Chng 2

Protein thc phm

1. Cc h thng protein trong thc phm

1.1. H thng protein ca tht

Protein cht c (myoglobin)

Cu trc heme trong myoglobin

1.1. H thng protein ca tht

Protein khung mng

1.1. H thng protein ca tht

Protein ca t c

nh hng ca cc iu kin cng ngh n protein ca c

Nitrit
MbdCO (Fe2+) GD

Phc khng mu

MbdNO (Fe2+) GD Nitroferohemocrom (bn, hang) Nhit MbNO (Fe2+) Nitrozomyoglobin (t bn, )

Cacboxiferohemocrom (bn ) Nhit Ferihemocrom (Fe3+, GD) (nu) Kh Oxy ho Nhit Quang phn MbCO (Fe2+) Cacboximyoglobin (bn ) CO Mb (Fe) Myoglobin Cht ( ta) Cht oxy ho kh MMb (Fe3+) Metmyoglobin (nu) Nitrit

Ferohemocrom (Fe2+ GD ) (hng) Cht kh xanh

MbO2 (Fe2+) Oxymyoglobin

( rc)

Nhit
Sulfomyoglobin

MMBNO Nitrozometmyoglobin

Porphyrin t do v b oxy ho (nu, vng, khng mu)

Cholemyoglobin (xanh l cy)

1.2. H thng protein ca trng

Albumin v lipoprotein

1.3. H thng protein ca sa

1.4. H thng protein ca ht

Albumin
La m Ng i mch 9 4 13

Globulin
5 2 12

Prolamin
40 55 52

Glutelin
46 39 23

Yn mch
La go La min

11
5 6

56
10 10

9
5 46

23
80 38

2. Tnh cht chc nng ca protein

Khi nim
L nhng tnh cht l ho gp phn to ra nhng tnh cht c trng v mong mun ca sn phm thc phm cha protein

Tnh cht chc nng

Tnh cht do tng tc gia protein vi nc Tnh cht do tng tc gia protein v protein

Cc tnh cht b mt

2.1. Kh nng hydrate ho ca protein

2.1.1. Khi nim
L kh nng lin kt ca protein vi nc lm thay i cu trc v tnh cht ca cc sn phm protein

Hnh 1. S hydrate ho ca protein [www.btinternet.com]

Protein kh

Hp th cc phn t nc (bi s c nh cc tm phn cc) (1)

Hp th cc lp nc a phn t (2)

Cc tiu phn khng tan trng n

Trng n (4)

Nc ngng t dng lng (3)

Solvat ha Phn tn (5)

Dung dch

S 1: Qu trnh hydrate ha mt protein dng kh [1]

2.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng hydrate ho

Ti pH ng in (pI) kh nng hydrate ca protein la cc tiu

pH

Nhit Nng protein

Nhit tng lm gim kh nng hydrate

T l thun vi lng nc hp th Nng thp (<0,2M) tng kh nng hydrate, nng cao lm gim kh nng hydrate ca protein

Mui

Kh nng lin kt vi nc ca protein khng phi l yu t quan trng m kh nng gi nc ca protein mi c vai tr quan trng

2.2. Kh nng ho tan ca protein

L s phn tn ca protein trong dung dch nc do s cn bng gia tng tc protein-protein v proteinnc
Cc tnh cht chc nng khc nh s to bt, kh nng nh ho, to gel

Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng ho tan ca protein

pH Nhit Lc ion (mui)

Dung mi hu c

Ti pH ng in (pI) kh nng ho tan ca protein l cc tiu

Trong gii hn nhit (0-40oC), s tng nhit s lm tng kh nng ho tan Ion to ra cc tng tc tnh in trong phn t protein do nh hng n kh nng ho tan Lm gim kh nng ho tan ca protein trong mi trng nc

Hnh 2. nh hng ca pH n kh nng ho tan ca protein ht u [4]

Mc ho tan (%)

Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng ho tan ca protein

pH
Ti pH ng in (pI) kh nng ho tan ca protein la cc tiu

Nhit

Trong gii hn nhit (0-40oC), s tng nhit s lm tng kh nng ho tan

Ion to ra cc tng tc tnh in trong phn t protein do nh hng n kh nng ho tan

Lc ion (mui)

Dung mi hu c

Lm gim kh nng ho tan ca protein trong mi trng nc

Mc ho tan

Nng mui Hnh 3. nh hng ca nng mui n kh nng ho tan ca protein [6]

Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng ho tan ca protein

pH Nhit Lc ion (mui)

Dung mi hu c

Ti pH ng in (pI) kh nng ho tan ca protein la cc tiu Trong gii hn nhit (0-40oC), s tng nhit s lm tng kh nng ho tan Ion to ra cc tng tc tnh in trong phn t protein do nh hng n kh nng ho tan Lm gim kh nng ho tan ca protein trong mi trng nc

2.3. Kh nng to gel ca protein

2.3.1. Khi nim Gel l tp hp cc phn t protein b bin tnh kt hp li vi nhau c trt t to thnh mng li cu trc khng gian ba chiu

2.3. Kh nng to gel ca protein

iu kin to gel Gia nhit l yu t quyt nh pH, mui (Ca2+ ), enzyme

C ch to gel v cu trc ca gel

Hin tng dui ra ca cc mch polypeptide v sau l hin tng tp hp ca protein Cc lin kt k nc, lin kt tnh in, lin kt hydro v cc cu disulfide tham gia vo cu trc ca gel protein

2.3. Kh nng to gel ca protein

Cc giai on ca qu trnh to gel
un nng xPN (PN)x (1) un nng xPN xPD un nng (PD)x (a) (2) un nng (PD)x (b)

PN: protein t nhin PD: protein bin tnh x: s tiu n v bit

2.3. Kh nng to gel ca protein

c im qu trnh to gel
Nu bin tnh nhanh hn tp hp th cu trc ca gel c trt t, ng nht, nhn do, n hi tt, trong sut bn

Nu gel to thnh t cc protein c kch thc ln s c, t do, km n hi v km bn

Cc tng tc k nc, cu SH, S-S, Ca2+ to cho gel c bn tt hn pI, gel to ra t phng, hydrate thp, cng v khng chc

2.4. Kh nng cu trc ca protein

Cu trc ca cc thc phm protein
Dng xp

Gel
Dng si Dng mng Dng nht do Dng lng

2.5. Kh nng cu trc ca protein

1.1. ng t nhit v to mng mng
Gia nhit, tri mng v lm kh dung dch protein

2.5. Kh nng cu trc ca protein

1.2. S to si
Mc ch
To gi tht t ngun protein thc vt

2.5. Kh nng cu trc ca protein

1.2. S to si
Cc bc tin hnh Dung dch protein (10-40%), pH >10
p qua l 10-150m ng t protein pI (acid v NaCl)

Ko si
p si

1.3. Phng php p n nhit do [1]

Hn hp protein polysaccharide

Lm m (10-30%) H hp t trng thi bt chuyn thnh khi nht do My p n (mt hoc 2 vt) P = 10.000 20.000kPa To 150-200oC; t 20-150s n nhanh qua cc khe hp c nhit v p sut bn ngoi bnh thng Lm kh Do nc bn trong b bc hi tc thi, lm cho ch phm gin, n v xp

Mng li proteinpolysaccharide c cu trc phng, kh, xp

1.3. Phng php p n nhit do

2.6. Kh nng to nht ca protein

Khi nim
nht ca mt cht lng biu th sc cn s chy ca cht lng

= m. n
l nht (Pa.s) l vn tc tng i ca s ct hay vn tc chy m l h s ch chc n ch s biu th c tnh thy ng hc hoc s chy lng (n<1)

Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh nht ca h lng protein c tnh ca protein Cc phn ng protein-dung mi

Cc phn ng protein-protein

2.7. Kh nng to nh tng ca protein

2.7.1. Khi nim v h nh tng thc phm H nh tng l h phn tn gia hai cht lng khng ho tan vo nhau, mt cht s dng git nh phn tn, cn cht kia s dng pha phn tn lin tc

2.7. Kh nng to nh tng ca protein

Protein l cht nh ho trong cc h nh tng thc phm nh sa, trng, nc chm, sa u nnh

Bng 2.1. Mt s nh tng thc phm [2]

Thc phm Kiu nh tng Sa ng ha D/N T l Du nc 0,04 Khng kh 0 Protein v phospholipid c sn Cht nh ha v liu lng

(3,5% cht bo)

Mayonaise (st du lng trng, 80% cht bo) Margarine (80% cht bo) B (50% cht bo) Kem N/D D/N 5 0,2 Rt t 1 N/D 5 0 N/D 5,3 0

trong sa
Lecithin ca trng C th thm glyxerin monostearate vi lng rt t Lecithin, protein, glyxerin

monosterat vi lng khong 1% Khng cn thm cht nh ha Protein, glixerin monosterate Tc nhn lm bn a nc, cht to gel nng khong 1%

H nh tng khng bn do

S ni ln hay lng xung ca git lng do trng lc

S kt t ca cc git do cc in tch b trit tiu S hp nht cc git do lng, va chm v chuyn ng Brown

Cc bin php lm bn h nh tng Gim sc cng b mt ca lin pha To mt lp phn chia b mt bn To cc in tch cng du trn b mt git phn tn To cc git phn tn c kch thc nh ng u To nht cao cho pha lin tc

Protein l cht lm bn h nh tng Protein c kh nng hp ph b mt phn chia gia cc git du phn tn v pha nc lin tc Protein it c kh nng lm bn h nh tng nc/du

Bng 2.2. Kh nng lm bn nh tng ca mt s protein [1]

Protein Ch s hot tnh nh tng ha (s m2 ca b mt phn chia c lm bn bi 1g protein) pH 6,5 Protein nm men (88% succinyl ha) Bovine serum albumin Natri caseinate lactoglobunin Lactoserum Protein isolate u nnh 119 41 149 197 166 153 142 92 322 pH 8 341

Hemoglobin
Protein ca nm men Albumin ca trng 8

75
59 49

Tnh cht b mt ca protein

Kh nng khuch tn n b mt phn chia du nc v b hp ph ti S dui ca phn t protein v lin kt k nc Lp mng n phn t ca protein (1-3mg/m2 din tch b mt phn tn)

Cc yu t nh hng n s hnh thnh nh tng

ho tan ca protein pH Nhit Nng protein Cht hot ng b mt

2.8. Kh nng to bt nho ca protein

L kh nng ca protein trong bt m (gluten) to thnh khi bt c nht, do, kt cu sau khi nho bt vi nc

2.8. Kh nng to bt nho ca protein

Bng 2.3 Thnh phn protein trong bt m [1]
Albumin La m 9 Globulin 5 Prolamin 40 Gliadin Glutelin 46 Glutenin

Ng
i mch Yn mch La go La min

4
13 11 5 6

2
12 56 10 10

55
52 9 5 46

39
23 23 80 38

2.8. Kh nng to bt nho ca protein

Gliadin: tnh lu, ko gin v trng n Glutenin: n hi, kt dnh v chu nho trn

2.8. Kh nng to bt nho ca protein

Tnh cht ca mng li protein

- Tnh d ko gin lm cho mng c th thay i hnh dng

- Tnh khng thm kh gip gi CO2 - Tnh n hi gip hnh thnh cu trc xp cho sn phm - Kh nng gi nc cao, sn phm mm sau khi nng

2.8. Kh nng to bt nho ca protein

Bng 2.4. Thnh phn cc cht trong bt nho [2]
Thnh phn Bt m Nc Natri chlorua Nm men Malt Mui amon ng (sucrose hoc glucose) Bt sa ( tch b) Lipit Canxi propionat Vitamin S lng (theo trng lng ) 100 20-30 2 2 0,5 0,5 6 Vai tr Ngun gluten, tinh bt, lipit Tc nhn ha do To v, lm cng gluten Ln men to CO2 Ngun amilase, protease C cht cho nm men To v, mu sc, c cht cho nm men To vi, mu, tc dng m pH Ci bin kt cu Tc nhn chng vi sinh vt Tng gi tr dinh dng

6 4 0,2 Vt

2.9. Kh nng to bt ca protein

2.9.1. Khi nim
Bt thc phm gm cc bt kh phn tn trong pha lin tc l lng hoc bn rn c cht hot ng b mt

2.9.2. Kh nng to bt ca protein

Cc phng php to bt

2.9.2. Kh nng to bt ca protein

Cc c ch ph v h bt

Cc yu t nh hng n s to thnh v bn ca bt

Kh nng ho tan ca protein pH

Kh nng ho tan tt to thun li cho s to bt v bn ca bt Ti pH ng in (pI) bn ca bt l tt nht NaCl lm gim bn Ca2+ Lm tng bn Lm gim s gin n nhng tng bn ca bt do tng nht ca bt

Mui

ng

Cc yu t nh hng n s to thnh v bn ca bt

Lipid

Gim kh nng to bt

Nng protein Mc khuy Nhit

Khng lm tng th tch bt nhng tng bn ca bt s lm protein dui v hp th Qu ln s lm gim bn bt

C th tng gin n nhng gim bn ca bt Khng kh b trng n, gim nht, ph hu h bt

Kh nng to bt ca mt s loi protein Protein c kh nng to bt tt li thng khng c kh nng gi bt tt

to bt tt
Cc phn t mm, d un, ngho cu trc bc 3, 4 S gia nhit va phi cc protein hnh cu gi bt bn Mng protein dy, c kt, n hi, lin tc v khng thm kh Protein c kh nng di chuyn t vng c sc cng b mt yu n vng c sc cng b mt cao v thit lp dy ca vch (hiu ng Maragoni)

Hiu ng Maragoni

Kh nng to bt ca mt s loi protein Mt s protein c kh nng to bt tt

Lng trng trng va c kh nng to bt tt va gi bt bn Protein ca sa: casein c kh nng to bt tt, casein K lm cho bt bn H protein trong bt m (gluten) Protein ca u tng

2.10. Kh nng c nh mi ca protein

2.10.1. Khi nim

Protein c kh nng lin kt vi cc cht to mi nh aldehyde, ketone, ru, acid bo...

Tch mi v mang mi

3. Kh nng c nh mi ca protein
2.10.2. Cc phn ng gia cht bay hi vi protein Hp th vt l do lc ht Van der Waals Hp th ho hc do lin kt ng ho tr v lin kt tnh in Lin kt hydro v lin kt k nc

3. Kh nng c nh mi ca protein
2.10.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh c nh mi Nc Nhit Mui pH thay i cu trc protein S ph hu cu disulfide nh hng n s c nh mi ca protein

3. Khi nim bin hnh protein

phng php dng cc tc nhn vt l, ho hc, enzym tc ng ln cc phn t protein nhm lm thay i mt phn cu trc phn t do lm thay i tnh cht chc nng

Bin hnh protein

Tc dng ca bin hnh protein

- Hn ch phn ng gy h hng thc phm (Maillard)

- Ci thin tnh cht chc nng - Tng gi tr dinh dng v kh nng tiu ho - V hot mt s cht c

3. Cc phng php bin hnh protein

Phng php vt l Phng php ho hc Phng php sinh hc (enzyme)

Gia cng c hc Gia cng nhit

pH Dung mi Bin i cc gc acid amin Hnh thnh cc cu ng ho tr

Phn ng thu phn protein Phn ng plastein

3.1. Phng php vt l

Bin hnh bng gia cng c hc

- Nghin, ct, khuy, p, ng ho u c th lm bin

tnh protein t lm thay i tnh cht chc nng ca cc protein

3.1. Phng php vt l

Bin hnh bng gia nhit
Gia nhit lm bin tnh do lm thay i tnh cht chc
nng v gi tr dinh dng ca protein

3.1. Phng php vt l

Bin hnh bng gia nhit

Lm mt i cu trc bc cao ca protein V hot cc enzyme oxy ho protein, enzyme c ch qu V hot hoc bin tnh cc c t Tng hiu sut qu trnh tiu ho

trnh tiu ho

Nhit qu cao to ra nhng bin i khng c li

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Thay i pH

- Ti pI protein s tp hp thun nghch (ngoi tr casein)

- pH qu cao hoc qu thp u lm tng kh nng ho tan ca protein

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Thay i pH
Mc ho tan (%) Hnh 1. nh hng ca pH n kh nng ho tan ca protein ht u [4]

3.2. Phng php ho hc

S dng dung mi khng cc - Lm yu tng tc k nc
- Lm tng lc y tnh in gia cc nhm
-

Ph v lp v thu ho

ng dng trong tch v lm sch protein

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Bin hnh protein bng cn (ethanol) 70%

www.elmhurst.edu

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Gn mt s gc, nhm chc vo protein
Gn mt s gc vo nhm bn ca protein lm thay i tnh

phn cc ca protein do protein c th dui ra hoc cun li

Bng 1.11. Cc phn ng ha hc quan trng ca protein trong thc phm [1]
Cc gc chc nng -NH2 -CONH2 -COOH -OH -SH -S-SPhn ng Acyl ha Thy phn Este ha Este ha Oxy ha Kh Sn phm -NH-CO-R -COOH -COOR -O-CO-R -S-S-SH

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Phn ng acyl ho
P NH2 +
anhydrit succinic

P NH CO CH2 CH2 COO- + H+

(P) l protein Phn ng ny thng lm tng ha tan v ci thin tnh cht b mt ca protein

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Phn ng amide ho
P COO- + NH2 R P CO NH2 + NH2 R P CO NHR P CO NHR

(P) l protein
Tng gi tr dinh dng (lysine v methionine) Bo v cc nhm NH2 khi phn ng Maillard

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Phn ng alkyl ho
P NH2 + 2HCHO + 1/2NaBH4 P N(CH3)2 + NaHBO3 + 1/2 H2O (P) l protein

Bo v cc nhm NH2 khi phn ng Maillard

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Carboxylmetyl ha vi acid iodoacetic hoc iodoacetamite P S- + ICH2COO- P S CH2 COO- + I(P) l protein

Tng kh nng hp th nc, ho tan v bn nhit

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Phn ng oxy ho bi acid performic
P SH + 3H COO OH P SO3H + 3HCOOH P S S P + 5H COO OH 2P SO3H + 5HCOOH (P) l protein

Tng kh nng ho tan ca protein

3.2. Phng php ho hc

S hnh thnh cc cu ng ho tr
-

Gn cc dn xut ca mono hoc oligosaccharide vo protein lm Gn cc nhm khng phn cc tng k nc ca protein Khu li vi nhau bng phn ng trng hp nh cc cht phn ng

tng phn cc v kh nng ho tan

-

(COOH trong acid bo)

-

nh chc nh aldehyde malonic, aldehyde glutaric (CHO)2(CH2)3

3.2. Phng php ho hc

Thu phn hn ch bng acid hoc baz

Thu phn hn ch bng acid HCl

www.elmhurst.edu

3.3. Cc enzyme thu phn protein (protease)

3.3.1. Papain Thu phn protein thnh polypeptide v acid amin
Nhit b v hot 82,5oC, 30 pht pH ti u 4,5-8,5 Cc cht kh hot ho enzyme Cc cht oxy ho km hm enzyme

ng dng to plastein t u nnh v lm mm tht

3.3.2. Pepsin Thu phn lin kt peptide trong c mt gc acid amin vng v nhm carboxyl (phenylanaline, tyrosine) pH ti u 2-4 pH >5,5 b bin tnh

B v hot trong mi trng kim

ng dng to plastein t u nnh

3.3.3. Renin (chimozin)

Thu phn hn ch casein K trong sa

pH ti u 5,3 - 6,3 pH >7,5 b v hot Nhit > 50oC v hot enzyme ng dng sn xut phomat

3.3.4. Chimotrypsin Phn ct cc lin kt peptide trong c nhm carboxyl ca acid amin tyrosine, phenylanaline, tryptophan pH ti u 8

3.3.5. Trypsin Phn ct cc lin kt peptide trong c nhm carboxyl l gc ca lysine hoc arginine pH ti u 8

3.3.6. Colagenase Phn ct cc lin kt peptide dng poly-L-proline trong colagen pH ti u 7-8 Nhit ti u <40oC Ngun Clostridium histolyticum

3.4. Cc ng dng ca enzyme thu phn protein

3.4.1. Bin hnh colagen v lm mm tht Thu phn cc lin kt peptide ti cc vng xon trong phn t colagen, lm cho tht mm

3.4.2. Bin hnh casein K v sn xut phomat Thu phn c hiu Phe-Met (105-106) trong casein K

Phn ng ng t sa
S co ca khi gel iu kin phn ng l 80% casein K b bin hnh

3.4.3. ng dng sn phm ca qu trnh thu phn hn ch protein Peptide c khi lng phn t cao, ho tan tt, khng c v ng, kh nng nh ho v to bt tt Thu phn hn ch gluten ca la m ci thin kh nng phn tn ca chng trong thc phm

3.4.4. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng tng hp to plastein Plastein l mt gel protein c to ra khi cho thm mt enzyme protease ni mch vo dung dch c c ca protein thu phn Phn ng plastein l phn ng gn acid amin vo protein tng gi tr dinh dng ca protein

3.4.4. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng tng hp to plastein Phn ng plastein Thu phn hn ch protein nng thp (<5%) Ti tng hp bng mt protease to thnh plastein
R-CO-NH-R1 + E-OH R-CO-O-E + NH2-R1

R-CO-O-E + NH2-R2 R-CO-NH-R2

3.4.4. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng tng hp to plastein iu kin phn ng Cc peptide c khi lng phn t 500-2000 Da, nng >10% pH 4-7 ho nc ca c cht peptide (0,5)

3.4.4. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng tng hp to plastein

L-Tryp-OEt Pepsin Cao ng

Dch thy phn (MW 1,1 kDa)

Papain

L-Thr-OEt Plastein-OEt

L-Lys-OEt
NaOH

Plastein (MW 2,83kDa)

S 3. Quy trnh to plastein t ng [1]

3.4.4. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng tng hp to plastein

Albumin (trng)
Pepsin Dch thy Protein u nnh Pepsin phn mt Pepsin phn K Nagarse P A Nagarse Plastein AP

Keratin

Plastein PK

S 4. Quy trnh to plastein t u nnh [1]

3.4.4. Bin hnh protein bng phn ng tng hp to plastein

Tc dng ca phn ng plastein

Phn ng plastein ci thin ho tan ca protein Tng gi tr dinh dng v cm quan