTBeHHO JepHHCTblC naK-
CTOYHbl xapaKTepH3y10TCJ1 urnpoKHM p33Hoo6pa3HCM CTPYKTYP B o6paJuax c 6once
0.llHOpO.llHOH CTpyKTypoii .llOJlJI Me)KJepHOBOro HJBeCTKOBOfO HJ13 B o6meM o6beMe KO-
ne6JleTCJI oT HecKonhKHX npoueHTOB .no 40-50 %. K npcuMymecTBeHHO rnHHHCTblM
cj>aUHJIM 3.lleCb OTHOCJITCJI: 1) npCHMyllleCTBeHHO rnHHHCTblC naKCTOYHbl c 3CpHHCTOH
MaTpHueit, HO c 33IlOJ1HeHHblM MHKpHTOM Me)K3CpHOBblM nopOBblM npocTpaHCTBOM,
2) eaKCTOYHbl c MHKpHTOM B KalfeCTBe tteTKO Bbtpa)KeHHOH MaTpHttHOH CTpyKTyp1>1
" 3) Ma,llCTOYHbl, CO.llep)K3llll1C pe.nKHe 3CpHa, BH.llHMble HeBOOp)')KeHHblM rnaJOhl.
3a HCKJJIO'leHHeM TOHKOro npOCJlOJI MeJIKOKpHCTaJIJlHlfeCKHX .llOJlOMHTOB, JaJ1era10me-
ro Henocpe.ncTBCHHO non aHnt.llpHTaMH, o6pa3Ubl .z:tOnOMHTa xapaKTepH3YIOTCJI pa3Me-
paMH KpHCT3.1JJ10B OT 100 no 500 MKM.
EiOJ1blll3JI ttaCTb KpynHOKpHCTaJIJlH'ICCKHX .llOJlOMHTOB npOHHuaeMa H Ha rpacj>HKe
pacnonaraeTCJI B o6nacTu KJiacca I (puc. 7 .23 ). TaM )KC pacnonara10TCJ1 11 rpeiittcToy-
Hbl. npeHMYlllCCTBeHHO JepHHCTbte naKCTOYHbl rpynnupylOTCJI B KJlaCC 2, a npeHMY-
lllCCTBeHHO rJlHHHCTble cj>au1rn - B KJ13CC 3.
282
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l
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fJIABA 7
104
1000
100
10
1
0,1
4 6 8 10 30
Me)f(4aCT1trna11 nop1tcTOCTb (%)
x Knacc I - KpynuoKp1tcTanJ11t'leCK1tH .nonOMHT
Knacc 2 - npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3epH!tCTblH naKCTOYH
D Knacc 3 - Ilpe1tMylllCCTBeHHO rJIHHHCTblC <t>aUHH
Pwc. 7.23. Kpocc-nnoT nopHCTOCTH 11 npoHttuaeMocTtt .l{m1 nnoiua.nH Xapa.n MecTopo)K.11.eHttsi
raeap, .neM0HcTp1tpy10IUHH cTpyKTypHo-TeKcrypHble oco6eHHocrn 11 neTpo<l>H3H4ec1me Knac-
Chl. bOJlbWaSI t.JaCTb OTHOCSIIUHXC11 K Knaccy 3 npettMYIUCCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTblX <jlaUHH HMeeT
npoHHuacMocTb HH)Ke 0, I M)J,
llpU6JlJKQ KpU6blX I'HC
f aMMa- H tteihpOHHblH KapOTa)K 6blJIH HCnOJJh30BaHhl B .npyrnx npHMepax onpe-
.neneHHH ce,nHMeHTaUHOHHblX cpau11i1. 0.nHaKO Ha .naHHOM MeCTOpO:>K.UeHHH '.HOT Me-
TO.U He npe.ncrnBJJHeTcR Ha.ne)f(HbJM. Ha rpacp11Ke (p11c. 7.24), .neMOHCTp11py101ueM
cooTHorneHH.ff Me)K.ny Ha'laJJbHOH so.nottacbillleHHOCTblO, nop11cTOCTh10 11 CTPYKTYPHhI-
MH oco6eHHOCTHMH nopOJlbl, nocne.nHHC o6ttapy)KHBalOT Tett.neHUHIO rpynn11poBaTbC1l
Ha yqacTKax, cxo.ntth1x c y11aCTKaM11 neTpocpH3H'leCKHx KJJaccos [ 14, 31]. KpynttoKpH-
CTaJJJJHlJeCKHe .nonoMHThl H rpeiittcTOYHbl Knacca I cpopM11pyt0T o6naCTh, xapaKTep11-
Jyt0myioc.ff HH3KOH BO.UOHaCbllUeHHOCThlO, npH'leM 11eM KpHCTaJJJJbl Kpynttee H rpy-
6ee, TeM HH)Ke eo.nottacbIIUeHHOCTb. HH)KH.ff.ff rpaHHua :noro yqaCTKa nposo.nHTCSI no
cTpyKTyptto-TeKcrypttoMy HH.UeKcy 0,5, a sepxtt.ffH - no HH.[(eKcy 1,5, lJTO coena-
.naeT co CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbIMH HH.11.eKcaMH, 11cnoJ1b3yeMblMH s cpopMyne pacqern
npott11uaeMOCTH no nop11cTocT11. E>oJJhllHIHCTBO .naHHblX Ha :noM Kpocc-nnoTe no-
nylJCHbI 113 npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTblX naKCTOYHOB KJJacca 2, KOTOpble C03.[(3IOT
lJeTKO BH.UHMbIH BhtCOKonopHcThIH Tpett.n. Ott xapaKTep113yeT H3BeCTHKH s sepxtteM
HHTepsane. BepxH.ff rpatt11ua :noro TpeH)].a nposo.nttTC no cTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypHOMy
HH)leKCY 2,5. flpeHMylUeCTBeHHO fJIHHHCTble QlaUHH KJJacca 3 cpopMHpylOT TpeHJl, pac-
nOJJO)KeHHblH BbJllle o6JJaCTH, B KOTOpOH pacnonaralOTC.ff <f>aum1 KJiacca 2. 3TOT TpeH.[(
7.4. IlPHMEPhl MECTOP0)1(,llEHHi1 - ,llOJlOMHTOBblE H H3BECTWIKOBbIE KOJJJJEKTOPbl 283
xapaKTeptt3yer 113seCTH.S1Ktt Htt)Kttero ttHTepsa.rra. BepXH.Sl.SI rpatt111.1,a yqacTKa npem .. 1y-
mecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTbIX <PauHH pacnoJJO)l(eHa BbIUJe rpynnhI Knacca 3 H COOTBeTCTBYeT
cTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypttoMy HHD.eKcy 4.
0,1
nopHCTOCTb (JIOJJH eJI.)
2.5
CrpyKT)'pHo-
2 TeKC'l)'JlHhle
HH;teKCbl
1.5
1
KJJacc (no onHcaHHllM WJJHQ>oe)
x Knacc I - KpynHoKpHcTaJJJJH'lecKHH .11.0JJOMHT
e KJJacc 2 - npeHMyllleCTBeHHO JepHHCTbIH naKCTOYH
D Knacc 3 - npeHMy!UeCTBeHHO rnHHHCTbte <t>auHH
PHc. 7.24. Kpocc-m10T nopHcTocm " Bo.noHaci:.nueHHOCTH lIJHI nnoma.uH Xapa.u [22].
Ha ylfaCTKe KJJacca 1 npeo6na.na10T KpynHOKpHCTaJJJIH'iCCKHC .llOJJOMHTbl. npeHMymecTBeH-
HO 3epHHCTble naKCTOYHbl <j>opMHPYIOT OCHOBY Knacca 2. nepeKpblTHe .naHHblX c KJJaCCOM I
MmKeT 06bllCHRTbCM BnHMHHeM KpynH03CpHHCThtx <j>auHH. Htt3KonopttcTbie npeHMymecTBeH-
HO fJIHHHCTble <j>auHH COCTaBJllllOT KJJacc 3. fpaHHUa KJJacca 4 Haxo.n11TCM Bbtllle o6pa3UOB,
OTHOCllIUHXCll K KJJaccy 3.
CooTttoweHH.SI Me)K.ny neTpo<!>HJw:iecKHM KJJaccoM, so.uottachnueHHOCTbJO 11 no-
pHCTOCTbJO 6bIJJH paCC'-IHTaHbl no MHO)KeCTBeHHblM JJHHelfHblM perpeCCH.SIM c HCnOJJb-
30BaHHeM ypastteHHH ,Un.SI rpaHHU Knaccos. B .uaHHOM 11ccne.uosamm nopHCTOCTh
H Me)l(<iaCTH<iHa1! nopHCTOCTb - '.JTO npaKTH<ieCKH 0.llHO H TO ?Ke BCJle.UCTBHe Marroro
o6beMa Kasepttosoro noposoro npocTpaHcTBa. flo'.JTOMY B ypasHeHHH 6bma 11cnOJJb-
3osatta 06ma11 nopttCTOCTb. Co0Tttoweu11e BhirJJ.Sl.llHT cne.nyJOLL.1,HM 06pa10M:
log(CTH) = (A+ B log(kn) + log(k
8
))/(C + D log(k
11
)),
r.ue CTH - cTpyKTypHo-TeKcTypHbIH HH.UeKc (oT 0,5 no 4), A = 3.1107, B = 1,8834,
C = 3,0634, D = 1.4045.
CpastteHHe MC)K.llY pac<ieTHhIM CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcTypHbIM ttH.UeKCOM (CTH) H on-
pe.ueneHHbIM no tta6n10.netttt1!M neTpOcj>tt311lleCKHM KJlaCCOM, npose.neHHOe .llJljj .llBYX
'.JTaJTOHHbIX CKBa)KHH, npo11nn10cTpttposatto ua p11c. 7.25. B uenoM B sepxtteM HHTep-
sane npeo6na.ua10T npe11MymecTBeHHO 1epHHCTb1e <I>au.1111 11 KpynH0Kp11cTann11qecn1e
284 rJJABA 7
llOJJOMHTbl KJlaCCOB H 2. a B HH)l(HeM - B OCHOBHOM npeuMyuteCTBem10 nmHHCTblC
cf>auHH Knacca 3. 3HalfeHHJI CTH coJ.uatoT KOHTHttyyM, TOrJla KaK JHalfeHHJI neTpocf>H-
3HlfCCKnx KJiaccos, nonylfeHHbJC 1n onHcaHHJI KCpHa, yKJJallbtBatoTCJI B TPH HH.UCKca.
0.nttaKo 3HalfeHHJI CTH, nonylfeHHbte no onucaHHJIM wnmpoe, B OCHOBHOM cooTBCT-
CTBYIOT TpeM KnaccaM.
3HalfCHHJI CTH e .naHHOM c11y<1ae MoryT 6b1Tb npHpasHeHbt K ocHOBHbtM
cTpyKTypuo-TeKcTypHbtM <PaUHJIM H3BCCTHJIKOB, HO ne no110M1nos, nocKOJibKY ceJlH-
MCHTaUHOHHbte CTPYKTYPbl HCXO.LlHbtX nopo.n He1neecTHbl. Ha pHc. 7.25 noKa3auo.
'ITO 60JlbWaJI 'taCTb H3BeCTtlJIKOB B BCpXHCM HHTepsane JIBJJJ!eTCJI npCHMYlllCCTBCH-
HO 3ep11HCTblMH naKCToyHaMH Knacca 2 c BKJIIO'ICHHCM HeCKOJlbKHX TOHKHX npocno-
CB BaKCTOYHOB. JTH BaKCTOYHbl JIBJIJllOTC" no.noweoH lfeTb1pex B03MO)l(HblX BblCOKO-
lfaCTOTHblX UHKJIOB. OOJlbWall lfaCTb HJBCCTHJIKOB B HH)KHCM HHTCpBaJJC OTHOCHTCSI
K npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rnHHHCTblM <PaUHJIM KJJacca 3, CO.LlCp)KautHM TOHKHe CJJOH Kpyn-
H03CpHHCTblX npeHMymecTBeHHO 3CpHHCTbtx naKCTOYHOB. Bb1coKolfaCTOTHb1e UHKJJbt
e HH)KHCM HHTepea11c onpe.aenHTb rpynHee.
Pac11e111 Bepn111Ka.ri1>11blx 11pot/J11J1eil 11e111potjJU11111ecK11x cBoilc1116
llpom1uaeMOCTb 6bma paCClfHTalla 110 KapOTa)KY nyTeM TIO.llCTaHOBKH 3Ha'ICHHH
crpyKTypHo-TeKcTypttoro 1rn.neKca H Me)KlfaCTHlfHOH nopHCTOCTH s <PopMyny pac1crn
npOHHUaCMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH. llpH .noM 6panacb 06maJ1 nopHCTOCTb BCJIC!lCTBHC
MaJioro o6neMa HJonupoeairno-KaeepHoeoro nopoeoro npocrpattcTBa B pa-3pe3e nno-
ma.nH Xapan. Oue11Ka npmmuaeMoCTH, onpeJ\CJJCHHaJI no yKa3aHHOMY Mernny. 6JJHJ-
KO coenanaeT co 3HalfeHHSIMH npom1uaeMOCTH, nonylfeHHblMH Ha UHJlHH!\PH'ICCKHX
06pa1uax KcpHa, OT06paHHoro 111 sepxttero HHTepsana (pHc. 7.25). 3HalfCHHJI, noJiy-
lfeHHble no KCpHy, .llCMOHCTp11pytoT 60JibWYIO HJMCHlfHBOCTb, llCM paClfCTHble, BCJJCJl-
CTBHe Toro, lfTO Ha KapOTa)l(HblX .n11arpaMMax MCJIKOMaCUJTa6HblC HCO;J.HOpO.llHOCTH
ycpe.nHsttoTCJI. Pa36pocaHHbte BblCOKHe JHalfCHHJI npoHuuaeMOCTH, onpeneneHHbte no
06pa3uaM KCpHa, OTMC'ICHbl B HmKHCM HHTCpBane, npHlfeM OHlf HC no;:neep)K.natoT-
CJI paclfeTaMH no 11.aHHbJM KapoTa)Ka. BbtCoKoif npmrnuaeMOCTbIO xapaKTepH3ytoT-
CJI KpynH03CpHHCTblC npCHMYlUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblC naKCTOYHbl, KOTOpble 3ancra10T
B BHJlC TOHKHX npOCJIOCB B npeHMYUlCCTBeHHO rnHHHCTOM HHTCpBane, 11 no )JICK-
rpoKaporn)Ky )TH npocnou TaK)KC HC BblJ(CJISllOTCSI. 3HalfeHHSI nopHCTOCTH BblfJJJ!llSIT
BnOJJHe JlOrHlfHblMH, HO xapaKTepHCTHKH llCTpocpH3HlfCCKOfO KJiacca HMCIOT TeHD.CH-
QHIO K 6011ec BblCOKHM JHalfCHHJIM, 'ITO npHBO!lHT K nOHH)KCHHOH npOHHQaCMOCTH.
lloc111poe1111e .ttOdl!.!111 K0.7.'leKlllOpa
l.JeTbtpe UHKJia, ynoMJ1HyTh1e Bhtwe, MoryT 6bITb npoc11e1KCHbt no c1<ea1K11HaM,
ecKpbtBWlfM JTH orno1Ke11HJ1 c tte6onbluoii .noJieii .uonoMHTOB. KoppenupoeaTb car.rn
llOJJOMHTbt MCIK.UY CKBa)f(HHaMH npe.ucraen"erc" uaMttoro 6oJiee rpy.nttoH 'Ja)J.a'leii.
HecMOTPJI Ha TO, lfTO KpoenH BbICOKOlfaCTOTHblX UHKJJOB JIBJJ"IOTCJI xpo11ocTpaTurpa-
<l>HlfCCKHMH noeepXHOCTJIMH, ll.OJJOMHTbl HCBOJMO)KHO npHB"JaTb K onpeJleJJCHllO-
MY epeMeHH. PacnpcJlc11cm1e nonoMHTOB. noKaJauuoc Ha p11c. 7.26, J1BJJsteTcJ1 rncrn
7.4. nr11MEPbl MECTOPO)l{,llEHHii - .llOJIOMllTOBblE 11 llJBECTH.!IKOBblE KOJlJIEKTOPbl 285
(a)
2012
2027
2042
2057
0
D
BepollTHbie
UHKJibl
1
2
3
4
I 2 3
CTpyKl)'pHO-TCKCTypHblH
neTJ>O<l>H3H'ICCKHH KJiacc
ne-rpo<l>H3HlfCCKHH
(b)
1997
2012
2027
-'1
-co
:i::
::s:
~
c 2042
2057
2072
4
KJiacc no on11caHHlIM UJJI11<1>oe
CT})yKl)'pHo-TeKcrypHbIH
HH.ll.CKC, pacClfHTSHHbIH
no Jl8HHblM fHC
-
--= ~
~
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7.5. IlPHMEPbl MECTOPO)l(.llEHHA C JlOJIOMHTOBbIMH KOJIJIEKTOPAMH 289
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paMna. 3TH Bl.JU J1BnJ110TCJ1 THnHlfHbIMH MeJJelOIUHMH sepx UHKJJaMH c 6aJaJibHblMH
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3CpHHCTblMH naKCTOyHaMH H npCHMYIUCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblMH <l>aUHJIMH, 2) Me)l(l.fa-
CTHlfHblM 11 BHYTPHl.facTHlfHblM nopoBblM npocTpaHCTBOM, 3) MCJIKHMH (TOHKHMH),
cpe.!UIHMH H KpynHblMH KpHCTaJIJlaMH .UOJIOMHTa. 3Ta pa3HHUa B M3CUITa6e Ha611t0.ne-
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1 MM
L...__j
1 MM
PHc. 7.29. Mmcpo<j>oTOrpa<j>HH wnHQ>os, nponHTaHHLtx CHHHM Kpac11TeneM H HJJJIJOCTJ>Hpyt0-
1UHX CTJ>YKTYJ>HO-TCKCyYJ>HLte oco6ettHOCTH (v11acm1w 6e10zo lt6ema COOTBCTCTBYIOT aHrH!lpll-
TY ). (a) JlonorpeHHCTOYH c MC)K3CJ>HOBblM nopOBblM npOCTJ>3HCTBOM. (b) npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO
3CJ>HHCTblH JlOJIOnaKCTOYH c MC)K3CpHOBblM nopOBblM npOCTJ>3HCTBOM H MC)K3CpHOBLIM llO-
JIOMHTH3HJ>OB3HHblM MHKJ>HTOM. (c) ToHKOKpucTannHl.fecKHH .llOnoeaKcToyH. (d) Cpe.nHeKpH-
cTannHl.fCCKHH .ll0Jl083KCTOYH (KpCCT006pa3HO nonllpH30BaHHLIH). (e) 1130JIHpOB3HHO-Kaeep-
HOB3ll (cnenKOBall) nopltCTOCTb 8 OOlfJlHOM .11.onorpeHHCTOytte. (f) 1130JIHpOB3HHO-K3BCJ>HOB3ll
(BHYTPH<l>Y3YJIHHOB3ll) nopHCTOCTL 8 npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO 3CJ>HHCTOM .nononaKcTOyHe.
,llonorpeHHCTOYHbt KJJacca 1 - 3TO HaH60JJee pe!lKO BCTpe4aeMIUI cpaum1 B pa3-
pe3e 06011x HHTepsaJJOB s npe!leJJax Hccne.nyeMoro y'laCTKa. Xoni rpeHHCTOyHbl
292 fJIABA 7
noTeHI,\HaJlhHO MoryT HMeTb HaH60Jihllrne 3Ha'teHH'1 npOHHuaeMOCTH H HaHMeHh-
WHe - HattaJibHOH 80,I:{OHaCbirneHHOCTH, 8 .z:i:aHHOM KOJIJieKTope OHH 3attaCTylO nJIOT-
HO cueMeHTHp08aHbl aHrn.IJ:pHTOM. IlpeHMymeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTLie ,I:{OJIOnaKCTOYHbl
KJiacca 2, Hao6opoT, otteub wHpoKo pacnpocTpaHeHbl B pa3pe3e MecTopo<,neHH'1
CeMHHOJI. Hx ttacTo nyTalOT c rpeH:ucToyuaMH, noToMy ttTO B HHX OTCYTCTByeT
mHHHCTblH ueMeHT H OHH MoryT co.z:i:ep)f{aTb otteHb MaJIOe KOJIHtteCTBO Me)f{3epuo-
BblX HJl08. HaH6onee THDH'lHblM THDOM 3epeH '18mllOTC'1 neJIOH,I:{bl H cpy3yJIHHH-
,I:{bl. Cpe.z:i:ueKpHCTaJIJIHttecKHe npeHMymecrneuuo mHHHCTLie .uonoMHTLr KJiacca 2
otteuh ttacTo BCTpettaIOTC'1 8 HH)f{HeH ttaCTH nnacTa. Cpe.UHHH pa3Mep KpHCTaJIJIOB
.UOJIOMHTa nepe80.UHT npeHMymecrneHHO mHHHCTble cpaUHH H3 neTpO<i>H3HtteCKOro
KJiacca 3 8 KJiacc 2 8CJie.UCTBHe Toro, llTO pa3Mep Me:>KKpHCTaJIJIHtteCKHX nop Kpyn-
uee, tteM pa3Mep Me:>KllaCTHttHLIX nop B MHKpHTe. ToHKOKpHCTaJIJIHttecKHe npeHMy-
mecT8eHHO rJIHHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl, 8aKCTOYHbl H Ma,ll.CTOYHbl KJiacca 3 '18Jl'1IOTC'1 TH-
nHttHblMH .nn'1 8epxueii ttaCTH KOJIJieKTopa. XapaKTepHLIH THn 3epeH 3.Uecb - :no
neJIOH.llbl, o6JIOMKH MOJIJIIOCKOB H <PY3YJIHHH)J.bl. 3TH <t>aUHH xapaKTepH3yIOTC.ll HaH-
MeHbllleH cnoco6HOCTblO K cpHJibTpaUHH cpmOH}J.a H HaH60JibllleH HattaJibHOH 80.llOHa-
ChirneHHOCTblO.
):{aHHbie aHaJIH3a KepHa, KOTOpbie 6bJJIH HCnOJIL308aHbl B 3TOM HCCJie}J.08aHHH,
BKJIIOttalOT nopHCTOCTb, npOHHUaeMOCTL, 3aMepeHHble Ha DOJIHOpa3MepuoM 06pa3ue,
a TaK)f{e orpaHHtteHHOe KOJIHtteCTBO HCCJie,nosaHHH KaDHJIJI.llpHoro ,na8JieHH.ll H C8'13aH-
HbJX c HHMH KpHBLIX npoHHuaeMOCTH. Hcc11e.uo8aTenH no.uo3peBaJIH, ttTO 8 3HatteHH.ll
3aMepeHHOH no Kepuy nopHCTOCTH Moma BKpaCTbC.11 OlllH6Ka, D03TOMY }1.Jl'1 nepenpo-
8epKH }1.aHHbJX H3 Ka:>K}J.Oro H3 12-TH noJIHOpa3MepHLIX o6pa3UOB OT06paHHOro Keptta
6Lmo BbICBepneHo no TPH UHJIHH.npw-1eCKHX o6pa3ua. Cpe.IJ:H'1'1 nopHCTOCTh no uo-
8hIM (UHJIHH.llpHtteCKHM) o6pa3UaM 6bIJia Ha 2 e)J.HHHUbl Bbillle, tteM nepBOHattaJibHble
UHcppbI, llTO, B03MO)f{H0, C8'13aHo c HeKatteCTBeHHOH 3KCTpaKUHeH nOJIHOpa3MepHOro
KepHa (cM. ma8y 3).
Kpocc-nJIOT Me:>KttacTHttHOH nopHCTOCTH, npouHuaeMOCTH H CTPYKTyPHO-TeK-
czypHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH, nocTpOeHHbIH no .uaHHbIM, nonyqeHHbIM H3 HOBbIX o6pa3-
U08, COBna.uaeT c KpOcC-DJIOTOM, xapaKTepHbIM .ll.Jl'1 3TOH rpynnhI (pHC. 7.30, b). Ilo-
BTOpHO 3KCTparnpoBaHHble, a 3aTeM HCCJie.ll08aHHhle o6pa3Ubl OTHOC'1TC'1 K .llOJIO-
rpeHHCTOyHaM (KJiacc 1), npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTLIM .UOJIOnaKCTOyHaM (KJiacc 2)
H npeHMyll,\eCTBeHHO rJIHHHCTLIM JJ.OJIOMHTaM, CO}J.ep:>KarnHM KpHCTaJIJibl )(0JIOMHT08
pa3MepoM 20-25 MKM (HX OTHeCJIH K KJiaccy 2,5, DOCKOJihKY OHH OKa3aJIHCb 8 npo-
Me)f{yTKe Me:>K.ny KnaccaMH 2 H 3). HH 0.llHH H3 o6pa3U08 He COOTBeTcTByeT KJiaC-
cy 3. Ha ocHose 3THX }1.aHHLIX 6hIJIO npHH'1TO .!1.0nymeuHe, ttTO xapaKTepHhIH .un'1
3TOH rpynnbl KpOCC-DJIOT '18JI.lleTC'1 npeJJ.CTaBHTeJibHhIM }1..11'1 xapaKTepHCTHKH COOTHO-
llleHH'1 Me)f{AY CTpyKTypHO-TeKCTYPHhIMH oco6eHHOCT'1MH, Me)f{laCTH'lHOH nopHCTO-
CTblO H npOHHUaeMOCTblO, H }1..11'1 pactteTOB .uonycTHMO npHMeH'1Tb cpopMyJiy pactteTa
npOHHUaeMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH. B nep8oHattaJILHOM Hccne}J.o8aHHH npeo6pa30BattH.11
cneuH<i>HtteCKHX CTpyKTypHO-TeKCTYPHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH 6bJJIH BLI8e.UeHbl ua OCH08e
npOHHUaeMOCTH, onpeJJ.eJieHHOH no Kepuy, H nopHCTOCTH, onpe.ueJieHHOH no Kapo-
Ta:>Ky, - cnoco6 ueKoppeKTHhIH scne.ucT8He npo6neM c Heco8na.nenHeM MaClllTa6oB
H my6HH.
7.5.
1000
,.....
~
100
..a
t>
0
10
"
a.I
~
= :i::
1,0
8.
t::
0,1
IlPHMEPhl MECTOPO)l(llEHHtl C llOJIOMHTOBhIMH KOJIJIEKTOPAMH 293
(a)
I

_ CK..,.HHa 2SOS,

rny6HHa 1600-1615 M
I





....
.,,.>l.
.: .

-
ii




5 10 20 30 40
IlopHCTOCTb no KepHy (%)
(b)
1000
~ 100 Jlono'l'CHHCTO)'H --1-....i.<---#-----l
'-'
..a
!'-
(,)
~ 10
~
=
5 1,0 ,__ __ ___.......,...._......,,._+--+---<
~
5 10 20 30 40
MelK'-!aCTHqmu1 nopHCTOCTb (%)
0 J{oJJOfllCHHCTOyH
" IlpeKMyweCTBCHHO 3epHHCThlH .llOllOnaKCTOytt
x IlpeHMywecTBCHHO fJJHHHCThlH
TOHKOKJlHCTaJIJJH'leCKHH .llOJJOMHT
PHc. 7.30. CxeMa nopHCTOCTH, npoHHuaeMOCTH H c-rpyI<TypHo-TeKCl)'pHbIX npeo6pa:10saH11ii
no .uaHHblM HCCne.nosaHHH UHJIHH.UpHqeCKHX o6pa3UOB KepHa H3 CKBa)KHHbl 2505. (a) KpOL..:-
nJIOT nopHCTOCTH H npOHHuaeMOCTH ,D,Jlll npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblX .nononaKCTOYHOB
H cpe.nueKpHCTaJIJIHqecKHX npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblX .llOJIOMHTOB B HH)KHCH qaCTH KOJI-
JieKTopa. TaKoe pacnpe.neneHHe cooTBeTCl)'eT neTpo<l>HJHqecKOMY KJiaccy 2. (b) Kpocc-nnoT
Me)KtfaCTHqffoH nopHCTOCTH H npoHHUaeMOCTH no .naHHbIM H3 IIOBTOpHO 3KC-rparHpOBaHHblX
UHJIHH.llpHqecKHX o6pa3UOB KepHa, nOKa3bIBalOIUHH 6onee BbICOKYIO npOHHUaeMOCTb B npe-
HMyllleCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTbIX .llOJIOUaKCTOyHaX no cpaBHCHHIO c npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTbl-
MH .llOJIOMHTaMH. 3aBHCHMOCTH COOTBeTCTBYIOT yqacTKaM neTpo<l>H3Hl!CCKHX KJiaCCOB, xapaK-
TepHblX JlJUI '.}TOH rpynnhI, npeMO)KCHHblX JiycHa [22].
C11enKH 3epeH H BHyrpH<pOCCHJlbHbie nopbl .llBJIJUOTC.ll OCHOBHblM THI10M H30-
JIHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBbIX nop, cocro.11mux H3 I ) BbIIUeJIO'ieHHbIX OOH.llOB, 06110MKOB
MOJIJIIOCKOB H <l>Y3YJIHHH.Il H 2) BHyrpu<i>yJyJIHHOBbIX nop. B CKBa)l(HHe SSAU 2309
H3 HHTepeaJia, xapaKTepH3YIOI..l{eroc.11 H30JIHpOBaHHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTblO, 6bI-
JlH OT06paHbl MHOfO'iHCJieHHbie o6pa3U.bl .UJI.ll u.e11eii HCCJie.noeaHH.ll BJIH.llHH.ll H30JlH-
posaHHblX KaeepH Ha npouuu.aeMOCTb. KaK cne.n.yeT H3 3aBHCHMOCTeii, npucyrCTene
nop :noro runa }'MeHbrnaeT npouuuaeMOCTb no cpaeHenmo c TOH, KOTopa.11 O)l(H.l(a-
Jiacb 6bI B cnyqae, eCJIH 6bi see nopbl OTHOCHJIHCb K THIIY Me)l(l!aCTH'iHblX (pnc. 7 .31 ).
PaJMep KpHCTaJIJIOB JJ.OJIOMHTa B03pacraeT c my6HHOH OT 10-20 MKM
JJ.O 50-100 MKM (pHc. 7 .11 ). KpHCTaJIJibI JJ.OJIOMHTa e npe11MymecTBenuo JepHHCTLIX
pa3Hocrnx KpynHee, 'ieM B npeuMymecTBeHHO rmrnHCTblX. B eepxueii qacTH KOJIJieK-
Topa nocJieJJ.HHe CJIO)l(eHbl TOHKOKpHCTaJIJIHl!eCKHMH ):IOJIOMHTaMH, H JJ.OJIOMHTOBble
nopO):lbl OTpa)l(alOT npeJJ.IIIeCTBOBaBIIIHe HM H3BeCTH.llKH. 0HH OTHOC.llTC.ll K nerpo-
<l>H3H'ieCKOMY KJiaccy 3. B HH)l(Heii qacTH KOJJJieKTopa KpHCTaJIJibI ,D,OJIOMHTa B npe-
HMymecTBeHHO rJIHHHCTblX JJ.OJIOMHTaX HMelOT pa3Mep OT 20 JJ.O 100 MKM (Knacc 2),
a neTpo<l>H3Hl!eCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH 3THX nopOJJ. ~ e He OTpa)l(alOT CBOHCTBa HC-
XOJJ.HbIX H3eecTH.llKOB. Yse11H1-1euue pa3Mepa qaCTnu OT MeJIKHX K cpe.11.HHM npHBOJJ.HT
294 fJIABA 7
1000 I I I I I I I I
0 Knaccb1 I 11 2
... Knacc 3 co CJICnKOBOH nopHCTOCTblO
Et
100
~
.a
...
u
0
;);
10
r.>
o:I
::t
0
...

...
0
c
8:;>0
IA
:i:
:z:
0
p
Oo
p.
t:
"
0
()
0
0.1
,
....
5 10 20 30 40 50
nopHCTOCTb (%)
PHc. 7.31. Kpocc-nnoT o6mcil nopHcrncrn H npo1111uacMocrn .ncMOHCTp11py1<>1UHH npc11My-
mecTee11110 3CpHHCTblC naKCTOYllbl co cnenKOBOH nopHCTOCTbK> JI 6onee HH'1KOH npOHHUae-
MOCTbK>, 'ICM m1rn.nanacb B npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblX .no11onaKCTOy11ax c BblCOKOH nop11-
CTOCTblO.
K ysem111eHHIO noposoro npoCTpaHcrna H yny11UJeHHIO ne-rpo<f>HJH"leCKHX csoiicrn
(pHC. 7.30, a).
llpu6R3Ka oan11blx I'HC
}laHHble fHC - 3TO OCHOBHa.!1 HH<f>opMaUH'1, HCfl0Jlb3YeMa'1 JJJl'1 nocTpoeHH'1
MO.!lCJICH KOJlJlCKTOpOB. 0.nHaKO .!ll1'1 Toro "IT06bl HX MO)l(HO 6blJ10 npHMCHHTb .llJ1'1
BbI.!leJJeHH'1 <f>aUHH H nony11eHH'1 HH<f>opMaUHH o CTPYKTYPHO-TcKCTypHbIX oco6eH-
Hocux, KapOTa)I( .!lOJl)l(eH 6b1Tb npHB'13aH K KepHOBbIM .naHHblM. )J.n.11 KOppeJJ'1UHH
HaH6onee HH<f>OpMaTHBHblM '1BJl'1CTC'1 raMMa-KapOTa)I(, .!ll1'1 onpe.neneHHH nopHCTO-
CTH - HeHTpOHHblH H nJJOTHOCTHOH, a .llilff OQeHKH Me)l("l3CTH"IHOH nopHCTOCTH H neT-
po<f>H3H"ICCKOrO KJlacca/cTpyKT)'pHO-TeKCTYPHOro HH.neKca - 3KYCTH"ICCKHH H 3J1CK-
TPH'ICCKHH.
f aMMa-KapOTa)I( 3cpcpeKTHBeH .!J.JUI Bbl.!lCJlCHHH BblCOKO"laCTOTHblX UHKJJOB B .naH-
HOM KOJJJJCKTOpe. npettMylUeCTBCHHO rJJHHHCTblC cpaUHH OTJIH"lalOTC'1 6onee Bb!COKH-
MH 3Ha"leHH'1MH raMMa-aKTHBHOCTH, "ICM npe11111ymeCTBCHHO 3epHHCTbie (pHC. 7.32).
HeHTpOHHblH K3p0T3)1( TaK)l(e HH<f>opMaTHBeH BCJJe.ncTBHe Toro, "!TO npeHMYlllCCTBCH-
HO rJJHHHCTble nopo.nbl, K3K npaBHJJO, HMelOT 6onee HH3KHC 3Ha"leHHH nopHCTOCTH,
'leM npeHMyllleCTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie (CM. masy 3). npeHMylUeCTBeHHO rJlHHHCTble
OTJIO)l(eHH'1 6onee ynJJOTHCHbl, "ICM npeHMYlllCCTBeHHO 3epHHCTble, 'ITO npHBo.nHT
K o6pa30B3HHIO UHKJJOB, xapaKTepH3ylOlUHXCH B03pacTaHHeM BeJJH"IHH nopHCTOCTH
H npoHttuaeMOCTH BBepx no pa3pe3y. c noMOlllblO YKaJaHHblX MCTO.ll.OB npHBH3KH
npe.ncTaBJIHeTCSI B03M0)1(Hb!M pa3JleJ1HTb nerpocpH3H"leCKHH KJJacc 3 H o6be.nHHCHHblH
I H 2 Knacc.
J.J,nsi pa3,neJJeHH'1 KJJ3CCOB I H 2 6blJJH BbJBe.neHbl COOTHOUJeHHJI Mc)l(.ny nopH-
CTOCTblO, Ha"la.JlbHOH eo.noHaCblll.lCHHOCTblO, ne-rpo<f>H3H'ICCKHM KJlaCCOM H TOJIIUH-
7.5. flPHMEPbl MECTOPO)l{LlEmlfl C JlOJIOMHTOBblMH KOJIJIEKTOPAMH 295
Yc110BHb1e 060JHa'ieHm1
5100
D
D
D
<l>e11ecrpoai.1e naM111111rn1.1e
MaJICTOYH H naKCTOYH
Oo11.1t11i.1ii rpeii11CTOy11
H npe11MyWeCTBe11110
lepHHCTlolH naKCTOYll
nenOHllHLIH naKCTOYH
<J>y1yn1111oao-neno11.1tHblii
npc11MyweCTae11110
5150
lepHHCTlolii naKCTOyH
06noMO'IHO-MOnnlOCKOBO-
nenoHJlHble 83KCTOYH
H naKCTOYH
5200
0
I
.J
]
1
,_____,
-
-
faMM3-K3pO'T3lK nopHCTOCTb
100 0,3 0
5100
)
.( t>
I
l"'" l
4 1 - ' ~
1--'
1
) .....
.. ,
It'
I\
J
~
I
\
5150
~
...
I
...
~ >
)
~
\
(
'
I
l
5200
..,.J I I
Puc. 7.32. no .ll8HHblM raMMa-KapOTailCa Bbl.D.eJJeHbl npeHMymecTBeHHO JepHHCTble H npe-
HMylUeCTBeHHO rJJHHHCTble <j>aUHH B pa3pC3C MCCTOpOilC.lleHH" CCMHHO!I. flo KepHy MO)KHO
onHC8Tb 60JJbWee KOJJH'ICCTBO <1>auui1, 'leM Bbl.!l.CJIHTb no .ll8HHblM raMMa-KapoTailCa.
HOH KonneKTopa. Ha ocHoBaHHH JWHHbJX o llHKnax 1-9 6b1no npoee.neHo cono-
crneneHHe BCJIH'iHH HattaJJbHOH 80.llOHaCbllllCHHOCTH H nopHCTOCTH c 0.llHOH CTOpo-
Hbl H CTJlYKT)'PHO-TCKCT)'pHblX oco6eHHOCTCH no KCPHY - c .npyroH (pHC. 7.33).
Kpocc-nnoT nopHCTOCTH H HattaJJbHOH eo.noHaCblll.lCHHOCTH noKaJblBaeT, ttTO TOHKO-
KpHCTaJJJJHtteCKHe npeHMymecTBCHHO rnHHHCTble .llOJJOMHTbl Knacca I MoryT 6b1Tb
pa3,llCJJCHbl c OTHOCJIWHMHCJI K KJJaccy 2 npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTbJMH .nononaK-
CTOyHaMH H cpeJJ.HCKpHCTaJJJJH4CCKHMH npeHMYWCCTBCHHO fJJHHHCTblMH .llOJJOMHTa-
MH. Cpe.nH o6pa3l.lOB, HCnOJJb30BaHHblX B .aaHHOM HCCJJC.llOBaHHH, JJHlllb HCCKOJJbKO
OTHOCJITCJI K rpeifHCTOYHOBblM <t>auHJIM. TaKHe o6pa3llbt .nomKHbl nona.aaTb e o6nacTb
HH)Ke yqacTKa KJJacca 2. BHattane .llJl" oueHKH neTpo<l>HJHttecKOro KJJacca no llaH-
HblM HattaJJbHOH BO.ll.OHaCblWCHHOCTH H nopHCTOCTH 6blJJH npHMCHCHbl JaBHCHMOCTH
.llJIJI Ka)l(.LJ.OH rpaHHUbl. 0.nHaKo nOJ)l(C 6bmH BblBC.llCHbt ypaBHCHHJI, Y'IHTblBaIOll.(He
JTH .aea napaMeTpa n1110c CTPYKTYPHO-TeKCT)'pHblH HH.lleKc (oHH npe.LJ.CTaBJJCHbl B rna-
ee 3 ). 0HH 6blJJH OTpa6oTaHbl B XO.LJ.e H3Yl.fCHHJI MCCTOpO)l(.llCHHJI raeap [31] H c HX
noMOlllblO MO)l(HO Ha,llC)l(HO npencKaJaTb nOJJO)l(CHHC yl.faCTKOB pa3JJH'IHblX nC'Tpoqm-
3H4CCKHX KJJaCCOB (pHC. 7.34).
Cyw.ecTBYIOT HCKOTOpblC orpaHH'ICHHJI npH HCnOJJb30BaHHH .LJ.aHHblX 0 BOJJ.OHa-
CbllllCHHOCTH .llJIJI onpe.neJJCHHJI neTpo<l>H3H4CCKOro KJJacca. 0HH ytea3aHbl HHiKC.
296
,.....
'Ct.
,_.

0
:c
:c
IO u
3
:a
u
<II
:c
0

IXl
1
1
fJJABA 7
Y'laCTOK npcHMYUICCTBeHHo lepHHCTblX
JIOJIORBKCTOYHOB II Cpe.zlllCKpHCT8JIJlll'ICCKHX
npcHMYUICCTBCHHO rJJHHHCTWX JIOJIOMHTOB
npcHMYUICCTllCHllO lepHHCTBll ROpo.118
npcHMYUICCTllCHllO rJJHllHCTBll ROpo.118
IO
IlopHCTOCTb (%)
IOO
Puc. 7.33. CoornorneHHll Me>K.uy BO.!lOHacb1me11HOCTb10, nopucroCTblO H cTpyKTypHo-TeK-
crypHbJMHlnCTpol>HJH'lecKHMH IUlaccaMH. 3Ha'ICHHll nopHCTOCTH H BO.UOH3Cblll{CHHOCTH 6blJIH
ycpeJlHCHbl B npe.ucnax CTpyKTypHO-TeKcrypHblX HHTepBaJJOB B UHIUlaX OT I )10 9.
1) Mero.n HenpHMCHHM .nm1 so.n0Hacb1me11Hb1X HHTepsa.rros. Ha MecTopmK.neHHH
CeMHHOJI secb Kapora)I(, HcnoJib30BaHHbIH .nm1 nocrpoeHHll Mo.nenH, 6b1JI npose-
.neH B HecpTeHaCblll.l,CHHOM HHTepsa.rre.
2) Heo6xo.nHMO Yl.fHTbIBaTb BbJcory Ha.n yposHeM Hynesoro KanHnm1pHoro .nasne-
HHR (3.llCCb Ha3bIBaeMylO TOJllUHHOH KOJIJieKTopa). B .naHHOM HCCJIC,llOBaHHH 6blJIH
HCnOJib30BaHbl TOJlbKO HHTepBaJibl, 3aJieralOll.l,He BblWe nepeXOJJ.HOH 30Hbl.
3) MCTOJJ. TaK)l(e HenpHMCHHM B 30Hax, B KOTOpblX 6b1Jl0 HCnOJib30BaHO 3aBO,llHe-
HHe. npH HCCJIC,llOBaHHH MCCTOpO)l(JJ.CHHff CeMHHOJI 6b1Jl0 npHH.llTO, l.fTO B 6C3-
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csoifcTB e MC)l(CKBa)l(HHHOM npocTpattcTee. KapKac 841..l crpourc.11 MeTO.llOM noJJ.0-
611.11 12-TH OCHOBHblX nosepxHOCTCH, npOCJIC)l(HBaeMblX B npejICJJax BCCH H3ylfaeMOH
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po.rtHOCTl1.
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HOro cno.s1 ct>11JJbTpau1111 (p11c. 7.37). OrMe11ettb1 naTepanbHb1e 113MeHett11x nerp0<pauHH
B npe.nenax CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHblX cnoee. B Tpattcrpecc11sttoi1 c11cTeMe TpaKToB
(uHKJJbI 12-10) CTPYITTYPHO-TeKcrypttaR tteOJJ.Hopo.rtHOCTb npaKT11'lecm 1
He 06Hapy)l(118aeTCR, ror.ua KaK B nporpaJJ.au110HHblX CHCTeMax TpaKTOB (UHKJibl 9-.'i
11 3-1) BbUIBJJeHa 6onee 3aMeTHa.s1 narepanbHaR Heo.uHopo.rtHOCTb. H11KaK11x IJ.eTKHX
rpaHHU no npocn1paHl110 <t>auMH ycraHOBJJeHO He 6bIJJO, nOCKOJibKY TaKOBble He 6bIJUI
o6ttapy:>KeHbl B aHaJIOrH'!HblX o6tta)KeHHSIX pa3MepoM 300 M.
Modenupo6aHue npou,ecco6 </>llJJbntpaquu
Ilerpo<l>H3H'!eCKHe .U.aHHbie, xapaKTep113YIOIUHe Ka)l(JJ.YlO nerpo<t>auHIO, RBJIR-
IOTCR ycpe.uHeHHbIMH MR Ka)K.IJ.OH CKBa)l(MHbI, <<np11s.inaHHbIMH K crpyKTypHo-
TeKcrypHoMy CJIOIO nopOJJ.bl H npOHHTepnonHpOBaHHblMH Me)l(.u.y CKBa)l(11HaM11. 3T11
xapaKTepMCTHKH CJJOeB H ycpe.utteHHble neTpo<l>113HlJ.eCKHe .u.aHHble 6bIJJH 1arpy-
)l(eHbl B nporpaMMHblH KOMnneKC JJ.JI.sl nocTpoeHHR rHJJ.PO.llHHaMfflfeCKOH MOJJ.eJIH.
0KOH'laTeJJbHbIH sapHaHT TaKOH Mo.nenH noKa3aH tta p11c. 7.40. Mo.uenb co.uep-
)KHT 41 crpyITT)'pHo-TeKcrypHbIH cnoH <l>Hnbrpau.1111 B cocrase 12 BbICOKO'!acrorttbIX
IJ,HKJIOB. nerpo<l>113H'!eCKl1e CBOHCTBa H3MeHRIOTCR no npocr11pattHIO nnaCTOB B Mac-
WTa6e JJ.O 300 M H BepTHKaJJbHO B MaCUITa6ax OT nonyMeTpa JJ.O HeCKOJibKHX MeT-
pos. 3Ta MOJJ.eJJb 6blna HCilOJib30BaHa )J.JIR MOJJ.en11posaHl1.sl <l>HJibTpaUHOHHblX nOTOKOB
H onpe.u.eneHl1.sl y'!aCTKOB c HeBb!pa6oTaHHblMl1 JanacaMH ttect>TH (53].
OnttcattHbIH 1.uech crpyKTypHo-reKCTypttbIH Mern.u nocTpoem1.s1 .uaer B03MO>K-
HOCTb C03,IJ.aTb rpexMepttoe H306pa)l(eHHe nerpocl>H3H'ieCKHX CBOHCTB, KOTopoe cpas-
HHMO c on11cattHRMH o6Ha)f{eHHH. Ott coxpaH.s1eT He TOJibKO reonornIJ.eCKMH KapKac,
co3;::tattHbIH tta ocHose IJ.epe.uosaHHR U.MKJJOB, HO TaK)l(e 11 CTPYITTYPY ne-rpoct>auHH,
BbI.U.eJJeHHblX Ha OCHOBe aHaJIH3a neTpO<l>H3HlJ.eCKHX CBOHCTB. Ilpo6neMy, B03HHKal:O-
IUYlO B CB.!1311 c ycpe.utteHHeM MaCUITa6a, MO)KHO MHHHMH3HpOBaTb nyTeM ycpe.uHe-
HH.sl nerpocl>H3H'ieCKHX .u.aHHbIX sttyTpH neTpo<l>auHH H 11cnonbJOBamui: crpyITT)'pHo-
TeKcrypttbIX CJJOeB .U.JUI nocTpoeHH.sl 11Ml1TaUHOHHOH MOJJ.eJJH. Ilp11MeHett11e <t>opMyn
304
(a)
107 M
(350 4>yroe)
0,1
(b)
2401
107 M
(350 4>yroe)
35
(%)
'.:
[JIABA 7
Cpe.llHeapu4>MCTH'ICCKHe 3H&'ICHHJI
l '
M8KCHM8JlbHOro
~ 38TOnJICHHll
~ ~ (CTM3)
~ ~
~ ~
~ +
'S
l'Yfo.!len&pacnpe.!leneHHJI
copoxa O,!lHOro C'TpYKl)'pHO-
TCKCl}'PHOro cnoll
PHc. 7.40. (a) PacnpeneneHHe npoHnu.aeMOCTH e HMHTilU.HOHHOH MO.llenH CTpYKTYPHO-TeK-
crypH&1x oco6eHHOCTeH Ha OJIOUla.QH 0,3 KB. KM. Monenb CO.!lCP>KHT 41 CTpYKTYPHO-TCKcryp-
HblH CJIOH. (b) 0KOH'l8TCJlbHblH eapHaHT MO.llCJIH nOK33blBaeT, 'ITO nocne 17 JleT 3380.llHCHHll
HC$TeH8CblUlCHHOCTb ece eme COCT3BJUleT 6onee 50% (nOK333HO pacnpe.neneHne He$TeHOC-
HblX Y'l3CTKOB).
7.5. nPllMEPbl MECTOPO)l()lEHMii C ,flOJIOMMTOBblMH KOJIJIEKTOPAMll 305
paclfeTa npmrnuaeMOCTH no nopHcrocrH ll.JUI pa3JJH'fHblX crpyK"fYpHo-reKcTypHblX
oco6eHHocrei1 1103sonsier n y ~ r n e ylfHTbIB3Tb BblCOKHe H HH3KHe 3Hatfemrn noKaJa-
reneii, 1eM o6bllfHO HCnOJib3yeMaSI e.nHH3SI 33BHCHMOCTb, a paclfeT H30JJHpOB3HHO-
KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH npenornpamacr nepeoueHKY BeJIHlfHH npOHHL{3CMOCTH B 30-
Hax, xapaKTepmyiomwxcsi BbICOKOH nopHCTOCTblO JToro r11na. KpoMe roro, HMHTa-
UHOHHbie MO)leJIH crpyKTypHO-TeKcrypHblX oco6eHHOCTCH n03BOJISllOT nerKO BKJllO-
lf3Tb B HHX KpHBble OTHOCHTeJibHOH npOHHuaeMOCTH .nm1 COOTBeTCTBYIOll{HX nerpo-
cpaUHH [52].
reonoro-rn.npo,nHH3MHlfeCK3SI Mo.neJJb, co.uep)Kall{aSI 41 CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHblH
CJIOH, 6blJl3 HCnOJib30BaHa .!UIS! MOJleJJHpoBalUISI .no6bilfH Ha yqacrKe IlJIOll{a.nblO
0,3 KB. KM B paMK3X H3ylfaCMOH nno1ua.UH, pa3pe3 KOTOpOH, K3K y;KC OTMelfaJJOCb
paHee, COCTOHT H3 .neyx or.uenoe. B pe3yJibTaTC MO.UeJJHpOBaHHSI Kaprn OCTaTOlfHOH
HecprettaCblLUCHHOCTH (pHC. 7.40) noKa3bIB3CT UCJIHKH, co.uep)KaLUHC HecpTb, o6pa-
30BaBWHCCSI scne.ucreHe o6xo.ua noroKoM ttarneraeMoH BOJlbI JTHX ylfaCTKOB. KoJQ>-
cpH UHCHT H3BJIClfCHHSI HCcpTH B KOJTJICKTOpax TaKOro THna o6bllfHO paBeH 0,35 npH Jl0-
6bllfe nepBHlfHblMH MCT0Jl3MH H 06bllfHOM 3aBO.[{HeHHH. feOJJOro-rn.npo.nHH3MHlfCCK3SI
MO.UeJTb nOK33bIBaer, lfTO OCTaBWHecsi 65 % 6y.uyr HaXO,!lHTbCSI B HH3KOnpmrnuaeMblX
CJIOSIX. 3ro - BnOJIHe peanHCTHlfHOC H306pa)KCHHe, 1103BOJISllOLUCC 6onee TOlfHO npo-
rH03HpOB3Tb llOKa3areJIH pa3pa60TKH B npe.nnmKCHHOH nporpaMMC .uo6bJ'fH Hecpr1
lfCM rpa,!lHL{HOHHblC reonoro-rn.npo.uHHaMHlfCCKHe MO)leJTH [26, 52].
7.5.2. 3aJJe*b B CBHTe K;mp cJ>opK MecTopoiK.aeHHH CayT Yoccou
3ane)Kb e CBHTe KnHp <l>opK MecropO)l(JlCHHSI Cayr YoccoH - npHMep Bb1.nenemu1
cj>aIHfH no .naHHblM KapOTa)l(a nopHCTOCTH H npHMeHCHHSI eJlHHOH JaBHCHMOCTH JlJISI
npOHHL{aCMOCTH H HatfaJibHOH BO.UOH3CbllUCHHOCTH. noJIHblH OTlfeT 110 pC3YJJbTaTaM
.naHHOro HCCJICJlOBaHHSI MO)KHO HaHTH Ha ee6-caifre MHHHcrepcTBa JHepreTHKH [32].
1113ylfaeMoe MecropO)K.1lCHHe - o.nHo m cepHH Mecropo)K.UCHHH B 30HC KnHp <l>opK,
pacnOJIO)KeHHOH BllOJib BOCTOmoli OKpaHHbl cesepuoro WCJibCpa B nepMCKOM 6acceHHC
(3ana.nHblH Texac). CrpyKTypHo MecropmK.!lCHHe npe.ncraensier co6oif tfacrb norpy-
)Kaioweiicsi Ha ioro-BOCTOK MOHOKJIHHaJIH cesepo-BOCTOlfHOro npoCTHpaHHSI, npO,!lOJl-
)KalOll{CHCSI or MecropO)KllCHHSI Paccenn Ha 10ro-1ana.ue .no Mecropo)K)lCHHsi flpeHTHC
Ha CCBepo-BOCTOKe (pHC. 7.41 ). He60JibWOH KynoJI pacnOJIO)KCH B UCHTpaJibHOH lfaCTH
MCCTOpO)K):{eHHSI. Becpx no BOCCTaHHIO MOHOKJIHHaJJH IlOKpblWKa 3aJie)KH npe.ncraBJie-
Ha Kap6oHaraMH, o6orameHHbIMH JsanopHTaMH: noKpblWKa .unsi HH)KHCH lfacrH Kn11p
<l>opK npencraBJieHa ncctfaHHKaMH Ta66, a .!UIS! cpe.i'lHCH - nnorHblMH HenpoHHuae-
MbIMH .llOJIOMHTaMH (pHC. 7.42).
HaKonneuHasi .no6b1tfa HccprH ua MecropO)l(JlCHHH Cayr YoccoH, ocymecrsnsie-
wasicsi B OCHOBHOM 113 BepXHCH H HH)KHCH iacreH CBHTbl Kn11p <l>opK. npCBbIWaer
19 MJIH T. HaH60JlbWCC KOJJHlfCCTBO Hecj>nt .uo6bITO H3 cpe.nt1eif 10Hbl BCpXHCH tfa-
CTH If 113 HH)KlleH tfaCTH "HOH CBHTbl. B He60JibWHX o6beMax .uo6btlfa ocymecTBmI-
JiaCb raK)Ke HJ HJ1)KCJIC)Kaw11x ce11r Y11111ro
6
, On6at111 llJIH 360. KaK 11 B 6oJibWHH-
''l-la1160J1cc 11p11111nb1ii eap11a11T Tpa11cmncpam111 noro 11a1eam111 B pyccKoii mneparypc: rnKiKC MOil(-
110 BCrpeTJITb Bap11at1Tbl Yll'lllTa. Bll'lllTa. Bll'lllTO. - flpllll. 11('/IC'H.
306 fJIABA 7
yqACTOK KJ1HP <t>OPK MECTOPO)l(,ll.EHllil
CAYTYOCCOH
1.6 KM
l13y'laCM811 IlJIOlll8.!lb
nnoll(8)1b
MO.!lCnHpoeaHH11
rpaHHUa y'laCTKa

CKBa:>KHHa
Han1CTaTCnbHa11
CKB8:>KHH8
- Kpoena
CBHTbl Ta66
Ce'ICHHe
HJonaXHT = 30 M
PHc. 7.4 l. CTpyKl)'pttaa Kapra caHTht Krmp ct>opK MecTopmKD.CHHll CayT YoccoH.
CTBe nJiaTcpOpMeHHblX Kap6oHaTOB neoHap.ncKoro B03pacrn
7
' K03cpcpHUHeHT H3BJie'le-
HHJI HeQ>TH H3 3THX nopo.n HH30K.
BepmUKQ/lbllaR noc11edoBame.JlbHOClllb ceduMe11mal(uo1111blx cmpyKmyp
BbI.ll.eJieHHe UHKJTOB tta Mecrnpo)l(,UeHHH CayT YoccoH B CBHTe Krr11p <l>opK oc-
HOBaHo Ha xapaKTepHOH sepTHKaJJbHOH nocne.n.osaTeJibHOCTH <t>auHH, Ha6mo.naeMOH
no Keptty. B HH)l(HeH qacTH CBHTbl K.rr11p <l>opK TOJIIUHHa BblCOKOLaCTOTHblX UHKJIOB
BapbHpyeT OT 0,5 .ll.0 5 M npH cpe.nHeH aeJIH'IHHe OKOJJO l ,5 M. Ilo.nnpHJIHBHble UHKJlbl
B OCHOBHOM npe.ncTaBJieHbI .ll.BYM.ll THnaMH: <PY3YJIHHOBblMH BaKCTOyHaMH H naKCTOY-
HaMH s HH)l(HeH qacrn BHeurneii qacrn nnaTCpopMbI (6onee rny6oKHH wenbQ>) H ne-
JIOH.lJ.HbIMH naKCTOyHaMH - B BepxHeH; UHKJibl MeJIKOBO.llHOH nJiaTCpopMbl COCTO.llT H3
neJIOHL(HO-CKeJieTHOro BaKCTOyHa B HH)l(HeH 4aCTH H neJIOHL(HOro npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO
3epHHCTOro naKCTOyHa - B BepxHeH.
8hICOKOLaCTOTHbre UHKJlbl B cpenHeH qacn1 CBHTbI Krrwp <l>opK CXOL(Hbl no Be-
JIH'IHHe H3MeHeHHJI TOJJIUHHbl <t>auwi:f c UHKJiaMH B ee HH)l(HeH lfaCTH, HX MOIUHOCTb
TaK)l(e H3MeH.lleTCJI OT 0,5 L(O 4,5 M, COCTaBJI.ll.ll B cpe.u.HeM OKOJJO 2 M (pHC. 7.43).
<l>auirn, cnaraIOIUHe 3TH UHKJibl, sapb11py10T OT CKeJieTHOro BaKCTOyHa B OCHOBaHHH
H neJJOH.llHOro naKCTOyHa B KpOBJie .llO neJJOH.ll.HOro BaKCTOyHa B OCHOBaHHH 11 ne-
JIOH.U.HOfO npettMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTOro naKCTOyHa B KpOBJie. <l>auHH aJieBpOJJHTOB
H aJieBpHTHCTbIX BaKCTOYHOB .llBJJJllOTCil. HITIH'IHbIMH B nO)J.OlllBax sepxHHX UHKJJOB.
'no eeponcilcKOH KnaccmjJHK8UHH COOTBCTCTBYCT HHlKHCH nepl\m. - np1Lll. nepen.
7.5. ITPHMEPbl MECTOPO)l(,llEHHti C ,llOJIOMl1TOBblMH KOJIJIEKTOPAMH 307
,..__
.!,
Hcii"rpoHHaA BOJl0113CLI-
faMM3 ..
K3poT8lK
:z:
nopHCTOCTb 1UeHHOCT1.
::
~
0 100
c
0,2 0 0
CaH AH.npec
rnopHCTa
BepxHHH K;rnp <l>opK
Cpe.UHHH K;mp <l>opK
Ta66
HmKHHH KnHp <l>opK
360
PHc. 7.42. THnH'IHbie Kap0Ta)((Hb1e .uHarpaMMbI .um1 CBHTbl KnHp <l>opK MccrnpO)((.lleHHSJ Cayr
YoccoH.
Onucauua cmpyKmypuo-meKcmypub1x oco6euuocmeu u 11empotjJu1u11ecKux
C60licnt6
Bep'THKanbHaJI nocne.uosaTeJibHOCTh crpyKrypHo-TeKcTypHbIX npH3HaKOB nopo.u
6bma onHcaua no o6pa3QaM Kepua H IUJIH<l>aM. 3rn onwcaHwe ornHqaeTCJI OT onwca-
HHJI ce.nHMeHTaUHOHHblX <t>aUHH TeM, qro TepMHH naKCTOYH (KaK OH nOHHMaeTCJI
no KJTaccmfmKaunH .UaHx3Ma) 6hm 3aMeHeH mrn Ha npeuMymecTBeHHO rnHHHCTbIH
naKCTOYH HJTH Ha npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTblH naKCTOYH; KpOMe Toro, om1caHHJI
BKmoqanH H3MepeHHJI BeJTHqHHbl KpHCTanJTOB )lOJIOMHTa H 061.eMa aHrHJJ.PHTa.
W8
rK <l>Al.lHH
20
fJJABA 7
IlOPHCTOCTb (%)
10 0
<l>Al.lHH
KpHHOH.aHo-neno11.aHblC
npeHMYILICCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblC
naKCTOYHbl II rpeiiHCTOYHW
Kp1111011.a110-nenoHJJ.Hble naKc1oy11w
CKener110-neno11.aHwe eaKCToy11w
neC'l81111Kll H aneepOJIHTbl
cJ>y3yn1tHOBble BaKCTOYHbl
Kpoen11 BblCOKO'laCTOTHblX
UHKnOB
fAMMA-KAPOTA)I(
D K, Th (KaJIHH, TOpHH)
U (ypaH)
3 0 ~
1 0
ljlyYbl M
0 0
P11c. 7.43. OnHcaHHe KepHa 111 cBITTbl lvrnp <l>opK MecrnpO:iKllCHHJI Cayr YoccoH, llCMoH-
CTp11py10mce BblCOKO'l3CTOTHble UHKJlbl H na'IKH UHKnoe B cpe.aHeit 'laCTlt KOnneK"Topa CBHTbl
KnHp <l>opK. Cne.nycT o6parnTb BHHMaHne Ha JHa'IHTCnbHOC KonH'leCTBO ypaHa, '!TO oi-pa:lKeHo
Ha .u11arpaMMe raMMa-KapoTa)l(a.
Pa3JJHlfHbie THnbt CTPYl\fYPbI nopo.u, HJylfeHHbte a CBHTe Kirnp <l>opK Ha Me-
crnpmtc.ueHHH CaYT YoccoH. BKJJIOlfaIOT npttHa.llJle)ICaJUHe K tcnaccy 1 tcpynHoKpH-
CTaJJJJHlfecKHe .llOJJOMHTbl, .llOJJOrpeHHCTOYHbl 11 KpynH03epHHCTbte npeHMYlllCCTBeH-
HO 1epHHCTbte .uononaKCTOYHbI. B KJJacc 2 BKJJIOlfeHbt npeHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbte
7.5. nPHMEPbl MECTOPO)l(,llEHllfl C llOJIOMllTOBblMH KOJIJIEKTOPAMH 309
llOJionaKCTOYHbl H cpentteKpHCTaJIJIH'ICCKHC npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblC .U.0110-
naKCTOYHbl H ,!J.OJIOB3KCTOYflbl. JIHWb HCCKOJlbKO TOHKOKpHCTaJIJIH'ICCKHX npeHMY-
lUCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblX .l1.0J10113KCTOYHOB H .U.OJ1083KCTOYHOB B npe.n.enax JTOro Me-
CTOpo:>K.llCHHSI 6blJIH OTHCCCHbl K l(J)3CCY 3. l130JIHpOB3HHO-KasepHOBaSI nopHCTOCTb
ecTpeiaeTCSI penKo, nocKOJihKY 6011LwaS1 lf3CTb BHYTPH<t>occHJibHOro H cnenKoeoro
nopoeoro npoCTpaHCTBa JanOJIHCHa aHrH.U.pHTOM. 6b1Jl BblSIBJICH HCKOTOpblH 06beM
B33HMOCBSl33HHO-KaBepHOBOro npocTpaHCTBa B BHllC MHKpOTPClllHH, HO 60JiblUHHCTBO
TPClUHH TaK)l(C JanOJIHCHO aHrn.U.pHTOM. neclfaHHKH npe.D.CTaBJICHbl KBapueM aneepH-
TOBOH pa3MCpHOCTH H pCJ.lKHMH 3epttaMH 110JICBblX wnaTOB B CMCCH c .U.OJIOMHTOM,
K3K npaBHJIO, TOHKOKpHCTaJIJIH'ICCKHM. 0CC'laHHKH xapaKTCPH3YIOTCSI npOHHU3eMO-
CTblO HH)l(C 0, l M.[{ H B )TOM KOJIJICKTOpe npe.u.cTaBJISllOT co6oH <t>nlOH.UOynop.
Attrn.n.pHT SIBJISICTCSI rnaBHblM BKJIIO'ICHHCM B BblWeyKa3aHHbIC .IlOJIOMHTbl H npe.u-
CTaBJICH B HCCKOJlbKHX BHnax: KaK nopo3a110JIHSllOl11HH, 110HKHJIOTOnHblH H )l(CJIB3KO-
BblH aHrH.U.pHT. nocJIC.U.HHH cnopaJ.lH'ICCKH pacnpocTpaHCH BO BCCH TOJllUC KOJUICKTO-
pa, HO B UCJIOM COCTaBJISICT HC3H3lfHTCJlbHblH 06bCM. Cpe.n.HHH o6beM .u.eyx nepBblX
BH1l0B aHrHJ.lpHTa B WJm<t>ax paeeH 20 % H oapbHpyeT OT 0 no 60 %. 60JibWOH o6b-
eM aHrn.llpIHa OKa3blB3CT B3)1(HOe BJIHSIHHe Ha COOTHOWCHHe MC)l(.U.Y CTpyKrypHo-
TCKCTYPHblMH oco6eHHOCTSIMH nopoll, nopHCTOCTblO, npoHHuaeMOCTblO H Ka1111.1. , ;1-
HhlMH ceoiicrnaM11 nopo.u.L1.
Kpocc-nnOTbl nop11cTOcTH 11 npmrnuaeMOCTl1 neMOHCTpHpyioT OTHOCHTC.11b110
'ICTKOe rpynnHpoeau11e 3H3'1CHHH, npeBblllialOlUHX l M.[{ (pHC. 7.44, a). 3ttalfeHHSI
HH)l(C l M.[{ 6onee pa36pocaHHbl BCJIC.lJ.CTBHe H3JIH'IHSI MHOrolfHCJICHHblX o6pa3L{OB,
xapaKTepH3YI0111HXCSI HH3KOH nopHCTOCTblO 11 BrlOJIHe H3MCPHMOH npOHHuaeMOCTblO.
l>blJIO npHHSITO, 'ITO ll3HHblC HOCSIT HC06bCKTHBHblH xapaKTep BCJICllCTBHC oum6oK
H3MepeHHH, HCKalfCCTBCHHOH 110,llroTOBKH o6pa3UOB, a TaK)l(C cj>HJlbTp3UHH '1epe3 CTH-
JIOJIHTbl H 06pa3ooaew11ecS1 Tpeu.tHHbt. 60J1ee Tll.laTeJibHbte H3MepeHHSI, npooe.l{eHHbte
na6opaTop11eii YJcTnopT e XLIOCTOHe, BKJIIO'laJm HccnellOBaHHe 41-ro Hoooro UHJIHH-
llPHlfecKoro o6paJua KepHa H noKaJan11 xopowee rpynnnpoeaHne nattHbIX, BKJIIO'la"
HTC, KOTOpblC nonylfCHbl HJ o6pa'3UOB c npOHHU3CMOCTblO HH)l(C I M.[{ (pHC. 7.44, b).
TaKaH KOHUCHTpau11S1 naHHbtx no rpynnaM noJJ.KpennHeT yTBCP)l(1lCHHe o TOM, 'ITO
pa36poc nOK3'33TCJICH HH)l(C I M,ll B npC.llblllYlllHX 011HC3Hl1SIX KCpHa 6b1Jl 01111160'1-
HblM H ero He cne,LJ.yeT YlfHTbIBaTb npH Bbtoo.u.e cpopMynht paclfern npoHHUaCMOCTH no
nopHCTOCTH.
Kpocc-nnoTbI nopHCTOCTH H npoHHuaeMOCTH, nocTpoeHHbie no 06pa3uaM Kep-
Ha, H'3 KOTOpblX 6blJIH cnenaHbl lUJIHcj>bl, CXO,!J.Hbl c Kpocc-nJIOTaMH, IIOCTpoeHHblMH
no BCCM ll3HHblM, '!TO CBH.lJ.CTCJlbCTBYCT 0 TOM. '!TO lUJIHCf>bl npellCTaBJISllOT co6oii
xopo111yio Bb16opKy ,llJISI xapaKTepHCTHKH KOJIJieKTopa (pnc. 7.44, c). CTpyKTypHo-
TCKcTypHbte xapaKTepHCTHKH nopo.a. OIIHC3HHble no lUJIHcpaM, BKJllO'l3IOT OTHOCSl-
lUHCCSI K KJiaccy I nonorpeHHCTOYHbl, KpynHoKpHCTaJIJIH'ICCKHe npeHMymecTBCHHO
3CpHHCTblC .UOJIOH3KCTOYHbl H npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO rJIHHl1CTblC ,llOJIOMHTbl, a T3K)l(C OT-
HOCSllllHCCSI K KJiaccy 2 cpenHeKpHCT3JlJll1'1CCKl1C npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTblC .UOJIO-
naKCTOYHbl H npeHMy111ecTeeHHO rn111-111CTbte .lOJIOMHTbl. OnttaKo OTJIO)l(CHHSI Knacca 2
Ha qJa<t>11Ke pacno11ara10TcS1 o npe.u.enax o6nacrn KJiacca I (p11c. 7.44, c), lfero He
npe.u.nonaranocb e [22].
310
~
~
..a
t
0
:::0
0)
"'
::r
= :c
0
Q.
c::
~
,!,
..a
!--
<..l
0
:::0
0)
"'
::r
= :c
0
Q.
c::
104
1000
100
10
1 ..
. . .
.
. .
0 1
' 1
104
1000
100
10
1
0,11
(a)
5 10
CTopHCTOCTb (%)
(c)
5 10
CTopHCTOCTb (%)
DIABA 7
20 30 40
20 30 40
~
.!
..a
!--
<..l
0
:::0
0)
~
= :c
0
Q.
c::
104
(b)
1000
100
10
1
0,10
,1 0.05 0.1 0.2
CTopHCTOCTb (%)
.llonOMHTbl, KpynHOKpHCTannH'ICCKlle
npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO 3epHHCTble naKCTOYHbl
npcmtyll.leCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTl>IC naKCTOYllbl
Cpe.a11eKpHcTann11'1ccKHe npeHMymecTBe11110
rJIHllHCTble cpamrn H npenMyll.lCCTBCllHO
rJIHllHCTblC lj>aQHH co cnenKOBOH nopHCTOCTJ.10
0.4
PHc. 7.44. Kpocc-n110TbI nopHcrncrn H npottHuaeMOCTH: (a) crnpbie .11.aHHbIC, (b) HOBb1e .11.aH-
Hbie, onHC3HHble CTCnCHHOH 33BHCHMOCTblO, (c) HOBble H CTapbie .11.3HHbte, COBMeIUCHHble
c onttcaHHllMH crpyKT)'ptto-TeKCl)'pHbJX oco6cttttocTci1 nopo.11.bt no llIJJH<j>aM. C11e.11.yeT OTMe-
THTb, no, eo-nepBblX, HOBbte naHHble He pa36pocattbl B 30He HH3KOH nopHCTOCTH H, 80-BTO-
pbIX, OTHOClllUJteCl! K KJJaccy 2 npCHMymecTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie .llOJ!OnaKCTOYHbl H cpe.uHeKpH-
CTaJJJIH'!eCKHe npe11MymecTBeHHO rJJHHHCTb1e <jiau1111 rpynnHpyJOTCll e 0611acr11 KJJacca I.
06bS1CHem1e TaKOH ttem1rn.11.aHHOH c1-nyaum1 MO:>KHO HaHTH nyTeM 113yqeHHSI pac-
npe.11.eJieHHSI pa3Mepos nop. B npouecce pa3pa60TK11 3as11c11MOCTH npott11u.aeMOCTH
OT nopHCTOCTH ll.JISI pa3Hb!X THflOB nopo.11. 3a OCHOBY 6blJIO B3JITO npe.11.noJIO)l(eHHe
o pasttoMepttoM pacnpe.11.eJieHHH pa3Mepos nop no sceMy o6beMy 06pa3u.a. 0.11.ttaKo
B 3THX 06pa3uax 6hrno OTMe'letto BblCOKoe co.11.ep:>KaHHe attmnp1-na - OT 0 no 60 %
np11 cpe.utteM 3HaqeHHH 20 %. 0'-larOBbie CKOnJieHHSI aHrnD.pHTa xapaKTepH3ylOTC.SI OT-
cyTCTBHeM nopHCTOCTH H cpopMHPYIOT HeO,!l.HOpO.ll.HYIO JIOCKYTHYIO TeKcrypy qepe-
ll0B8HHSI IlOpHCTblX H HenpOHHU8eMblX yqacTKOB. Ilo H.11.ee, HaJIHl{He 01.{afOBblX CKOfl-
JieHHH attrnnp11ra yMeHbwaeT nopHCTOCTb, HO He BJI11.sieT Ha pa3Mep caMHx nop. Pac-
npe.11.eJiett11e nop no pa3Mepy Kap.ll.HHaJibHO MeHsieTc.si, HO peaJibHbie pa3MepbI nop
OCTalOTCSI HeH3MeHHbIMH, a 11MeHHO OHH onpe.11.em110T npoH11uaeMOCTb.
7.5. nrHMEPbl MECTOPO)l()lEHHH c ,lJ.OJJOMHTOBblMH KOJIJJEKTOPAMH 311
B pa6ornx [20] 11 [41] <;>n11catt MeTO.ll Y11HnaH.na R35
8
.um1 onpe.ueneHm1 3<t><l>eK-
Tl1BHoro pa3Mepa nopoBbJX KaHaJIOB .LI.JUI COOTHOllJeHl1H nop11CTOCTl1 11 npOHHuaeMOCTH
(CM. maBbl 1 H 2). Jl11HHH paBHbIX pa3Mepos nopOBblX KaHaJIOB nepeceKalOT y11acT-
KH pa3HbJX no crpoeHHIO neTpoqnt3HlfeCKHX KJiaCCOB BCJie,llCTBHe Toro, 'ITO pa3Mep
nopoBbIX Kattanoa (111111 pacnpe.ueneHHe nop no pa3Mepy) 113Mem1ercH c H3MetteHH-
eM Me)K11acr1111HOH nop11crocr11 ettyrp11 crpyKTypHo-reKcTypttoro Knacca (pHc. 7.16).
EcnH .uonycr11rb, 'ITO aHrn.UpHr e 3Ha'-IHTeJibHbIX o6DeMax s s11.ne oqaroe np11cyr-
crnosan B Kap6oHaTax c O.UHHaKOBblMl1 pa3MepaMl1 nopOBbIX KaHaJIOB, TO nopHCTOCTb
yMeHbllJHTCH, HO pa3Mep nopoBbIX KaHaJIOB coxpaHHTCH HeH3MeHHhIM. B pe3yJihra-
re no Mepe YMeHbrneHHH nop11crocTH o6pa3Uhl 6y.uyr cMemarbCH CKopee B.llOJib JIH-
HHH paBHbIX pa3Mepoe nopOBblX KaHaJIOB, tfeM B,llOJlb crpyKTyptto-TeKCTypHbIX TH-
nos. YMeHbrneHHe nop11crocr11 np11ae.uer K cMemeH1110 o6pa3ua 113 6onee BhlCOKOro
nerpocl>11311qecKoro Knacca B 6onee Hl13Kl1H. 3ra Mo.nenb o6bHCHjleT, no'leMy o6pa3-
UbI, OTHOCHlUHeCjl K nerpocpH311Y:eCKOMY KJiaccy 2 11 co.uep)Kam11e 3Ha'll1TeJibHOe KO-
JIH'leCTBO attrn.np11rn, Ha Kpocc-nnore cMecr111111cb 113 o6nacTH KJiacca 2 B 06J1acrb
Knacca I.
B pe3y11hrnre 3Toro ropH30HTaJibHOro CMemett11H .um1 0611acr11 KJiacca I, cooracT-
crsy10mero cpe.utteii 11 Hl1)KHeH qacrnM KOJIJTeKTopa K1111p <I>opK Ha 113yqaeMOH T<.:11-
p11rop1111, MO)f(eT 6bITb 11CilOJib30BaHa e,u.HHajl <t>opMyJia paCY:eTa npottuuaeMOCTl1 ,\)
nopHCTOCTl1. Ko3ct>cp11u11eHT KOppeJijiUl1H np11se.ueHHOH H11)f(e <i>OPMYJibI paBeH 0,95.
<I>opMyna octtoaaHa Ha .u.attHbIX, nonytfeHHbIX B 11a6oparop1111 Y3crnopr s Xb10cr0He
(pHC. 7.44, b):
knp = (4.6442 10
6
)

= 0,95.
r.ue kup - npoH11uaeMOCTb (M,lJ,), kn - nop11CTOCTb (.UOJIH e.n.).
<I>opMyna 3aBHCHMOCTl1 npoH11uaeMOCTl1 no nop11CTOCTl1 .llJIH KJTacca 1 CBHTbl
Kn11p <I>opK Mecropo)K.nem1H Cayr Yoccott np11MeHHMa TOJibKO MH KOJIJieKTopa nepM-
cKoro B03pacTa. ,[{JIH Hero rpaHH'IHOe 3HaY:eHHe nopHCTOCTH paBHO 4 %, B TO speMH
KaK .ll.Jlji KOJIJieKTOpOB CBHT Catt-AH,npec H fpeii6ypr - 06bIY:HO OT 6 % .UO 8 %. Kmct>-
cpHU:HeHTbl B cpopMyJie 03Ha'lalOT, Y:TO He60JiblllHe H3MeHeHHjl nopHCTOCTH npHBO.llU
K 3H3'1HTeJibHbIM H3MeHeHl1j{M npOHHuaeMOCTH. []o pactfeTaM npOHl1UaeMOCTb paBHa
2 M.[{ np11 nopHCTOCTH 7 %, 14 M.[{ - npH 10 % H 60 M,[{ - npH 13 %. TaKHM o6-
pa30M, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, lJTO cpe,llHHH nopHCTOCTb KOJIJieKTopa Ha paccMaTpHBaeMOM
MecropO)K,lleHHH HH)f(e, Y:eM B KOJIJieKTopax Catt-AH.LI.pee H rpeii6ypr, cpe.UHHH npOHH-
uaeMOCTh HMeeT 6JIH3KHe 3HatfeHHH BCJie,ncTBHe 3Ha'IHTeJ1bHOro o6beMa H OY:arosoro
xapaKrepa pacnpe,!1,eJieHHH aHrH.llpHra B npott11uaeMb1x HHTepaanax.
Mo.uenb KanHJIJIHpHoro .uasneHHH ,llJijl ttatfaJibHOH so.uoHaChilUeHHOCnt 6h1na co-
3.UaHa Ha OCHOBe H3y'leHHH 19 KpHBbIX KanHJJJijipHOro .nae11eHHjl . .[{aHHbJe 6hIJIH non-
pa3,ne11eHbl no JHatfeHHHM nopHCTOCTH Ha nub rpynn, .ll.Jlji Ka)K,llOH 113 KOTOpbIX 6hJJIH
paCCl!HTaHhI ycpe,!1,HeHHhie Kp11Bbie KanunnHpttoro L1,ae11eHHjl. Mo.ue11h BO.llOHaCbILUeH-
HOCTH, KOTOpaH ycTaHaBJIHBaeT COOTHOUJeHHH 3TOro napaMerpa c nopHCTOCTblO H Ka-
8
'3Mn11pw1ecKall <PopMyna, pa1pa6ornHHall .[I,. YttHnaHJJ.OM (KOMII3HHll AMOKO). yt1HTblB310lU3ll pa-
.wyc nopoeb1x CBll30K np11 35 %-oM HaCbllUeHHH PTYTblO e nopoMcTp11t1ccKoM onbnc (no Mike Spearing,
Tim Allen and Gavin McAulay). - flp1w. nepe.
312 fJJABA 7
nmuu1pHblM .ll8BJJCHHCM, 61:.ma pa3pa60TaHa 11a OCHOBe BblWCYKa38HHblX ycpe.nHeHHblX
KpHBblX Kanm1m1pHoro JlllBJICHHjf c HCnOJJb3088HHeM MeTo.ua MHOroMepHOro 8Ha.JIH38.
KoHe1.1HaJ1 Mo.nenb npttseneHa HH)l(e.
k
8
= [l -A ln(B/P,.)](-.\/.\),
r.ue Pc - KanHnnRpHoe .nasneHHe H >. = C (D +In kn) 3Hal.fCHHH KOHCTaHT TaKOBbl:
A= 0,98, B = 22.7, C = 0,91, D = 4,2.
Hop.MQJIUJal(UR OaHllblX I'HC u 1<epna
Bcne.ncrntte BbICOKoro co.nep)l(aHHH .llHare11eTH1.1ecKoro ypa11a B CBHTC KnHp
<I>opK CC.UHMeHTaUHOHHbie H CTPYKTYPHhle <t>auHH B HCH He Moryr 6b!Tb HllCHTH-
<l>ttuHposaHbl c noMOlllblO raMMa-KapOTa)l(a (pHc. 7.43). OT Kpocc-nJIOTOB nopHCTO-
CTH H BO,llOH8CbllUCHHOCTH T8K)l(e MaJIO noJJb3bl, noCKOJlbKY see THnbl nopo.n COOT-
BCTCTBYIOT O.UHOMY H TOMY )KC neTpO$H3Hl.fCCKOMY 1rnaccy. 0eCl.f8HHKH MOryT fiblTb
nerKO Bbl.UCJJCHbl no Kpocc-nJJOTaM nopHCTOCTH, nony1eHHOH no aKyCTH'ICCKOMY Ka-
pOTa')l(y (pHC. 7.45). 0.llH8KO conocTaBJJeHHC .uaHHblX 0 CTpOCHHH nopO.llbl H nopHCTO-
CTH .naeT B03MO')l(HOCTb npc.nnoJJO')l(HTb, l.fTO npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblC naKCTOYHbl
B OCHOBHOM HMCIOT 6onee Bb!COKYIO nopHCTOCTb, I.ICM npCHMYlUCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTble
pa3HOCTH.
)lammc tta6mo.neHHC 6b!Jl0 ncpenposepeHO c llOMOlUblO OnHC8HHH WJJH<f>OB
H onpe.lleJJCHHJI nopHCTOCTH no Keptty KaK B HH)l(HCH, TaK H B cpe}lHCH l.f8CTHX
CBHTbl Kn11p <I>opK. B cpe.nuew 1.1acTH CBHTbl .nonosaKcToy11b1 xapa1CTep1ny10TCJ1
cpe.UHCH nopHCTOCTblO 4,5 % H COCTaBJJHIOT nO'ITH 70 % o6pa3l{OB c nopHCTOCTblO
MCHCe 5 %. CTpeHMYlllCCTBCHHO rJJHHHCTblC .llOJJOnaKCTOYHbl 06na.na10T cpe.nHeH nopH-
CTOCTblO 7 %, a npeHMymecrneHHO 3epHHCTble no,1onaKCTOYHb1 - 9 %. B cyMMe .nono-
naKCTOYHbl COCTaBJJJllOT OKOJJO 70 % o6pa3UOB, HMCIOlUHX nopHCTOCTb Bbl WC I 0 %.
Cxo.llHbte pe3yn1>TaTbt 6b1JJH nony1.1c11b1 H s HH')l(HCH 1.1aCTH CBHTbl Kn11p <I>opK, B KO-
rnpow npCHMYlUCCTBCHllO rJJHHHCTblC .!lOJIOMHTbl xapaKTepH3YIOTCH cpC.!lHCH nopHCTO-
CTblO 3 %, a npeHMYLUCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblC nononaKCTOYHbl - 7 %. 3aecb TOJlbKO 60 %
o6pa3UOB, OTHOCHIUHXCH K npeHMYLUCCTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblM OTJJO')l(CHHJIM, HMCIOT no-
pHCTOCTb MeHee 5 %, a 80 % o6pa3UOB, npHH8.!lJIC)l(8lUHX K npem.1ymecTBCHHO 3ep-
HHCTblM naKCTOyHaM, xapaKTCpH3YIOTCH nopHCTOCTblO BbtWe 5 %.
TaKHM o6paJoM, B cpe;i.HeH 1.1acTH CBHTbt KJrnp cf>opK HHTepsan, xapaKTepmy-
IOlUHHCH nopHCTOCTblO csb1me I 0 %, cKopce ecero, c11o')l(eH npem.1ymecrneHHO Jep-
HHCTbtMH naKCTOyHaMH, a HHTepsan c nopHCTOCTblO MeHee 5 % - npeHMYIUCCTBCHHO
rJIHHHCTblMH nopoaa11.rn. MO)l(HO c ysepeHHOCTblO CKa'38Tb, l.fTO B HH')l(HCH 'taCTH CBH-
Tbl HHTepBaJJ c nopHCTOCTblO CBblWe 5 % CJIO')l(CH npeHMYlltCCTBCHHO 3CpHHCTblMH
naKCTOyHaMH, a HHTCpBaJJbl c 6onee HH3KOH nopHCTOCTblO MoryT COCTOHTb KaK HJ
npem.1ywecTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblX, TaK H HJ npeHMYlUCCTBCHHO JepHHCTblX OTJIO')l(CHHH.
Ha puc. 7.46 noKa3aH peJyJibTaT HcnoJJb30BaHHJI HCHTpOHHoro KapoTa')l(a D.JJjf
paJJlCJICHHH HH3KOnOpHCTblX npeHMymecTBCHHO rJIHHHCTblX H BblCOKonopHCTblX npe-
HMYlUCCTBCHHO JCpHHCTblX nopoa. U11Knb1 6, 5, 4 H 2 s cpe.nnew 1.1aCTH CBHTbl Kmtp
<I>opK noKaJblB8IOT l.fCTKYIO TCH.llCHUHIO poem 3H81.fCHlfH nopHCTOCTH BBepx no pa3-
pe3y H KoppenupytoTCH c rpatmuaMH UHKJJOB, Bbl.llCJIHCMblMH no onHCaHHHM KCpHa.
1.5. nPl1MEPbl MECTOPO')l(JlEHllfi C JlOJIOMMTOBblMH KOJIJIEKTOPAMH 313
Bo.nonacbtllleHHoCTi.
0 1
KpoBJJll UHKJJa

c
D nec'laHHKlt H aneeporlltTbl
PHC. 7.45. fny61tHHblH pa1pc3 BCpxHero HHTepsana cpe.!lHeH 'laCTH CBHTbl K.rmp <l>opK .!lC-
MOHCTPHPYIOlllltH HaJJH'llle anespHTOBhtX npocnoes, Bbt.neneHHhtX no HaJ10>KeH1t10 .nHarpaMM
aKycntLJecKOro KapoTa)Ka H HeHTpOHHoro Kaporn)Ka, c Y'leTOM BhtCOKHX 1Ha'lem1ii BO.!lOHaCht-
meHHocn1.
Onpe.uenettHe rpaHHUbI umma 3 S1em1eTCS1 KpaifHe cnopttbIM. B UHKJie 7 e HJyme-
MOH CKBa:lKHHe xopowo Bbl,lleJIS!eMaSI no Bb!COKOH nopHCTOCTH rpaHHUa OTCYTCTBy-
eT, HO OHa npocJJe:lKHBaeTCSI B coce;:tHHX CKBa:lKJtHax. KpOBJISI UHKJJa 4a BbIJleJJS!eTCSI
no onHCaHHSIM KepHa, HO no HeHTpOHHOMY KapOTalKY npocJJe:lKHBaeTCSI He'leTKO, no-
CKOJlbKy. KaK ycTaHOBJJeHO B XOJlC HJy'leHHSI WJJH<f>oe, aHrtt.UpliT H .UOJIOMHTOBbltt ue-
MeHT 3anOJIHSllOT nopoeoe npocTpaHCTBO B CJiaralOW.HX KpOBJJIO npeHMyw.ecTBeHHO
JepHHCTbtX nononaKCTOyHax. TaKHM o6paJoM, npHMetteHHbtH nonxo.ll noJBOJJHJJ 'leTKO
onpeneJJHTb KpOBJJH nSITH UHKJJOB H3 ceMH c noMOW.blO HeHTpOHHoro Kapora:lKa. Kpoe-
JJH UHKJIOB 3 H 7 6bJJUI onpeneJieHbl c nOMOW.blO HHTepnOJJSIUHH Ha OCHOBe naHHblX no
cocenHHM CKBa:lKHHaM, npH'ICM HX TO'IHaSI npHB1!3Ka K rny6HHe B .uaHHOH CKBa:lKHHe He
O'ICHb Ba:lKHa JlJljj nocTpoeHHSI MOJJ.CJIH <f>HJ1bTpau1111, noCKOJlbKY B naHHOH CKBa')ICHHe
314
OnHcaHHe
reonorH1.1ecKoro
CTJ>OeHHJI
0
="'
==
:! =
ti.;

,.., ..
-u
,. "'
:: =

c: E
1965
1980

c:
1995
3
=

:! ..
t; c
H

-::

:!

...
"'
""

fJJABA 7
OnHcaHHe
crpytrrypHO-
TeKC'l)'pHblX
oco6eHHocrei.f
3
=
g_

==
H
t;
s"


:t :i: u
"'=

c: E c: g
Pac'leTbJ
Ha OCHOBe
KapOT3)K3
nopHCTOCTH
0,2 0
l(HKnbl,
BbJ.1teneHHb1e
no ,!13HHblM
KapoTa)Ka
CnoH
$HJlb'fJ>3UHH
2
4
5
6
- -4--- - - ==-i- 6.5
Ila OCHOBC .'.1311HhlX no COCC.'.IHll .. CKll8ll<HH31
l :-_ :-_ :-7,5:
PHc. 7.46. CpasHeHHe BbtCOKO'laCTOTHbtX UHKJIOB B cpe.aHcii 1.1acTH CBHTbt K.1mp <l>opK, onpe-
.acneHHbtX no O!JHC3HHJIM KepHa H CTpytrrypHO-TCKC'l)'pHblM oco6eHHOCTJIM nopo.a. c UHKJl3MH,
Bbl.!lCJJCHHblMH no .aaHHblM HeHTJ>OHHOro KapOTa)Ka. l(HKm.1 pa1.neneHbl Ha .!183 CJJOJI
UHH cornacHO BblCOKHM H HH3Kl1M 'lHa'leHllJIJ\.I nopHCTOCTH.
'lTH UHKJJbJ CJJO)l(CHbI nnoTHbIMH nopo.uaMH. Cne.uoeaTeJJbHO, e npHee.ueHHOM npHMepe
KpOBJIH ecex ceMH UHKJIOB 6bIJ1H 'ICTKO ycrnHOBJICHbl, BKJll01aA KpOBJJH, coena.uaio-
lllHC c HHTepeanaMH !JJIOTHblX nopo.!1, H onpe.ueneHHble no ananomH c COCC.UHHMH
CKB3)1(HH3MH. 0.uttaKO UHKJI 4a 6bIJ1 !JOJIHOCTblO nponymeH H COBMClUCH c UHKJJOM 3.
Pac11embl BepmllKaJlbHblX npo</J11.r1eii nempo</J1111111ecK11x cBoiicmB
BePTHKaJibHb1e npocpmm nopHCTOCTH 6b1J1H onpe.uenettbI c noMOIUbIO npH)l(HM-
ttoro HeihpOHHOro KapOTa)l(a, Kpocc-nJJOTa tteihpoHHOro H !JJJOTHOCTHOro Kaporn-
)1(3, a TaK)l(C Ha octtoee aKyCTHttecKoro Kaporn)l(a. Me)l(l.faCTHlJHaA nopHCTOCTb 6bma
npHHRTa paBHOH o6meii nopHCTOCTH, nocKOJJbKY B KepHOBOM MaTepHaJJe KaeepHOBaR
7.5. nPllMEPbl MECTOPO)l(JlEHMii C .llOJJOMllTOBblMll KOJIJIEKTOPAMli 315
nopHCTOCTb (%) npmrnuaeMOCTb (M)l)
30 0 100 0,1
1965
1980
1995
nop11crocTb no Kcp11y - - A11aJ1111 Kcp11a
Bb1wc. 'ICM nop11crocrb - Pac1crbl no KapornlK)'
no KapoTalKy
PHc. 7.47. Cpaettett11c Jtta1CHHH nopHcrncrn H npommaeMocn1, noJJy'ICHHblX no Keptty H Ka-
poTmKy, .um1 cpe;meii LJaCTH nJJacTa Knup <t>opK. 0TMC'ICHO xopowee coena.ueHHC Jtta'leHHH
npoHHuaeMOCTH, onpc.ncneHHblX no Keptty 11 KapoTa)l(y, B cnytae. CCJIH 3H3'fCHHJI nopttCTOCTH,
onpellCJICHHblC TaKHMH )KC MCTO.ll3MH, TaK)l(C 6.flHJKH Me)l(llY co6oH.
nopHCTOCTb OKaJa.nacb KpaHHC HH3KOH. npoHHUacMOCTb H Ha'laJJbHa.11 80.llOHaCblWeH-
HOCTb 6btJIH paCC'lHTaHbl no nopHCTOCTH c HCnOJlb30BaHHeM cf>opMyJl, npHBC.llCHHbIX
paHee e -.noit rnaee. Or.neJtbHOH cf>opMyJJbt AJJ.11 cnoee nec-taHHKa He norpe6oeanoch,
noCKOJlbKY pe3yJibTaTbl, noJiy'leHHblC no yKa3aHHblM <j>opMyJiaM, noKaJaJIH, 'ITO npH
ceoeii HHJKOH nop11crocr11 nec'laHHKH 06na.lla10r npoH11uaeMOCTb10 McHee 0, I MJl
11 I 00 %-oii eo.noHaCblll{CHHOCTblO. Mern.n11Ka Ap'lH .llII.11 pac'leroe BO.llOHachtWcHHO-
cr11 TaK)l(C He npHMCH.!IJJaCb, noCKOJlbKY B ycJIOBHffX HH3KHX 3Ha'lcHHH nopHCTOCTH
'.}J)CKTpOKapOTa)I( naer HCTO'IHblC pe3yJibTaTbl H nOKaJaTCJlH BOllOHaCbllUCHHOCTH no
MCTOllHKe Ap'IH 0KaJblBa10rc.11 JaBbIWCHHblMH. CpaeHeHHC npoH11uaeMocr11, nony'leH-
HOH no KepHy, c pac'leTHblMH JHa'ICHHffMH, noKa3aHo Ha p11c. 7.47.
lloc111poe11ue .uot>e.rru 1<0.r1J1e1<nropa
B npe.nenax paccMarp11eaeMoii nn01ua.n11 BblCOKO'lacroTHbie UHKJibt 6hlJlH BbI-
!lCJicHbt e 48 CKBa)l(HHax c y'leTOM crpyKTypHo-reKcrypHbtX oco6eHHocreii nopon,
Bbl!lCJICHHblX no nopHCTOCTH. lfacTb pa3pe3a, noKaJbtBa10wero OKOH'laTCJlbHblH eapH-
a11r crparnrpacj>1111 cpe.nHero HHrepeana eepxHeii 'laCTH nnacra K;rnp <l>opK, noKaJaH
Ha pHC. 7.48. Jlnff rnro 'IT06bl co6JJIO)laTb nopff.llOK 'ICpC!lOBaHHff Bb!COKO- H HH3KO-
316 rJlABA 7
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SW 7538 SW 7531 SW 8542
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PHC. 7.48. 4aCTH'iHblH pa3pe3 cpe.nHero HHTepeana KOJJJJeKTopa lump <I>opK, JlCMOHCYpHpyt0-
lllHH KoppCJUIUHIO MC>KJlY BblCOKO'iaCTOTHblMH UHKJl3MH II CJJOJIMH lf>HJJbTpaUHll, Bbl!leJJCHHbl-
MH Ha OCHOBe HCHTpOHHOro KapOTa>Ka nopHCTOCTH.
npomtuaeMblX HHTepBaJIOB, Ka)l(.llblH BblCOKO'laCTOTHblH UHKJI 6bm pa3.UeJJeH Ha .nea
CJ!Ojl Q>liJlbTpaUHH. fia3aJibHblH CJJOH npe.LlcTaBJieH nectfaHHKaMH H npeHMyUleCTBeHHO
rnHHHCTblMH .l\OJIOMHTaMH, a npHKpoeeJJbHblH - npeHMyUleCTBeHHO 3epHHCTblMH .no-
JIOMHTaMH. Cpe.aHHH HHTepean eepxHeH 'laCTH nJJacra-KOJJJJeKTopa KJJHP <t>opK pa3.ae-
J1eH Ha 21 BblCOKOlfaCTOTHblH UHKn H 42 CJJOSI $HJ1bTpau1-11-1. OpH nocTpoeHHH Mo.neJJH
KOJIJieKTopa JTH UHKJ!bl SIBJISllOTCSI OCHOBHblMH reOJJOrH'leCKHMH 1JleMeHTaMH, a CJIOH
$HJJbTpaUHH - OCHOBHblMH neTpO$H3H<leCKHMH JJJeMeHTaMH.
B npe.ueJiax HJy'laeMoH TeppHTOpHH 6b1Jia npoee.neHa KoppeJISIUHSI Bb1coKo-
lfaCTOTHblX UHKJJOB H cnoee $HJJbTpauHH, nocJiy)f<HBlllaSI OCHOBOH .llllll nocTpoe-
HHSI MOlleJIH KOJIJleKTopa. Pa3pe3 cpe.nHero HHTepeana eepxHeH lfaCTH KOJIJICKTOpa
Kn11p <t>opK, HJIJllOCTPHPYIOlllHH yKa3aHHble UHKJlbl H CJIOH $HJlbTpaUHH, noKa3aH
Ha pHC. 7.49. B JOHe HHJKHX 3Ha'leHHH HHKaKHe UHKJlbl He omtCblBaJIHCb, nOCKOJlbKY
)Ta 30Ha He SIBJISleTCSI lfaCTblO KOJIJICKTOpa BCJle.UCTBHe BblCOKOH 80.!lOHaCblllleHHOCTH,
rnnHlfHOH .nm1 30Hbl nepexo.na. J.lnsi ueneii .ueMoHcTpauHH nerpo$HJHlfCCKHe ceoii-
cTea 6blJIH pacnpeneneHbl BHYTPH cnoee $HJ1bTpauHH c noMOlllblO MeTOllOB JJHHeHHOH
HHTepnOJISIUHH (pHC. 7.50).
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TpexMepHaR MO.lleJJb $HJJbTpauHH HJylfaeMoH nJIOllla:\H (pnc. 7.51) 6b1J1a no-
CTpoeHa MCTOllOM HHTerpaum1 CeKeeHTHO-CTparnrpa<t>w-1ecKoro .aeTaJlbHOrO KapKaca,
COOTHOllleHHH nopHCTOCTH H npoHHUaCMOCTH no .uaHHblM KepHa, MeJIKOMacwrn6HOH
7.5. nrMMEPbl MECTOPO)l(.llEHllti c ,llOJlOMllTOBblMl1 KOJlJlEKTOPAMl1 3 I 7
SW 7521 S\V 7538

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SW 7531 SW 7523
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mpa K.Jrnp <l>opK H llCMOHCTPHPYIOLUlfH 7 UHKJIOB, npHB.1133HHblX K a11eepHTaM (OHH HMCIOT
llH.!lCKCbt OT A JlO G ), 14 Kap6oHaTHblX UHKJIOB H 21 CJlOH ljJ1111bTpau1111.
npocrpaHCTBeHHOH CTaTHCTHKH, nonylfeHHOH H3 on11caHHH o6Ha)l(eHHH, H npaKTH'le-
CKOro no.uxo)la K Macwrn611poBaHHIO HHTerpaum1 nopHCTOCTH H npOHHuaeMOCTH [15].
l111eHTH<f>HKaum1 H MO.D.eJIHposaHHe neTpo<J>H3HlfeCKHX CJIOCB KpaHHC Ba)l(Hbl .U.JUI npo-
rH03a smulHHH, oKa3hIBaeMoro JaBOJJ.HCHHeM. B JJ.aHHOM HCCJICJJ.OBaHHH BbillCJieHHe
CJIOeB OCHOBaHO Ha BbICOKO'faCTOTHbIX UHKJiax H BbIJJ.eJieHHblX CJIOHX <f>HJibTpauuH
s 1asHCHMOCTH OT cTpoCHHH nopo.ub1. KpynHoMacwrn6HaH HeoJJ.Hopo11HocTb neTpo-
cl>HJH'fecKHX napaMCTpOB npocTpaHCTBCHHO pacnpeneneHa B HHTepoanax <l>HJibTpauHH
c pe3KHMH BepTHKaJlbHblMH KOHTpaCTHblMH nepexo.uaMH Ha rpaHHUaX )THX HHTepea-
JIOB " nocTeneHHblMH naTepa.JibHbIMH HJMeHCHHHMH. Bbl.llCJICHtte neTpo<f>HJH'feCKHX
cnoes cornacHo Macuna6y HHTepoanos <f>11nbTpau1111 B rop1110HTa.JibHOM HanpasneHHH
.llBJIHCTCH nocTOHHHblM (Bbl.llCp)l(aHHblM) Me)l(Jly CKBa)l(HHaMH, 'ITO BC.lleT K nOHBJieHHIO
o6cTaHOBKH MHOronnacTOBOfO KOJIJICKTOpa c 6blCTpb1M Te'IeHHCM BOJJ.bl nptt JaBO)lHe-
HHH B CJIO.llX c 6onee BbICOKOH npOHHUaeMOCTblO, orn6aHHeM CJIOCB c nOHH)l(CHHOll
npom1uaeMOCTblO, MHHHMaJlbHblM nepeTeKaHHCM H3 O)lHOro CJIOSI B .upyroii H paHHMM
npopblBOM BOJJ.bl K CKB3)1(HHe .
.D.nsi OUCHKH npCHMymecTB yny'IWeHHOH MO)leJIH )lJISI nporn03a JJ.06bI'IH Hecj>nt
no cpasHeHHIO c cymecrnyiomeif M0..'1.CJiblO 6b1JI0 npose11eHo Monen11posaHHe npo-
ueccos cl>HJibTpamm. Cymecrnyiomasi MO.UCJib 6brna cm;wHa 6e3 y4ern 11eTaJibHOro
ceKBCHTHO-CTpaTHrpa<f>H'leCKoro KapKaca, H Bbl,.'leJieHHe nJiaCTOB npOH3BO.UHJIOCb Me-
TOJIOM nponopuHOHaJibHOfO pa3MClUCHHSI CJIOCB MC)l(.llY Tpa.llHUHOHHbll'\IH CTpan1rpa-
318
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0
00
0
I
0
fJIABA 7
Bocl-oK
Um<JJbt
900 1800 lf>yroe
I I I I I
I I I I
0,1 10
500 M
npoHHUaeMOCTb no KapOTa>KY (MJl)
PHc. 7.50. CrpaTaMo.lleJJbHblH pa1pe1 cpc.aHeH 'lacrn KOJJJteKTopa KnHp <l>opK, noCTpocHHbtil
e HanpawreHHH c 1ana.aa Ha eocToK H 0Tpa>Kat01UHH pacnpe.aeneHHC npom1uaeMOCTH.
<1>11'1ecKHMH penepaMH. 3Ty Mo.nenb MbI 6y.neM Ha3bIB3Tb Tpa1u1u110HHOH. Mo.nenb,
pa3pa60TaHHYIO B .naHHOM HCCJJC)l083HHH c HCnOJJb3083HHCM CJJOeB, onpe.ncJJeHHbIX
Ha ocHose CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH nopo.n H BbICOKO'lacTOTHbIX UHK-
JJOB, Mbl 6y.neM H33bl83Tb YJJY'IUJeHHOH. 0JJOIU3.UH3R CCTKa YJJY'IWCHHOH MO.UCJJl1
6blJJ3 Bbt6paHa T3Kl1M o6pa30M, 'IT06bI OHa TO'IHO cosna.nana c CCTKOH Tp3.UHUHOH-
HOH MO)lCJJH, 11 .!lJJH nocTpOCHHR 06e11x MO)leJJeH HCnOJJb30BaJJCH OllHH H TOT )Ke Ha6op
ll3HHblX r11c. TaK)l(C B 06e11x MOllCJIRX np11MeHHJJCR Olll1H3KOBblH ynpomeHHblH Ha6op
KOHTpOJJbHblX CK83)1(HHHblX napaMeTpOB.
IlpHCMHCTOCTb nnacrn H CKOpOCTb llBH)l(CHl1R BO)lbl np11 H3rHCTaHl1H RBJJHJ111Cb
TCMl1 OTp3)1(310lllHMH CBOHCTBa KOJJJJeKTopa <f>aKTopaMH, KOTOpbte H3Y'laJJHCb B ll3H-
HOM 11ccne.nosaH1111. CpasHeH11e nporno3os npHeMHCTOCTH nnacrn 11 CKopocT11 llBH-
)l(CHHH BO.Ubl B .nsyx MOD.CJJRX 6blJJO D.OCTiffHYTO nyreM MO)leJJHpOB3HHR HarneTaHHH
o.aHocf>a3HOro 11HllHKaropa, 'ITO n03eon11no m6eiKaTb .uono11H11TeJJbHbIX Tpy.aHocTeH
np11 Mo.aen11posaHHl1 3aso.aHeHHH. TaKl1M o6pa30M, HH noKa3aTemr Ha'laJJbHOH 11n11
OCT3TO'IHOH BOJlOH3CbIIUCHHOCTH, HH MO)leJJHpOB3HHC OTHOCHTCJlbHOH npoH11uaeMO-
CTl1 He n0Ha.ao611nttcb. B Ka'ICCTBC o.aHo<f>a3HOro <t>nJOHJla BblCTynana HCC)f(HMaeMaH
iKl1JlKOCTb nOCTOHHHOH BRJKOCTH.
7.5. nrHMErbl MECTOPO)l(.UEHHtl (' JlOJJOMllTOBblMH KOJIJIEKTOrAMH 319
(a)
Mo.llenh, ocHoBaHHa.11 ua UHKJJax
0 0,5 1
KoHueH-rpauu.11 HH)lHKaTopa (Jlonu e.ll.)
(b)
OponopUHOHanbHaJI MO.lleJib
TpoHHoeeep'THKanbHoe
ysenH<1eHue
PHc. 7 .51. Pe1y11bTaTbl Mo.11e1mpoeaHHll c 110MOutb10 HHJlHKarnpa. (a) XapaKTep Te'leHHJI HH)lH-
KaTopa 8 MOJlH<j>HUHpoeaHHOH M0,1leJJH npu HarneTaHHH 80.!lbl B KOJIH'ICCTBC, paBHOM 0.!lHOMY
nopOBOMY o6bcMy. (b) XapaKTep TC'ICHHll HHJlHKarnpa B Tpa.!lHUHOHHOH M0,1lCJIH npH Harne-
TaHliH 80,!lbl 8 KOJIH'tCCTBe. paBHOM OJl.HOMY nopOBOMY o6beMy.
B npose11eHHOM paHee uccne.llOBaHHH 6hlno .llOcrnrnyro TOl.fHOe cosna.neHue Tpa-
.llHUHOHHOH MO.lleJIH 3380llHeHH.ll c peanbHblMH nOKa3aTeJI.llMH OT.ll31.fH nnacTa 8 CBHTC
Knup <I>opK tta MecTOpO'lK.lleHHH CayT YoccoH. TaKoH pe1ynbTaT 6bln nony1.1eH 6na-
ro11ap.11 ucnonb30BaHHIO Ko3cl>cl>nuueHTa k
11
p.e/ k
11
p. = 0. 0002 nn.11 yMeHhllleHusr ne-
peTOKa Me'lK.llY CJlOSIMH H yeeJIHl.fCHHIO ropH30HTaJlbHOH npoHuuaeMOCTH B.llBOe .LUI.II
a,llanrnuuu nnacTosoro .nasneHusr. B .nauuoM uccne11oeaHHH yny1.1rneHHasr Mo11enh 6b1-
na CXO)Ka c TP3llHUHOHHOH 8 TOM, l.fTO B o6cux MO.llCJISIX 6blJIH HCHOJlb30BaHbl 0.llHH
u Te 'lKe tteC'lKHMaeMble peareHTbl JaMemeHHJI (HHllHKaTopb1) u cornacoeaHhl 11sa yKa-
JaHHblX Bblllle napaMe-rpa.
B yny1.1rneHHOH MOllCJIH Ko1cJ>cJ>uuueHT h:np.e/ h'.np.r 6bln CKoppeKTuposaH c ue-
JlblO nonyl.fHTb TOT 'lKe KOJ<l><tmuueHT oxsaTa npu HCH3MCHHOM o6'beMe 3aKa'l-
KH. 0.nHaKO ,llnSI llOCTH'lKeHHSI JTOfO COOTBeTCTBH.11 noTpe6oeaJIC.ll KOJ<f>ct>uuueHT
knp.e/ kup.1 = 0. 02, T. e. Ha )lBa nop.11.nKa 60J1bllle, l.feM BCJlHl.fHHa, He06XO.llHM3" AJI.11
TpanHUHOHHOH MO.UeJIH, H rop33.ll0 6onee 6JIH3KHH no 3H31.feHHIO K KOJ<l><l>HUHCH-
Ty knp.e/ h:np.P COOTBeTCTBYIOlllCMY cpe.UHHM 3Hal.feHH.llM, O'lKH)laeMblM Ha OCHOBe TH-
nHl.fHblX .uaHHblX, nonyl.feHHblX npu HCCJ1C.ll083HHH nOJIHOpa3MepHoro KepHa B Kap6o-
Harnx. 3To ynylflllCHHe 8 MO)lenuposamrn CBOHCTB KOJlJlCKTOpa 6b1JIO nonyl.feHo B pe-
3YJ1bTaTe npHMCHeHHH YTOl.fHeHHOro OT06pa'lKeHHSI neTpO<l>H3Hl.feCKHX CJJOCB B MO.llCJIH.
320 fJJABA 7
XapaKTep CKOpOCTHOro pacnpocTpaHeHHj! HH.ll.HKaTOpa B ynyuueHHOH MO.ll,eJIH
6bIJ1 CTpaTHrpacpH'IeCKH ynopjiJl.O'leH c ueJihlO pa3JJ,eJllffh BbJCOKO- H HHJKOnpOHHUa-
eMbJe HHTepBaJibl <t>HJibTpaum1 B cpe.nueii 'laCTH CBHTbl Krmp <DopK H MaJIOMOJUHbJe,
HO eme BhJCOKonpOHHUaeMbJe HHTepBaJJbl cpHJibTpaUHH B6JIH3H KpOBJIH HH)l(HeH qa-
CTH 3TOH CBHTbl (pHC. 7 .51, a). BbIIUeyKaJaHHblH CKOpOCTHOH xapaKTep semecTBa-
HHllHKaTopa onpe.neJij!eTCj! CTpaTHrpacpH'leCKHM npHHUHOOM BbI.ll,eJieHHj! neTpocpH3H-
'leCKHX CJIOeB. B Tpa.llHUHOHHOH MO.ll,eJJH COOTBeTCTBY!OlUHH CKOpOCTHOH xapaKTep
srsJrneTcsr 6onee cJiy'laHHbIM (pHc. 7 .51, b ). Ynyuueuuaj! MOJJ.eJib yKa3hIBaeT TaK)l(e
Ha noTeHI.{HaJl .ll,JISI yseJIH'leHHSI HarneTaHHj! B IO:>KHOH 'laCTH MeCTOpO:>K,lleHHj!, qero
He npe.ll.noJJaraeT Tpa.ll.HUHOHHasr MO.ll.eJIL, scne.ll.CTBHe e.n.sa ynoBHMoro yseJIH'leHHj!
nopHCTOCTH B HanpaBJieHHH c cesepa Ha !Or, KOTOpoe 6hIJIO Bblj!BJieHo B TOH 'laCTH
HCCJie,ll.OBaHHj!, B KOTOpOH I13Y'laJIHCb TpeH,ll.bl HJMeHeHHSI CBOHCTB. TaK:>Ke MO:>KeT no-
Tpe6osaTbC.ll .ll,eTaJihHOe cpaBHeHHe c )J.aHHblMH 0 CBOHCTBax KOJIJJeKTopa, y:>Ke BHe pa-
MOK .llaHHOfO HCCJieJJ,OBaHl.J.ll, )],JI.II Toro 'IT06hI npo.ll,eMOHCTpMpOBaTb, 'ITO Bblj!BJieHHbie
cxeMbl CKOpOCTH pacnpocTpaHeHHSI semecTBa-HH.ll,HKaTopa B YJJY'lllieHHOH MO.ll,eJJH ro-
pa3.ll,O 6onee TO'IHO OTpa:>KalOT CBOHCTBa KOJJJieKTopa. KaK 6bi TO HH 6b!JIO, CKOpOCTHOH
xapaKTep cosna,naeT c reonornqecKoii HHTepnpeTau11ei1 CBHThI Kn11p <DopK Ha MeCTo-
po:>K.neHHH CayT YoccoH H, cne)l,osaTenhtto, SIBJI.lleTCSI 6onee y6e.L1.HTeJThHhIM.
7.5.3. KoJJJ1eKTop B cenTe KJinp l>opK ua MecTopoiKJleHHH l>aJIJiepTOH
HccJJe.nosaHHe CBHTbI KJJMP <DopK Ha MeCTopo:>KJJ.emn1 <Dam1epTott S1BJT.lleTCS1 npH-
MepoM HCilOJ1h30BaHHj! CTpaTHrpacfJHH )lJISI onpe.neJJeHHj! HOMepoB neTpocfJH3H'!eCKHX
KJiaCCOB B CHTyauHH, KOr)l,a HMelOTCSI TOJThKO raMMa- H HeHTpOHHblH KapoTa:>K, TO-
rna KaK .lJ.Jlj! onHCaHH.SI scero MHOroo6pa3H.SI CTpOeHH.SI nopon Tpe6yeTC.SI BO MHOfO
pa3 6oJibllie .naHHbIX. Pacnono:>KeHHoe s oKpyre 3H.L1.p10c, Texac (pwc. 7.52), MecTO-
po:>K,nettHe <l>annepTOH 6bmo oTKpbITO B 1942 r., a ropmOHT B CBHTe Kn11p <DopK -
B 1953 r. Ha TeKyJUHH MOMeHT HaKOnJTeHHaSI .no6bI'la COCTaBJJj!eT 39 MJJH T HecfJTH H3
I 250 CKBa:>KHH. PaJpa6aTLrnaeMasr nnoma.ll.b cocTaBJij!eT OKOJTO 122 KB. KM. HaqaJJb-
Hbie 3anaCbl Hecl>TH oueHHBalOTCSI B 220-260 MJIH T TOBapHOH HecpTH npH KOJcpcpHUH-
eHTe HecpTeH3BJie'!eHHj! 17 %. )lo6bI'la npOHJBO.UHTC.SI H3 HeCKOJlbKHX npom1uaeMhlX
30H B 150-MeTpOBOH TOJIIUe H3BeCTHSIKOB H .Ll.OJTOMHTOB nepMCKOro B03pacrn (CBHTbl
YH'IHTO H HH:>KHHH Krmp <DopK). noJIHhlH OT'leT 06 'HOM HCCJie.D.OBaHHH HaXO.UHTCj!
Ha se6-cai1Te MHHHCTepcrna 3HepreTHKH [44].
Bep111111<0J1b11a11 11ocJ1edo6ante.'lb110cmb ce<>u,ue11111aquo1111blx cmpy1<111J'P
B pa3pe3e Kom1eKTopa Ha Mecrnpo:>K.UeHHH <DannepToH MoryT 6bITh Bhl.ll.enetthI
12 cfiau11ii Ha OCHOBe )l,aHHhlX 0 THne, pa3Mepe H coprnpOBKe 3epeH, ct>au11anbHOM
COCTaBe, ce.n11MeHTaUHOHHblX CTpyKTypax H JIHTOJIOfHH [44]:
1) Ma.ncTOYHbl 11 BaKCTOYHbl npHJJHBHO-OTJJHBHOH paBHHHbl: B OCHOBHOM ;J.0JIOMH-
TH3HpOBaHHhie, tta116onee llIHpoKo npencrnsJJeHHbie B CBHTe YH'nno H JJOKaJJb-
HO - B cBJne HH:>KHHH KJmp <l>opK, TecHo cs.srJaHHhie c cpaUHSIMH npHJJHBHO-
OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl.
7.5. CTPHMEPbl MECTOP0)1{)1EH11H C JIOJIOMI.ffOBhlMH KOJIJIEKTOPAMH 321
0 CKea)f(HHbI
C OT60pOM
KepHa
0 4000 cj>yTOB
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0 1000 M
nnaTcj>OpM3
UeHTpaJJbHOro 6accel!Ha
PHc. 7.52. PacnoJJO)f{em1e HCCJJeJlyeMoro y<1acTKa CBHTbl KJmp ct>opK, MeCTOpO)f(JleHHe
ct>anneproH [ 17].
2) 06orameHHbie rJIHH8MH Kap6oHaTHbie M8)].CTOYHbl: KaK npaBHJIO, M8JIOMOlll.Hble
H pacnpocrpaHeHHble JIOKaJibHO, TeCHO CB.!138HHbie c cynpaJIHTOpaJibHblMH lf>auH-
.ffMH M8.UCTOYHOB H BaKCTOYHOB.
3) Cy6a3panhHa.ff 30Ha np11nHBHO-OTJIHBHOH paBHHHht: BbI.UeJieHHe npoH3se.uetto no
lf>ettecTpaM, nH30JIHTaM, Tpem1rnaM ychIXaHH.ff, MHKpo6HoH (MHKpo611onor11'1e-
cKoH) CJIOHCTOCTH H oTMe'leHHhIM H3MeHeHH.ffM ypoBH.ff MOP.ff. a CBHTaX YH'rnro
11 HmKHHH K;mp <t>opK.
4) IleJIOHAHhie saKCTOYHbI: npeHMylll.eCTBeHHO rJIHHHCThte lf>aUHH c xo.n.aMH HJIO-
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'1TO Olla HC SIBJIHeTCJI KOJJJICKTOpOM.
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lUCHHOCTb 6blJ1H pacc'IHTaHbl Ha OCHOBe 3Ha<tCHHH nerpocj>H3HLICCKOro KJJacca, 11011y-
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no KapOTa)Ky BeJJHlfHH o6mci1 nopHCTOCTH H 3aBHCHMOCTH )lJIJI pa3JIHLIHblX neTpO-
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TOpblX KapOTa)K 6b1Jt npOBC.llCH no 1960 r . B .naHHOM HCCJICJlOBaHHH MO/KHO 6b!J10
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KpHBble nopHCTOCTH 6b!JJH HOpMa11H30BaHbl If cpaBHCHbl c .uaHHblMH, llOJJYLICHHblMH
110 KCpHy ( J 8].
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a B cJ>opMyJ1e 6blm1 11cno11bJOBaHbt neTpo<l>H3HLJecKHH Knacc, onpe.ueneHHblH no cTpa-
7.5. CTPl1MEPbl C: .ilOJIOMIITOBblMll KOJIJIEKTOPAMH 333
THrpa<f>HlfeCKHM COOTHOllleHHSIM, H 3HalfeHHSI o6meii nopHCTOCTH, onpe.neneHHbie no
KapOTa)l(y.
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JIH orn6paHbI o6pa3Ubl KepHa (pHc. 7 .58). Orno)l(e1rnsi CBHTbI YHlfHTO xapaKTepHJy-
IOTCH neTpO<f>H3HlfeCKHM KJiaCCOM 3, H paclfeniasi npOHHuaeMOCTb xopOlllO coana.naer
c npoHHuaeMOCTblO B eepxHeii 'tacrn CBHTbl (ceKBeHUHH L 2). CsHTa HH)l(HHH KnHp
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a .llBa aepxHHX - Knaccy 3. obIJIO nonylfeHo OlfeHb 6nH3KOe cosna.nettHe JHalfeH11ii
pac,1ernoi1 npottHuaeMocrn H onpe.uenettttoii no KepHy. 84C L 2.2 xapa11.1epHJyeTCS1
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HHeM <jiopMyJ1b1 pac'!ern npoHHuaeMocrn no nopucrncTH. Pac'ICTHble 3H3lfCHHH 6mnKo coe-
na.ilaJOT c eeJIH'IHHaMH, nonr1eHHblMH no KepHy.
334 fJlABA 7
OueHKa seJIH'IHHhl Ha'laJibHOH so.uoHaCblllleHHOCTH 6bma npose.neHa c Hcnonb-
30BaHHCM MO.UCJlH Kamrnm1puoro .uaBJICHHJI, onHCaHHOH Bblllie, npH JTOM npe.nno-
naranoch, 'ITO ypoBCHb Hyneeoro KallHJlJlJIPHOro J:{aBJICHHll COOTBCTCTByeT rny6HHC
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llHJIJIJlpHoro .naeneHHll, npe.ucrnBJ1eHo Ha pHc. 7.59. B JoHax JaeonHeHHll BO.llOHaChl-
meHHOCTh, onpe.ue11eH1faJ1 no MCTO.UHKe Ap'IH, oKa3blBaeTCJI Bblllle,
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9
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po<j>HJH11ecKHX CBOHCTB 3Ha'IHTCJ1bHO eapbHpycT KaK JJaTCpaJJbHO, TaK H MCIK.LlY cc-
KBCHUHJIMH (pHc. 7.60). B cesepttoi1 'lacrn nno1uan.H nopHCTOCTb 06b1'1HO Bb1we, 'ICM
HCK\lTOpblX HCTO'IHllK3X BCTpcmeTCll ttan11ca1111e fOKA.ll (GOCAD). - npu.11. 11epe6.
7.5. IlPHMEl'bl MECTOP0)1(;1EH11i1 C .llOJIOMHTOBblMll KOJIJIEKTOPAMll 335
B IO:>KHOH, a B CBHTC YwrnTO - KaK npae11no, BblllJe, 'ICM B CBHTC HH:>KHHH Kn11p <l>opK.
B HH:>KHeH '!acrn CBHTbl Kmlp <l>opK ny
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KapTbl HJrn10crp11py1<>T JJ.yroo6paJHYIO ( apo'!Hy10) cxeMy pacnpe.ue11eH11J1 nop11crocr11
Ha cesepllOM Kyno11e, c nopHCTblMH OTJIO:>KeHHJIMH B cesepo-BOCTO'IHOH H IO:>KHOH 1.fa-
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concp:lKaHHlt nopon Knacca I.
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pacnpe.llCJJCHH11 He<l>TeHaCblll.lCHHOCTH B CJJOSIX cpHJJbTp3UHH 20 H 22. npOBC.llCHHblC
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338 fJlABA 7
(a) BlfC L 2.1, Cnoif cf>HJJbTpau1rn 11
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Hecf>TeHacb1meHHOCTb (%)
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MO)l(eT 3Ha'IHTeJlbHO pa3nH'laTbCH e pa3HbIX Blfl{ H cnoHx cf>HnbTpaU.HH.
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B 6oJiblllHHCTBe cnyqaes KOJIJICKTOpbl, xapaKTepH3yiomHecSI 6onee BhlCOKOH npo-
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ornoc.11TC K THny TpemHHHhIX (CM. on11cau11SI TpemHttHhIX KonneKTopos s [2]). Oii.-
346 rJJABA 8
HaKO Kap6ottaTHbie KOJIJieKTOpbl c He06hPIHO BblCOKOH npOHHQaeMOCTblO o6Jia)laJOT
6onee CJIO)l(HOH CTPYKTYPOH nop, lJeM npocTo rpem11ttbr. B noposoM npocTpattcrne,
KOTOpoe 06b1qHo CBSl38HO c rpell.lHHaMH, yseJIHLieHHblMH B pe3yJibTaTe pacrnopeHHSI,
KaBepHbl coe)lHHSllOTCSI B QeJiyJO CeTb, xapaKTepH3YIOlllYIOCSI 60JlbllIHM pa3HOo6pa-
3HeM pa3Mepoa 11 cpopM nop, a taK)l(e 6peK'IHH o6pyrneHHSI. KaK npasuno, npe.nno-
naraercsi, lf.TO 3TH THnhl nop cssi3aHbI c <l>ttJibTpa1..n1eu rpyttTOBhIX ao.n a np11nosepx-
HOCTHhIX ropH30HTaX. <l>HJlbTpaQHSI MO)l(eT KOHTpOJIHpOB8TbCSI CHCTeMOH rpell.lHH, npH
)TOM )lHareHeTHqecKaSI o6CTaHOBKa OTHOCHTCSI K THny MeTeOpHOH HJIH KapcTOBOH.
0)lH8KO HeKOTOpoe He CB.Sl38HHOe co crpyKTypow CKeJieTa BbIUle11aq11saHHe 11 o6pa30-
B8HHe 6pel(llHH MO)l(eT 6h1Tb CBSl3aHO c rny6ttHHblMH MHrpaUHSIMH <}lnIOH)la H He 3aBH-
ceTb OT nosepxttoCTHbIX sisneHHH [8, 3 I]. CymecTsyeT npe)lnOJIO)l(em1e, no rny611tt-
Hoe BbIUleJiaqusaHHe CBSl38HO c TepMOXHMHlf.eCKHM BOCCTaHOBJieHHeM cy11b<paTOB,
T. e. c npoueccoM o6pa3oBaHHSI cepHOH KHCJlOTbl B XO)le BOCCTaHOBJleHH.SI cynbcpaT-
HblX MHHepMoB 111111 ceposo)lopo)la H
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BHTHSI TpeI..QHH H pa3JIOMOB H lf.aCTO onpe)leJISleTCSI KaK rH)lpOTepMallbHblH )lHare-
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XOTSI CBOHCTBa KOJIJleKTOpa, 06pa30Baarnttec.11 ITO)l BJlHSIHHeM BbIIUenaq11aaHHSI, o6py-
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(CMHTHH) H ct>opMHpOB3HHH MHKpOTpeIUHH
MeJIKOMacrnra6Hoe BbIIUe11aq11aaHHe o6wrno casi3aHo c BbJI..Qe11aq11saHHeM 1epeH
aparoHHTa HJlH KpHCTaJIJlOB rnnca H aHrH)lpHTa. l13pe.uKa BCTpel!alOTCSI H36HpaTeJlbHO
BbtllleJlOLieHHhie QettrpMhHhie LiaCTH Kp11cra1111oa )lOllOMHTa. TaKoe BhII..Qe11aq11satt11e
MO)l(eT npoHCXO.LlHTb B MeTeopHOH o6ctaHOBKe, CB.Sl38HHOH c np11cyrcrn11eM npeCHOH
BO.Ubl, 111111 B ycnosm1x norpy)l(eHHSI. 06pyrneHtte c11enKoa 3epeH npHBO)lHT K pacTpec-
KHBaHHIO noCJle)lHHX, a TaK)l(e OKpy)l(alOI..QeH fJIHHHCTOH MaTpHQbl, co1.uasa.11 TeM ca-
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peH. TaKaSI CHCTeMa OTHOCHTCSI K THny MeJIKOMaCrnta6HblX B3aHMOCBSl3aHHblX KaBepH,
KOTOpa.SI y11yqrnaeT npOHHQaeMOCTb 6e3 3aMeTHOfO H3MeHeHHSI nopHCTOCTH. np11Mep
Me11K0Macwra6Horo B3aHMOCBsi3aHHO-KaaepHoaoro noposoro npocTpaHcrna - MecTO-
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TpattccpopMau11si rnnca B attrn.np11T npHBO)lHT K yMeHbrneHHJO nop11crocT11
Ha 40 %. 3TOT npouecc KOHTpOJrnpyercsi TeMnepaTypoi1 H COJieHOCTb!O nnaCTOBOH
BO.llbI (cM. rnasy 7). B 3arra)J.HOM Texace '.JTO npo11cxo.n11T Ha rny611Hax np11MepHo
I 200 MeTpOB. fopHoe )laaneHHe npHBO)lHT K CMSITHIO o6pa30BaBWHXC.SI KaaepH H cpop-
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<flopMau1111 H o6pyrneHH.SI '.JTH rpeI..QHHbl o6bI"IHO 3anOJIH.SIIOTC.SI aHrtt)lpHTOM. 0)lHaKO
ecn11 n03.llHee aHrn.11.pHT 113611pare11bHO BbtI..Qe11aq11saercsi, ro 06pa3osasrn11ecsi a pe-
3YJibTare KaaepHbl 11 rpeI..QHHbl o6pa3yIOT MeJIKOMacwrn6HylO CHCTeMy B3aHMOCB.Sl38H-
HblX nyCTOT.
8.2. MEJlKOMACWTAliHblE .RBJJEHl151 BbllUEJ1A411BAHH.R 347
8.2.1. BJIHHHHe ua neTpotnnu<tecKue ceoiicTea
MeJIKOMacuna6uoe BhIIUeJJa'IHBam1e H o6pa3osaHHe MHKpOTpeIUHHOsarncTH
npOHCXO]\.!IT B TaKHX pa3Mepax, KOTOpbie MOryT 6hITb npoaHaJJH3HpOBaHbl c nOMO-
lllblO KepHOBOro MaTepHaJJa. 3TOT npouecc o6bI'IHO yny'lwaeT npOHHUaeMOCTb, npH
noM MaJIO H3MeH.!l.!I nopHCTOCTh (cM. rnasy 6, onHcaHHe MecTopo)l(,neHH.!I H.n.rt-JJib-
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ryT KOHUeHTpHposaTbC.!I B o6JiaCTH KJiacca 2, a OTHOC.!IIUHeC.!I K KJiaccy 2 npeHMyr.ue-
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'ITO o6pa3Ubl, co.nep)l(aIUHe MHKpOTpeIUHHbl, KOHUeHTPHPYIOTC11 B o6JiaCTH KJiacca I
(pHc. 8. 1 ). CTpoHHuaeMOCTh ysenwrnsaeTc11 B 5-10 pa3 no cpasHeHmo c npoHHuae-
MOCThfO MaTpHUbI nopo.nb1. CTpHMep .npyroro Mecrnpo)l(.neHH.!I - CaYT Koy.u.eH B 3a-
na.uuoM Texace, c KOJIJieKTopoM nepMcKoro B03pacTa, - noKa3b1saeT, 4TO cpe):{HeKpH-
CTaJIJIH'lecK11e BaKCTOYHbl 11 npeHMyIUeCTBeHHO 3epHHCTbie naKCTOYHbl Ha rpa<l>HKe
HaXO.D..!ITC.!I B o6naCTH KJiacca 2, 'ITO cosna.uaeT c nporH030M, npHHHMa.!I BO BHHMaHHe,
4TO npOHHuaeMOCTb B 06pa3uax, co.nep)l(alUHX MHKpOTperuHHbl, ysemt4eHa B 5 pa3.
Cne.uosaTeJihHO, MO)l(HO npe.unoJJO)l(HTh, 4TO BbI1UeJia'IHBaH11e, o6pyrneHHe ( CM.!ITHC)
H o6pa30BaHHe TperuHHOBaTOCTH B Macwrn6ax, conocTaBHMbIX c pa3.MepaMH 3epel I,
yseJIHl!HBaeT npOHHUaeMOCTb B 5-10 pa3 no cpaBHeHHIO c npoHHuaeMOCTblO CKeJI\!] ,j
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B KOTOpblX MHKpOTpemHHbl OTCYTCTBYIOT, KOHUeHTpHpytoTCll B o6JiaCTH KJJacca 2, npHlfeM
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B rnaee 6 Mbl paccMaTpHBaJJH MecropO)l(.LJ.CHHe lfo.ll-'JJib-Waprn e 0MaHe
H npOJlCMOHCTp11poea1m, KaK MeJJKHe B3aHMOCBSl3aHHblC KaeepHbl, npe,ll.CTaBJieHHbIC
peJmKTaMH BbllllCJIOLJCIIHblX 3epeH H coe.u11HeHHbte Me')l(Jly co6oi1 rpeIUHHaMH, o6-
pa30BaBlllHMHCSI B pe3yJibTaTe ynJIOTHeHHSI OCallKa, yny<trna!OT np01rnuaeMOCTb npe-
HMYIUCCTBCHHO rnHHHCTbtx naKcroyHoe. PaJBHTHe pemtKTOB BblIUeno<teHHbtX JepeH
nOlllfHHeHO cneumf>HlfCCKOH CC.UHMe11TaUHOHHOH o6CTaHOBKe, OTKy)la 803MO')l(H0 npo-
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aHrHJlpHTa, 6bIJIO ony6JJHKOBaHO B [7].
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D.emu1 c1-1rHana AK Ha yrncTKax BbIWenameaHHSJ aHntD.pHTa HMeeT ropa3D.O 6onee
nOJIOrHH BHJl, lfCM Ha ylfaCTKax, Ha KOTOpblX aHrH.LlPHT coxpaHHJICSI HJlH TOJibKO l.fa-
CTH'IHO Bblll\CJIOlfCH (pHC. 8.6).
)J,JISJ Bbl.LlCJICHHSI 30H Bblll\CJIOllCHHOro aHrH.LlpHTa H onpeD.CJICHHSI o6mero xapaK-
Tepa BbllltCJlalfHBaHHSI 6blJIH HCflOJlb30BaHbl aKyCTHlfCCKHC MCTOJlbl .llaHHblC no CKBa-
IKHHaM yKa3bJBaJOT Ha npHcyrCTBHC UCJIHKOB HCH3MCHCHHOro aHrHJlPHTHOfO JlOJIOMH-
Ta .UHaMeTpoM D.O nepsbJX coTeH MCTpos s npeD.enax o6meii nnomaD.H, nonseprwencSJ
BbJ11tenalfHBaHHJO. TaKIKe lfCTKO ycrnHoBJJeHo, lfTO HHJKonpoH11uaeMb1e qm1011noyno-
pb1, npenSJTCTBYIOlllHC <i>HJibTpaUHH Ha ylfaCTKaX HCH3MCHCHH0f0 aHrHJlPHTa, OTcy-r
CTBYJOT Ha ylfaCTKax, Ha KOTOpblX npOHCXOJlHJIO BbllllCJlalfHBaHHC.
OnHaKO HMCBWHXC.ff .uaHHblX no CKBalKHHaM 6bJJIO HC,IJ,OCTaTOlfHO JlJlj( ysepeH-
HOfO nocTpOeHH.ff KapTbl ylfaCTKa Bblll\CJlalfHBaHH.ff. l>blJla npe.unpHH.ffTa nonblTKa 11C-
nOJib30BaTb .uaHHbJe o cei1cMHlfCCKHX aMnJJHTy.uax .LlJI.ff KapTHposaHH.11 JOH BbICOKOH
nopHCTOCTH H OKa3aJl0Cb, lfTO pC3YJibTaTbl COBnaJlH c ylfaCTKOM, Ha KOTOpOM 6b1Jl
OTMClfCH BblCOKHH ypoBCHb Jl06bJlfH (pHC. 8. 7). CornacHO 'JTOH KaPTe. MOIKHO npe.u-
nOJJOIKHTb HaJIHlfHC np.11MoyroJ1bHOH CCTKH TPClllHH, KOTopa.11 KOHTpOmtposana <i>HJJb-
352 fJIABA 8
(a) (b)
1000
1000 --,-----r------.---,.--..--.
Et 100
npco6pa10BaHllC KJl3CC3 2
"
100 -+-----a-''r+--'"'Ji""""'n.-+--+--l
,_, ,_,
.a
....
u
10
0
::;:
u
"'
::r
1
:s:
:i:
0
c..
a"
c:
0.1
,;9
0,1
5 10 20 30 40 5 10 20 30 40
IlopHCTOCTb no Keptty (%) IlopHCTOCTb no KepHy (%)
Puc. 8.5. Kpocc-nnoT nopHCTOCTH H npoHHUaCMOCTH no KCPHY e JaBHCHMOCTH OT a) MC)l('la-
cTH'IHOfi nopHCTOCTH, b) MeJlKOM3CWTa6HOH 833Hl\IOCBll33HHO-KaBepHOBOH nopHCTOCTH, HJl-
JllOCTPHPYIOlllHH nOBblWeHHYIO npOHHU3Cl\IOCTb BO B33HMOCBJl33HHO-KaBepHOBOH nopOBOH
CHCTCMC.
,_..
"
-
u
:.:
::;:
,_,
"'
L..
u
\0
0
c..
c
to:
::!:
u
c..
=
u
0
:i:
.a
@
=
c..
u
....
:i:
:s:
262.5
236.2
210,0
183.7
157,5
131,2
0 0,06 0,12
Hc111Mc11cH11b1ii aHrn.np11T
X H1Me11c11111.1ii a11rn11p11T
0 B1o11UeJ10'ICH1tL1ii aHrn.npnT
0,18 0,24 0,30
IlopHCTOCTb no HeihpOHHOMY H nJIOTHOCTHOMY KapoTa)l(y (JlOJIH e.n.)
Puc. 8.6. Kpocc-nnoT HHTepeanbHOro epcMCHH npo6era no 3KYCTH'ICCKOMY Kaporn)l(y H nopH-
cTOcTH no HCHTpOHHOMY 11 nnoTHOCTHOMY KapoTa)l(y, neM0HcTpHpy10m11i1 YHHKaJlbHblC ceoii-
CTBa CllCTCMbl B33HMOCBll33HHO-K3BCpHOBblX nop, BblllBJICHHOH Ha Y'l3CTKC Bb!UlCJJO'ICHHblX

Tpaumo no,ll3eMHbIX cp1110HJIOB, npnse.zu11y10 K BhillleJJalJHBaHHIO attrn.npHTOB. Kaprbl
no.u.o6Horo THna He MOrJJH 6b!Tb noCTpoeHbl TOJlbKO no .naHHblM H3 CKBa)KHH. TeM ca-
MblM npo.neMOHCTpHposaHa Ba)KHaH p011b ceifCMHlJCCKHX .naHHblX, KOTOpble KOppeJJH-
PYIOTCH c reonoro-neTpocp11311'JecKoH MOJICJJblO.
8.3. KPYnHOMACWTA6HOE Bb1LUEJIA411BAHllE TPELUHHOBATOCTll 353
Puc. 8.7. CelicMH'lecKast Kaprn KOJl!lCtCTopa Ha MCCTOPO*llCHHH Cayr KoyneH, HJ11llOCTp1tpy10-
Ulast npstMOJlHHeHHblH xapatCTep paJBHTHSI nopHCTOCTll.
8.3. KpynttoMacwTafittoe Bb1mena'IHBattue, ofipywettue
H cJopMHpOB3HHe TpelllHHOBaTOCTH
KpynttoMacuna6ttoe BbI1UeJJal!11eatt11e - :no xapaKTepHbJH npou.ecc, ce113aHHbIH
c KpynHblMl1 npecHOBO.UHbIMH aKemf>epaMH, c o6CTaHOBKOH MeTeopttoro )lJ1areHe3a
(pHC. 8.8). 06blllHblM pe3yJibTaTOM BbllUCJial111BaHH1! B TaKOH o6CTaHOBKe 11BJl11eTC11
pa3811THe nemep, 11 MHOrne KOJJJICKTOpbl 11BJl11IOTC11 npo.I{yKT118HbJMH HMCHHO B HHTep-
eanax pa3BHTH11 naneonemep [ 15). MeTeopHbie BO.Ubl, Bbmana10m11e e s11ne oca.n.KoB
Ha noeepXHOCTb 3CMJ1H, npOHHKalOT B CHCTeMy rpyHTOBblX BO!l H M11rp11py10T B Ha-
npaeneHl111 Mop11. B Httrepeane Me:>K.ny nosepxttocTblO 3CMJI11 11 yposHeM rpyttTOBbIX
80.U noposoe npocrpaHCTBO llaCTl1L!HO HaCblWCHHO 80.UOH, y.nep:>KHBaeMOH KanHJIJijlp-
HblMl1 CHJiaMH, 3a 11CKJIIOL!CHl1eM nepHO..UOB CHJlbHblX .no:>K.ueil HJ111 Haeo.ntteHHH. 3nJ
30Hbl, xapaKTep113YIOWHeC11 L!aCTH4HOH a3pau.11ett, Ha3bJBalOTC11 600031/bl.llU. <1>11J1b-
rpau.1rn 80.llbl 113 HHX np011CXO,!lHT B ncpHO.Ilbl Bbma.ueHH11 .UO:>K.UeH 11JlH HaBO!lHeHHH,
np11ypolleHa K Cl1CTeMe nepeceKalOW11XC11 rpelUHH H KapCTOBbIM BOpOHKaM, H so.na
MHrp11pyer, B OCHOBHOM, BHH3 no pa3pe3y. HmKe ypoBH11 rpyHTOBblX 80.U nopoeoe
npocrpaHCTBO Ha I 00 % uacb1WeHHO eo.noil. '.fra 30Ha HOCHT Ha3eaHHe qJpeamu11e-
cKoti (30Hbl rpyHTOBblX eon). <l>HJ1bTpau1111 113 )TOH 30Hbl MO:>KeT npottCXO.IlHTb B neyx
354 DlABA 8
160 KM
300 M
ITnacTOBhIH paccon
P11c. 8.8. CxeMa MeTeopttoH o6cTaHOBKl1 (ttanwrnll rpyttTOBhIX eo.u.), HJIJIIOCTp11py10mall 30-
Hhl pa3Blffl1ll rpyttTOBblX 80,ll., 30Hbl CMellJCHHll B0.11. H ttanpaBJiemte <j>HJJbTPaUHH <j>nlOH.llOB.
8b1mena'meam1e, KaK npae11no, npo11cxo.u.11T e ea.11.oJHOH 30He. T. e. e 30tte eepxHeH qacTH
MeTeopHblX <f>peaTH'leCKl1X BO,ll, 11 B 30He CMellJeHHll.
HanpaBJieHmlX - JiaTepanbHO H BHH3, OHa CB1!3aHa c TpemHHat.m H 30HaMH Bbill{eJia-
1rnsam:111 OTJIOJKeHHH B.llOJlb nyTeH MHrpaUHH.
rpaHHUa MeJK.llY Ba)J.03HOH H cppeaTH'!eCKOH 30HaMH He IlOCT011HHa, a nepeMe-
ll{aeTC1! BBepx H BHH3 B JaBHCHMOCTH OT 6anattca MeJK.ll.Y KOJIH'leCTBOM nOCTynatO-
IUHX 11.0JK.ll.eBbIX ocaD.KOB, cyMMapHoro HcnapeHH11 (T. e. HcnapeHH11 H TpaHCTIHpaUHH)
11 pa3rpy3Kl1 B BO.llOeMbI. Tonm11tta sa.uoJHOH 30HbI onpe.uen11eTc11 TaK)Ke ronorpacpH-
eii. B ropHCThIX paiiottax ea.u.oJHaH JoHa MOJKeT npocrHpaThCH ..a:o rny6HHhI CBhIWe
300 M, B TO speM1! KaK B paBHHHHhlX paHOHax ee TOJIU\11Ha COCTaBJUleT He 6onee
HeCKOJibKHX .uec11TKOB Merpos. EonbWHHCTBO KOJIJieKTopos 6bmo BbI1!BJieHo B ycno-
s1111x naccHBHOH TeKTOHl1'!eCKOH OKpaHHbl, nosepXHOCTb KOTOpOH xapaKTepH3YeTC11
cna6hIM pa3BHTHeM B03BhIWeHHbIX cpopM penbe<!Ja. B CBR3H c JTHM, Mbl y,ueJIHM oc-
HOeHoe BHHMaHHe ycJIOBHHM MeTeopttoro .u.11areHeJa, CBH3aHHblM c npeHMymecTBeHHO
nonorHMH nosepxHocrnMH peJibecpa.
B Hccne.n.osatt1111x KapcToB H cospeMeHHbIX nemep sa.n.oJHOH 30He y.uen11eTc11
oco6oe BHHMaHHe. KapcTOBhIH naH.D.macpT xapaKTep113yeTc11 sttyrpeHHeH pa3rpy3KOH
(.npettaJKOM) B KapCTOBbie nposaJibl " BOpOHKH, 06pa3oeaern11ecH B pe3yJihTaTe aKTHB-
HOro KOHUeHTp11posaHHOro ( TOl.fel.fHOfO) Bbill.\eJial.fHB3HHH, B03MOJKHO, np11ypo'leH-
HOro K MCCTaM nepecel.feHH11 CHCTeM Tpell{HH. KapCTOBbie npOBaJJbl npHBO.llU K o6-
pa30B3HHtO TIO,ll3eMHhlX TYHHeJieH, B KOTOpblX MOfYT <PopMHpOBaTbC11 TIO.ll.3eMHhle no-
TOKl1 . .[{Ho TaKHX rytttteneii o6hI'IHO cnoJKeHo nemepHhIMH oca..a:KaMH 11 6peK'IH-
ei1 o6pyrnettHH. 3TH nemepbl KOHUettTpttpytOTCH B Ba,ll.03HOH 30He " sepxHeH l.faCTH
cppeaTH'leCKOH 30Hbl. 0 nporn)KeHHOCTH COBpeMeHHblX nemep, pacnonoJKeHttbIX HHJKe
ypoBH11 rpyHTOBblX BO.[(, 113BeCTHO Mano, HO reoJIOfHl.feCKl1e HCCJie.[(OBaHH11 Il03B0Jljj-
t0T npe,!l.nOJIOJKHTb, 'ITO OHH MOryr npoCTHpaTbCjj Ha COTHH MeTpOB HHJKe ypoBH11
rpyttTOBbIX BO,ll..
reoXHMH'IeCKaH H rHD.pOJJOfHtJeCKaH 06CTaHOBKa B CHCTeMe rpyttTOBbIX BO.ll. HB-
JI11eTC11 KJllOtJeBblM cpaKTOpOM .ll.Jljj IlOHHMaHH11 ycJIOBHH npOHCXOJK.lleHlrn H pacnpene-
JieHl111 B3aHMOCBH3aHHo-KasepHOBbIX nopoBbIX cHcTeM. B cnoJKHOH o6cTaHOBKe reo-
XHMH'leCKOH H fH.ll.POJIOfH'IeCKOH CHCTeMbl npoHCXOMT 11 BbIIUeJial.fHBaH11e, 11 Bbma-
.u.ettue B oca.u.oK, ee..a:yru11e K BblHOCy Kap6oHaTOB 113 0.ll.HHX yqacTKOB H HX ocaJK):(eHHe
B .npyrnx. CTopHCTOCTb yMeHblllaeTCH B pe3yJJbTaTe o6pa3oeattl1H BHCH4ero H Mett11CKO-
8.3. KPYnHOMACWTAEHOE BblLUEJINIHBAH11E TPELUHHOBATOCHI 355
eoro ueMeHTa, KOTopoe npHBO.UHT K <PopMHpoeamno Kanmuu1ptto 3aKynopeHHOH BO.Ubl
B ea.uo3HOH 30He. B ea,uo3HOH 30He o6pa3yeTcll rnJOKe cnapHTOBbIH ueMeHT.
He.uottaCbIIUeHHall MeTeoptta11 eo.ua llBJI11eTc11 o.uttoii H3 xapaKTepHbIX qepT o6cra-
HOBKH MeTeopttoro .UHareHe3a, npH )TOM Bh!IUeJiarneaHHe npoHCXO.UHT, B OCHOBHOM,
B Ba.U03HOH 30He, BepxHeH "laCTH cl>peaTHtleCKOH 30Hbl H B 30He CMerneHH11. CTOCKOJib-
KY .uo)l()leea11 so.ua tte.uottacb11Uetta, otta ettaqaJie Bbill.leJiaqueaeT Kap6oHaTbI e sa.uo3-
HOH H sepxHeii qacTH <l>peaT11qecKoii JOH. f eoxHMHqecKHe HCCJie.UOBaHH11 no3BOJIHJIH
ycrnHOBHTb, "ITO CMerneHHe .usyx THilOB BO.Ubl, HaCbIIUeHHOH KaJibUHTOM, npH pa3-
JIHqHblX napUHaJibHblX .uasJiettu11x C02 MO)KeT np11secTH K o6pa3osattHIO pacTsopos,
He.UOHaCbIIUeHHblX KaJibUHTOM, H TeM CaMbIM ycHJIHTb cnoco6HOCTh BO.Ubl BblIUeJia-
"IHBan. KaJibUHT [23). MopcKa11 so.ua nepettacb1metta Kap6ottaTOM KaJibUHll CaC03,
HO npH CMerneHHH c 6oJiee npeCHblMH MeTeOpHblMH rpyHTOBblMH BO,UaMH B 30He
CMerneHH11 OHa MO)KeT CTaTb He.UOHaCbIIUeHHOH, cnoco6HOH K 6oJJee CHJibHOMY Bbl-
rueJiaqusattHIO H o6pa3osaHHIO npH <l>HJibTpauHH KasepH03Horo nopoeoro npocTpaH-
cTBa (pHc. 8.9; [23)). l1ccne.uosaHH11 <l>nopH.UCKoro aKs11<1>epa 11 np116pemHhIX nell.\ep
lOKaTaHa (MeKCHKa) noKa3aJIH, qTo 113BeCTH1IKH BblIUeJiaqHBalOTC11 B 30He CMC I 11 c-
HH11 MOpCKOH BO.Ubl HJIH nJTaCTOBOH MHHepaJTH30BaHHOH BO.Ubl c npecHOH so.uoli <b-
e11<1>epa [28].
! ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
~
~ 0,
5
log Pco, = -0,30 ./
= ~ ...
.,,.,.,.,. ... j
/, j
15 / log Pco = -0,20 ;
(.) / ' ... .
g 0 .,...... __ .,.....,,.,.,. __ n_c.._pe_H_ac_b_1w_e_HH_o_cT .... b..., .._- ---"""'f-i!
:I: HC.110H8CblWCHHOCTb , j
3 '\.. i
:a ~ ~ - - /
~ '...... log Pco. == -0, 10 _,.
:c ................... _ ~ . ...-""
~ -0.5 ---------
log Pco, == 0
:s:
-1..._ ........ _....___.__...__.__....____., _ _ . _ _ _ . _ ~
20 40 60 80 100
.[{OJUI MOpCKOH BO.!lbl B CMeCH (%)
P11c. 8.9. HH.lleKc HaCbIIUCHHOCTH KaJJbU.HTOM e CMewaHHbIX pacTBopax rrpH paJJJH'IHbIX rrap-
u.11anbHbIX .ZlaBJieHHllX C02, TeMrrepaType 25 C H H3MeHeHHOH MopcKoH eo.u.e (23).
feoMeTpH11 CHCTeM B3aHMOCB113aHHO-KasepHOBOro npocTpaHCTBa B MeTeopHOH
o6cTaHOBKe KOHTpOJIHpyeTCll xapaKTepoM npe.uwecTBOBaBlllHX TeKTOHHqecKHX Tpe-
IUHH, pacnOJIO)KeHHeM KOHTaKTa Me)K.uy sa.uo3HOH H qipeaTHqecKOH 30HaMH, cpopMOH
30HbI CMerneHHll n JTHTonorneii. Ce.uHMeHTaUHOHHhie TeKcTypbI oKa3hlsaioT cna6oe
BJTHllHHe tta pacnpe.uenettne KpynttoMacwra6ttoro Bh1ruena1.1Hsattull; onttaKo npocnou
paCTBOpHMblX MHHepaJIOB, TaKHX, KaK )BanopHTOBbie MHHepaJibl attrn.upuT, rune HJIH
356 fJlABA 8
raJUIT, MOryr 6hITb 1136ttpaTeJihHO BbIIUeJIO':leHbl B ycJIOBlUIX rpyHTOBblX BO.ll, llTQ nptt-
Be.neT K cj>opMttpoBaHmo cttcTeMbI nern.ep [30]. TaKiKe 6onee Bepoutto, ':ITO npocnott
H3BeCTHHKOB 6y.LJ.yr BbIIUeJIO':leHbl paHhllle, ':leM npocJIOH JJ:OJIOMHTOB B Tex nnacrax,
B KOTOpblX 3TH .LI.Be nopO.llbl nepecJiaJfBa!OTCH.
KapThI nemep o6hI':IHO JJ,eMOHCTpttpyioT, ':ITO cttcTeMhI TpemttH B 3ttauneJihHOH
cTenetttt KOHTpoJiupyioT reoMeTpmo TOM HJIH HHOH nern.epht. TpemHHhI HBJIHIOTCH TH-
nH':IHhIM aTpu6yTOM Kap6ottaTHblX nopo.n H cj>opMHPYIOTCH B pe3yJihTaTe HanpHi!CeHHH,
KOTOphie co3JJ:alOTCH no.ll. B03JJ.eiicrntteM pa3HhIX cj>aKTopos. Tptt ttatt6onee qacThIX
npH':IHHbl B03HHKHOBeHHH peiKHMa HanpHi!CeHHH - :no TeKTOHH4eCKOe ttanpHi!CeHtte,
ropttoe .nasJieHtte H cf>opMttposaHtte KpynHhIX KasepH (nemep). TeKToHtt':leCKtte Tpe-
IUHHhI o6pa3ylOTCH KaK pe3yJihTaT H3rH63HHH 11 pa3JiaMblBaHHH nnaCTOB, H pacnpe.ne-
JieHHe TpemttH MOiKeT 6bITb CBH3aHO c MOMeHTOM H3rn6aHHH H paCCTO.SIHHeM OT pa3-
JIOMOB. B HeKOTOphlX cJiyqa.six nnOTHOCTb TpemuH 3as11CHT OT JIHTonorn11; HanpuMep,
nonoMHThI uMeJOT TeH.neHUHIO 6hITh 6onee TpeIUHHOBaThIMH, 4eM H3BecTHHKH. Tpe-
lll.HHhI, o6pa30B3BlUHeC.SI B pe3yJihTaTe ropHOfO .naBneHH.SI, cf>opMHPYIOTCH Torna, KOr.na
cpn!OHJJ.bl OKa3bIBalOTC.SI 3aKynopeHHh!MH B nopax H He MOryT 6b!Tb OTTy,D,a BbITeCHe-
Hbl, .ua)l(e Kor.na .naaJieHHe BhillleJieiKalll.HX OTJIO)!(eHHH B03pacTaeT. B MOMeHT, Kor.ua
nopoBoe .nasneHue npu6mnKaeTCH K .LJ.asneHHIO BhIWeJie)!(alll,HX rn1aCTOB, .uocTuraeTc.si
.uaBJieHue pacTpecKttBaHH.SI H nopo.UhI pa3naMbIBa10TCH. TpeIUHHbI o6pa3yJOTC.SI B cso-
.ne nemephI no Mepe Toro, KaK norpyiKeHtte yBeJIHlJHBaeT ropHoe .uaBJieHue, noKa
He HaCTynaeT MOMeHT, Karna CBO.ll o6saJIHBaeTC.SI H 06pa3y10TC.SI 6peK4HH o6pyrneHH.SI.
Pacnpe.uenetttte Tpem1rn HanpsiMy10 cB.si3aHo c pacnpe.nenem1eM nemep H KocseHHo -
c TeKTOHH4eCKHMH TpelUHHaMH H ypoBHeM rpyttTOBblX BO,ll.
CnJiornHoe Bhilll.enaqusaHue H KapcToo6pa3oBaHue MOryT 6bITh TecHo cB.si3aHhI
c cy6a3paJibHblM o6ttai!CeHHCM noaepxHOCTeH, nOCKOJibKY 3TH noBepXHOCTH .SIBJI.SllOTC.SI
MeCTOM npottHKHOBeHH.SI BO.Ubl s CHCTCMY rpyttTOBbIX so.n. B Mo.nenu .nonoMHTH3aU.HH
npoca4HBa!OlUHMHC.SI pacconaMH Bbl.SIBJiemre Ha.LJ.npHJIHBHhIX noaepxttocTett H 3Bano-
pHTOBbIX naryH B Ka4eCTBe MeCT npOHHKHOBCHHSI .ll0JIOMHTH3Hpy10rn.ew BO.Ubl .SIBJI.SleT-
C.SI B3iKHblM cf>aKTOpOM npH npOrH03e xapal<Tepa H nopHCTOCTH llOJIOMHTOB. TioXOiKHM
o6pa30M, Bbl.SIBJ1em1e MeCT npOHHKHOBeHH.SI MeTeOpHblX rpyHTOBblX BO.ll sai!CHO ,!lJI.SI
nporn03a pacnpeL1.eJieHH.S1 npoL1.yKTOB cnnornHoro BbIIUCJialfHBaHH.SI, TaKHX, KaK neme-
pbI, 6peK4HH o6pyrneHH.SI H TpelUHHbl.
063op HCCJie.nosamtH no ceKBeHTHOH CTpaTHrpacpHH n03BOJI.SleT npe.nnoJio:>KHTb,
4TO Kapcrno6pa30BaHHe He OlfeHb xapaKTepHO ,!lJI.SI rpaHHU BblCOKOlfaCTOTHbIX U.HK-
JIOB. He6onhrnHe KapcTOBbie yrny6nemrn, 3anonHeHttb1e BhirneJie)!(aIUHMH ocanKaMH,
MOfYT 6b1Tb BblHBJieHbl Ha o6tta)f(eHHblX noaepxHOCT.SIX, npuypo"leHHblX K BbICOKOlfa-
CTOTHbIM ceKBeHUH.SIM H CJIOiKHbllll ceKBeHUHHM [ 14]. 0.LJ.HaKO BJIH.SIHHe cnnournoro
BhllUeJialfHBaHH.SI, BH)lHMO, CB.Sl3aHO c ttecornacmIMH BTOporo nop.si.uKa, c nosepXHO-
CT.SIMH o6ttai!CeHHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HMH nepepblBal\I B oca.nKoHaKonneHHH npOT.Sl)!(eH-
HOCTblO B MHJIJIHOHbl JieT (3].
Ycrattosnettue noBepxttocTeH, c KOTOpbIMH MOiKHO cB.si3aTb npouecchI o6pa3oBa-
HH.SI 6peK4HM o6pyllleHH.SI H KaBepH, 6bJBaeT 3aTpy.UHHTeJibHblM, nOCKOJibKY COJIOllIHOe
BbIIUeJialJHBaHHe MOiKeT npOHCXO.llHTb Ha rny6Htte B HeCKOJibKO .uec.SITKOB MeTpOB HH)Ke
cy6a3paJihHOH noBepxHOCTH o6ttaiKeHH.SI. He cymecTByeT THnHlfHhIX nocne.uoBaTeJib-
8.3. KPYnHOMACWTAEHOE BblWEJIA'HIBAHHE TPEWHHOBATOCHI 357
HOCTeH KapcTOBblX CTpy!CT)'p, KOTOpb!e MOrmt 61>1 6b!Tb HCnOJ1b30BaHbl Jl,Jl.SI onpe..u:e-
JleHml noaepxHOCTeH I<apcTa, a o..u;HoMepHbie .z:1aHH1>1e, I<aI<, HanpHMep, aepTHI<aJlbHhIH
I<epH, MoryT noKaJaTh HenpepbIBHYtO nponntceHHOCTb nnacrn Me)l(.llY KapcTosoH: no-
aepxHOCTbJO H nepBblM HH:>KeJle)Kall.lHM ropH30HTOM 6peK11mf o6pyrneHHSI. 3aMe11eH-
HaS1 cpe..u:H HCCJle)loBaTeneH: TeH.nettuHsi pacnonaraTb nosepxHOCTb o6Ha'IKeHHSI cpa3y
)Ke ua.n 6peK1111eH: o6pyrneHH.SI np11se11a K ttesepHbIM BbIBo.naM o TOM, qTo 06w11pttoe
BbillleJ1aq1rnaHHe npo11cxo.n11T Ha rpaH11uax UHKJIOB. Ha6mo}lett11.S1 Ha 06Ha'IKeH11six,
TeM He MeHee, He no.z:1Taep'IK.D.aIOT no..u:o6Horo JaKJ1t0lleHH.S1.
Ilod60dR umo?u, .110.JICHO CKQ3amb, 11TO cpopMHpOBaHHe CHCTeM nemep H I<a-
sepH B xo.ue CnJlOWHOro BbI1UeJ1aq11aaHH.SI ..u:aeT TOJlqOJ( K ocymecTBJieHHIO ueJIOH
cepHH co6bITHH, KOTOpbie Moryr OI<a3aTb Ba)KHOe BJlHSIHHe Ha reoMeTpmo KOJlJieK-
TOpa (pHC. 8.10). flepBblM H3 '.HOH cepHH .SIBJl.SleTC.SI npHBHOC ocaiu.:;1 B nemepbl no-
cpe)lCTBOM cpHJlbTPYIOll.leHC.SI noaepXHOCTHOH BO.Ubl. 3TOT oca.noK MO'IKeT ornaraTbC.SI
B Ba)l03Hb!X neruepax HJlH cpHJlbTpOBaTbC.SI BHH3 no pa3pe3y no Tpell.{HHaM H KamUiaM
s 3otte rpyHTOBhIX ao.u. KpynH1>1e nell.{epb1 He MoryT coxpaH.S1TbC.S1 Ha npoT.SIJKeHHH
.uonroro apeMeHH H 06pyw11aat0TC.S1. 06pywett11e cao.ua neruep1>1 MOJKeT npoH3oi1TH
B nepHO.ll ee 06Ha)KeHH.S1 (T. e. HaXO'IK.D.eHH.SI nemepb1 Ha noaepxHOCTH JeMnH) 11 11po-
.D.OJ1'1KaTbC.S1 y)Ke a npouecce nepeKpbITHsi ttaI<an1111aat0ll.lHMHC.S1 oca}lI<aMH H ) Kl'_ 1: 1-
'leHHSI ropHoro .uaaneHH.SI. l1CTOpH.S1 nemepttbIX o6BaJ10B 3a'laCTYIO I<paH:He CJ10Jh: 1,t
H npOJJ.OJlJKaeTCSI B Te11eHHe MHJ1J1HOHOB JleT [16].
flpH onHCaHHH KOJlJleKTOpOB Ba)KHO o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TpelllHHbl H 6peK-
11HH o6pywettHSI; TpelllHHHaSI nopHCTOCTb H nopoaoe npocTpaHCTBO Me)KJJ.Y 6110KaMH
6peK11HH OTHOC.SITC.SI K THny B3aHMOCB.Sl3aHHO-KaBepHOBbIX nop. feOMeTpH.SI 6pel(lUfH
o6pyrneHH.SI 6y.z:1eT onpe.ue11.S1ThCS1 ocHOBHhIMH npoueccaMH pa3BHTH.SI nemepb!. Tpe-
lllHHHa.SI nopHCTOCTh 6yJJ.eT np11ypo11eHa K yqacTKaM pa3pyw11slllerocsi cao.na neruepbI
H 6oKOBblX qacTeH CHCTeM KaBepH [ 16].
Pacnpe.uenettHe neTpocpH3H'leCKHx csoH:crn a ycnoBH.SIX cnnornttoro Bhill.leJia-
'IHBattH.SI, o6pyrneHH.SI H cpopMHpOBaHH.SI TperuHHOBaTOCTH KOHTpom1pyeTC.SI H3Ha-
<Ja.TlbHblM xapaKTepoM Tpell.lHHOBaTOCTH, peJKHMOM MeTeOpHOH cpHJlbTpaUHH H JIH-
TOJIOrHeH nnacrn (p11c. 8. l l ). Crnmwttoe BhillleJla'IHBaHHe cpopM11pyer KpynHbie
coe.UHHeHHbie Me)KJJ.Y co6oH: KaBepHbl, KOTOpbie Mbl Ha3bIBaeM B3aHMOCB.Sl3aHHbIMH.
EcJlH 3TH nycTOTbI BbIUlena1111aaHH.S1 .nocTaTO'IHO aeJIHKH .nnsi Toro, 11To6b1 o6pa-
30BbrnaTb KaBepHbl H nemepbl, TO OHH MOryT o6pywHTbC.SI, npH '.)TOM HX CBO.Ubl
no.nsepra10TC.S1 pacTpecKHBaHHtO H 06pa3yeTc.S1 6peK11H.S1 06pyrneHH.S1, xapaKTep111y-
10ll.la.S1C.S1 Me)K6JI0Koao-6peK<JHeaoH: nopHcTOCTb!O. Pa3BHTHe H o6pyllleHHe KaaepH
MO'IKeT ccpopMHpOBaTb aepTHKa.TlbHYIO ceKBeHUHIO TpelllHHHOfO H 6pel(l{HeBoro TH-
noa [ 12]. EpeK111111 pacTpecK11sattH.S1, M03a1111Ha.S1 6peK1111si HJlH 6peK11H.S1 CMewaHHO-
ro ( M03aH'IHO-TperuHHHOro) THna .SIBJI.SllOTC.SI xapaKTepHblMH npH3HaKaMH 06pyurnB-
weroc.S1 cao}la nell.{epbI. XaoTH'leCKa.SI 6peK11HS1, xapaKTep113y10masic.S1 OTKpbIThIM HJIH
JanonHeHHhlM BHyTpeHHHMH oca.nKaMH Me)K06JlOMO'IHbIM nopOBhlM npocTpaHCTBOM,
yKa3bJBaeT Ha cyll.{eCTBOBaHHe o6pyumallleHC.SI KaBepHbl. 0TKpb!Tbie H 3anOJIHeHHbie
OCa}lKaMH nycTOTbl Bhill.leJla'IHBaHH.SI H He60J1bWHe Kaaepttbl .SIBJl.SllOTC.SI xapaKTepHblM
npH3HaKOM yqacTKOB nJiaCTOB, pacnOJlOJKeHHblX HenocpeJJ.CTBeHHO IlO.ll o6pyrnHBWH-
MHC.SI KasepttaMH 111111 p.SIJJ.OM c HHMH.
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8.3.1. 8JJHHHHe Ha pacnpeJteJJeHHe neTpO$H1H'ICCKHX CBOHCTB
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..lOCTaTOlfHO BblCOKOH, cj>HJJbTpaUHSI cj>JIIOH)la B OCHOBHOM npOHCXO.UHT 'lepe1 CHCTe-
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nycKaJOT <l>JIJOH.UbI (pHc. 8.12). HccnenoaaH11si aKaw<J>epa 3JJ.aap.!lc a Texace n0Ka1a-
8.3. KPYnHOMACWTA6HOE BbllllEJIA4HBAHHE TPElllHHOBATOCTH 359
BnHllHHC ypoeH.11 rpyttroe&tx BO.ll
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0 2,5CM 0 2,5 CM
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HaKJJ CHJJYPHHCKoro B03p8CTa. WT8T MH'IHraH.
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OT noposoro npocTpaHCTBa KOJIJICKTOpa. l13ytteHHC COBpeMCHHblX nemepHblX CHCTCM
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8.3. KrYnHOMACWTAl>HOE BbllUEJlAllllBAHllE TPElUllHOBATOCTH 361
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pos JepeH, a nepexo.llHaJI JOHa - oLJeHb ManOMOlUHa. TaKHM o6paJOM, XOTJI 11.uJ1J1eK-
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SIBJJSICTCSI Ba)f(HOii KapcTOBOH nosepxHOCTblO.
Xou KOJIJJCKTop Ha MCCTopoiK!lCHHli Hei!Tc cJJO)f(eH .'IOJJOJ\11nal\m, uecb OTMC'ta-
eTc.11 6JJH]KOC CXOllCTBO MC)f(JlY CC,UHMCHTaUHOHHblMH TCKCTypaMH H KalJCCTBOM KOJl-
JICKTOpa. npH )TOM rpdhlCTOYHbl Ii npcmrylUCCTBCHHO 1epHHCTblC naKCTOYHbl xa-
paKTep1ny10TCSI Ha1tsb1cweii nopHcTOCTblO MHHepanbHOro cKenern [20]. Ce.uHMeH-
8.3. KPYnHOMACWTA6HUE BbllUEJIA1.Jl1BAHllE TPELUHHUBATOCTll 363
TaUHOHHbte TCKCT)'pbt xapaKTepH3YIOTC.!I OJl<H!laBWHMltC.!I COOTHOWeHH.!IMH c naneo-
reorpacjmeii paiioHa B nepMCKOM BpeMeHH, nplt )TOM rpeHHCTOYHbl KOHUeHTPHPYIOT-
C.!I Ha rpe6He paMna. a npeHMyLUeCTBeHHO rnHHHCTble <J>auHH H oca.nKH npHJJHBHO-
OTJIHBHOH paBHHHbl - B cpenHeM H BHyrpeHHeM paMne.
illHpOKast ceTb TpelUHH HaKJJa.nbrnaeTCSI Ha noposoe npOCTpaHCTBO MaTpHUbl.
Ta CHCTeMa TpelUHH, KOTopast SIBJI.!leTCSI Ba:>KHblM <j>aKTopoM, BJJHSllOlllHM Ha !lHHa-
MHKy JKCnJJyaTaUHH nJJaCTa, npe.nnoJJOX<HTeJibHO c<J>opMHpOBaJJaCb Ha nepBblX JTanax
o6pa30BaHHSI KOJIJleKTopa H HCOblTaJia pacwHpeHHe B pe3yJJbTaTe pacTBopeHHSI <j>mo-
H,llaMH B nepHO!l, nocne.nosaBllJHH Ja npoueccOM KapCToo6pa30BaHHSI B OTJIO)l(CHH-
SIX CBHTbl Cau-AHnpec. XapaKTep Tpem11HosaTOCTH snonHe npe.ncKa1yeM. nocKOJibKY
cHcTeMa TpelUHH HMeeT xopowo onpe.nensteMy10 C3-IOB H CB-I03 opHeHTHposKy
(pHc. 8.15). MHorolfHCJ1eHHb1e nemepb1 6btJJH BblstBJJeHbt c noMOlllbto JaMepos Me-
xaHHlfeCKOH CKOpOCTH 6ypeHHSI ( na.neHHSI llOJJOTa) H KasepHOMeTpHH, npH'ICM OHH
6blJJH o6Hapy:>KCHbl Ha rny6HHe B HeCKOJlbKO COT MeTpOB HH:>Ke KpOBJIH CBllTbl CaH-
AHnpec (pHc. 8.16). 6btJJH ycrnHosneHbl HeKoTOpbte npH3HaKH rnro, lfTO <j>opMupo-
saHHe nemep npoH30WJJO BCJJCllCTBHe o6pa30BaHHSI Jll1H3 npeCHOH 80,nbJ, c<J>opMHpO-
BaBUntXCSI B nepHO!lbt Bbtxo.na Ha nosepxttoCTb OTJJO)l(CHHH Ka)l(.uoii HJ lfCTbipex B4C.
MecTopo)l(nemte HeiiTc sisnsieTcst OTHOCHTCJJbHO tterny6oKo 1anera101UHM, H 60.TJ',
WHHCTBO nemep He HCilblTblBaJJH MexaHH
1
1CCKOro o6pyweHHSI.
Mecmopo:J1c<)e1111e TJti.wp Jl1111K cxo.nHo c Mecrnpo)l(.neHHeM HeiiTc TeM, lfTO neT-
C (cesep)
~
CelfettHe 1130JIHHHH = 5
1.6 KM
Puc. 8.15. Kaprn monax1n TpClllllHOBaTblX ornoiKett11if c CC'iCHllCM 6 MeTpoe CBHTbl CaH-
Att.apcc Ha MecrnpoiK.UCHllll Meiirc ..'lCMOHCTp11py10lllaS1 cceepo-1ana.u-10ro-eocTo'iHblii H npR-
r.ioyroHbHbltt ceecpo-eocrnK-10ro-1ananttblii rpett.u. HaJIOiKCHHbllt Ha J.{aHHble [29].
364 fJIABA 8
-
'\ (cesep)
1.6 KM
PHc. 8.16. TpexMepHa>J miarpaMMa, HJJJJIOcTpHpyiomaH pacnpcneneHHC nemcp B cs11Te Can-
AH11pec Ha MCCTopo)f(.'lCH1111 HeHTC (29].
pocj>H'.mlfeCKHe CBOHCTBa MHHepanbHOro CKCJICTa xopowo cosnanalOT c CCllHMCHTaUH-
OHHblMH TCKCT)'paMH, a CHCTCMbl TpClllHH - HCT [ 19]. KOJJJICKTOpOM HBJUICTCH aepx-
HHH .llOJJOrpeHHCTOYHOBblH ropH30HT TOJllllHHOll npHMCpHO 18 MCTpOB, KOTOpblH, Be-
poHTHO, npencTaBJUICT co6oH o6bCJlHHCHHe HCCKOJJbKHX MCJICIO!UHX BBepx UHKJIOB.
Ooposoe npocTpaHCTBO ccpopMHpOBaJlOCb MC)l(JlY OOHJlHblMH 3CpH3MH, 11 .UJIH JTHX
cl>auHii npHMCHHMa cj>opMyJJa paClfCTa npoHHU3CMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH KJJacca l [20].
HH)l(HHH ropHJOHT CJIO)l(CH cj>yJyJJHHOBblMH TOHKOKpHCTaJIJJHlfCCKHMH .UOJJOB3KCTOy-
HaMl1 c pacceHHHblMH BKJJIOlfCHl1HMH oTnelfaTKOB cj>yJyJJHHH.U. TpemHHbl H Kpynttb1e
OKpyrnb!C KaBepHbl CKOHUCHTp11pOB3Hbl B .!lOJJOBaKCToyHaX. 0cHOBHblM11 THnaMH Tpe-
11{11H HBJJHIOTCH npOCTblC TpCLUHHbl, TpCLUHHbl, yacmt'ICHHblC B npouecce pacTBope-
HHJI, MHKpo6pCK'IH.11 H CBJl33HHblC c HCH TpeLUHHbl.
AHaJIH3 KCpHa noKaJan, '!TO HaHBblCWHC 3HalfCHJ.t.ll nopHCTOCTH OTMC'lalOTC.11
B .uonorpCHHCTOyHax. B TO apeMH KaK npOHHU3CMOCTb B .!lOJIOBaKCTOyHax TaK )KC
BblCOKa, KaK B .uonorpeHHCTOyHax (pHC. 8.17). 3TO o6b.llCHJICTC.ll TpelllHHHblM xa-
paKTepoM nopHCTOCTH a saKcroy11ax. BenH'ntHa TpemHHHOH npoHHuaeMOCTH 6bma
nony'leHa Ha OCHOBe OUCHKH JlOJlH npOHHU3CMOCTH MaTpHUbl nopO.!lbl B o6mei1 npo-
HHU3CMOCTH nyTeM npHMCHCHH.11 <f>opMyJlbl paC4CTa npOHHlWCMOCTH no nopHCTOCTH
,UJl.11 rpeHHCTOyHa H cpaBHCHHJI noJJylfCHHblX semt'IHH co JHa'leHH.llMH, nOJJY'ICHHblMH
no KepHy, T. e. c seJJH'IHHaMH, Y4HTb1sato1UHMH H MaTpHlfHyio, H TPClllHHHYIO npoHH-
uaeMOCTh. Pe3y11hTaTb1 noKa%1aaioT, 4TO a HHTcpsane 3aneraH11.11 rpettHCToyHa npo-
H11uaeMOCTb (npHMepHO 20 M.[J.) nOJIHOCTblO onpe.ueJI.llCTCJI MC)l(4aCTH4HOH nopHCTO-
CTblO, B TO speM.11 KaK B BaKCToyHax npOHHuaeMOCTb (TaK:)KC OKOJJO 20 M.ll) 33BHCHT
TOJJbKO OT Tpem11HHoro nma nopncrncTH. 3tta4eH11.11 TpelUHHHOH nop11cTOCTH oueHH-
aaioTc.11 a l %.
8.3. KrYnHOMACWTA6HOE BbllllEJIAlJllBAIHIE TPElllHHOBATOCTlf 365
nopHCTOCTb
DlallMO
Mai pll'ma11 cmna11uo-
Kancp11oanA
500
520
He<f>Te-
npo1muaeMOCTb H8CblW.CH-
(MA) HOCTb
Kpoam1 caHTbl
Ca1-1-A1rnpec
PHC. 8.17. r11y611HHblC .zmarpaMMbl, noCTpOCHHble no CKBa)KHHaM, BCKpblBWHM CBHT)' CaH-
AH.upec Ha Mecrnpm1c;1eHmt T1it11op JhmK, .ueM0HcTp11py10T 3H3'1CHH" MaTpH'IHOif H TpeiuHH-
Hoif npOHHuaeMOCTH. noc!le.UH"" Bbl.UCJICHa 'lepllhl.11 UBCTOM H ffB!lffeTCff p33HHUCH MCiK.!l.Y
BCJIH'IHHaMH M3TPH'IHOH npoHHUael\IOCTH, onpe.neneHHbll\IH no lf>aullaJJbHOMY aHaJJH3y, II ee-
flH'IHH3MH o6mcit npoHHuaeMocm, onpc.neneHHblMH no JaMcpaM e 06pa3uax KepHa [ 19).
Monenh KonneKTopa nm1 Mecrnpo)l(.11emu1 TJi1nop JhrnK (pttc. 8.18) .neMOHCTpH-
pyer, 4TO eepXHHH ropH30HT CJJO)l(CH nopHCTblMH H npoHHUaCMblMH <1>au1U1MH rpeHH-
CTOYHOB, KOTOpblC nocreneHHO rpaHCcjlOpMHPYIOTCSI no 11arepa11H B Hll3KOnOpHCTblC
rpemHHOBaTb1e eaKCTOYHbl. HH)l(HHH ropH30HT noJJHOCTblO npencrnBJJeH HH3KOnopH-
CTbIMH TpClllHHOBaTbJMH BaKCTOyHaMH. IlopHCTOCTb H Hecj>TeHaCbllllCHHOCTb B HHX
366 r11ABA 8
3AOAJJ.
CKea:lKHHa
N!! 59
CKBa:lKHHa
N!! 67
CKea:lKHHa
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npo111tl13Ct.IOCTL
rK Ill ir1 11111
H11repBaJ1 lj>11ni.rpau1111 A: Hclj>rc11aci.1wc1111blii KOIIJICJITop,
xapa1ITcp111yiow11iic M3rp11'1HOii npo1111uaeMOCTblO, CllOlKCHttblii
0011,1110-ncno""llblMll lj>aUllRMH rpciiHCTOYHOB
HKTepBall cji11J1i.tpaui111 B: KonneKTop, xapaKTep111yiow11ik1
Bl311MOCBRJ311HO-KBBCpHOBOii npo1111uacMOCTblO II HllJKOii
HClj>TCH3CblWCHllOCTblO M3Tp11Ubl nopollbl, CllOlKCllHblH lj>y1yJ11tH0-
6pax11ono,!IHblMll lj>aUHRMll lj>.nayrcTOyHOB, 113KCTOyHoB II BaKCToy11oe
D B1a1tMOCBR'laHt10-Kaeep110B&R 11po1111uacMOCTb
06wa11 npo1111uacMoCTb (no na1111wM a11a.1111a Kep11a)
Pacqc111a1 MllrpH'lttaJI npo1111uacMoCTb
BOCTOK
BcpntKan1>Hwii
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(M) (lj>)'TW)
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e ce11Te Ca11-A11.llpec Ha MCcTopO:lK.llCHHH TJiinop JlHHK, .neMOHCTp11pyt0IUllH pacnpe.uene-
HHC CTpyK"T)'pHblX <f>aUHH OOH.UHblX rpCHHCTOYHOB II <f>aunii TPClUHHOBaTblX <f>Y"1YJUIHOBblX
BaKCTOYHOB [ 19).
npaKTHlfCCKH He OTMelfalOTCJI, HO BblJIBJieHa TPCIUHHHaJI npOHHUaeMOCTb. 0HH OTHO-
CJITC.$1 K '30HC nomomeHHJI.
Ko;1J1eKnwp Muccuc11ncKolo Bo1pac111a, .. uec111opo3Koenue 3 .. 1K 611ic11u
)],o6bl'la Ha MCCTOpO)l(JlCHHH )JIK D"JHCHH ocymecTBJIJICTCJI 113 OTJ10)KCHHH CBHTbl
M1.n11coH MHCCHcHncKoro B03pacrn. Otto pacnoJIO)KCHO B npe.ne11ax cesepuoif OKpa-
HHbl 6acceiltta 611r Xoptt Ha rpatt11ue unaTOB BaiioMHHr 11 MoHrnHa. Orno)KeHHJI,
COCTaBJIJllOIUHC KOJIJICKTOp, cpopMHpOBaJIHCb Ha MCJIKOM Kap6ottaTHOM WCJlbcl>e B Me-
JICIOlllCH eeepx ceKBCHUl1H OT npeHMYlllCCTBCHHO fJIHHHCTblX OTJIO)KCHHH .no npeHMY-
lllCCTBCHHO 3epttHCTblX. B Kottue nep110.ua HaKOnJieHHJI OTJlO)KcHHH CBHTbJ MJ.UHCOH
nOCJICJJ.HHC OKa3aJ1HCb B ycJIOBHJIX cy6aJpallbHOro 803.UCHCTBHJI, B pe3y11bTaTe B TClJC-
HHe nOJ.nHero Ml1CCHCHnCKOro speMeHH H B HalJane neHCHJlbBaHCKOfO BpeMeHH cl>op-
MHpOBaJiaCb 06w11pHaJ1 KapCTOBaJI nosepXHOCTb. 3sanopHTOBblC npOCJIOH 6i.1m1 Bbl-
lllCJIOlJCHbl, lJTO npHBCJIO K o6pa3oBaHHIO CTparncpopMHblX 6peK'mH H KaeepH, H BJJ.OJlb
8.3. KPYnHOMACWTA6HOE BblWEJlNlllBAHHE TPELUMHOBATOCHI 367
nnocKOCTeH H3JIOMa TpeLUHH), BHJJ.HMO, 06pa3oeaJJHCb eepTHKaJJbHble Ka-
eepHbl (pttc. 8.19). B nepHOJJ. HaKOnneHHJI nepeKpblBalOLUHX Hx neHCHJJbeattcKHX oT-
JlO)l(eHHH nOJlOCTH 6b1JIH 'laCTH'IHO 3anOJIHCHbl CMCCblO rJlHHbl H necKa. )J.aJJbHeihuee
norpy)l(eHHe KaeepH Bbnerum HX 06pywem1e. B pe3yJJbTaTe .neyx nocneJJ.HHX npouec-
coe KpynHbte y'laCTKH MecTopO)l(JJ.CHHR 3JJK o"JHCHH oKa3arIHCb H30JJHpoeaHbl npyr
OT npyra.
rpam1ua CeKBeHUHH BTOpOro nop.11.llKa
0
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06pa3oeaewHec.11 e peJyJJbTaTe pacTeopeHH.11 JeanopHTOB
6peK'IHH o6pyweHH.ll, o6pa30BaBWHeC.ll
B peJym,TaTe M3CCHBHOro pacroopeHHll
1,6
M
0
cm
120
180
PHc. 8.19. reoJJOrHlfeCKHH pa3pC"3 MecrnpmKllCHll.11 3JJK 6'.lHCllH MllCCHCHnCKOro BO'lpacTa
(wrnT Bai1oMHHr), .neMOHCTPHPYIOlllHH MaccHBHble 6peKt11m. KOTOpb1e ceKyT rnnmy orno-
:lKCHHH KonneKTopa, H CTPaTHcjiopMHble 6peKlfHH 06pyweHH.11, cQ>opM11poeaHHb1e e pe1yJJbTaTc
BbllllCJJalf11ea1t11.11 JeanopHTOBblX npocnoee (no [22)).
OpeKpaCHblH npHMep aHaJlOrH'IHOH CHryaUt1H B o6Ha)l(eHHH, KOTOpblH CBSl33H
C MeCTOpO)l(JJ.eHHeM 3JIK li"JHCHH, 6btll OnHCaH B (27]. nepH0.11 H3X0)1(.lleHHll OTJJO)l(C-
HHH Ha noeepxHOCTH JeMnH cocrnenReT 10-20 MJIH JteT, 'ITO THnH'IHO JJ.JJR rpaHHUbt
ceKeeHUHH eToporo nopRJlKa. MenK0Macwrn6Hh1e npo1eJieHHJ1 Kapcrn 6h1J1H o6Ha-
PY*eHbt e KpoBJ1e D.eyx eepxHHX BbtCOKO'laCTOTHbtX ceKeettUHH TpeTbero nopRD.Ka.
npoCJlOH aHrHJlpHTa O'ICHb 'laCTO BCTpe'lalOTCJI B "JTOM paifotte, HO Ha MeCTOpO)l(JJ.C-
HHH 311K o"JHCHH OHH OTcyrcrnyioT. 3-ro 06bJ1CHJ1eTCJ1 aKTHBHblM Bb11Ue11a'IHBatttteM
aHrn.npHTOB HCJJ.OHacb1meHHOH MeTeopHoii BOJJ.OH e paiiotte 3nK o"JHCHH. B pe3yJibTa-
re cnJIOllJHOrO BbllUeJlarneaHHll o6pa3ytOTCJI CTpaTHcpOpMHble CHCTeMbl nemep, KOTO-
pble n03)1(e o6pyWHBalOTCJI, cJ>opMttpyR illHpOKO pacnpocTpatteHHble CTpaTH<l>opMHble
6peKlfHH o6pyweHHJI, npeJJ.CTaBJleHHbte tta6opoM 6peKlfHeBblX cj>aUHH - xaOTH'leCKHX,
MOJaH'IHbtX H 6peK'IHH paCTpecK1rnaHHJ1 (pnc. 8.20). 06pywem1e nemepbt npepbteaeT
npouecc HaKOnJlCHH.11 BblWCJlC)l(alllHX OTJJO:>KeHHH, KOTOpbte pacnpOCTpatu110TCJI eeepx
no pa3pe3y no MHCCHCHncKoro ttecornaCHll. BepTHKaJlbHbte 6peKlfHH, B03MO)l(HO, o6b-
368
D
D
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06pa1o&aem11iic
e npoca111ua1111 pacconoe
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06pa1oeaewaHCH e pe1ynb1ate
pacTBOpcllllll 'IBallOpllTOB
Xaont'ICCKHC rm11111C1b1c 6pcK'IH11
pa1pyU1CHHH
rmmHCTaH 6pCK'lllH II OC3..1Kll
111non11c1111H ncmcpbl

100 M
-rpcw1111oeaTaR

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6pCK'lllR
Puc. 8.20. CxcMa 06HmKeH1tH nopo!l CBHTbt M:l;'.l11cot1 B yme11be YttH!l P11sep, 111111tocTp11pyt0-
maH pac11pe!le11et111e 6pcK11111 06pyweH11J1 [27].
JICHJllOTCJI HaJIH'lHCM paHee cymecTBOBaBWHX TpCUUfH, pacnoJIO)ICCHHblX Ha pacCTO-
jltfl111 60 MC'rpOB .n.pyr OT .upyra. npOUCCCbl nOJJlHCH JlOJIOMHTIBaU11H HaJIQ)KHJIHCb
Ha eepTHKaJibHble 6peK'IHH, a TaK)ICe Ha Mo3aH'IHblC 11 Tpem11ttoeaTb1e 6pel(ll!H1 cTpa-
rncf>0pMHb1x cf>au11it KpoB1111.
HHTepean nopo.D., HMetomttx ceoi:icTBa KOJIJieKTopa, npnypo1et1 K .uonoMHTaM
H K cpau11HM KpoBJ111. xapaKTcp11Jy10IUl1MCJ1 Tpem11HaM11 o6pyweHHH. H3BCCTHHKH 111-
PCllKa 06nana10T nopHCTOCTblO 6onee 2 %, a 6pel(l!HH 06pywet1HJ1, 06pa3oeaewHecJ1
B pe3yJibTaTC pacTBopeHHJI JBanopHTOB, l!BJIJllOTCll cf>JJI011.llOYnOpaMH, nOCKOJlbKY co-
llCp)ICaT fJJHHbl. npoCJIOH <j>aUHH npHJJHBHO-OTJJlfBHOH paBHlfHbl 11 CBl!3aHHblC C HH-
Ml1 .llOJIOMHTbl, o6pa30BaBWHCCJI npH ){OJIOMHTlt3aUHH npoca'lHBalOUlHMHCJI paccona-
MH, KaK npaBHJIO, nopHCTblC H npomiuacMblC H o6pa3ytOT rop1130HTaJibHO npOTJl)ICCH-
HblC HHTepeaJibl <j>HJibTpaUHH. n03,1lHl!JI .UOJJOMHTl13aUl1JI KOHTpOmtpycTCJI xapaKTepOM
cf>opMHpOBaHHJI 6pel(l!HH 06pywcmu1 11 TaK)ICC cnoco6cTBye-r o6pa30BaHl1IO ){OJIOMH-
TOB, HMCIOLUHX CBOHCTBa KOJIJJCKTOpa. 0.uHaKO OHH HC j!BJIJllOTCJI CTpaT11<j>opMHbl-
MH, H HX 3ancraH1fC xapaKTepnyeTCjl JiaTepaJibHOH HCBbl.l1Cp)IC3HHOCTblO BCJlCllCTBHC
Heperyniipttoro pacnpe.uenCHl1JI 6pel(lll1H o6pyWCHHll H TPCLUHHOBaTOCTH.
Mec:111opo:m:oe11uR, 11p11ypo11e1111bie " c61m1e 1111:m:11eopoo6UKCKOW
601pac111a
KOJlJlCKTOp, np11ypo'lCHHblH K CBHTC JJIJ1CH6yprcp Hl1)1CHCOpllOBHKCKOro 803pac-
Ta s nepMCKOM 6accciiHe (3ana.uHbltt Texac H HblO-MeKCl1KO), OTHOCHTCll K rnny
8.3. KPYnHOMACWTA6HOE BbllllEflAlfHBAHHE TPElUHHOBATOCTH 369
(a)
P3iiHJJ)Kep IlHK
0

c: CHHJlH
.a MaKKC11JJHroH KaHbOH

(b)
(c)
0 1000 cj>yro
11--..........
0 300 N
0 1000 cj>yroa
11--..........
0 300 M
MoHTOHll
0
I
0
1000 cj>yro1
I
300 M
1 ... I 6peK'1Hll o6pyweHHJ1
newepHwii ancapHT
D l<aBCpHW
33 MnH. neT TOMY Ha38Jl

D H3BCCTHJIK
CJ )lonOMHT np1U111BHO
OTJJllBHOii paBllllHbl
1 ... 1 6pcl<'IH11 o6pyweH1111 b,_,.,, I TpelUHHoaan.ie cj>aQHH
newep11wii aneapHT caoaa
CJ l<aaepHY
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1 ... I 6pe1NHJ1 o6pywe11HJ1 c:::::J )lonoMHT np1U1HBHO-
newepHwii aneapHT OTJIHBHOii pHHllHY
D H1BCCTHJIK
El TpeWHHOBBTYC
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CJ
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cj>accenM&HCKOro nep110.11a
PHc. 8.21. PeKOHCTJ>YKUHll Kasepu JJlb naco. (a) no'ITH cospeMeHH3ll )lOnOMHTH33UHJI OT-
JlO)KCHHH CBHTbl CHHJlH, pa3BHTHe ropH30HTanbHO npOTll)l(CHHblX DJIHT'l3TblX KaBepH B CBHTC
P3HHJl)l(Cp nHK H BCpYHKaJlbHblX, HCBblJlCp)l(3HHblX B ropH30HTaJlbHOM HanpaBJICHHH, KaBepH
B CBHTC MaKKennHl'OH KaHbOH. (b) 06pyweuue KaBepH 3nb naco, IUlJllOCTpHpylOll.lCC o6py-
weuue OTnO)l(CHHii CBHTbl MouToiill, pa3BHTHe syJIKaHH'lecKHX Tpy6oK, npomurnlOlll.HX B Bbl-
wene)l(awue nopOJlbl CBHTbl <l>accenMaH, H pa3BHTHe KaBepH B DOCJJCJlHHX. (c) )l.onOMHTl133-
UHll DOCJJCJlHCH CTaJlHH B DOp0Jl3X CBHT JJlb Ilaco H MOHTOHJI, KOHTpOJllipyeMall cpHJibT)>3UMCH
ljln10HJlOB 11epe3 6peK'IHIO 06pyweuuJ1 H TJ>CWHHbI B 0KpY*a10wne Kap6oHaTbt (201.
370 rJJABA 8
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JlnTepayYpa
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[32] Wierzbicke R., Dravis J. J. 2006 Burial dolomitization and dissolution of Upper
Jurassic Abenaki platfonn carbonates, Deep Panuke reservoir, Nova Scotia,
Canada. AAPG Bull 90, 11: 1843-1861.
Ilpe.LJ;MeTHblH yKa3aTeJib
./-cpyttKUH.ll ( cPYHKU,H.ll Jieeeperra ), 71
Z-nJIOTbJ, 110, 111, 283
AKycTHY.eCKHH KapOTa)I(, 107-115
AttoManhttoe nnacTosoe .naeneHHe, 37, 38
fiaccattHT, 22, 23
oHorepMbI, 155
fiottaupe, 153, 258
BrK, c.u. 8bl4Hcnetttta.si KpHBa.ll raMMa-
Kaporn:lKa (BfK)
Ba.uoJHa.ll 30tta, 218, 353-355
BaKcrnytt, 56, 59
BapHorpa<PH.ll H eapHorpaMMhI, 173-175,
187
BePTHKaJihHast nocne.l(oBaTenhHOCTb <Pa-
U.Hii, 287-289, 306, 320-325, 332-334
83aHMOCBH38HHO-KaeepHOBast
nopHCTOCTb,49, 55, 56, 344-375
npOHHuaeMOCTb, 80-82
Bo.nottach1mettttocTb, 115-116, 118, 124-
125, 296-334
803.ll.YWHblH MHHH-H3MepineJib npOHHUa-
eMOCTH (MHHH-nepMeaMeTp), 26
8bJCOK04aCTOTHhle ceKBeHU,HH (BlJC),
145, 157-167
8blCOK04aCTOTHble UHKJlbl (BlJLJ,), 145-
155, 208, 290, 298
8b1corn JaJie:lKH, 41
8b11.J.11cnetttta.ll Kp11eaa raMMa-KapoTm1rn
(BfK), 95, 103, I 09
Bh1mena1.J.HBatt11e, 216, 221-227
KpynttoMacwTa6ttoe, 353-375
Me11K0Macwrn6ttoe, 346-352
ffKc, c,11. <l>OT03JJeKTpH':ieCKHH KapOTa:lK
fHC, 282-286, 294-297, 312-314
JIHT011or11si, onpe.ue11ettttaa no, 106
ttopMaJI113au,11.ll c .uatttthlMH attaJIH3a
Keptta, 91-132, 294-295, 329-332
orpaHHY.eHHSI, 94
npottHu,aeMOCTh, onpe.uenettttasi no,
126-128
CTPYKTyptto-TeKcTypttbie oco6etttto-
cTH, onpe.ueJieHHbie no, 132
cf>aU.HH, onpe.nenettHhie no, 133
faMMa-KapOTa:lK (fK), 95-97, 132, 295
reocrnrncmKa, 173-177
fHJlpO.UHHaMHl!eCKHe MOJleJIH, 303-305,
316-320, 336-338
fH.nponor111.J.ecK11e MO.lleJIH,253-256
f HJJ.pOCTaTH'leCKOe Jl8BJJeHHe, 38
rwnc
BnHHHHe Ha f.HC, 104, 105
mrnrette3, 253
fop bl
fB8JlaJiyne, 160-167, 177, 234
<l>pattKJIHH, 370
fpeHHCTOYHbl, 164, 182, 231
cnenKOBblH (MOJIJJ.HKOBb!H) rpeHHCTO-
ytt, 234
CJienKOBbIH rpeiittcTOytt, 236
.l(aHHhie nonesoro MexattHY.ecKoro nopo-
nepMHMerpa (OMO), 177' 184
,l(OJJOMHT
KOJIJieKTOpbl, 252-336
nopHCTOCTb, 257-266
npOHHU,aeMOCTb, 65
pa3Mep KpHCTaJIJIOB, 263-266
pacnpen.e11ett11e, 267-268
cTpyKTyptto-TeKcrypttb1e oco6ettHo-
crn, 62-71, 127
)lOJIOMHTH38UH.ll,213, 215,253-269, 348
nPEllMETHblH YKA3ATEJ1b 379
B 30He CMerneHHSI, 255
npocalJ11Ba10IUHMHC.S1 pacco.irnMH, 255
3aao.uttett11e, 197, 296, 304, 338
3aKOH )lapcH, 25, 27
l13611paTeJihHOe BbIIUena
1
mBaH11e, c.11.
BbIIIleJialJHBaHHe
J.'bBeCTH.SIK
KOJIJieKTop, 213-214
CTPYK"fYPHO-TeKCTYPHbie oco6eHHO-
cT11, 56-62
l130JIHpoBaHHO-KaBepHOBblH
nopHCTOCTh, 49, 54-56, 77-78, 117-
118, 130
HHTepaaJihI <j>11JibTpau1111, 192-193, 298-
302
11HTepaaJihHoe apeMsi npo6era, l 08, 114,
132
Hccne.uoaaHHe Keptta, 91
Kaaepttoao-nopoaoe OTHorneH11e (KOO),
116
KaseptthI
3nh Oaco, 368-375
B3aHMOCB.Sl3aHHhie, 80-82
H30JIHPOBaHHhle, 76-80
onpe.ueneH11e, 49
Ka.rihUHTHJau11si,268-269, 272-273
Kap60HaTHh1e oca.uKH, 137-144
KepH
aHaJIH3, 92
HOpMaJIH3aUHSI ,UaHHhIX rHC C ,aaHHhl-
MH attaJIHJa KepHa, 94-126
Knaccmp11Kau11si
Aptm, 21, 48, 49, 51, 115-118, 122,
125, 128, 130
)laHX3Ma, 51, 54, 84, 140, 141
JlycHa, 48-51
llioKerra 11 Ope.SI, 48-50
3M6p11 11 KnosaHa, 140, 141
KnaCChI naKCTOYHOB, 54, 59
Kore3HOHHhie ( CBS1Jh1Ba10m11e) cttJihI, 3 l ,
32
Kom1eKTop
H;:m-3Jih-lliaprn, 235-244, 347
Pe.a P11aep, 274-277
B CBHTe rpeif6ypr Ha MeCTOpO>K,LI.eHHH
CayT Koy.ueH, 348-351
B cs11Te K1rnp <l>opK Ha Mecrnpo>K.ue-
HHH <l>am1epTOH, 320-329
.ueBOHCKOro B03paCTa Ha MeCTOpO>K,Ue-
HHH 3tt.up10c CayT, 62, 224, 277-279
KpHaasi
oc, 228
cnoHTaHHOH IlOJI.SipH3aQHH (OC), 228
Kp11aa.S1 aoccrnHOBJieHtt.SI .uaaneHH.SI
(KB)l), 28-29
KpHBbie
HM6H6HUHH (nponHTKH), 29, 30
KanmrnsipHoro .uaaneHHSI, 30, 32-38,
78, 79, 311
Jioiiep-KaHbOH, 162, 164, 177-182, 188-
197. 236
Me>K3epHOBaSI nopHCTOCTh, C.'11. OopH-
CTOCTh
Me)l(Kp11crnJ1J1w:.iecKaS1 nopHCTOCTb, c.11.
OopHCTOCTb
Mecrnpo>KneHHe
rasap, 58, 120, 124, 259, 278-286
Ty6apao, 228-233
T3HJiopJI11HK, 64, 363-365
4ecTep, 227-228
JJIK fi3HCHH, 366-367
MecTopo>K.ueHHSI, np11ypoqetttth1e K CBHTe
3nJieH6yprep, 368-373
Mern.n
Xopttepa, 28
Keptto.uep>KaTensi Xaccnepa, 26
HecTa6HJibHOro COCTOSIHHSI, 41
CJIOHCTOro KOJIJieKTopa, 171
crn6HJihHOro cocTO.SIHH.SI, 4 I
MHCCHCHilCKHH B03pacT, 227, 366-368
MHq11raHcK11H p11Q>-n11ttttaKJI, 373-375
MHoropa30BhIH 11cnh!TaTeJih nnacTOB, 3 7
Mo.uen11 KOJineKTopa
380 ITPE!lMETHhIH YKA3ATEJ1h
H.a.U-3Jih-illaprn Menosoro B03pacrn,
242,243
Ty6apao Menosoro B03pacTa, 235
cs1ua K1rnp <t>opK Ha MecTOpO)f(,ll.emrn
CayT YoccoH, 316-320
CBHTa KnHp <t>opK tta MecTOpO)f(.llemrn
<t>annepTOH, 334-338
CBHTa Catt-AHnpec Ha MecTOpO)f(JJ.e-
HHH CeMHHon, 303-305
Mo.nenh
Koroyrn, CM. Mo.uenh TepMaJihHOH
KOHBeKUHH KoroYTa
npoca4HB3HHH CBepXMHHepanH30BaH-
HblX )f(H,nKOCTeH, 254, 256, 267
tepManhHOH KOHBeKUHH Koroyrn,
254-256
MopcKHe opraHH3MbI, 144, 145
Hacb1m:eHHOCTb
no MeTOLJ.HKe Ap4H, 234
yrneso.nopo,naMH, 35
cl>nIOH,naMH,29-39,43, 71
Ha4aJibHaH so.aoHaCbIIUeHHOCTb, 128, 129
HeihpoHHbIH Kapota)f{, 99, 101-104
HeKasepH03Hb1e H3BeCTHHKH, 59, 60
06pa30BaHHe 6peK4HH o6pyrneHHH, 370-
373
06pa3osattHe Kapcta, 354, 356, 357
06CTaHOBKa MeTeopHblX rpyHTOBbIX 80.U,
353, 354
06oeM Me)f(CKBa)f(HHHOro npoctpaHCTBa,
206-208
06beMHaH BJ13)f(HOCTb, 120
06beMH3SI IlJIOTHOCTh, l 05
06beMHOe JaMem:ettHe, 257
OKaHMneHHbIH rnenb<IJ, 148
OctaT04HaH ttecl>Th, 39
Orno)KeHHH EaraMCKOH 6aHKH, 143, 151
DMD, C.H. )1.aHHbie MexaHH4eCKOrO IlOJIC-
BOfO noponepMttMetpa
TiapaMetp ttaCbIIUeHHH P.
1
, 116
napaMetp ueMeHtaUHH (m), 117, 131
DeTpoteKctypHhIH cnoH <IJHnhtpaUHH,
192-193, 298-305
Detpo<IJH3114eCKHe KJiaCChI, 20-23, 66-
73, 84-85, 294-295
Detpo<IJH3H'leCKHe COOTHOllleHHSI, 56-80,
124, 280-281, 290-294
Dem:epbl H J<aBepHbl, 354-357, 368-375
nnoTHOCTHOH (rpaBHTauHOHHbIH) Kapo-
Ta)K, l 05-106
TiosepXHOCTHOe H3TSl)f(eHHe, 3 J
DoHH)f{ettttoe .nasneH11e, 38
TiopHCTOCTb
B3aHMOCB.!13aHHO-KaBepHOBaSI, 80-82
H30JIHpOB3HHO-KaBepHOBasi, 76-80
Me)K3epttosasi,23, 219
Me)f(KpHCTaJIJIH4eCKaSI, 51-54, 63-66
Me)f('l3CTH4H3SI, 51-54, 56-71
onpe.nenett11e, 20, 21
onpenensieMasi, 20-23, 99, 132
ourn6KH H3MepeHHH, 22
no HeHTpOHHOMY H nJIOTHOCTHOMY Ka-
pOTa)f(y, 99-1 00
no IlOJIHOpa3MepHOMY Keptty, 23
cospeMeHHblX OC3Jl,KOB, 142
Jcl><IJeKTHBHa.H, 20
TiopOBOe npOCTpaHCTBO, 20, 47-56
noctpoeHHe reonoro-rn.npollHttaMH4ecKoi1
MO.nenH KOJJJieKTOpa
MeTOJl,bl, 171
onpe,Zlenett11e, 170
noctpoett11e Mo.ae1m, 129, 188
uenb, 20, 46
TIOCTpOeHHe MO,UeJIH npOCTpattcTBeHHO
BbIJl,ep)KaHHOro npo.n.yKTHBHOro HH-
Tepsana, I 70-1 72
nocTpOHKa Pe.n.yotep, 245, 246
TiocTpOHKaCyottXHJIJJC, 245
Dpeshtlllem1e llaBneuHsi, 38
DpHJJHBHO-OTJJHBHhie UHKJJhI, 151-152,
157-160, 274
Dpou11uaeMOCTb
a6cOJJIOTHaSI, 40
H3MepeHH3SI, 26
MOJJ.eJJH, 182
llPE.ll.METHblH YKA3ATEJib 381
He0.11.HOp0.11.HOCTb, 1 78-189
OTHOCHTeJibHru!,40--43
no .11.aHHbIM KapOTa:>Ka, 126
cospeMeHHhIX oca.11.KoB, 142
3<l>cpeKTHBHaR, 40
Ilpoueccb1 .11.wareHeJa, 213-216, 252, 253,
344-346
PaJMep
KpHCTaJIJIOB ll.OJIOMHTa, 262-266
nopOBbIX KaHaJIOB, 31, 33-35
PaMnbI, 148, 149, 159, 160, 163
PacnpeneneHHe nop no paJMepy, 29-34,
43
Pw<P CHJIYPHHCKOro B03pacrn, 27, 373-
374
Pw<Posb1e nocTpOHKH s 6accei1He Anh-
6eprn (KaHa.ua), 244-248
PHCpbI, 138, 154, 244-246, 373-375
CTH, 01. CTpyKTyptto-TeKcTypHbIH HH-
neKc
Ceepx.11.onoMHTHJaUHR, 258-259, 277
CeepxconeHbie (rnnepconeHble) naryHbI,
152, 153
CBHTa
fpeH6ypr, 348-350
K;mp <I>opK Ha MecTOpO:>K.11.eHHH Cayr
YoccoH, 305-316
fv13}J.HCOH, 366, 368
Catt-AH.upec Ha MecTOpo:>K.ueHHH
Hei1Tc, 362-363
CaH-Att.11.pec Ha MecTOpO:>K.11.eHHH Ce-
MHHOJI, 22, 64, 184-187, 205, 208,
260-305
Tepttep-B3JIJIH, 280
YH'-IHTO, 320-338
Wyai16a, 72-73, 121-124
3nb Ilaco, 3 70
CenwMeHTauwottttb1e TeKcrypbI, 287-290
CeKBeHrttaR crparnrpa<Pm1, 145-167
CeKTop Xapa.u, C.\I. :rvtecTOpO:>K)J.eHHe ra-
sap
CHJib1cuenneHH, 32, 33
CKaHHpoeattwe nnacrn, 124-126, 131
CKsa:>KHHHbIH cKattep, CM. CKaHHpoeaH11e
nnacrn
CMaqHeaeMocTb, 33
CMaqwsaeMbIH H HecMaqHeaeMbIH, 32, 3 5
ConporneneHMe, 115-118
napaMerp HaCbIIUeHHJI, 116
nnaCTOBOH 80.11.bl (RB), 116
ynenbHOe conpoTHBJieHHe nopo.11. (Rn),
116
CneKTpa.nbHbIH raMMa-Kaporn:>K (fKc ),
96, 97, 132
CTparnrpacp111..JeCKHH KapKac, 198-201
CTPYKTYPHO-TeKcrypttb1e oco6eHHOcTH,
62, 66, 136--137, 198-205
THilbl, 238-243
CTPyKTypHo-reKcrypHbIH
1.rn.11.eKc (CTH), 69-71, 120-123, 130,
285, 286
Meron, 172, 198-205, 209, 286, 298-
303, 325-332
CTPYKTYPbI oca.11.KottaKonneHH, 136-160
TepMo6apttLJeCKaR Mo.uenb, 254
THnbJaHrHll.PHTOB,269-273
TOJIW.HHa KOJIJieKropa, 42, 71-73, 118-
121, 296
TpaHcrpeccHettaR CHCTeMa TpaKTOB
(TCT), 157, 160
YnnoTHeHwe,213, 220-221, 275
YpaBHeHHe oaKJICa, 120
YpaH, 96, 103
Ypoeettb Hyneeoro KanwnnpHoro nae-
neHHR (3epKaJIO ceo60.11.HOM BOJ:lbl)
(YHK), 37, 204, 296
YcnosHasi MonenwpoeaHHe, 175
Ycryn AJI.ll.)f(epHTa, 160-234
<l>aKTop ueMeHTaQHH (m), c.H. IlapaMerp
QeMeHrnum-1 ( m ), 117
<l>aUH3JlbHblM MeTO.U, 171
<I>opMHpoeaHHe MHKpOTpeW.HHOBaTOCTH,
347, 348
<I>opMyna
382 nPE}lMHHblii YKA3AfEJlb
Ko1ett11, 29
0HTTMatta, 33-70
Y11JIJUI, l 08-112, 296
Y1rnJTamla. 34
pacqera npommaeMocn1 no nopttcro-
crn, 74, 85, 128, 131, 297. 333
<JlOT03JTCKTpHtICCKHH KapOTa'll< (ffKc).
106, 133
<llyHKI-U1 Jleaepena, c.\f . .J-cpyttKUH
UeMettTauttsi,214,216-220
3aanopHTOBa)! M11Hepamnamu1, 213,
269-272
3KcnepHMCHTbI no cj>11JibTpamrn c p n 1 0 ~ 1 -
.ilOB, 193- J 96, 316-320
3KCOOHCHTa HaChllUCtUIOCTH (II), 132
3cpcpeKT
KriHHKeH6eprn. 26
nnasyttecrn (ecrn1hlBaH11si), 35, 37
')<}>cpeKTHBHOe )l.aBJJCHHe, 23. 24
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