i cng v Thp khng g (inox)

Thp khng g hay cn gi l inox l mt dng hp kim st cha ti thiu 10,5% crm. N t b bin mu hay b n mn nh thp thng thng khc.

Lch s
Thp khng g gn lin vi tn tui ca mt chuyn gia ngnh thp ngi Anh l ng Harry Brearley. Khi vo nm 1913, ng sng ch ra mt loi thp c bit c kh nng chu mi mn cao, bng vic gim hm lng carbon xung v cho crmvo trong thnh phn thp (0.24% C v 12.8% Cr). Sau hng thp Krupp c tip tc ci tin loi thp ny bng vic cho thm nguyn t niken vo thp tng kh nng chng n mn axit v lm mm hn d gia cng. Trn c s hai pht minh ny m 2 loi mc thp 400 v 300 ra i ngay trc Chin tranh th gii ln th nht. Sau chin tranh, nhng nm 20 ca th k 20, mt chuyn gia ngnh thp ngi Anh l ng W. H Hatfield tip tc nghin cu, pht trin cc tng v thp khng g. Bng vic kt hp cc t l khc nhau gia ni ken v crm trong thnh phn thp, ng cho ra i mt loi thp khng g mi 18/8 vi t l 8% Ni v 18% Cr, chnh l mc thp 304 quen thuc ngy nay. ng cng l ngi pht minh ra loi thp 321 bng cch cho thm thnh phn titan vo thp c t l 18/8 ni trn. Tri qua gn mt th k ra i v pht trin, ngy nay thp khng g c dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc dn dng v cng nghip vi hn 100 mc thp khc nhau. Trong ngnh luyn kim, thut ng thp khng g (inox) c dng ch mt dng hp kim st cha ti thiu 10,5% crm. Tn gi l "thp khng g" nhng tht ra n ch lhp kim ca st khng b bin mu hay b n mn d dng nh l cc loi thp thng thng khc. Vt liu ny cng c th gi l thp chng n mn. Thng thng, c nhiu cch khc nhau ng dng inox cho nhng b mt khc nhau tng tui th ca vt dng. Trong i sng, chng xut hin khp ni nh nhng li dao ct hoc dy eong h... Thp khng g c kh nng chng s xy ho v n mn rt cao, tuy nhin s la chn ng chng loi v cc thng s k thut ca chng ph hp vo tng trng hp c th l rt quan trng. Kh nng chng li s oxy ho t khng kh xung quanh nhit thng thng ca thp khng g c c nh vo t l crm c trong hp kim (nh nht l 13% v c th ln n 26% trong trng hp lm vic trong mi trng lm vic khc nghit). Trng thi b oxy ho ca crm thng l crm xit(III). Khi crm trong hp kim thp tip xc vikhng kh th mt lp chrom III oxit rt mng xut hin trn b mt vt liu; lp ny mng n mc khng th thy bng mt thng, c ngha l b mt kim loi vn sng bng. Tuy nhin, chng li hon ton khng tc dng vi nc v khng kh nn bo v c lp thp bn di. Hin tng ny gi l s oxi ho chng g bng k thut vt liu. C th thy hin tng ny i vi mt s kim loi khc nh nhm v km. Khi nhng vt th lm bng inox c lin kt li vi nhau vi lc tc dng nh bu lng v inh tn th lp xit ca chng c th b bay mt ngay ti cc v tr m chng lin kt vi nhau. Khi tho ri chng ra th c th thy cc v tr b n mn. Niken cng nh m-lip-en v vanai cng c tnh nng oxy ho chng g tng t nhng khng c s dng rng ri. Bn cnh crm, niken cng nh m-lip-en v ni t cng c tnh nng oxi ho chng g tng t. Niken (Ni) l thnh phn thng dng tng cng do, d un, tnh to hnh ca thp khng g. M-lip-en (Mo) lm cho thp khng g c kh nng chu n mn cao trong mi trng axit. Ni t (N) to ra s n nh cho thp khng g nhit m (mi trng lnh). S tham gia khc nhau ca cc thnh phn crm, niken, m-lip-en, ni t dn n cc cu trc tinh th khc nhau to ra tnh cht c l khc nhau ca thp khng g.

Phn loi
C bn loi thp khng g chnh: Austenitic, Ferritic,Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), v Martensitic.

Austenitic l loi thp khng g thng dng nht. Thuc dng ny c th k ra cc mc thp SUS 301, 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 310s Loi ny c cha ti thiu 7% ni ken, 16% crm, carbon (C) 0.08% max. Thnh phn nh vy to ra cho loi thp ny c kh nng chu n mn cao trong phm vi nhit kh rng, khng b nhim t, mm do, d un, d hn. Loai thp ny c s dng nhiu lm gia dng, bnh cha, ng cng nghip, tu thuyn cng nghip, v ngoi kin trc, cc cng trnh xy dng khc Ferritic l loi thp khng g c tnh cht c l tng t thp mm, nhng c kh nng chu n mn cao hn thp mm (thp carbon thp). Thuc dng ny c th k ra cc mc thp SUS 430, 410, 409... Loi ny c cha khong 12% 17% crm. Loi ny, vi 12%Cr thng c ng dng nhiu trong kin trc. Loi c cha khong 17%Cr c s dng lm gia dng, ni hi, my git, cc kin trc trong nh... Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) y l loi thp c tnh cht gia loi Ferritic v Austenitic c tn gi chung l DUPLEX. Thuc dng ny c th k ra LDX 2101, SAF 2304, 2205, 253MA. Loi thp duplex c cha thnh phn Ni t hn nhiu so vi loi Austenitic. DUPLEX c c tnh tiu biu l bn chu lc cao v mm do c s dng nhiu trong ngnh cng nghip ho du, sn xut giy, bt giy, ch to tu bin... Trong tnh hnh gi thp khng g leo thang do ni ken khan him th dng DUPLEX ang ngy cng c ng dng nhiu hn thay th cho mt s mc thp thuc dng thp Austenitic nh SUS 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 310s Martensitic Loi ny cha khong 11% n 13% Cr, c bn chu lc v cng tt, chu n mn mc tng i. c s dng nhiu ch to cnh tuabin, li dao...

c tnh ca thp khng g

Cc c tnh ca nhm thp khng g c th c nhn di gc so snh vi h thp carbon thp. V mt chung nht, thp khng g c: Tc ha bn rn cao do cao hn cng v bn cao hn bn nng cao hn Chng chu n mn cao hn do dai nhit thp tt hn Phn ng t km hn (ch vi thp austenit) Cc c tnh thc ra ng cho h thp austenit v c th thay i kh nhiu i vi cc mc thp v h thp khc. Cc c tnh lin quan n cc lnh vc ng dng thp khng g, nhng cng chu nh hng ca thit b v phng php ch to. Bng 1 (Phn A). Tnh cht so snh ca h thp khng g.

nhm hp kim T tnh 1 Tc ho bn rn Chu n mn 2 Kh nng ho bn Austenit Duplex Ferrit Martensit Khng C C C Rt cao Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh Cao Rt cao Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh Rn ngui Khng Khng Ti v Ram Ho gi

Ho bn tit pha C

(1)- Sc ht ca nam chm i vi thp. Ch , mt s mc thp b nam chm ht khi qua rn ngui. (2)- Bin ng ng k gia cc mc thp trong mi nhm, v d, cc mc khng gia c c tnh chu n mn thp hn, v khi c Mo cao hn s c tnh khng cao hn. Bng 1 (Phn B). C tnh so snh ca h thp khng g.

Nhm hp kim Tnh do Austenit Duplex Ferrit Rt cao Trung bnh Trung

Lm vic nhit cao Rt cao Thp Cao

Lm vic nhit thp3 Rt tt Trung bnh Thp

Tnh hn Rt cao Cao Thp

bnh Martensit Ho bn tit pha Thp Trung bnh Thp Thp Thp Thp Thp Cao

(3)- o bng do dai hoc do gn 0 C. Thp khng g Austenit gi c do nhit thp.

Phn loi theo tiu chun

C nhiu bin th v thp khng g v hc vin gang thp M (AISI) trc y quy nh mt s mc theo chun thnh phn, v vn tip tc c s dng rng ri nh ngy nay. Ngy nay, SAE v ASTM da theo chun ca AISI quy nh cc mc thp ca mnh, c nh ch s UNS l 1 k t + 5 ch s i vi cc mc thp mi. Phm vi nh ch y nht ca nhng h thp khng g c s dng trong Hip hi gang thp (ISS), v s tay SEA/ASTM v h ch s hp nht. Cc mc thp no khc khng c ch s chun, m ang c s dng cc quc gia khc hoc cc quy nh quc t, hoc quy nh i vi sn xut chuyn bit nh cc chun v thp dy hn