Basic Principles of Democracy Vol One ByVanSangva Dot Com

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Basic Principles of Democracy
Vansangva Online Democracy Training

V O L U M E
Published by the CHIN FORUM with the financial support of

the National Endowment for Democracy
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Author: Salai Kipp Kho Lian
Editor: U Khin Maung Saw
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Acknowledgement
On behalf of the CHIN FORUM I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all
those who have contributed to the successful completion and publication of Basic Principles of Democracy, Vansangva Volume I.
Special acknowledgment goes to National Endowment for Democracy (NED) for its
generous financial supports, without which the process of producing and publication of
this book would not have been possible.
The CHIN FORUM also acknowledges the distinguished contributions of U Khin
Maung Saw, who contributed his valuable time, effort and knowledges as editor of the
book - Basic Principles of Democracy, Vansangva Volume I, with true spirit of volunteerism.
The valuable contributions and supports of my closest colleagues from the CHIN
FORUM MANAGING BOARD and of the many other young people , friends, individuals of various ethnicities of the Union of Burma, who have volunteered, given advices and
comments throughout the process of producing this work are herewith, also acknowledged.
Last but not the least my special thanks also goes to my beloved wife Dalcing, who
has supported me with her love, understanding and encouragement during the last three
years of my work producing this book.
Salai Kipp Kho Lian

Program Coordinator
CHIN FORUM MANAGAING BOARD
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13
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14
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jzpfomG ;&r,fvYkd 'Dru
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25
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26
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33
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34
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35
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37
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38
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39
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40
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f MumBuD; aqG;aEG;ae&rJ[
h mrsKd; tmayguf
atmifajymae&wmrsKd;? aoG;ajrawGtrsm;BuD;us&wmrsKd;awG 'gawGu tcsdet
f vum;oufoufuek yf gw,f/
vGwv
f yfa&;udk jrefjref&zdt
Yk wGuf jrefjrefvw
G af jrmufzt
Ykd wGuf ydt
Yk a&;BuD;ygw,f/ tJ'aD wmh aoG;pnf;
nD Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufwJhae&mrSm tawG;tac: wxyfwnf;jzpfzdkYqdkwm tifrwefrS ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
S yk f 'Dru
kd a&pDukd t&ifvyk q
f w
kd mrsKd;? wkid ;f &if;om;ta&;udk aemufrv
S yk ?f
tJ'aD wmh Federal udak emufrv
Armta&;udt
k &ifvyk q
f w
kd mrsKd; r&St
d yfygbl;/ 'Dta&;awGu twlwyl /J Armhta&;qd&k ifvnf; wkid ;f &if;om;
ta&;yJ? wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;qdv
k nf; Armhta&;yJ/ Federal ta&;qdw
k mvnf; 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;yJ Federal
ta&;eJU 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;qdw
k m cGjJ cm;vdrYk &bl;/ wkid ;f &if;om;ta&;eJU Armta&;udk cGjJ cm;cGjJ cm;vkyv
f rYkd &bl;/
tJ'DvdkcGJjcm;cGJjcm;vkyf&if;vkyf&if;eJu cGJjcm;cGJjcm;vkyfaewJholawGudk,fwkdif uRefb0udk a&mufaeMu&wm
jzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh uRefb0uae vGwaf jrmufzq
Ykd &kd if 'Dtydik ;f av;udk uRefawmfw&Ykd iS ;f &Si;f vif;vif;
em;vnf&r,f/ uRefb0u vGwfajrmufzdkYtwGuf awmfvSefaomtawG;tac:awGjzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pD
tawG;tac:a&m Federal tawG;tac:yg 'DawmfveS af &;tawG;ac:awGukd vlrsKd;tm;vk;H u twlwuG
qkyu
f ikd Nf yD;awmh csDwufro
S mvQif uRefawmfwt
Ykd m;vk;H atmifycJG EH idk rf mS jzpfw,f/ 'Dupd eJUqufvufNyD;awmh
oifwef;ydcYk swhJ tcgrSmvnf; tm;vk;H oabmaygufatmif nD&if;tpfuo
kd zG,f &Si;f jy&rSmjzpfw,f/ wOD;eJUwOD;
&efov
l o
kd abmxm;&rSm r[kwb
f ;l / 'gudek m;rvnfwo
hJ u
l v
kd nf; em;vnfvmatmif? oabmraygufwhJ
oluv
kd nf; oabmaygufvmatmif aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dru
kd a&pDwYkd Federal wdq
Yk w
kd hJ
pum;vk;H awG[m pum;vk;H oufouf r[kwb
f eJ UJ olUaemufu,
G rf mS tifrwefrS euf idI ;f av;eufwhJ atmifyu
JG kd
&aprJh uReb
f 0rS vGwaf jrmufaprJ?h 'Dru
kd a&pD tiftm;pkeUJ vlrsK;d aygif;pkH aoG;pnf;nDnw
G af prJh ol&UJ tawG;tac:
awG euf idI ;f wJh taMumif;t&mawG trsm;BuD;&Syd gw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh uRefawmfw'Ykd u
D pd udk ayghao;ao;
rpOf;pm;MuzdeYk UJ [d[
k mt&ifvyk ?f 'D[maemufrv
S yk q
f w
kd mrsKd;awG r&SMd uzd/Yk tJovdk vkyjf cif;tm;jzifh 'Dru
kd a&pD
qdkwmudk wydkif;wpyJ vdkcsifw,fqdkwJh oabmrsKd;oufa&mufaew,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDukdvnf;
rjynfrh pkH jynfaxmifpu
k v
kd nf; ryDrjyifwnfaqmufcsifw,fqw
kd hJ oabmawG&v
dS mNyDq&kd if jynfaxmifpk
twkta,mifuw
kd nfaqmufwhJ oabmjzpfomG ;w,fqw
kd t
hJ cgusawmh 'Dru
kd a&pDtwkta,mifukd yJ&Edik rf ,f/
'Drdkua&pD qdkwJh tawG;ac:r&SdwJhtwGuf rjynfhwjynfh'Drdkua&pD twkta,mifyJ uRefawmfwdkY&r,f/
jynfaxmifpu
k kd yDyjD yifjyifwnfaqmufvUkd r&bl;/ Federal udk rvdck sifb;l qd&k if jrefrmEdik if u
H b,forl S
'Dru
kd a&pDuv
kd nf;r&bl;/ 'gu&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;yJ tJ'gudt
k m;vk;H tav;teufxm;MuzdYk 'Duae tEl;t w
G f
awmif;yefygw,f/ tav;teufwu
kd w
f eG ;f ygw,f/
7/ wjynfaxmifpepf
tckwjynfaxmifpepfukd usio
fh ;Hk Ny;D awmf vTwaf wmfw&yfwnf;udk usio
fh ;Hk wJh Ekid if w
H ckrmS a,bk,s
tm;jzifah yghaemf ygwDtoD;oD;u a&G;aumufy0JG ifNyD;awmfh olw&Ykd &Sw
d hJ rJawGeUJ &mcdik Ef eI ;f awGukd MunhMf ur,f/
42
'Drdkua&pD
aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh 'D[mudk b,fvykd gvDrefxrJ mS rJta&twGuf tcsKd;tpm;t& tpd;k & b,fvzkd UJG pnf;w,f
twdu
k t
f cHb,fvjkd zpfvmw,fqw
kd [
hJ mudk wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;r,f/ ykrH mS Munfv
h &Ykd &dS if ygwDawGu b,fEpS cf k
&Sv
d q
J &kd ifawmh A, B, C, D, E qdNk yD;awmh ygwDig;ck&w
dS ,f/ a&G;aumufy0JG ifvu
kd w
f t
hJ cguawmh ygwD (A) u
47 &mcdik Ef eI ;f rJ&w,f/ wkid ;f jynfwjynfv;Hk &J rJta&twGut
f m;vk;H ayghav/ rJay;ydik cf iG &hf o
dS al y;wJh rJ&UJ
ta&twGu&f UJ 40&mcdik Ef eI ;f &w,f/ ygwD (B) u 34 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &w,f/ ygwD (C) u 11 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &w,f/
ygwD (D) u rJta&twGuf 5 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &w,f/ ygwD (E) u 2 &mcdik Ef eI ;f yJ&w,f/ tJ'aD wmh olwt
Ykd pd;k &
zGUJ awmhr,f/ ygvDrefrmS olwb
Ykd ,fvakd e&m&MurvJ? b,fvb
kd ,fenf;zGUJ pnf;MurvJqw
kd mudk a&SUpmrsufEmS rSm
qufvufavhvmMu&atmif/
43
'Drdkua&pD
8/ ygvDrefudk,fpm;vS,f
tJ'aD wmh ygwD A, B, C, D, E awG[m jynfoal y;wJh rJu&kd mcdik Ef eI ;f trsKd;rsKd;eJU&&Sv
d mw,f/
f ;Hk &mcdik Ef eI ;f yJ&w
dS t
hJ wGuf ygvDrefxu
J kd r0ifEidk b
f ;l / usefwhJ
tJ'x
D rJ mS ygwD (E) uawmh rJta&twGuo
ygwDawGuawmh tpd;k &zGUJ zdYk &mcdik Ef eI ;f eJU txufurkd &vd&Yk &dS if tpd;k &zGUJ vdrYk &bl;/ tJ'aD wmh tpd;k &zGUJ Edik w
f hJ
ygwDu r&Sb
d ;l jzpfaew,f/ ygwD (A) u av;q,fch Ek pS &f mcdik Ef eI ;f &w,f/ Simple Majority t& trsm;qk;H
awmh&aew,f/ odaYk omfvnf; tpd;k &zGUJ Edik w
f EhJ eI ;f jzpfwhJ ig;q,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f eJU txufuo
kd u
l r&bl;/ tJ't
D cg
usawmh b,fvykd b
Hk ,fvekd nf;eJU tpd;k &zGUJ rvJ/ ckeuajymwJh ygwD (E) u ok;H &mcdik Ef eI ;f yJ&wJt
h wGuf vTwaf wmf
udk udk,fpm;vS,fapvTwfcGifhr&Sdbl;/ 'gua,bk,soabmrsKd;ajymwmyJjzpfygw,f/ atmufvTwfawmfudk
ygwDwcku udk,fpm;vS,fapvTwfEkdifzdkYtwGuf tenf;qkH;vdktyfwJh rJ&mckdkifEIef; (election threshold)
owfrw
S cf suf[m Ekid if t
H vdu
k u
f mG jcm;rI&ydS gw,f/ Oyrm Germany u tenf;qk;H 5%? New Zealand
uvnf; 5%? Israel u 2%? Turkey u 10%? Sweden u 4% ponfjzifh tenf;qk;H rJ&mcdik Ef eI ;f awG&rS
ygwDwcku vTwaf wmfukd ud,
k pf m;vS,af pvTwEf ikd yf gw,f/ Romania rSmawmh vlrsKd;pki,fawGukd ouf mwJh
taeeJU w&m;rQwrI&zdS t
Ykd wGuf olwv
Ykd el pJ t
k oD;oD;&JU vlO;D a&tvdu
k f tenf;qk;H rJta&twGuu
f kd trsKd;rsKd;
owfrw
S af y;w,fvYkd od&w,f/ 'DOyrmrSmawmh 'DygwD (E) u *smrPD Base tajccHOya't& vTwaf wmf
ud,
k pf m;vS,af pvTwv
f Ukd r&bl; xm;vdu
k af wmhaemf/ ig;q,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f awmifr&wm b,fvv
kd yk f tpd;k &zGUJ rvJ
qdw
k mudk uReaf wmfwpYkd Of;pm;&r,f/ wcsKUd udp awGrmS awmh >cif;csut
f aeeJU ig;q,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f r&onfh wkid af tmif
Minority Government qdNk yD; tpd;k &zGUJ vd&
Yk wmawG&w
dS ,f/ tJ'guawmh a&SUpmrsufEmS rSm uRefawmfwYkd xyfrH
wifjyoGm;r,faemf/ qufomG ;&atmif/
44
'Drdkua&pD
9/ GefYaygif;tpdk;&zGJUpnf;jcif;
tJ'aD wmh ygwDawG[m tpd;k &zGUJ Edik zf t
Ykd wGuu
f awmh olwiYkd g;q,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f rJurkd &Mubl;/ ygwD
toD;oD;uaerS ig;q,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f rausmf&if tpd;k &rzGUJ Edik af tmif ygwD (A) eJU ygwD (D)u GefYaygif;tpdk;&udk
zGJUvdkufw,f/ ygwDwckwnf;uzGJUwm r[kwfyJeJU pkaygif;zGJUpnf;vdkufwJhtwGuf GefYaygif;tpdk;&vdkYac:w,f/
Coalition Government ac:w,f/ (A) eJU (D) eJUaygif;vdu
k w
f t
hJ cgusawmh trwfae&m ig;q,fEh pS f
&mcdik Ef eI ;f ud&k w,f qdak wmh olwu
Ykd tpd;k &jzpfomG ;w,f/ ygvDrefrmS olwu
Ykd trsm;pkaygh/ usefwyhJ gwD (B) eJU
(C) uawmh twdu
k t
f cHtjzpf vTwaf wmfxrJ mS ae&w,f/ olwu
Ykd tenf;pkoabmjzpfomG w;,f/ (C) u
trwfae&mq,fw
h &mcdik Ef eI ;f ud,
k w
l ,f/ (B) u trwfae&mokH;q,fhav; &mcdkifEIef;udk,lw,f/ Gefaygif;
tpd;k &u 52 &mcdik Ef eI ;f udk &,lxm;w,fqakd wmh usefwo
hJ al wGu vlenf;pkjzpfomG ;w,f/ (A) eJU (D) eJU
aygif;awmh Majority Rule aygh/ (C) eJU (D) eJUoGm;NyD;awmh tEkid u
f sifv
h rYkd &bl;/
'Dru
kd a&pDpepfatmufrmS tenf;pk? vlenf;pkqw
kd hJ a0g[m&awGU&avh&w
dS ,f/ vlenf;pk? tenf;pk
qdw
k m 'Dae&mrSmvlO;D a&enf;wJh vlrsK;d udrk q
S v
kd w
kd mr[kwb
f ;l / Oyrm vlrsK;d wrsK;d wnf;&Sw
d hJ wjynfaxmifpepf
usio
fh ;Hk wJh Ekid if rH mS vnf; ygwDwckcu
k olwq
Ykd yk u
f ikd x
f m;wJh rlawG[m vlBudKufenf;aeao;wJt
h wGuf tiftm;
k axmufcH
enf;ae&ifvel nf;pk Minority Party ae&mrSm &wmud;k / wcsderf mS vlBudKufrsm;vmr,f? vlxu
r,fq&kd if olwu
Ykd trsm;pkae&mrSm tpd;k &jzpfvmrSmyJ/
'Dvt
kd enf;pkb0? Minority Party b0rSm twdu
k t
f cHtjzpfae&ayrJh 'D . . . 'Dru
kd a&pDqw
kd hJ System
u tenf;pkuv
kd nf; ae&may;xm;w,f/ tpd;k &jzpfwo
hJ u
l vnf; tenf;pkukd vcvnf;ay;xm;&w,f/
ud,
k u
hf t
kd wdu
k t
f cHvyk rf yhJ gwDukd ud,
k u
hf Okd ya'abmiftwGi;f rS tacstwifjiif;ckex
f ed ;f odr;f ay;zdYk tpd;k &u
vcay;xm;&w,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh tpd;k &udk twdu
k t
f cHvyk zf t
Ykd wGuf ay;xm;&wmjzpfw,f/ twdu
k t
f cH
ygwD[mvnf; tpd;k &udk Oya'abmiftwGi;f uom twdu
k t
f cHvyk Ef idk w
f ,f/ Oya'jyifyu bmrSvyk cf iG hf
r&Sb
d ;l / tJ'[
D mu tpd;k &udOk ya'abmiftwGi;f uom twdu
k cf v
H yk Ef ikd w
f ,f/ Oya'jyifyu bmrSvyk cf iG rhf &Sb
d ;l /
tJ'[
D mu 'Dru
kd a&pD&UJ tESpo
f m&wcky/J qdyk gawmh aemuf Election rSm ygwD (B) u ig;q,fEh pS &f mcdik Ef eI ;f ?
ajcmufq,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f rJawG&vmw,f/ 'Dvq
kd &kd if olutpd;k &zGUJ awmhrmS yJ/ tJ't
D cgusawmh t&ifuwke;f u
tpd;k &vkycf w
hJ hJ (A) eJU (D) udk oluESyd u
f yG v
f rYkd &bl; rif;wdaYk umifawG t&ifutpd;k &vkycf w
hJ ,f? rif;wdYk
aumifawGu igwdu
Yk kd tay:uaepD;NyD;awmh tEdik u
f sifch zhJ ;l w,fqNkd yD;awmh uvJph m;acsvdrYk &bl;/ olwu
Ykd
tpd;k &zGUJ wJu
h mvrSm twdu
k t
f cHygwDukd Of;qJEydS pf ufowfjzwfwmr&Scd o
hJ vdk tcku,
kd u
f tpd;k &zGUJ awmhvnf;
uvJph m;acsvdrYk &bl;/ olwu
Ykd tpd;k &zGUJ wJu
h mvrSm twdu
k t
f cHygwDukd if;qJEydS pf ufowfjzwfwm r&Scd o
hJ
vdk tcku,
kd u
f tpd;k &zGUJ awmhvnf; twdu
k t
f cHygwDukd n if;qJvrYkd &ygbl;/ tJ'aD wmhuvJph m;acsw,fqw
kd m
'Dru
kd a&pDpepfatmufrmS r&Sad wmhb;l / twdu
k cf v
H yk o
f &l UJ tawG;tac:? t,ltqawG ygwD ay:vpDawG
udv
k nf;ajyma&;qdck iG ahf y;&w,f? vGwv
f yfpmG a&;om;cGi&hf &dS w,f? vGwv
f yfpmG jzefaY 0cGiahf wG &S&d w,f pojzifh
tJ'gawGukd tm;vk;H cGijhf yK&w,f/ oGm;ESyd u
f u
G v
f rYkd &bl;/ wjynfaxmifpepfrmS vTwaf wmfw&yf[m 'Dvkd
Function jzpfw,fqw
kd m uRefawmfww
Ykd ifjywmjzpfygw,f/
10/ vlenf;pktpdk;&
tckwcg ygvDref'rD u
kd a&pDpepfrmS trsm;pktyk cf sKyfa&;pepfukd usifo
h ;Hk w,f? rJtrsm;qk;H &wJh ygwDu
tpd;k &zGUJ &w,fqx
kd m;aomfvnf; apmapmuajymwJh >cif;csuftaeeJU tenf;pktpd;k &qdw
k mvnf; &SEd idk w
f ,f/
tJ't
D aMumif;udk jynfaxmifpo
k rwEkid if H wckjzpfwhJ *smreDEidk if &H UJ North Rhein-Westphalia (NordrheinWestfalen) qdw
k hJ jynfe,frmS avmavmvwfvwf zGUJ pnf;oGm;wJh tenf;pktpk;d &udk erlemtjzpf wifjyoGm;r,f/
45
'Drdkua&pD
b,fvv
kd yk Nf yD; trsm;pku tkycf sKyf&r,fqw
kd hJ pnf;rsOf;txJrmS tenf;pktpd;k &zGUJ Edik rf vJqw
kd mudk uRefawmfwYkd
enf;enf;&Si;f jyoGm;r,f/ vufawGUjzpf&yfukd rwifjycifrmS 'Da0g[m& tok;H tEIe;f av;udk &Si;f jycsifwmu
tenf;pktpd;k &qdak yrJh 'Dvel nf;pkqw
kd hJ pum;vk;H u vlrsKd;eJUrqdik b
f ;l / ygwDtm;jzifh olwrYkd mS ygwDBuD;ESpcf k
&Sw
d ,f/ usefwyhJ gwDtao;av;awGvnf;&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'yD gwDtBuD;BuD;awGxrJ mS b,fou
l rS ig;q,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f
rausmfb;l / olw&Ykd UJ r[mrdwyf gwDawGeUJ aygif;wmaxmifrS 50 &mcdik Ef eI ;f rausmfEikd b
f ;l jzpfaew,f/ tJ'grsKd;
k o
hJ abm? tJ'aD tmufrmS
usawmh olwu
Ykd ig;q,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f atmufjzpfaewJt
h wGuf Majority udrk &bl;qdw
awmh rJyrkd sm;wJt
h zGUJ awG &Scd sif&EdS idk w
f ,f/ rJyrkd sm;wJh tzGUJ awGu tpd;k &zGUJ Ekid w
f ,f/
odaYk omfvnf; vltrsm;pkeUJ Majority vdaYk c:wJh ig;q,fu &mcdik Ef eI ;f udk r&bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh
olwu
Ykd tpd;k &zGUJ vmwJt
h cgrSm vltenf;pktpd;k & Majority vdaYk c:w,f/ tJ'aD wmh 10 rSm jyxm;wJyh u
Hk kd
Munfrh ,fq&kd if ygwDBuD;ESpcf jk zpfwhJ CDU eJU SPD qdw
k m&Sw
d ,f/ CDU qdw
k muawmh Christain Democratic Union aygh/ SPD uawmh Social Demoratic Party Deutschland (Deutschland = Germany)
jzpfygw,f/ olwEYkd pS zf UJG rSm CDU u 34 6. &mcdik Ef eI ;f ? SPD u 34 .5 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &w,fqakd wmh? ESpcf pk vk;H
u ig;q,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f rausmfb;l / wcg'DbufrmS qufMunfv
h Ukd &S&d if Green Party u 12 .1 &mcdik Ef eI ;f ? FDP
vdaYk c:wJh Free Democractic u 6 7. &mcdik Ef eI ;f / NyD;awmh LEFT ygwDvUkd ac:wJh ta&SU*smrPDEikd if H uGejf rL
epfacwfu axmifxm;wJyh gwDu vlta[mif;awGeUJ SPD &JU rl0g'udrk BudKufvYkd SPD ygwDuae cGx
J u
G v
f mwJh
vlawGpkaygif;NyD;zGJUxm;wJh vuf0Jorm;ygwDjzpfw,f/ olwdkYuawmh 5 .6&mcdkifEIef;&w,f/ tJ'Dtcgusawmh
GefYaygif;tpdk;&zGJUr,fqdk&ifawmh zGJUvdkY&w,f/ zGJUykHzGJUenf;awGtrsm;BuD;&Sdw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh CDU eJU SPD
46
'Drdkua&pD
twlwal ygif;NyD; nGeaYf ygif;tpd;k &zGUJ r,fq&kd if ajcmufq,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f ausmfomG ;w,f/ 'gu Minority Government r[kwa
f wmhyJ Majority Government jzpfomG ;r,f/ odaYk omfvnf; olw'Ykd yD gwDEpS cf &k UJ rl0g'uuGjJ ym;
jcm;em;w,f/ aemufNyD;awmh CDU u tpd;k &jzpfaewJt
h csderf mS a&G;aumufyu
JG kd vkyw
f mjzpfwt
hJ jyif?
tcktcsdef rSmvJ olu 0 1. &mcdik Ef eI ;f tomeJU &aewJt
h wGuf nGeUf aygif;tpd;k &rSm acgif;aqmif&rSmjzpfw,f/
SPD uvnf; 0 .1 &mcdi
k Ef eI ;f avmufav;eJuawmh CDU &JUatmufrmS 0ifaygif;rSmr[kwb
f ;l / 'Djyif
wjcm;ygwD awGeUJ yl;aygif;Ny;D acgif;aqmifygwDBu;D vkyEf idk w
f t
hJ ajctae&Sad ew,f/ CDU uawmh tpd;k &b0uae
jyKwfusr,ft
h ajctae&Sad ewmh SPD eJUaygif;NyD; tpd;k &zGUJ csifwq
hJ E&SEd idk w
f ,f/ 'guEdik if aH &;tajctaet&
ud,
k u
f jyKwfusr,ft
h wlwl aygif;vdu
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tJ'rD mS 0efBuD;ae&mawG cGaJ 0Ny;D awmh vky&f ifvnf;&awmh&w,f/ 'Dvv
kd yk cf siMf uwJh qEtNrw
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kd yk jf cif;tm;jzifh wa,mufeUJ wa,muf wzGUJ eJUwzGUJ wygwDeUJ wygwD tay;t,l
vkyMf uwJt
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kd hJ ,kMH unfcsuf
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wdUk u orm; ;kd ustm;jzifh ordik ;f tpOftvmt& r[mrdwaf wGjzpfw,f/ SPD eJU Green uawmh a,bk,s
tm;jzifh tay;t,lrQw,f/ jzpfEidk af cswrsKd;uawmh CDU ujzpfjzpf? SPD jzpfjzpf acgif;aqmifNy;D ? Green
eJU FDP odrYk [kwf vuf0yJ gwD 3ck aygif;vdu
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awmh olwEYkd pS cf ak ygif;zdYk tvm;tvmuenf;w,f/ 'Dawmh 3 ygwD nGeUf aygif;tpd;k &zGUJ zdYk tcGit
hf vrf;r&Sd
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Coalition vdYk ac:wJh tm;vk;H yg0ifv&
Ykd wJh nGeaYf ygif;tpd;k &wckzUJG vd&Yk w,f/ 'guawmh vufawGUrSm jzpfavh
jzpfxr&Sb
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FDP eJUaygif;&ifawmh 41 3
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SPD &JU nGeaf ygif;tpd;k &u ydr
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'Dtcsderf mS yJ Green ygwD&UJ tpOftvmt& obm00ef;usifoef&Y iS ;f a&;udk aZmif;ay;wJh ay:vpDawGeUJ CDU
u wjznf;jznf;vufcv
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f ,f/ Minority Government
r[kwaf wmhyeJ UJ Majority Govenment udk awmifzUJG Ekid af o;w,f/ odaYk omfvnf; txufuajymcJo
h vdk
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f avmufMumoGm;
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k w
f ,f/ LEFT uvnf;
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k af o;w,f/ 'gayrJh olwu
Ykd emrnfoyd rf aumif;bl;/ tpGe;f a&mufw,loef
orm;awGvq
Ykd Nkd yD; emrnfysufaew,f/ wu,fvYkd SPD eJU Green [m LIFT eJUomaygif;vdu
k &f ifawmh 50
&mcdik Ef eI ;f ausmfomG ;NyD; Majority Government jzpfrmS yJ/ 'gayrJh vuf0o
J rm;awG[m emrnfysufaevdYk
b,fou
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zGUJ vdu
k w
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dS ,f/ 51 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &wJh trsm;pktpd;k & r[kww
f hJ
twGuf rcdik rf mbl;/ tcsed rf a&G; North Rhein-Westphalia jynfe,frmS &Sw
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r&St
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tpd;k &jyKwfomG ;Ekid w
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u t,kt
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f m;wm?
47
'Drdkua&pD
n Ed idI ;f xm;wmawG&w
dS ,f/ aemuftxl;ojzifh 'Dvkd Minority Government udk zGUJ zdq
Yk w
kd musefwyhJ gwDawGu
(Oyrm - CDU, FDP) u cGijhf yKzdv
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kd ,f/ olw&Ykd UJ onf;cHciG jhf yKcsufr&&if a&G;aumufyt
JG opfjyefvyk &f rSm
jzpfw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh vlenf;pktpd;k & Minority Government qdw
k m usefwyhJ gwDawG&UJ rD;pdr;f jyrIawGeUJ
&yfwnf&wmayghav/ tJ'aD wmh ygvDrefrmS igwdu
Yk trsm;pk&vdYk Majority tpd;k &zGUJ wmqdNk yD;awmh a<u;aMumf
vdrYk &bl;/ rMumcifuyJ SPD eJU Green wdyYk ;l aygif;NyD;awmh Red Green Coalition qdNk yD;awmh vlenf;pk
tpd;k &udzk UJG oGm;w,f/ 'guawmhtMurf;zsif;ajymjywm/ tao;pdwt
f csuftvufawGu t&SnBf uD; &Sw
d ,f/
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kd a&pDrmS tJ'v
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kd ay;t,lvyk w
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hJ ydik ;f awG tifrwefrS
ta&;BuD;w,f/ aemufNyD;awmh CDU u bmjzpfvYkd ;HI oGm;vJ? bmjzpfvrYkd aJ wGavsmhusoGm;vJqkd wmudk
aqG;aEG;Mu&atmif/ tpd;k &b0 Majority &aewmuae 34.6 xd usqif;oGm;&wm bmjzpfvv
Ykd q
J akd wmh
*&dEidk if rH mS pD;yGm;a&;cRwNf cKHusaewJh udp eJU ywfoufNy;D awmh CDU Federal tpd;k &ayghav/ tJ'D Merkel
tpdk;&u ,l dkaygif; 2 bDv,
D aH usmfavmufukd xkwaf cs;csifw,f/ 'gudjk ynfov
l x
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tJ'gvnf; taMumif;&if;w&yfjzpfw,f/ jynfov
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kd m tJ'rD mS ay:vGio
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vlxu
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tpd;k &utmPm&Sad eao;w,f? odaYk omfvnf; 'Djynfe,frmS awmh ol&UJtmPmuavsmo
h mG ;w,f/ avsmo
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txufvw
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k pd;k &rSm qk;H jzwfzt
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awmfawmfav;cufco
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f nf;qd&k if jynfaxmifpak tmufvw
T af wmfrmS CDU
tpk;d &u vltrsm;pkjzpfaeayrJh txufvw
T af wmfrmS awmh vlenf;pkjzpfomG ;NyD/ tJ'aD wmh atmufvw
T af wmf
qk;H jzwfcsufukd txufvw
T af wmfu twnfrjyK&if tcuftcJawG txpftaighawGay:vmEdik w
f ,f/ tJ'gu
jynfov
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k m;wJah y:vpDwckukd csEkid &f iftmPm&Srd ,f/ jynfoal wGrvkv
d m;wJh ay:vpDawGcsvm&if
'DygwDutmPmudk qkH; IH;&r,fqdkwm ay:vGifapw,f/ 'Dvdkjy emaygif;rsm;pGm ISSUE aygif;rsm;pGm
Iyf IyfaxG;axG; jzpfaewJhtcsdefrSm ao;i,fwJhygwDqdkayrJhvnf; txifao;vdkYr&bl;/ jy emwu,fBuD;
vmwJt
h cgrSm 'DygwDBuD;awGu ygwDuav;awGeUJ tay;t,lawGvyk Mf u&w,f/ 'guvnf; 'Dru
kd a&pD&UJ
tESpo
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NyD/ ygvDref'rD u
dk a&pDpepfu rJay;? rJ0,fawG vkyMf uw,fw?Ydk 1958 ckEpS ?f ZGev
f rSm zqyvtpk;d &ukd t,kH
tMunfr&St
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k kd wifoiG ;f wke;f u awmfawmfav;udk yI f yI af xG;axG;jzpfcw
hJ ,f/ tJ'gudyk J rD;armif;xd;k jyNy;D awmh
tJ'yD gvDrefacwfu trSm;udyk J axmufjyNyD;awmh jynfoal wGbrk odbrod rJay;cJMh u&w,fqNkd yD; vkyaf ewm?
tJ'guvlawGukd acgif; yI af xG;atmif wrifvyk af ewm? vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ygvDrefpepfukd arhuek Mf uNyD?
rsKd;qufopfawGuvnf; 'gawGukd b,fvrkd eS ;f rodMubl;qdak wmh? [m [kwo
f m;yJqNkd yD;awmh xifa,mifxif
rSm;jzpfomG ;Ekid w
f ,f/ tJ'grsKd;jzpfatmif olwu
Ykd vkyaf eMuw,f? a&;aeMuw,f/
11/ zqyv vlenf;pktpdk;&

tckwcg t&iftywfu *smrPDEidk if H North Rhein - Westphalia jynfe,frmS vlenf;pktpd;k &zGUJ
oGm;wJu
h pd udk ajymjyNyD;wJt
h cgrSm uRefawmfwjYkd refrmEkid if rH mS vnf; xdek nf;vnf;aumif;yJ zqyv 'Dru
kd a&pD
acwwke;f u vlenf;pktpd;k &ykpH rH sKd; jzpfymG ;cJb
h ;l w,f/ tJ't
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rSm Z,m;jyxm;w,f/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfwkef;u uRefawmfwdkYvGwfvyfa&;r&cifrSm wkdif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwaf wmfa&G;aumufyw
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dS ,f/ 'gayr,fh
48
'Drdkua&pD
wu,fv
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hJ ,f/ 'Da&G;aumufyZJG ,m;udk Munhrf ,fq&kd if
t0gbufuMkd unh&f if zqyvtzGUJ u tNrJwrf; Majority &wmudk awGU&ygw,f/ 1947 {Nyv
D 9 &ufaeYrmS
usif;ywJh wkid ;f jyKjynfjyK vTwaf wmfa&G;aumufyu

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qdw
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kd w
f mjzpfw,f/ tJ'aD wmh wkid ;f jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmfqdkwmu EdkifiHwck&JUtajccHOya'awGudk a&;qGJzdkYvkyfxm;wJh vTwfawmfjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u
vGwfvyfa&;,lawmhrSjzpfwJhtwGuf vGwfvyfwJhjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfudk b,fvdktkyfcsKyfrvJqdkwJh
tajccHOya'udk a&;qGzJ aYkd &G;aumufxm;wmjzpfw,f/ tJ'rD mS vnf; zqyv u trwfae&m 171 ae&m
&&Sw
d ,f/ aemufNyD;awmh rJtm;jzifh 93 .3 &mcdik Ef eI ;f udak wmh trwfae&mtm;vk;H eD;eD;udk odr;f BuKH;,lomG ;wJh
oabm&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'w
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d cf sKyfatmifqef;ud,
k w
f idk v
f nf; toufxif&mS ;&Sad eao;w,f/ twdu
k t
f cH
taeeJUuawmh uGejf rLepfu (7) OD;yJae&m&w,f/ tJ't
D csderf wkid rf u
D wnf;u uGejf rLepfukd zqyvtzGUJ xJ
uae xkwyf pfx;Ny;D Ny;D tjcm;trwfae&mrsm;udak wmh zqyveJU r[mrdwjf zpfaewJh wkid ;f &if;om;awGu&w,f/
aemuft'J aD cwfu udv
k ekd aD cwfjzpfaeao;awmh Anglo Burman awGvnf; &Sad eao;wmaygh/ u&ifawGvnf;
&Sw
d ,f/ Burma Proper qdw
k Jh jynfrvdt
Yk rsm;odaeMuwJh a'oawGrmS u&ifawGvnf; yg0ifaew,f/ 'gaMumifh
u&iftrwfawGvnf;ygw,f/ tJ'aD wmh pkpak ygif; 255 ae&rSm zqyvutrsm;pkjzpfw,f/ 1951-52
umvjynfwiG ;f ppfvnf;jzpfNy;D awmh awmfawmfav; yI af xG;aewJu
h mvrSm yxrtBudraf &G;aumufyJG usi;f yw,f/
tJ'aD wmh ckeuajymwJh wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmfu vGwv
f yfa&;udk t&,lNyD;awmh wkid ;f jynfu,
kd m,Dtpd;k &
taeeJaY wmufavQmuftyk cf sKyfomG ;w,f/ wdik ;f jynfrNidrrf oufjzpfaevdYk a&G;aumufyu
JG kd csufjcif;rvkyEf idk f
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hJ ,f/ tJ't
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49
'Drdkua&pD
rSmvnf; zqyvuyJ 147 OD; eJU trsm;pkjzpfomG ;w,f/ yrnw qdw
k ahJ jray: vuf0aJ wGuawmh 30
&mcdik Ef eI ;f (48 OD;)? tjcm; 55 OD;xJrmS awmh wkid ;f &if;om;awGygw,f/ trwfppk ak ygif;uawmh 250 jzpfw,f/
tJ'aD wmh zqyv u tjywftowftEkid &f w,f/ tjcm;trwf 55 OD;xJrmS vnf; zqyv eJU r[mrdwf
vkyx
f m;wJh wdik ;f &if;om;trwfawGygw,f/ aemuf 'kw,
d tBudru
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uawmh zqyv utNrw
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hJ mudk ajymcsiw
f myg/ bmjzpfvv
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rSmvnf; tJ'guawmh tdraf pmift
h pd;k &u vkyaf y;wJh a&G;aumufyrJG mS oef&Y iS ;f zqyv u 159 OD;? wnfNrJ
zqyv 41 OD;&w,f/ usefwt
hJ jcm; trwf 50 ausmfuawmh wkid ;f &if;om;trwfawG? wcsKdUuvnf;
wnfNrJzqyvudak xmufco
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H m&Sw
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kd mu 60 ckEpS f
a&G;aumufyrJG mS vnf; Majority tpd;k &yJjzpfaew,f/ tckuReaf wmfwYkd aqG;aEG;csiw
f mu 1958 ckEpS f *Rev
f rSm
OD;Ektpd;k &[m vlenf;pktpd;k &vdk jzpfomG ;w,fwt
hJ aMumif;yg/ 1958 ckEpS f *RefvrSm OD;Ek&UJ oef&Y iS ;f zqyv
tpd;k &udk t,kt
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hJ cgrSm
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f mG ;w,f/ wu,f
awmh zqyvuGw
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k aYkd c:wJh wnfNrzJ qyvudk axmufcMH u
w,f/ Ek-wiftyk pf v
k aYkd c:wJh oef&Y iS ;f zqyv[m vlenf;pkjzpfaew,f/ tJ'aD wmh OD;EkuolUtmPm qufvuf
wnfNrEJ ikd af tmif twdu
k t
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r[mrdwzf UJG wmaygh/ tJ'v
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k ef UJ twlwuG wef;wl&adS ewJh jynfojl ynfom;nD&if;tpfuakd wGukd oGm;NyD;awmh
zdESdyfwJhtwGuf udk,fuaumif;pm;vmr,frxifygeJU/ b,fawmhrSraumif;pm;ygbl;/ 'Drdkua&pDtajccH
w&m;tm;jzifh jynfe,fwidk ;f ? vlrsKd;wdik ;f [m vGwv
f yfraI wG? wef;wlnrD QrIawG cHpm;Ekid af tmif 'Dvpkd epfeUJ
vkyjf cif;tm;jzifo
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kd nfaqmufEidk w
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f ,f/
cdik rf mwJEh idk if w
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D jkd zpfEikd af tmifvnf; tar&duefpwJh Federal Ekid if t
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k jzpf wnfaxmif
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&Syd gw,f/ tJ'aD wmh Federal pepfqw
kd mrSm vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmf? txufvw
T af wmfqw
kd [
hJ mrSm vufawGU
tm;jzifah &m tESpo
f m&tm;jzifah &m ppfreS w
f jhJ ynfaxmifppk epfukd ykaH zmfzt
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hJ &mjzpfw,f
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k mudk tm;vk;H utav;teuf em;vnfxm;MuzdUk vdyk gw,f/
53
'Drdkua&pD
1 5 /
vl r sKd ; pk v T w f a wmf
(3)
yifvq
Hk w
kd [
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jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf jzpfvmzdt
Yk wGuf yifvpHk w
d "f mwfay:rSm tajccHxm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh jynfaxmifpk
aeYqNkd yD;awmh azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeY yifvpHk mcsKyfa&;xd;k cJw
h ahJ eYukd txdr;f trSwt
f aeeJU usif;yMuw,f/
jynfaxmifpck ikd Nf rJzUkd twGuq
f &kd ifvnf; yifvpHk w
d "f mwf&zdS v
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kd m *CePodMuykrH ay:bl;/ trSeu
f awmh
'D&rS ;f jynfrmS &Sw
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kd hJ NrKd Uuav;rSm wkid ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifawGeUJ Armacgif;aqmif Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
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H ck? jynfaxmifpw
k ck xlaxmifMur,fqNkd yD;awmh pmcsKyfvufrw
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tJ'u
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kd m jzpfvmw,f/ jynfaxmifpak eYqw
kd mjzpfvmw,f/ 'DyifvpHk w
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hf rkd ,f? tJ'pD w
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jyefMunfrh ,fqkd tJ'w
D ek ;f utm;vk;H [m jynfaxmifpu
k kd twlwuGxal xmifMur,f? Armtygt0if wdik ;f &if;om;
tm;vk;H wef;wltcGit
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oabmygyJ/ 'DrmS 'Dru
kd a&pD&UJ tajccHoabmw&m;awGjyefNyD; ay:vmw,f/ omwlnrD Qa&;? vGwv
f yfa&;?
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pdw"f mwfjzpfw,f/ 'Dru
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tJ'DtajccHw&m;eJU wkdif;jynfudkxlaxmifzdkYjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh'Drdkua&pD&JU toD;tyGifhawG? tm;vkH;
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dS ,f/ Nidr;f csrf;om,mwJh Ekid if [
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wd;k wufzyYkd &J w
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kd a&pDpw
d "f mwfawG qdwo
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d "f mwfawG qdwo
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wkdif;&if;om;awGu &xdkufwJhtcGifhta&;awG tjynfht0&rvmwJhtcgrSm tJ'gjy emawG pwufwmyJ/
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aemufq;Hk wwkid ;f wjynfv;Hk ppfuRefb0udk a&mufcMhJ uwmyJ/ tJ'gu yifvpHk w
d "f mwfawG qdwo
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f Ok ;f oGm;w,fqw
kd m uvnf; 'Dru
kd a&pDqw
d o
f Ok ;f oGm;vdYk Federal
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kd a&pD,MHk unfrw
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16/ jynfolUvTwfawmf (1)

jynfoUl vTwaf wmfac: atmufvw
T af wmfeUJ ywfoufNyD;awmh t&ifutawmftoifah jymxm;cJNh yD;NyD/
tJ'rD mS awmh vTwaf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,af wGukd rJqEe,fajrtoD;oD;uae a&G;aumufwmjzpfw,f/ jynfe,f
BuD;&ifBuD;ovd?k rJqEe,fajrawGvnf;rsm;r,f/ vlO;D a&rsm;&ifrsm;ovdk rJqEe,fajrawGvnf; rsm;Ekid w
f ,f/
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k pf m;vS,af wGvnf;rsm;Ekid w
f ,f/ 'Datmufvw
T af wmfrmS vltrsm;pkukd vlrsm;&if
rsm;ovdk ud,
k pf m;jyKwmudak wGU&w,f/ atmufvw
T af wmfrmS awmh vlrsm;wJeh ,fu trwfyrkd sm;r,f? txuf
54
'Drdkua&pD
vTwaf wmfrmS awmh vlrsm;wJjh ynfe,feUJ vlenf;wJjh ynfe,fawG[m ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f a&twGuf twlwyl aJ pvTwf
&w,f/ Oya'udjdk y|mef;wJt
h cgrSmawmh vTwaf wmfEpS &f yfpvk;H u aygif;NyD;awmh jy|mef;&w,f/ wjynfaxmif
pepfrmS usawmh jynfoUl vTwaf wmfu Oya'udjk y|mef;vdu
k &f if NyD;oGm;wmyJ/ 'gayr,fh 'Datmufvw
T af wmfeYJ
txufvw
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k m;&Sw
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h cgrSm txufvw
T af wmfa&m atmufvw
T af wmf
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hJ pd ?
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txufvw
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Oya'jyKtzGUJ jynfoUl vTwaf wmfayghaemf? atmufvw
T af wmfeUJ txufvw
T af wmfaygif;xm;wm[m bmrSujJG ym;jcm;
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kd yk cf sKyfrvJqw
kd mudk 'DtzGUJ xJu
vlawGuyJ vTwaf wmfrmS jyefNyD;jy|mef;wwfMuw,f/ 'gawG[m 'Dru
kd a&pDqw
d o
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Oyrm- rqvacwfwek ;f uqd&k if 1974 constitution qdNk yD;awmh tajccHOya'awGjy|mef;vdu
k w
f ,f/ tJ'rD mS
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ta&;ay:Oya'awGtrsKd;rsKd; jyefjy|mef;vdkufw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tajccHOya'qdkwm pmtkyfxJrSmyJ&SdNyD;
wu,fwrf;rSmawmh vTwfawmfu jy|mef;vmwJh Oya'awGuyJ twnfjzpfvmonf/ w&m;a&;r@dKif
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k n
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okH;ydkif;cGJxm;&wJh taMumif;&if;? 'gawGudk tukefvkH;jyefMunfhr,fqdk&if ckeuajymcJhovdk tmPmudk
wae&mwnf ; rS m pk N yKH r xm;zd k Y tcsuf u t"d u yg/ atmuf v T w f a wmf r S m Oya'a&;qG J w J h t cgrS m
wu,f'h rD u
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wkid ;f jynf&UJ Nidr;f csrf;rIawGtwGuv
f nf; tmrcHcsufyNkd yD;awmh&w
dS ,f/
17/ jynfolUvTwfawmf (atmufvTwfawmf)

tckwcgjynfolUvTwfawmf (ac:) atmufvTwfawmfeJUywfoufNyD;awmh qufvufNyD;awmh
aqG;aEG;oGm;r,f/ ydNk yD;awmhvufawGUusatmif Bundestage vdaYk c:wJh *smrefatmufvw
T af wmfrmS jynfoUl
vTwaf wmf ud,
k pf m;vS,af wGukd b,fvafkd &G;aumufvq
J w
kd m OyrmtaeeJU ykaH zmfNyD;tMurf;ajz&Si;f jyygr,f/
ykt
H ay:ydik ;f tv,frmS awGUwJt
h wdik ;f rJjym;wjym;&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'gu rJqEe,fajrtoD;oD;urJqEay;r,fh vljznfh
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yxrrJ? nmbuf[mawmh 'kw,
d rJ/ yxrrJ[m ygwDtoD;oD;uaeNyD;awmh a&G;cs,fxm;wJ?h vsmxm;wJh
vTwaf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,af vmif;twGujf zpfw,f/ nmbufu'kw,
d rJuawmh rSwyf w
Hk ifxm;Ny;D a&G;aumufy0JG if
wJh w&m;0ifygwDawG&UJ pm&if;jzpfw,f/ tJ'aD wmh rJqEay;rJv
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55
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b,fygwDujzpfjzpf BudKufEpS o
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rJqEe,fajrrSm &Sw
d t
hJ rwfavmif;wa,mufa,mufukd olraJ y;NyD;wJt
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Oyrmtm;jzifh ygwD A udBk udKufw,f? trwfavmif;udv
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BudKufw,fqv
kd w
kd mu ygwD A udk BudKufaomfvnf; ygwD A pm&if;oGi;f xm;wJh vTwaf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f
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ygwDuEkid if aH &;orm;wa,mufa,mufukd BudKufv&Ykd &dS ifvnf; 'golay;vd&Yk w,f/ tJ'aD wmh pdwBf udKufygwDeUJ
pdwfBudKuftrwfavmif;wxyfwnf;jzpfp&mrvdkbl;/ yxrrJuae rJtrsm;qkH;&wJh trwfavmif;u
'DrJqEe,fajr&JU vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfoGm;w,f/ 'gutrwfavmif;wdkuf dkufa&G;wm? nmbufu
'kw,
d rJusawmh tJ'rD q
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k f
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kd mudk owfrw
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f ,f/ NyD;awmhnmbufrmS eHygwf 3 vdaYk &;
xm;w,f/ tJ'gvnf;jyxm;w,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ygwD A u rJtrsm;qk;H &oGm;w,f/ usew
f yhJ gwD B wdY k C
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wEdkifiHvkH;tJ'gawGaygif;vdkufwJhtcguawmh ygwDtoD;oD;uae b,favmuf&mcdkifEIef;pD trwfae&m
&r,fqw
kd mudjk yw,f/ jyefajym&&if yxrrJuae vly*k Kd vfEidk if aH &;orm;udk jynfou
l wdu
k fu
kd af &G;wmjzpfw,f/
tJ'DuaeNyD;awmh *smrefatmufvTwfawmfudkapvTwfw,f/ apvTwfwJhtcguawmh trsm;pkrJ&wJhygwDu
tpd;k &zGUJ w,f/ rJtenf;i,f&wJyh gwDawGu twdu
k t
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tenf;pk? trsm;pkqw
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56
'Drdkua&pD
eJyY q
J ikd w
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f enf;trsm;ay:rSm rlwnfw,f/ jynfe,ftvdu
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ta&twGuu
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rsm;r,f/ trsm;pk&JUqE[m tJ'DrSmay:vGifoGm;w,f/ qufvufNyD;awmh aqG;aEG;&atmif .
18/ jynfov
Ul w
T af wmf (atmufvw
T af wmf)-2
NyD;cJw
h phJ mrsufEmS rSm *smrefatmufvw
T af wmfukd jynfoUl ud,
k pf m;vS,af wG? vTwaf wmftrwfawGukd
apvTww
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kd mudk azmfjyxm;w,f/ tckt'J [
D mudk tMurf;zsi;f jyefajymjyr,f/
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yxr rJt&wdu
k fu
kd af &G;aumufc&H wJh vTwaf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,af wGaygh/ 'DrmS awmh 299 qdNk yD;vsmxm;wJh
oabmaygh/ aemufygwDtrwfae&mtaeeJUu 299 ck&rdS ,fvYkd vsmxm;w,f/ vTwaf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f
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h ufawGUrSmusawmh tJ'o
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d t
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k &f if 622 OD;&Sw
d ,f/ 'gutMurf;zsi;f vsmxm;wJyh pHk u
H akd zmfjywmjzpfw,f/ ygwDaygif;pku
H ae
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57
'Drdkua&pD
vufawGUrSmawmh tJ't
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d susjzpfvmEkid rf mS r[kwb
f ;l / wu,fa&G;wJh tcgusawmh ygwDwckcu
k
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f ,f/ tJ't
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k fu
dk f
ta&G;cH&wJt
h rwf? qdv
k w
kd mu 'DteDa&mif yxrrJeYJ ta&G;cH&wJ[
h mudk ydNk yD;awmh OD;pm;ay;w,f/ tJ'gudk
yd&k iS ;f atmif 19 rSmxyfNyD;awmh&iS ;f jyr,f/
19/ *smrPDEidk if H jynfe,ftvdu

k f jynfov
Ul w
T af wmf trwfapvTwyf Hk (Oyrm)
tcktrSwpf Of 19 rSmu trSwpf Of 17 eJU 18 awGrmS wifjycJw
h [
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oGm;w,f/ tJ'aD wmhZ,m;ESpcf u
k kd uRefawmfwjYkd yxm;w,f/ *smrPDEidk if &H UJ jynfe,ftvdu
k f jynfoUl vTwaf wmf
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trwfae&mawG tjyma&mifeUJ jyxm;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm SPD a&m? CDU a&m wjcm;ygwDawGu &&Sw
d hJ
rJta&twGuaf y:rSm csNyD;awmh &mcdik Ef eI ;f t& tcsKd;uswGuv
f u
kd w
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ae&m? CDU u 232 ae&m? wjcm;ygwDawGtukev
f ;Hk aygif;awmh 177 ae&m&dw
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656 vdv
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D smxm;wJt
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hJ cgus
awmh trwfae&m 12 ckyx
kd u
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kd m ay:vGiaf tmif
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yxrrJt& wdu
k fu
kd f a&G;aumufc&H wJt
h rwfO;D a& ay:vmr,f/ tJ't
D rwfO;D a&u ydNk yD;awmh t"duusw,f/
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J vsmxm;wJh trwfae&m
35 &Sw
d ,f/ odUk aomfvnf; wdu
k fu
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k w
f t
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58
'Drdkua&pD
tJ'Dawmh ygwDu trwfae&m 35 vsmxm;aomfvnf; jynfolawGu 37 OD;a&G;vdkufwJhtwGuf
olutrwfae&m 2 ae&m ydo
k mG ;w,f/ tJ'aD wmh 37 OD;udk OD;pm;ay;Ny;D awmh pkpak ygif; 37 OD;apvTw&f w,f/
qdv
k w
kd mu tJ'rD mS trwfae&mu ESpaf e&mydv
k mw,f/ Saarland qdw
k hJ jynfe,frmS awmh CDU qdw
k hJ
ygwDtwGuf trwfae&m 4ae&mudk owfrw
S x
f m;w,f/ odaYk omfvnf; tJ'yD gwD0iftrwfavmif;wOD;udrk S
jynfou
l rBudKufvYkd wdu
k fu
kd t
f rwfavmmif;tjzpf ra&G;cs,fcMhJ ubl;? qdv
k w
kd mu wOD;rSwu
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4OD;apvTwcf iG &hf w
dS ,f/ apvTww
f hJ ae&mrSmawmh wu,fvjYkdynfe,ftoD;oD;rSm tJ'v
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olwyYkd gwD0iftrwfavmif;udk wdu
k fu
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hJ Ukd &S&d if ygwDub,foal wGukd apvTwrf ,fqNkd yD; eHygwf
1 uae 10 txd tpOftvdu
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f &kd if 1uae 4ae&mudk
apvTwv
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k yf&if tm;vk;H 1 uae 10 xd apvTwv
f u
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&xm;w,f/ vufawGUa&G;vdu
k w
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k fu
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9 ae&mjynfo
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f hJ 3OD;? pkpak ygif; 9 OD;jzpfomG ;w,f/ aemuf Marklenburg
Vorpommern qdw
k hJ jynfe,frmS awmh ygwDae&mudk jynfoal wGu 5 OD;ay;xm;w,f/ vufawGUrSm
ygwD0iftrwfawGukd 7OD;a&G;ay;xm;w,f/ tJ'aD wmh olUrSm 2ae&myd&k oGm;w,f/ pkpak ygif; 7 ae&maygh/
Sachsen-Anhalt qdw
k Jh jynfe,frmS awmh ygwDtrwfae&maygif; 8 ae&may;x;w,f/ a&G;wJt
h cgusawmh
10 OD;ta&G;cH&w,f/ 10 ae&myJ&w,f/ ygwD0ifu ta&G;cH&wm jynfv
h nf;jynfw
h t
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ydo
k mG ;w,f/ tJ'rD mS 2 OD;ydv
k mwmayghaemf/ tJ'ad wmh Thuringen qkw
odaYk omfvufawGUrSm trwfO;D a& 12 OD;udk a&G;aumufay;w,f/ tJ'aD wmhorl mS trwfae&m tydk 3
ae&mqdak wmh tm;vk;H aygif; 12 OD;ay;vdu
k w
f t
hJ wGuf ygwDtwGuf vsmxm;ay;wJh 9OD;xufpm&if 3
OD;ydv
k mw,f/ tyd&k &Sw
d t
hJ rwfae&m 3 ae&mjzpfvmw,f/ Sachsen qdw
k hJ jynfe,frmS ygwDae&mu 18
ae&myJ&adS yrJh wu,fwu
kd f u
kd t
f a&G;cHvu
kd &f wmu 21 OD;jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'u
D sawmh wdu
k fu
kd t
f a&G;cH&wJh
trwf 21 OD;uyJ vTwaf wmfukd wdu
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kd o
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d hJ trwf 3 ae&mudk a&G;ay;p&m
rvdkawmhbl;/ wjcm;jynfe,fawGudkawmh uRefawmfwdkUtao;pdyfroGm;awmhbl;/ wjcm;jynfe,fawGrSm
pkpak ygif;vdu
k w
f t
hJ cguawmh 'DygwDtwGuf ae&maygif; 144 &Sw
d ,f/ odaYk omfvnf; vufawGUta&G;cH&wJt
h cgrSm
pkpak ygif; 84 OD;yJta&G;cH&w,f/ tJ'aD wmh 84 OD; + jynfe,ftoDo;D ygwDuae rSaygif;vdu
k &f if 60
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k w
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k w
f t
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olUrSmawmh ydv
k mwJt
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k mr&Sb
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h wdik ;f 144 yJ&oGm;w,f/ tJ'v
D ekd UJ
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d hJ trwfae&m 12
t0ga&mifjyxm;w,f/ aemufppk ak ygif; 244 jzpfomG ;w,f/ aemuft0ga&mifeYJ jyxm;w,f/ tJ'o
D vdek nf;eJU
jynfoUl vTwaf wmf atmufvw
T af wmfukd jynfoUl ud,
k pf m;vS,af wG apvTwMf uygw,f/
20/ bmvifNrdKU&Sd *smrefvTwfawmf

NyD;cJw
h phJ mrsufEmS awGrmS *smrefatmufvw
T af wmfrmS jynfe,ftoD;oD;u rJqEe,ftoD;oD;uae?
jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk b,fvdkapvTwfw,fqdkwm azmfjycJhw,f/ tck*smrefvTwfawmf ygvDref&JU
taqmuftOD;yku
H kd awGU&r,f/ taqmuftOD;udak wmh Reichtag vdaYk c:w,f/ 'D Reichtag taqmuftOD;&JU
ordik ;f uawmh *smreftifyg,macwfuwnf;u pvmwmjzpfw,f/ emZdaD cwf 1933-45 twGi;f rSmawmh
ygvDref&,fvYkd r,fr,f&&ajymvdrYk &awmhb;l / emZDawG[m 'D Reichatag taqmuftOD;udk rD;wif IdUNyD;
uGefjrLepfrsm;tay:ykHcsw,f/
59
'Drdkua&pD
'kw,
d ur m ppfjzpfNyD;wJt
h cgrSm *smrPDEidk if H ESpjf cr;fuo
JG mG ;w,f/ uGejf rLepfta&SU*smrPDrmS uawmh
ta&SUbmvifNrKd UrSm peoples chamber qdw
k hJ jynfoUl vTwaf wmf&w
dS ,f/ taemuf*smrPDrmS uawmh NrKd Uawmfopf
rSm Bundestag vdaYk c:wJt

h aqmuftOD;opfrmS olw&Ykd UJ ygvDrefuu
kd sif;yw,f/
'D Reichtag taqmuftOD;BuD;[m t&if*smrPDEidk if H ESpjf crf;uGaJ ewke;f u taemufbmvifNrdKUrSm
&Sw
d ,f/ 'kw,
d urmppfjzpfNyD;wJt
h cgrSmawmh taemuf*smrPDu jyefvnfrrG ;f rHNyD; wcgw&HrmS Bundestag
vdaYk c:wJo
h w
l &Ykd UJ ygvDrefukd usif;yw,f/ ta&SU*smrPDuawmh uefu
Y u
G w
f maygh/
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jyefvnfrrG ;f rHwnfaqmufw,f/ Reichtag taqmuftOD;BuD;udv
k nf; trd;k ay:rSm&Sw
d hJ acgif;avmif;ykt
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*smrefvkd Bundestag vdaYk c:w,f/ Reichtag qdw
k muawmh Ekid if aH wmfygvDrefvYkd t"dy g,f&w,f/ *smreftif
yg,macwfuwnf;u ay;xm;cJw
h hJ taqmuftOD;&JU emrnfaygh/ tJ'rD eS t
f yk af qmif;BuD;udak wmh vlwikd ;f
wufMunhcf iG &hf w
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f ,f? Munfv
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k nf; Munfh
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21/ *smreftxufvTwfawmf
trSwpf Of 21 rSm jyxm;wmuawmh *smreftxufvw
T af wmfyjHk zpfw,f/ txufvw
T af wmfukd
Bundesrat vda
Yk c:w,f/ tJ'gu ckeujywJh Reichtag taqmufttkrH mS r&Sb
d ;l / bmvifNrKd UxJu wjcm;ae&m
rSm Leipziger StraBe qdw
k hJ vrf;rSmwnf&w
dS ,f/
Bundesrat taqmuftOD;BuD;[m t&if*smrPDEi
dk if H ESpjf crf;uGaJ ewke;f u ta&SUbmvifNrKd UrSm&Sw
d ,f/
uGefjrLepfta&SU*smrPDu taqmuftOD;BuD;udk tpdk;& kH;w kH; tjzpfvkyfxm;cJhw,f/
60
'Drdkua&pD
22/ *smreftxufvTwfawmf -Bundesrat
udk jynfe,f 16 ckuae trwfapvTw&f mrSm jynfou

l wdu
k fu
kd af &G;cs,w
f hJ jynfoUl ud,
k f
pm;vS,af wG apvTww
f mr[kwb
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jynfe,ftoD;oD;uae wlnw
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wcsKdU a0zefwv
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f xufvw
T af wmfv[
kd mrsKd; &k mS ;&JU Federation Council qdw
k mrsKd;vdk ppfreS w
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Bundesrat
61
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tcgrSmrS 'Dacwfopf*smrPDEidk if q
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trwfO;D a&udk jynfe,ftoD;oD;pDu apvTww
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dS ,f/
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kd mu
vk;H 0cGjJ cm;vd&Yk wmr[kwyf gbl;/ 'gawGuu
kd RefawmfweYkd *d ;Hk tydik ;f rSm xyfNyD;awmhaqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f/
68
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27/ tar&duefatmufvTwfawmf - 1
tcktar&duefatmufvw
T af wmftaMumif; qufvufaqG;aEG;&atmif? tar&duefatmufvw
T af wmf
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T af wmfukd
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T af wmfu qDew
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T af wmftrwfjzpfzt
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txufvw
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T af wmfu wifoiG ;f wm&SEd idk yf gw,f/
Oya'udjk y|mef;&mrSm txufvw
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T af wmfwckcrk mS Majority r&Scd v
hJ &Ykd &dS if Conference aumfrwDqNkd yD;awmh txufvw
T af wmfEiS hf atmufvw
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T af wmfeUJ atmufvw
T af wmfrmS wcgxyfNyD;awmf rJcv
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Balance qdw
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T af wmftaMumif;udk a&SUpmrsuEf mS rSm
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28/ tar&duefatmufvw
T af wmf - 2
tckqufvufNyD;awmh tar&duefatmufvw
T af wmfeUJ ywfoufNyD;awmh ajymMu&atmif/ t&if
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txufvw
T af wmfuvnf;jy|mef;Ekid w
f ,f/ atmufvw
T af wmfuvnf;jy|mef;Edik w
f ,f/ txufvw
T af wmfrmS
a&m atmufvw
T af wmfrmS yg Majority oabmwlncD su&f r,fq&kd if 'DOya'twnfjzpfvmw,f/ odaYk omfvnf;
orwu 'DOya'udrk BudKuf&if ADwt
kd mPmeJU y,fcsEidk w
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txufvw
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&oGm;awmhrSmjzpfw,f/ txufvw
T af wmfuoyfoyf? atmufvw
T af wmfuoyfoyf oD;jcm;pDraJ y;NyD;awmh
69
'Drdkua&pD
txufvTwfawmfrSmvnf; 3ykH 2ykH? atmufvTwfawmfrSmvnf; 3ykH 2ykHu Pass vkyfw,fqdk&if
orw&JUADwt
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D kd Oya'rlMurf;wckukd
atmufvw
T af wmfa&m txufvw
T af wmfyg vTwaf wmfEpS &f yfpvk;H rS trsm;pkr&J Ny;D rS twnfjyKwmudk Double
Majority vdkYac:w,f/ 'guOya'wckudk jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,fawGu twnfjyK&mrSm w&m;0ifrI
tjynft
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T af wmfqNkd yD; vTwaf wmfEpS &f yf&w
dS hJ
jynfaxmifpEk idk if rH mS wjynfv;Hk twkid ;f twmeJU oufqikd v
f mwJOh ya'rlMurf; txl;ojzifh tajccHOya'eJUywfouf
vm&if cdik rf mwJw
h &m;0ifrI legitimacy-rich approach ud&k zdt
Yk wGuf Double Majority ac: txufvw
T af wmf
ESihf atmufvw
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vnf; xdxad &mufa&muftok;H jyKMuygw,f/ trSeu
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tar&duefjynfaxmifpq
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k ykd aHk zmf&mrSm pHerlem,l&avmufatmif
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f hJ uReaf wmfwjYkd ynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if t
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T af wmf&UJ tmPmawG[m bmawGvJ
qdak wmh orwtygt0if tJ't
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BuD;trIi,fawGrmS w&m;pGq
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dS ,f/ tJ't
D mPmawGukd tajccHOya'u atmufvw
T af wmfukd ay;xm;
&w,f/ orwudw
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J &kd mrSm jynfaxmifpw
k &m;olBuD;u trIMum;em&NyD; pD&ifcsufcs&mrSmawmh Senators ac: txufvw
T af wmftrwfawG&UJ 3 ykH 2 yku
H oabmwlnzdD v
Ykd t
kd yfw,f/ aemufNy;D awmh Electroal
Colege u orw a&G;aumuf&mrSm ratmifjrifc&
hJ if atmufvw
T af wmfu a&G;aumufay;Edik w
f ,f/ Electoral College taMumif;uda
k wmh aemufyikd ;f rSm jynhjf ynhpf pHk aHk v;&Si;f jyOD;r,f/ aemufwcsufu atmufvw
T f
awmfOu |[m orweJU 'k-orwNy;D &if orwae&mudk qufc&H r,fo
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wmu orwu eHygwf 1? 'k-orwu eHygwf 2? atmufvw
T af wmfOu |u eHygwf 3 jzpfw,f/ Oyrm
orwaooGm;&ifaomfvnf;aumif;? taMumif;wckcak Mumifh &mxl;uxGu&f &ifaomfvnf;aumif;? 'kw,
d
orw[m orwjzpfomG ;w,f/ wu,fvYkd orwa&mu 'kw,
d orwyg wNydKifxJ aooGm;&ifaomfvnf;
aumif;? 'kw,
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atmufvw
T af wmfOu |u orwjzpfomG ;w,f/ aemufNy;D awmh atmufvw
T af wmf Ou |[m vTwaf wmf
tpnf;ta0;rSm obmywdtjzpfO;D aqmif&w,f/ tJ'gaMumihv
f nf; olUvufxrJ mS tmPmawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;
&Sw
d ,f/ trsm;tm;jzifah wmh atmufvw
T af wmfOu |[m tEdik &f ygwDujzpfwm rsm;w,f/ 'gayrJh oDt&kd t
D &
awmh twdu
k t
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f ,f/ a&SUqufNyD;ajymcsifwm trsm;BuD;&Sad o;w,f/
tJ'guawmh aumfrwDzUJG wJt
h aMumif;? atmufvw
T af wmfrmS aumfrwDav;awGzUJG wmrsm;w,/f trsm;tm;jzifh
tJ'aD umfrwDav;awG&UJ Ou |[m tEkid &f ygwDawGujzpfw,fqakd wmh tEkid &f ygwD (0g) trsm;pkygwDu
Member awGua
kd wmh Majority ygwDvaYkd c:w,f/ twdu
k t
f cHygwDu Member awGuakd wmh Minority
ygwDvkdYac:w,f/ tJ'DaumfrwDav;awG&JUu@u wkdif;jynf&JUjy emawGudkajz&Sif;zdkYjzpfw,f/ Oyrm Ecology qd&
k if obm0 ywf0ef;usix
f ed ;f odr;f a&;? Finance qd&k if b@ma&;? Foreign Affair qd&k if Ekid if jH cm;a&;
ponfjzifh tJ'v
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tJ'aD umfrwDtzGUJ 0ifawGxrJ mS awmh twdu
k t
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kd mu tEkid &f ygwDwckwnf;
70
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eJU olw&Ykd UJ tmPmawGcsnf;bJ ae&mwumrSm yg0ifEikd w
f mr[kwb
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f ;l ? atmufvw
T af wmftrwfawGeUJ om zGUJ pnf;xm;
wmjzpfw,f/ atmufvw
T af wmfOu |udk Speaker vdaYk c:w,fvYkd apmapmuajymxm;NyD;NyD/ vTwaf wmftpnf;
ta0;wkid ;f rSm oluobmywdtjzpfaqmif&u
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tajrmuftrsm;&Sw
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S NyD;awmh
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T af wmftrwfawGavmuf rvGwv
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T af wmftrwfawGay:rSmawmh 'DygwD
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awG[m t"duusw,f/ tJ't
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aqG;aEG;&r,f? bmudkaqG;aEG;&r,f? b,fvdk&yfwnf&r,fqkdwmawGudk vrf; Tefay;w,f/ vTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;awGrmS vTwaf wmfOu |udk Mrs. Speaker (or) Madam Speaker qkNd yD;awmU olU&JU&mxl;twdik ;f
av;av;pm;pm; ac:&w,f / emrnf w yf N yD ; awmY a c:vd k U r&bl ; / 'gayr,f Y rd e f Y c G e f ; ajym&if a wmY
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awGrmS awmU vTwaf wmftrwfawG[m wOD;ESiw
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T af wmf rSm trsm;BuD;zGUJ xm;w,f/ tJ'guawmh
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71
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79
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Yk wGuf *sLvdik f (19) aoG;pGe;f wJh
aeY aemufyikd ;f ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ jzpfay:cJw
h hJ aemufqufwJG ordik ;f jzpf&yfukd oufaoxlNy;D wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;
ygr,f/ tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; usqH;k NyD; (10) &uftMum wdwu
d susajym&&if 1947 ckEpS ?f *sLvdik v
f
(29) &ufrmS wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmf 'kw,
d nDvmcHukd topfwufvmwJh vTwaf wmfOu X OD;EkuOD;aqmifNy;D
ac:,lusi;f ycJyh gw,f/ 'Dnv
D mcHrmS yJ wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK yxrnDvmcHrmS t&if vTwaf wmf Ou X Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
ud,
k w
f ikd Of ;D pD;NyD; a&;qGcJ w
hJ hJ wef;wl&nfwl jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if &H UJ tajccHOya'udk wrif;? wEdik if ?H
wjynfaxmifpepftjzpf jyifqifypfcMhJ uwmjzpfygw,f/
trSerf mS awmh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;NyD; a&;qGcJ w
hJ hJ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H tajccHOya'rlMurf;udk
yxrtMudrf wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK vTwaf wmfu wcJeuf axmufct
H wnfjyKcJNh y;D jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd twnfjyKNy;D om;
jynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'rlMurf;udk jyifqifzt
Ykd wGuf Oya'ynm&Sif OD;csex
f eG ;f udk yHt
k yfwm0efay;cJw
h mjzpfNy;D ?
86
'Drdkua&pD
OD;csefxeG ;f jyefvnf jyifqifvu
kd w
f hJ tajccHOya't& jynfaxmifp&k UJ oabmobm0 tESpo
f m&awG
yg&Srd vmawmhyJ wrif;wEdik if ?H wjynfaxmifpepfukd jy|mef; twnfjyKvdu
k Mf uwmjzpfygw,f/ OD;csefxeG ;f
jyefvnf jyifqifvdkufwJh tajccHOya'rSmawmh jynfe,fawGtwGuf bmtcGifhta&;rS r,fr,f&&
ruse&f adS wmhygbl;/ 'Dru
kd a&pD&UJ tajccHw&m;rsm;jzpfwhJ wef;wlr?I vGwv
f yfrq
I w
kd mawGuv
kd nf; wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd ;pk jynfe,frsm;twGuf tJ'D 1947 ckEpS f tajccHOya'u tmrrcHxm;awmhygbl;/ tkycf sKyfa&;r@dKk ik af &m?
Oya'jyKr@dKik af &m? w&m;pD&ifa&; r@dKik af &m r@dKk ifBuD; (3)ckpvH;k udk jynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &rSmom yHt
k yfxm;vdu
k f
awmhwmom jzpfygw,f/ wenf; tm;jzifh jynfe,fawGrmS 'Dru
kd a&pD qdwo
f Ok ;f oGm;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f/
orkid ;f tvSnt
hf ajymif;[m Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; ESiw
hf uG wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; tygt0ifjzpfwhJ
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; usqH;k tNyD;rSm aemufxyf 'kw,
d ordik ;f tvSnt
hf ajymif;taeeJY aoG;acsmif;pD;
awmhr,fh jynfaxmifpq
k u
D kd OD;vSno
hf mG ;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh wdik ;f &if;om;jynfe,fawG&UJ ud,
k f
ydik t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf tmPmawGukd jy|mef;xm;wJh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JU tajccHOya'rlMurf;tyd'k af wGukd jcpfxw
k f
ypfvu
kd w
f hJ rSief pD ufawG[m vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfoal wG&UJ aoG;awG? aoG;awGtjzpf ajymif;vJawmhr,fh
tem*wfaoG;pGe;f awmhr,fh jynfaxmifpq
k u
D kd vrf;vGo
J mG ;cJw
h mjzpfygw,f/ 'Dupd eJY ywfoufNyD; 1970
ckEpS rf sm;eJY &Spaf v;vH;k 'Dru
kd a&pD ta&;awmfyu
kH ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak tmifapmOD;u tckvkd
rSwcf scsxm;ygw,f/ 1947 ESpf zGpYJ nf;yHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGMJ uzdYk jyifqif&mrSm aumif;rGet
f m;om
csufawG&adS yr,fh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw
hf uG tjcm;Edik if aH cgif;aqmif BuD;rsm; vkyMf uHc&H NyD;wJh aemufyikd ;f rSm
wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK vTwaf wmfrmS 0wfvkH OD;csex
f eG ;f ? q&mpHukd BudK;ay;cJw
h hJ w&m;olBuD; OD;bOD;? a'gufwmbarmf
&JUtudk a'gufwmb[ef? a&G;aumufcH wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmf trwf zqyv OD;ausmfNidr;f wdu
Yk OD;Ek&UJ
axmufcHrIeJY jyifypfcJhMuw,f/ 'g[m 'DuaeY aemufqHk; e0w? etz ppftkyfpk&JU ppfwyfrif;quf
xm0&BuD;pd;k a&;tajccHrl (104)csuf zGUJ pnf;yHq
k OD ;D wnfomG ;apcJw
h hJ ueOD; vrf;pyJ jzpfygw,f/
wzef udak tmifapmOD;uyJ qufvufNyD; rSww
f rf;wifxm;&mrSm jynfe,frsm;onf ArmjynfrESihf
wef;wlnDrSsaom tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sdonfudk xif&Sm;pGmawGYEdkifayonf/ tajccHOya'wtkyfvHk;udk jcHK
qef;ppfMunfhygvSsif
(1) zGUJ pnf;yHpk epfwiG v
f nf;aumif;?
(2) tmPmESit
hf cGit
hf a&;cJaG 0rIwiG v
f nf;aumif;?
(3) ygvDref zGUJ pnf;yHw
k iG v
f nf;aumif;?
(4) jynfaxmifpk tcGeaf wmfEiS hf b@mawmf cGaJ 0rIwiG v
f nf;aumif;
cRwf,Gif;csuf&SdNyD; jynfe,frsm;tzdkY tcGifhta&; qHk;&HI;epfemvsuf&SdavonfwJh/ qufvufNyD;
udak tmifapmOD;urSww
f rf;wifxm;wJh tcsuu
f awmh wzef OD;csex
f eG ;f uyif uGseaf wmfw&Ykd UJ tajccH Oya'[m
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifppk epfjzpfayr,fh vufawGUwGif wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfygw,f[k xkwaf zmf
ajymqdak Mumif;vdUk qdx
k m;ygw,f/ qdv
k w
kd muawmh OD;csefxeG ;f ud,
k w
f ikd u
f yJ oljyifqifjznfph u
G v
f u
dk w
f hJ
tajccHOya'[m wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfwJhtaMumif; 0efcHxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ jynfaxmifpkqdkwm[m
trnfoufoufomjzpfNyD; tajccHOya'&JUtESpfom&[m wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfaewmudk oludk,fwdkif
0efcx
H m;wmjzpfwt
hJ wGuf yifvpkH mcsKyfuakd &m? ,if;yifvpkH mcsKyfukd tajccHxm;wJh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JU
tajccHOya' a&;qGaJ &;vrf;nGejf y|mef;csuf (7) csufuakd &m? ,if;vrf;nGef (7)csufukd tajccHNyD; Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;OD;aqmifa&;qGcJ w
hJ hJ jynfaxmifppk epfukd yHak zmfxm;wJh tajccHOya' yxrrlMurf;udyk g tNyD;tydik f
eif;acs zsuq
f ;D vdu
k w
f mjzpfNy;D ? om,m0ajymNy;D Nird ;f csr;f wJjh ynfaxmifpBk uD;udk wnfaqmufzYkd Ekid if zhH cifBuD;rsm;
87
'Drdkua&pD
csxm;cJw
h hJ tkwjf rpfuykd g z,fxw
k &f iS ;f vif; ypfvu
kd w
f mjzpfygw,f/ Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm;&nfreS ;f cJw
h hJ yef;cifaom
vrf;[mvnf; tJ't
D csdeu
f pNyD; 'DaeYtxd uGsefawmfww
Ykd awG jyefvnfravSsmufvrS ;f Edik af wmhyJ OD;wnf&mrJh
vrf;aysmufaecJMh uwmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'v
D rf;vGo
J mG ;wJh tajccHOya'&JU aemufqufwt
JG jzpf a&&Snt
f usdK;
oufa&mufraI wGuawmh tarmifawmifreS ;f ajrmufreS ;f rod jzpf&avatmif wcsdKUuvnf; jynfaxmifpu
k ae
tNyD;tydik f cGx
J u
G zf Ykd a<u;aMumfol a<u;aMumf? jynfaxmifpBk uD;wnfjrJz?Ykd cdik cf ikd rf mrm jyefvnfwnfaqmufzYkd
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpt
k a&; a<u;aMumfwmudyk J taMumufBuD; aMumufou
l aMumuf? 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sad &;udk
jiif;Mu? ajymMu? qdMk u? a<u;aMumfMuayr,fh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmf jyefvnfxal xmifa&;udp udk
ajymwJt
h cgrSmawmh 'Dru
kd a&pDupd eJY bmrSrqdik o
f vdk xifa,mif xifrmS ;awG;oluawG;? Edik if aH &; OD;wnfcsuaf wG?
tem*wf &nfreS ;f csufawG? wuGw
J jym;pDjzpfMuNyD; cdik rf mpkpnf;wJh pnf;vH;k nDnw
G rf u
I kd rwnfaqmufEikd Mf uyJ
jzpfvmMuzdt
Yk wGuf wwd,tvSnt
hf ajymif;wckukd qufvufNyD;wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if &H UJ Murmiifawmhr,fh wwd,tBudrf tvSnt
hf ajymif;uawmh 1960
ckESpfrsm;upNyD;awmh ygvDrefvTwfawmfrSmpwifNyD; *,uf&dkufcJhwJh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;&JU
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkrludk OD;Ektpdk;&u BudKqdkvufcHNyD; aqG;aEG;aepOfrSmyJ Adkvfae0if;acgif;aqmifwJh
Armhwyfrawmfu 1962 ckEpS ?f rwfv (2) &ufaeYrmS wdik ;f jynf&UJ tmPmudk vufeuftm;ud;k eJY tNyD;tydik f
odrf;ydkufvdkufwJh ordkif;jzpf&yfyJjzpfygw,f/ 'Dwwd,ordkif;tvSnfhtajymif;rSmawmh zuf'&,frlqdkwm
jynfaxmifpk cdik cf ikd rf mrm yl;aygif;a&;rlomjzpfNy;D 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if u
H kd yDyjD yifjyif jyefvnfxal xmifMuzdYk jzpfw,fqw
kd m
udk zk;H uG,v
f u
kd w
f hJ jzpf&yfygyJ/ 'Dr[
l m usqH;k avNyD;aom Ekid if ahH cgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u tcdik t
f rmcsxm;cJw
h hJ
'Dru
kd a&pD tajccHtw
k jf rpfawGukd topfwzef jyefvnfaz:xkwzf Ykd BudK;pm;cJw
h mjzpfaMumif; trSet
f wdik ;f
raz:jyawmhyJ yifvrkH u
l kd taoowfzYkd BudK;pm;cJw
h hJ vkyMf uHrBI uD;yJjzpfygw,f/ zuf'&,fru
l kd cGx
J u
G af &;rlvYkd
uifyeG ;f wyfvu
kd Nf yD; jynfoal wGukd pwifridI ;f wdu
k f aoG;cGcJ MhJ uygw,f/ wzufuvnf; owif;vGwv
f yfraI wG?
'Dru
kd a&pD vGwv
f yfraI wGukd wif;wif;MuyfMuyfyw
d yf ifNy;D rrSerf uefwhJ cGx
J u
G af &;qdw
k hJ a0g[m&eJY jynfoal wGukd
rIid ;f wdu
k x
f m;cJw
h t
hJ wGuf awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS zuf'&,fta&;aqG;aEG;wdik ;f ? pnf;vH;k nDnw
G af &;udk
wnfaqmufzaYkd qG;aEG;wdik ;f ? 'Dupd [m tifrwefrS aMumufp&maumif;wJh rvdv
k m;tyfwhJ raqG;aEG;tyfwhJ
&Iyaf xG;wJh udp wckvYkd xifa,mifxifrmS ;yif jzpfcMhJ uNy;D jynfaxmifpt
k a&; aemufrS aqG;aEG;? 'Dru
kd a&pD&atmif
t&ifwu
kd ?f wjcm;udp awG ab;csdw?f ppftmPm&Sipf epf jyKwfusa&;udo
k m tm&Hpk u
kd q
f w
kd hJ awmfveS af &;udk
tm;enf;csed aYJ pwJh tawG;tac:awG ysUH ESv
YH mcJw
h mjzpfygw,f/ 'Dvekd YJ jynfoal wGom aoG;acsmif;oGio
f iG pf ;D cJ&h Ny;D
atmifyeJG eYJ ;D pyfwhJ aoG;pnf;nDnw
G af &;udk rwnfaqmufEikd cf MhJ uyJ tarSmifxrJ mS vrf;aysmufaecJMh uwm
jzpfygw,f/ a&SUpmrsuEf mS rSmawmh Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm;arSsmrf eS ;f cJw
h hJ nDnw
G af om? om,m0ajymaom jynfaxmifpk
BuD;udk jyefvnfazmfaqmifEikd zf Ykd vrf;popfawG ay:aygufvmwJh jynfoal wG&UJ aoG;awG aygif;pnf;NyD; ordik ;f
pmrsuEf mS opfukd jynfoal wG&UJ aoG;eJY a&;om;zGiv
hf pS Ef ikd cf w
hJ hJ orkid ;f tvSnt
hf ajymif; topfawGukd rD;armif;xk;d
wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f/
88
'Drdkua&pD
aoG ; uajymaom
jynf a xmif p k
ord k i f ;
1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd f (19) &ufaeY Edik if zH cifBuD;rsm;u pwifNy;D jynfaxmifpo

k rkid ;f udk aoG;eJaY &;cJMh uwm[m
'DaeYtxdq&kd if ESpaf ygif; (60) ausmv
f mcJNh yjD zpfygw,f/ tmZmenfzcifBu;D rsm;tygt0if vlrsKd ;aygif;pHjk ynfoal wGu
aoG;eJaY &;wJh jynfaxmifpo
k rkid ;f [m &mpkEpS f xuf0ufausmf Mumjrifv
h mcJNh yD; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dorkid ;f wckv;kH udk
tpuae? tajccHtkwfjrpfuae? jy emawG&JU t&if;tjrpfuae pwifudkifwG,f IjrifoHk;oyfMu&rSm jzpfyg
w,f/ ukev
f eG cf ahJ om tESpf (20) c&D;av;udo
k muGuNf y;D &Ijrifo;kH oyfjcif;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk orkid ;f wckv;kH udk
jrifuiG ;f us,f&aI xmifu
h ae &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; &Ijrifo;Hk oyfEikd rf mS r[kwyf gbl;/ &Spaf v;vH;k 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;
awmfyBkH uD;udk 'kw,
d tBudrf vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf BJG uD;tjzpf trsm;wumu em;vnfMuNyD;jzpfyf gw,f/ [kwyf g
w,f/ 'DaeY uGsefawmfwYkd &ifqikd q
f ifEaJT eMu&wJh awmfveS af &;BuD;[m 'kw,
d tBudrf vGwv
f yfa&; wdu
k yf BJG uD;
yJjzpfygw,f/ yxrtBudrf vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf BJG uD;udk tNyD;tydik f tqH;k owfNyD; Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm; &nfreS ;f cJw
h hJ
atmifyyJG ef;wdik jf zpfwhJ om,mNird ;f csr;f aom jynfaxmifpBk u;D udk rxlaxmifEikd cf MhJ uwJh twGuo
f mvSsif tcktcsed rf mS
'kw,
d tBudrf vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf BJG uD;udk qufvufqifEaJT e&wmjzpfygw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if
EdkifiHhzcifBuD;rsm;u tkwfjrpfcscJhwJh ay:xGef;vw HUaom tem*wfjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfBuD;[m bk&if&l;
awGtkyfcsKyfr,fh bk&ifhEdkifiHvnf; r[kwfcJhygbl;/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;eJYwrsdK; EdkifxufpD;eif; tkyfcsKyfr,fhwrif;?
wEdkifiH? wjynfaxmifpepfudk usifhoHk;r,fh EdkifiHrsdK;udkvnf; EdkifiHzcifBuD;rsm;u vHk;0r&nfrSef;cJhMuygbl;/
'DvEkd ikd if rH sdK;udk xlaxmifzv
Ykd nf; Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm;u tkwjf rpfrcscJMh uygbl;/ jynfaxmifawG pkaygif;NyD; xl
axmifxm;wJh wef;wl&nfwl vGwv
f yfwhJ jynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmfopftwGuf tkwjf rpfcscJw
h m jzpfygw,f/
'gudk oufaoxlzt
Ykd wGuf ordik ;f taxmufxm;awG tcdik t
f rm &Sad eygw,f/ Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm; pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k
csrSwx
f m;wJh jynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmfopf&UJ tajccHtw
k jf rpfqw
kd m[mvnf; 'Dru
kd a&pD tajccH tkwjf rpfyJ
89
'Drdkua&pD
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dru
kd a&pD&UJ tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;jzpfwhJ
(1) jynfoal wGtm;vH;k wef;wlnrD sS a&;?
(2) jynfoal wGtm;vH;k vGwv
f yfru
I kd twlwuG cHpm;&&Sad &;?
(3) ,if;wef;wlnrD sS rIEiS hf vGwv
f yfraI wGukd tcdik t
f rm tmrcHxm;wJh tajccHOya'w&yf jy|mef;a&;
qdw
k hJ 'Dru
kd a&pD&UJ tajccHw&m;BuD; (3) ckpvH;k [m Ekid if zhH cifBuD;rsm; taumiftxnfazmfzYkd BudK;pm;cJw
h hJ
[mawG jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dru
kd a&pD tajccHw&m;BuD; (3) csuf[m Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm; cscJw
h hJ tkwjf rpfrmS
&SdNyD;om; jzpfygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD&JU tajccHw&m;udk qefYusifwJh tawG;tac:rsdK;? arSsmfrSef;csufrsdK;udk
Edik if zhH cifBuD;awG rcsrSwcf yhJ gbl;/ ordik ;f rSww
f rf;awG tcdik t
f rm&Syd gw,f/ tJ'o
D rdik ;f rSww
f rf;awGuawmh
(1) yifvpkH mcsKyf
(2) yifvpkH mcsKyfEiS hf tnDjzpfwhJ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JUvrf;jyajryH(k 7) csuf
(3) Adv
k w
f ikd Of ;D pD;a&;qGcJ w
hJ hJ tajccHOya' yxrrlMurf;
'gawG[m wdik ;f jynftwGuf Adv
k cf sKyfu,
kd w
f ikd f yg0ifO;D aqmifcsrw
S cf w
hJ hJ 'Dru
kd a&pD tajccHtw
k jf rpfawGyJ
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D tajccHw&m;awGukd 'DaeYacwf tjrifawGeYJ aygif;pyfay;vdu
k &f if cdik rf mwJh jynfaxmifpk
tawG;tac: w&yfukd azmfaqmifEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f/ Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm; usq;kH Ny;D wJh aemufyikd ;f rSm olwcYkd srw
S cf w
hJ hJ
jynfaxmifpk vrf;pOfuae aoGzcD w
hJ hJ 1947 ckEpS f tajccHOya'&JU tm;enf;csufawGaMumifh rNyD;qH;k ao;wJh
yxrtBudrf vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf [
JG m jynfwiG ;f ppftoGief YJ aemufqufwJG ay:aygufc&hJ wmomjzpfygw,f/
tJ'aD emufqufwJG jynfwiG ;f ppfukd trSo
D [JjyKNyD; jynfoal wGukd uGsefZwfoiG ;f awmhr,fh ppftmPm[m
wjznf;jznf; tm;,lNy;D BuD;xGm;vmcJw
h mjzpfygw,f/ wef;wl&nfwl vGwv
f yfwhJ jynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmfBuD;udk
xlaxmifzYkd BudK;yrf;cJw
h hJ Ekid if zhH cifBuD;rsm;om vkyMf uHrcHcMhJ u&ifvnf;aumif;? olww
Ykd awG vkyMf uHccH &hJ onfh
wdik af tmif olwcYkd if;ay;xm;cJw
h hJ jynfaxmifpv
k rf;pOfukd qufvufavSsmufvrS ;f cJMh u&ifvnf;aumif; uGseaf wmfwYkd
Edik if [
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tiftm;BuD;Edik if aH wGeJ ah 'oqdik &f mtiftm;BuD; Edik if aH wGjzpfMuwJh tar&duef?Oa&myor*?w&kwf?tdEd,
tmqD,Htp&SdonfwdkY&J htxl;tm&HkpdkufcH&wJ hEdkifiHwckNzpfvmygw,f/ urmhjynfolawG&JU 'Drdkua&pDac:
jynfol t
h mPmudw
k ufcEf v
kd *kd sDenf;ynmopfawG&J t
h ultnDeYJ urmrIjyKvmMuwJt
h ck (globalization of
peoples power) vdktcsdefumvrSmav;pm;&ygaom uRefawmfrsm; Vansangva pmzwfy&dwfowfawGeJY
aomw&Sirf sm;udk urm'h rD u
kd a&pDpwifaygufzmG ;&mNzpfwhJ [k;d vGecf w
hJ t
hJ ESpaf ygif; 2500 *&d (acgr) *E0ifordik ;f
xJu atoifjynfqdkwJhNrdKUEdkifiHav;qDudk tm kHajymif;ac:aqmifoGm;csifygw,f/
tckv(kd 21)&mpkacwfxu
J u
kd Reaf wmfwkd ch sn;f eif;0ifa&mufaeNy;D vlom;rsKd ;quf&J 'h rD u
kd a&pDa&;vIy&f mS ;rI
awG[mvnf;txGwt
f xdyu
f akd &mufaecsderf mS bmjzpfvYkd arG;uif;p (odrYk [kw)f 'Dru
kd a&pDoaEom;a&rTm
tqifv
h aYkd wmifajymvd&Yk wJh a&S;usNyD; Eke,fwahJ toif&UJ wdu
k fu
dk 'f rD u
kd a&pDpepfay:xGe;f vmyHo
k rdik ;f aMumif;
awGut
kd m&Hpk u
kd f NyD;jyefvnfr;D armif;xd;k jy&ovJ qdw
k mudak wmh'aD qG;aEG;cef;&J eh *d ;kH rSm tus,fw0ifw
h ifjy
aqG;aEG;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
atoifEdkifiHeJh vlxkyg0ifwJU 'Drdkua&pD

bDpD 504 avmufrmS ay:aygufcw
hJ hJ *&d(acgr) Edik if u
H atoifNrKd U&J w
h u
kd &f u
kd 'f rD u
kd a&pD pepf[mEdik if o
H m;
vdk t
h owfrw
S cf &H wJv
h x
l v
k w
l ef;pm;w&yfv;kH us,fus,fjyefjY yefY yg0ifw'hJ rD u
kd a&pD (participatory democracy) pepfjzpfw,f/ wenf;ajym&&ifNrdKU Edi
k if w
H ckv;kH &JU ta&;udp awGeYJ ywfoufvm&iftoufjynfNh yD;
vGwv
f yfwahJ ,mufsm; jzpfoEl ikd if o
H m;wdik ;f [mEdik if v
H ;kH uRwf nDvmcHrmS us,fus,fjyefjY yefY nDwn
l rD Q vGwf
vGwv
f yfvyfyg0ifaqG;aEG;jiif;cHck iG ?hf rJay;ydik cf iG ahf wG&MdS uygw,f/
atoifEikd if &H J w
h u
kd &f u
kd 'f rD u
kd a&pDpepfatmufrmS Edik if aH &;wnfaqmufykH (political structure) udk
vd&k if;wd&k iS ;f azmfjy7r,fq&kd if
(1) wESpw
f Budrrf pJ epfeYJ tvSnu
hf sa&G;aumufc&H wJh vl 500 yg0ifwNhJ rdKU Edik if aH umifpu
D edp "l0Edik if t
hH a&;
awGudk wm0ef,lxrf;aqmif&ygw,f/ olwdkYudkvcay;xm;w,f/'DawmhEdkifiHom;wdkif;[m olUwoufrSm
tenf;qH;k wcgawmh wESpo
f ufwrf;&SNd yD; vl 500 yg0ifwNhJ rdKU? Edik if aH umifpD (wenf;tm;jzifh atoif&hJ
tkycf sKyfa&;r@dKifvYkd yJqMkd uygqdYk tJ'rD mS yg0ifxrf;aqmifzUkd tcGit
hf vrf;&SMd uygw,f/)
(2) tJ'DaumifpDuyJ NrdKU? EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;yg0ifwufa&muf&wJhjynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHudk wESpfudk(4)Budrf
ac:,lusif;yay;&w,f/ 'DNynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHuawmh 'DaeYacwftac:eJYqdk&if atoifjynf&JUOya'jyK
r@dKifqykd gpd/Yk
96
'Drdkua&pD
(3) rIcif;awGMum;emppfaq;zdeYk YJ w&m;pD&ifru
I kd *sL&DvBl uD;cH&k ;kH tzGUJ ta,muf 200 udEk ikd if o
H m;xJuae
rJpepfet
YJ vGwaf &G;NyD;Mum;em? ppfaq;? pD&ifapygw,f/ atoifjynf&UJ w&m;a&;r@dKifvv
Ykd q
J Ekd ikd yf gw,f/
(4) toufjynfo
h El ikd if o
H m;(a,musfm;)wdik ;f vlwikd ;f aph[m atoifNrdK Eh ikd if &H J Eh ikd if aH &;b0rSm wenf;r[kwf
wenf; yg0ifciG &hf ydS gw,f/ csrf;omwm? qif;&JwmpwJh vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;rIawG? rsdK;EG,pf rk wlwmawG? a'ouGJ
jym;wmawGpwJh rwlnrD u
I jJG ym;jcm;em;rIww
H ikd ;f awGu b,foUl tcGit
hf a&;udrk S [efw
Y m;xm;wmr&Sb
d ;l /
(5) tpd;k &qdw
k mr&Sb
d ;l ? jynfoal wGuyJ Edik if u
H w
kd u
kd f u
dk t
f yk cf sKyfw,f/
ydrk Nkd yD;&Si;f atmif atmufyg'dik ,
f m*&rfav;eJv
Y nf; xyfraH zmfjyay;vdu
k yf gw,f/
'Dawmh 'D'idk ,
f m*&rfuMkd unf&h if atoifjynfrmS jynfou
l Edik if u
H kd wdu
k &f u
dk t
f yk cf sKyfw,f/ tpd;k &qdw
k mr&Sb
d ;l /
qdkvdkwmuawmh v,form;awG? wHigonfawG? tvkyform;awG? vufvkyfvufpm;awG? ukefoG,f
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fwo
hJ al wG? ynm&Siaf wG? ynmwwfawG? tEkynmonfawG? ppfonfawGponfjzifh Edik if H
om;tm;vHk;[m atoifEdkifiH&JU EdkifiHa&;b0rSm tjynfht0yg0ifcGifh&SdMuwmjzpfygw,f/ wenf;ajym&&if
tmPm&Sirf &Sb
d ;l ? rif;qd;k rif;npfr&Sb
d ;l / 'DawmhEikd if o
H m;wdik ;f [m vGwv
f yfru
I t
kd jynft
h 0 cHpm;Mu&w,f/
Edik if o
H m;wdik ;f u atoifEikd if u
H kd b,fvEdk ikd if rH sdK;jzpfap csifw,fqw
kd mudk twlwuG Oya'jyKcGi&hf MdS uw,f/
Edik if o
H m;wdik ;f [m nDwn
l rD Qrw
J rJqyD ikd q
f ikd Mf uw,f/ wef;wlrq
I w
kd m&Sad ew,f/ trsm;pk&J q
h Etwdik ;f Edik if t
hH a&;udk
yHak zmfMu&w,f/ atoifEikd if o
H m;rsm;&JU wef;wlreI UJ vGwv
f yfreI UJ qdw
k mawGukd tJ'aD toifEikd if &H UJ Edik if aH &;wnf
97
'Drdkua&pD
aqmufykH political structure (wenf;tm;jzift
h ajccHOya')u tjynft
h 0 tmrcHxm;wmjzpfw,f/ vlwikd ;f u
oljyXmef;csifwhJ Oya'w&yfukd tqdw
k ifoiG ;f Edik w
f ,f/ bDpD 510rSm pwifcw
hJ ahJ toif&J 'h rD u
kd a&pD pepf[m
atmifjrifrI &vmwmeJ t
h rQ *&dNrdK Eh ikd if w
H csdK u
h yg twk,v
l mMuNyD; 'Dru
kd a&pD pepf[m *&dEikd if H w0Sr;f udk
ul;pufjyef Eh HS ch w
hJ ,f/ 'gayr,fph ygwm tygt0ifwjcm;NrdKU Edik if rH mS awGrmS awmh 'Dru
kd a&pDuv
kd ufrcHyJ
bk&ifpepf? rif;rsdK;&mZmtkycf sKyfwphJ epf? ppftmPmBuD;pd;k wJph epfawGukd qufvufxrd ;f odr;f xm;qJyjJ zpfw,f/
a&S;OD;atoif&JU 'Drdkua&pDpepfatmufrSm&SdwJh jynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcH[m 'DaeYacwfukd,fpm;jyK
'Dru
kd a&pD&UJ Oya'jyKtzGUJ (vTwaf wmf)eJo
Y abmtm;jzifh wlnyD gw,f/ a&S;OD;atoifjynf&UJ vl500 yg0ifwhJ
aumifp&D UJ tvkyw
f m0efawGuawmh 'DaeYacwf&UJ orw (odrYk [kw)f 0efBu;D csKyfu OD;aqmifwhJ tkycf sKyfa&;r@dKifeYJ
oabmtm;jzifh wlnaD eygw,f/ vl 200yg0ifwhJ cH&k ;kH uawmh 'DaeYacwfrmS uReaf wmfweYkd m;vnfwhJ w&m;a&;tzGUJ
ygyJ/
tJ'aD cwfu *&dEikd if w
H 0Sr;f rSm atoifepYJ m&if wjcm;NrdKUEdik if u
H olw&Ykd UJ Edik if aH &;e,fy,frmS Edik if o
H m;
yg0ifrt
I m;enf;aeygw,f/ bmvdv
Yk q
J akd wmh atoifrmS vdk vlwikd ;f aph rJah y;ydik cf iG rhf &Syd J ajrydik &f iS ?f tdryf ikd &f iS f
csrf;om<u,f0wJh vlwef;pm;awGuom rJay;ydik cf iG &hf MdS uw,f/ atoifrmS awmh tJ'v
D v
kd w
l ef;pm;cGjJ cm;rI
r&Sb
d ;l / tJ'aD wmh trsm;pkjzpfwq
hJ if;&Jom;awGu tompD;&w,fvYkd wcsdKUa0zefoal wG a0zefMuygw,f/
a0zefa&;orm;wcsdKUuqd&k if atoif'rD u
kd a&pD[m trsm;pkBuD;jzpfwhJ qif;&Jom;awGu cs,fv,
S Ef ikd w
f mrdYk
yp nf;rJt
h mPm&Sipf epf jzpfygw,fvaYkd wmif aygufayguf&mS &Sm a0zefwmawGvnf;&Syd gw,f/
'DaeYacwfvkd wdik ;f Edik if BH uD;awG xlaxmifvmMuwJt
h csderf mS awmh vlwikd ;f aphyg0ifwhJ nDvmcHusif;yzkYd
qdw
k m vufawGUrusawmhygbl;/ tkycf sKyfa&;rSma&m w&m;pD&ifa&;rSmyg jynfoal wG tm;vH;k yg0ifzq
Ykd w
kd m
rjzpfEikd f awmhygbl;/ jynfoal wGu wdik ;f jynfut
kd yk cf sKyfz?Ykd wdik ;f a&;jynfa&;awGukd aqmif&u
G zf ?Ykd jynfoUl
ud,
k pf m;vS,f awGuakd &G;Ny;D tpd;k &tzGUJ tpnf;awG zGUJ ay;vm&ygw,f/ 'dik &f m*&rf&UJ 'kw,
d yHrk mS azmfjyxm;ovdyk J
jynfoq
l w
kd m[m 'DaeYacwfopf 'Dru
kd a&pD pepfatmufrmS tpd;k &qdw
k hJ todik ;f t0dik ;f &JUtjyifzufukd a&mufomG ;
Muygw,f/
'DaeUacwfopf 'Dru
kd a&pDtjrifeUJ Munf&h if atoifjynf&UJ wdu
k fu
dk f 'Dru
kd a&pDpepf[m vpfb&,fvf
'Dru
kd a&pDvYkd ajymvdrYk &ygbl;l / bmvdv
Yk nf;qdak wmh 'DaeYacwfopfvpfb&,fvf 'Dru
kd a&pDtjrift& vlom;
wdik ;f [m wef;wlrI (equality)eJY vGwv
f yfrI (liberty) qdkwmawGudk arG;&myg ydkifqdkifMuwmjzpfw,f/
atoifjynf&UJ Edik if o
H m;owfrw
S cf sux
f rJ mS trsKd ;orD;awG? uReaf wGeYJ we,fwaus;uae ajymif;a&GUaexkid Mf uwJh
Edik if jH cm;om;awG yg0ifciG rhf &Sb
d ;l / 'Dawmh olww
Ykd awG[m 'DaeYvpfb&,fvf 'Dru
kd a&pDtjrift& arG;&myg
tcGit
hf a&;awG qH;k &I;H aeMuwmjzpfw,f/ odaYk omfjim;vnf; atoifjynf&UJ tajccHOya't& Edik if o
H m;tjzpf
owfrw
S cf &H ol jynfow
l ikd ;f [m wef;wlnrD QMuw,f? vGwv
f yfMuygw,f/ qdv
k w
kd mu 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit
hf a&;
udck pH m;Mu&w,f/ wenf;ajym&&if tmPm&Sif wOD;OD;ujzpfap? vufwqkypf m vlwpkujzpfap? vlrsdK;w
rsdK; (odrYk [kw)f rsdK;EG,Bf uD;wckcu
k ae vlvcl sif; odum rJah vmufatmif Edik x
f ufp;D eif;jyKusifNh yD; wzufowf
trdeaYf y;tkycf sKyfwmrsdK; r&Syd gbl;/
aemufNy;D olww
Ykd x
D iG v
f u
kd w
f hJ pepft& tpd;k &qdw
k mr&Sb
d ;l ? atoifEikd if w
H iG ;f rSm a'o&,f? rsKd ;EG,pf k
&,f? vlwef;pm;&,f trsdK;rsdK;uGjJ ym;Muaomfvnf;yJ b,fa'o? b,frsdK;EG,pf ?k b,fvw
l ef;pm;ujzpfjzpf
Edik if o
H m; wdik ;f wa,mufruseyf g0ifNy;D 'DNrKd UEdik if aH v;udk tvSnu
hf s tkycf sKyfomG ;wmjzpfw,f/ wenf;ajym&&if
atoifEikd if o
H m;wdik ;f [m jynfv;kH uRwfnv
D mcHBuD;rSm rlawG? Oya'awGukd wdu
k &f u
kd yf g0ifcsrSw?f qH;k jzwf?
jy|mef;wmjzpfwt
hJ wGuf olwu
Ykd sifo
h ;kH wJh jynfoal wGu wdu
k &f u
kd t
f yk cf sKyfwphJ epfukd wdu
k &f u
kd 'f rD u
kd a&pDpepf
vdaYk c:w,f/ urmo
Y rdik ;f rSm yxrqH;k tBudrf jynfot
l m;vH;k yg0ifwhJ 'Dru
kd a&pDpepf (participatory democracy) ay:xGe;f cJw
h m jzpfygw,f/
'gqd&k if tJ'aD vmufawmifrS wEdik if v
H ;kH axmifw
h ikd ;f aph? jynfow
l ikd ;f rSm Edik if t
hH mPmudk ydik q
f ikd Mf uNy;D
vlwef;pm;rcG?J a'o? rsdK;EG,rf cGjJ cm;yJ wef;wlraI wG vGwv
f yfraI wGukd twlwuG cHpm;Mu&avmufatmif
98
'Drdkua&pD
aumif;rGev
f w
S hJ 'Dpepf[m 'Dae&m 'Da'o? 'DumvrSmrS bmaMumifh ay:aygufcw
hJ mvJ? 'Dru
kd a&pDa&pD;aMumif;awG
tm;aumif;armif;oefvmwJh 'DaeYacwf urmol urmom;awGtwGuaf &m jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if o
H m;awG
twGuyf g tifrwefrS pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;wJh 'Dar;cGe;f &JUtajzudk odEikd af tmif a&S;a[mif;*&d (acgr)&JU
*E0ifordik ;f udk waphwapmif; jyefveS Mf unfMh u&atmif/
2/ ppfyGJawG tawmrowfEdkifcJhwJh acgr&JUNrdKUEdkifiHawGeJY 'Drdkua&pDa&cHajrcH

a&S;a[mif; *&d(acgr)Edik if rH mS oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfpmG wnf&w
dS hJ jynfuav;awG wenf;tm;jzifh wdik ;f jynf
i,fawG 'grSr[kwf NrdKUEdik if aH ygif; &m*Pef;eJcY sDNyD;&Scd w
hJ ,f/ tJ'ND rdKUEdik if aH wG&UJ Edik if o
H m; (NrdKUom;)awG[m
rsdK;EG,pf ak wGeYJ zGUJ pnf;xm;MuNyD; aoG;om;tm;jzifh eD;pyfoal wGjzpfwt
hJ wGuf wjcm;NrdKUuae ajymif;a&TUaexkikd f
vmMuwJh olawGeYJ uRefawGukd Edik if o
H m;pm&if;xJrmS xnfv
h rYkd &bl;/ rde;f rawGuv
kd nf; rJay;ydik cf iG &hf w
dS hJ
Edik if o
H m;awGtjzpf rowfrw
S Mf ubl;/ NrKd UEdik if &H UJ vlO;D a& ESpo
f ed ;f cGaJ vmufom&SNd y;D Edik if o
H m;vdYk towfrw
S cf &H wm
u oH;k aomif;avmufy&J w
dS ,f/ wOD;eJw
Y OD;u i,fpOfuav;b0utp upm;azmfupm;bufawG? ausmif;
ae bufawGjzpfMuw,f/ BuD;vmwJt
h cgrSmvnf; NrdKUnDvmcHrmS Edik if aH &;aqG;aEG;bufawG? jiif;ckeb
f ufawG?
pum;ppfx;kd bufawG? ppfyaJG wG&v
dS m&ifvnf; wdu
k af zmfwu
kd b
f ufawG jzpfMuw,f/ qdv
k w
kd mu Edik if o
H m;
awG[m wOD;eJw
Y OD;oduRr;f Muw,f/ olw[
Ykd m NrKd UEdik if &H UJ edp "l0 vkyif ef;aqmifwmawGrmS wenf;r[kww
f enf;
yg0ifywfoufBuNyD; wOD;udw
k OD; &mxl;ceft
Y yfwm? jiif;y,fwmutp? Edik if aH &;? ppfa&;? tEkynmtp&Sw
d hJ
udp t00rSm tNrJxad wGUMuwJt
h avsmuf 'DNrdKU&JUaps;uGuv
f yf[m ta&;ygt&ma&mufwv
hJ x
l al qG;aEG;0dik ;f
usif;y&m? Edik if aH &;? vlraI &;todynmawG zvS,&f m? jr ifw
h if&m? &Sio
f efzUHG NzdK;&mrSm ta&;BuD;wJah e&mawG
jzpfvmMuw,f/ NrKd Uom;wdik ;f rSm wOD;csi;f pDwu
G f NrKd UEdik if &H UJ ta&;udp twGuf wm0ef (duty)ud,
k pf &D MdS uw,f/
wenf;tm;jzifh olw&Ykd UJ b0rSm tcGiahf &;qdw
k mxuf wm0efqw
kd mu ydrk v
kd rT ;f rd;k w,f/ Edik if w
hH m0efukd ausyeG af tmif
rxrf;aqmifou
l kd vlraI vmurSm edru
hf swJt
h zsuform;? aESmif,
h u
S o
f v
l Ykd jrifMuw,f/ Edik if w
hH m0ef wckcu
k kd
r,lxm;bl;? 'grSr[kwf NrdKUvHu
k Rwfnv
D mcHrmS wufwuf<u<u yg0ifaqG;aEG;avhr&Sw
d o
hJ al wGukd *&dbmom
d m tJ'*D &dpum;vH;k uae qif;ouf
pum;eJY idiotai vdEYk rdS af c:Muw,f/ t*Fvyd pf um;vH;k idiot (iwH;k it)qkw
vmwmjzpfw,f/ Edik if t
hH a&;rSm wufwuf<u<uryg0ifoal wGukd iwH;k itpm&if;xJrmS xnfx
h m;cJMh uwJh a&S;a[mif;
*&d (acgr)om;awGu 'DaeYacwfopfrmS Edik if t
hH a&; wufwuf<u<uajymqdv
k yk u
f ikd f a&;om;wJo
h al wGurkd S
uGuNf yD; tndK;xm;NyD; zrf;vm;qD;vm;? owfvm;jzwfvm; vkyw
f o
hJ al wGukd b,fvrkd sm; uifyeG ;f wwfMurvJ
rodbl;/
atoifEikd if &H UJ yx0Dtaetxm;uawmh ppfyaJG wGjzpfvm&if NrKd Uom;tm;vH;k udk wyfqw
k af pNy;D vHv
k NkH cKH NcKH
tumtuG,af y;Edik w
f hJ tmc&dyk v
kd pf (Acropolis) vdaYk c:NyD; NrdKU&d;k wHwikd ;f awGeYJ tvHt
k NcHKumuG,x
f m;wJNh rdKU
A[du
k awmifuek ;f wck&w
dS ,f/ tJ'AD [djk yK&m&JU ywfywfvnfrmS &Sw
d hJ us,f0ef;wJeh ,fajrBuD;xJrmS tdraf jcawG?
&yf&mG awG? NrKd Ui,fawG&w
dS ,f/ Oyrm atoifNrKd Uqdv
k &Ykd &dS if trSew
f u,fawmh ATTICA qdw
k hJ uRe;f qG,Bf uD;xJrmS
wnf&SdwmjzpfayrJh tJ'DuRef;qG,fwckvHk;rSm aexdkifwJholtm;vHk;udkNcHKNyD; atoifjynfom;awGtjzpf
ac:a0:Muwmjzpfw,f/ jyify&efou
l usL;ausmpf pfe0YJ ifvm&if v,form;? wHigonfponfjzifh Edik if o
H m;tmvH;k
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aemufNrdKUEdik if w
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kd a&pD us,fus,fjyefjY yefY rxGe;f um;yJ olwo
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pygwmawG & J U xl ; jcm;csuf u awmh trsd K ;orD ; awG u d k
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MuNyD; NrdKUEdik if &H UJ Edik if aH &;? vlraI &;eJY todynmawG Edik if aH &; tawG;tac:awG &Sio
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rif;qd;k rif;npfawG qufwu
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wGio
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kd a&pDpepf aygufzmG ;vm&wJjh zpfpOf taMumif;&if;
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ykrd Nkd y;D wku
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100
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NrdKU Ekid if u
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om Ekid if u
H MH urmudk b,fvykd pHk H zefw;D rvJqw
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3/ Solon (c.640-c.559 B.C)

bDpD 600 0ef;usifavmufrSm atoifNrdKU&JU vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;EIef;eJU
tvsirf aD tmif v,form;awGu pm;eyf&u
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cJMh u&w,f/ 'Dvedk UJ ta<u;awGwif v,f,majrawG qk;H ;HI Mu&NyD; cRwfNcKH
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Solon u olwufvmwJhtcgrSm v,f,meJY ywfoufwJh a<u;NrD awGtm;vkH; avsmfypfvdkufwJhtjyif
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f cHcahJ yr,fh olU&JUjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyif ef;awG[m
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dk &f u
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k jf rpftjzpf avhvmolwcsdKUu ,lqMuw,f/
Solon &JU tajccHOya'jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;[m t&ifu atmufusaemufusjzpfcw
hJ hJ rdom;pkwcsKd UeJU vlopfwcsKd Uudk
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hH yk cf sKyfa&;rSm yg0ifvmEkid af tmifeUJ pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; evHxv
l mEkid af tmif aqmifusO;f ay;Ekid cf ahJ omfvnf;
v,f,majrudk tajccHwhJ tusyftwnf;awGuakd wmh tqk;H rowfay;Ekid cf yhJ gbl;/
tkypf zk UJG tuGt
J jyJawGuawmh ajyaysmufroGm;cJyh gbl;/ Solon wufvmwJhumvrSm *&d(acgr)
w0Sr;f rSm rif;qd;k rif;npfawG pwif xGe;f um;pjyKaeygw,f/
101
'Drdkua&pD
atoif & J U
rif ; qk d ; rif ; npf r sm;
The
Tyrants
of
Athenss
trsm;tm;jzifh NrdKU? Edik if aH wG&UJ ppfeNYJ idr;f csrf;a&;udp awGukd tkypf ;kd olb&k ifawGuom wzufowf
k hJ ppfacgif;aqmifa[mif;wOD;u Solon
qH;k jzwfMuw,f/ bDpD 561 rSm Pisistratus (C. 600-527 BC) qdw
udjk zKwfcsNyD; rif;qd;k rif;npfwOD;tjzpf atoifupkd wiftyk cf sKyfcw
hJ ,f/ olaoqH;k wJh bDpD 527 txd ol[m
olYaemufvdkufwcsdKUudk csrf;omwJhrdom;pkawG&JU v,f,majrawGudk odrf;ydkufNyD; v,f,majra0iS
ay;urf;wJeh nf;eJY odr;f oGi;f pnf; ;kH cJw
h ,f/ 'Dvekd nf;eJo
Y rd ;f oGi;f xm;wJh v,form;awG[m atoifacwf&UJ
k yk if ef;awGuykd g jr ifw
h ifcw
hJ ,f/ bk&m;
c dkeDawGyJ qdkMuygpdkY/ Pisistratus [m ul;oef;a&mif;0,freI YJ vlxv
ausmif;awGwnfaqmufNy;D bmoma&; taqmufttkaH wGuv
kd nf; jyKjyifcw
hJ ,f/ bmoma&;yGaJ wmfawGuv
kd nf;
pwifusif;yay;cJw
h ,f/ bDpD 6 &mpk&UJ tv,fyikd ;f avmufrmS atoifrmS vlO;D a&;wd;k yGm;vmwmeJUtrQ
pD;yGm;a&;yg wd;k wufpjyKvmw,f/ wBudrw
f nf;rSmvnf; Ekid if o
H m;awG&UJ vlaerItqift
h wef;[mvnf;yJ
jrifhwufvmaew,f/ tcsdefydkawGvnf; ydk&vmwmeJUtrQ t&ifrsdK;qufawGeJUpm&if tcsif;csif;tMum;
owif;zvS,rf v
I nf; ydrk sm;vmygw,f/ Pisistratus vkd rif;qd;k rif;npfu ol&UJ tmPmudk atmufajctxd
a0rQNy;D us,u
f s,jf yefUjyefU axmufcrH u
I kd &,lvckd w
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hJ mvrSmyJ Ekid if o
H m;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
Ekid if aH &;tawGUtBuKH awG&&Sv
d mMuygw,f/ 'Dxuftjyif <u,f0csr;f omrIuv
kd u
kd Nf y;D tkycf sKyfa&;wm0efawGukd
xrf;aqmifciG &hf vmMuwmqkad wmh 0ifaiGawGw;dk yGm;vmMuwJh tJ'u
D mvrSmyJ tpd;k &&UJ tkycf sKyfa&;wm0efawGukd
vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u yg0ifxrf;aqmifvmEkid Mf uygw,f/
Pisisratus aoawmh ol&JUt&dkuf&mudk olUom; Hippias u qufcHNyD; Hippias uawmh
t&ifoUl tazacwftwdik ;f yJ pepfawG rajymif;vJyJ qufvuftyk cf sKyfrif;vkycf yhJ gw,f/ bDpD 510 rSmawmh
Pisisratus &JU wjcm;om;awGu e,fEi
S 'f Pfay;wmudk cHc&hJ wJh aqGrsdK;wpku pygwm&JU tultnDu&kd ,lNyD;
Hippias udk eef;jzKwfcw
hJ t
hJ wGuf Hippias vnf; yg;&Sm;udk wdr;f a&Smifxu
G af jy;cJyh gw,f/ pygwmawG
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vkyzf Ukd xuf Solon rwdik rf aD cwfqu
D kd acwfaemufjyefqNJG y;D rif;rsKd ;&mZmawGtyk pf ;kd wJah cwfukd jyefvnfxal xmifzUdk
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f u
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hJ ,f/ 'Dxufru qd;k 0g;wmu NrKd U&JUtkycf sKyfa&;aumifpu
D ykd g
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awmh Isagoras eJU taygif;ygawG[m xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmifomG ;&NyD;
jynfoal wGu jynfyta0;a&muf Cleisthenes udjk yefac:wJt
h cgrSm
ol[m &maygif;rsm;pGmaom wjcm;ta0;a&mufawGeUJ jynfawmfjyefNy;D
wkid ;f jynfukd qufvuftyk cf sKyfcw
hJ ,f/
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k ;f rSm b,forl v
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hJ hJ
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102
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kd a&pDvUdk trnfay;vdu
k w
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hJ ,f/ 'DEidk if aH &; tzGUJ tpnf;opfukd olu demokratia (odUk r[kw)f 'Dru
t"dy g,fuawmh jynfot
l m;vk;H yg0ifwhJ tzGUJ tpnf;utkycf sKyfonfvUkd t"dy g,f&w,f/
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dk a&pDpepfopf[m aumif;rGev
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f ;D zdUk tmPmNyKd ifvMk u
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f ;l vdUk uavhpo
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taumif;qk;H jzpfatmif ykaH zmfcMhJ uw,f/ 'Davmufaumif;rGew
f phJ epf[m aemufq;Hk rSm bmaMumifh ysufp;D oGm;
&w,f? taemufwidk ;f Oa&myEdik if aH wGrmS a&m 'DaeU urmw0Sr;f rSm vlom;tm;vk;H &JU pHxm;&wJh pepfwcktjzpf
jzpfvm&wJh atoif'rD u
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tydik ;f udk qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f/
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tydkif;(1)rSm azmfjycJhovdkyJ uavhpfoepf[m vl
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D kd a&G;cs,f
&mrSm vlrxyf&atmif pepfwusppd pfNy;D rJEu
dI af &G;aumufapwm
aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ aemufNy;D atoifEidk if H 'Dru
kd a&pD&UJ zGUJ pnf;ykH
t& vlwOD;[m olUwoufrmS ESpcf gxufyNkd yD;Edik if aH umifprD mS
wm0efxrf;aqmifcGifh ray;ygbl;/ tJ'Dawmh EkdifiHom;wkdif;
olUtvSnehf UJ ol tkycf sKyfa&;rSm yg0ifvmcGihf tmrcHxm;wmjzpfwhJ
tjyif? vlwef;pm;wckc?k rsdK;EG,pf w
k ckcu
k tNrJwrf; BuD;pd;k
jc,fv,
S w
f o
hJ abmrsKd ; r&Sad tmif tmrcHxm;wm? umuG,x
f m;
wmjzpfwt
hJ wGuf Edik if o
H m;wdik ;f &JU wef;wlr?I vGwv
f yfrt
I p&Sw
d hJ
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;awGudk rqHk;&HI;&avatmif tJ'Dvdk
tmrcHxm;wJh atoifEidk if &H UJ zGUJ pnf;yHOk ya'atmufrmS Edik if &H UJ
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI[mvnf;yJ tNrJwrf;cdkifrmaer,fqdkwm
,HkrSm;p&mr&Sdawmhygbl;/ Cleisthenes &JU ,lqcsufuawmh 'Denf;tm;jzifhvlwpkuom EdkifiHa&;
tawGUtBuHKawGu&kd &SNd yD; Edik if t
hH a&;udk olwo
Ydk mvkyw
f wfw,f wjcm;vlawGu iwH;k itawGrYkd Edik if t
hH a&;eJY
ywfoufvm&if bmrSem;rvnfb;l qdw
k mrsKd ;? vlwpkuom trdeaYf y;wJh vlwpkEikd if aH &;r[kwaf wmhbJ vlwikd ;f [m
Edik if aH &;tawGUtBuHKawGukd wef;wlnw
D l wku
d &f u
kd u
f sus &&Sv
d mEkid Mf ur,fvYkd ,HMk unfwmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'v
D kd
vlwOD;csif;qD&JU yk*vdutusdK;pD;yGm;eJY qufoG,fxm;wJh wkduf&dkuf'Drdkua&pDpepfatmufrSmae&wJh
Edik if o
H m;awG[m b,fou
l rS'pD epfaMumifh epfemqH;k &H;I wm r&SEd ikd w
f t
hJ wGuf 'Dpepf cdik rf moxufcikd rf ma&;udo
k m
ESv;kH oGi;f NyD; 'Dpepfukd zsufvzkd sufq;D vkyzf Ykd BuH&,
G w
f m? ud,
k x
f v
d ufa&muf vkyaf qmifBudK;yrf;wmrsdK;
r&SEd ikd b
f ;l vdYk uavhpo
f epf u ,HMk unf,q
l w,f/
103
'Drdkua&pD
uavhpo
f epf &JU jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyif ef;awG[m t&ifu rif;qd;k rif;npfawG wAdv
k q
f if;
wAdv
k w
f ufNy;D jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkycf w
hJ meJY vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; uGmjcm;oGm;ygw,f/ b,forl S rvkycf zhJ ;l wJh
tajymif;tvJawGjzpfwt
hJ wGuf atoifvUl tzGUJ tpnf;udk tajccHup vSeaf vSmNy;D awmfveS af jymif;vJypfvu
kd w
f m
jzpfw,f/ tJ'aD wmfveS af jymif;vJrx
I rJ mS ta&;ygwJt
h csufwckuawmh uavhpo
f epf [m e*d&k &dS if;pG?J Solon
zefw;D cJw
h hJ vlwef;pm; 4 &yfukd zsuo
f rd ;f Ny;D atoifNrKd Uom;awGukd rsKd ;EG,pf k (10) cktjzpf cGv
J u
kd w
f mjzpfw,f/
Solon tkyc
f sKyfwhJ acwfumvwke;f u yifv,furf;ajcrSmaexdik w
f hJ vlv
l wfwef;pm;awGeYJ v,form;awGu
ol&Y UJ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk BudKqdck MhJ uayr,fh uke;f wGi;f ydik ;f ajrjyefaY 'orSmaexkid Mf uwJh ya'o&mZftEG,af wG?
NrdKUpm;awG? vl*kPfweftodkif;t0dkif;awGuawmh ya'o&mZfpepfudkom jyefvnfxlaxmifvdkMuygw,f/
uavhpo
f epfuawmh vlwef;pm;awGeaYJ 'oawGuakd &mNyD; oratmifarTum b,fa'o? b,fvw
l ef;pm;urS
tay:pD;,l Adv
k u
f spd;k rd;k wmrsdK;r&Sad tmif zefw;D cJyh gw,f/ Z,m;udkMunfhyg/ uavhpo
f epf zefw;D vdu
k w
f hJ
rsKd ;EG,pf k (10) ck teuf rsKd ;EG,pf t
k yk pf 0k ifwikd ;f [m atoif&UJ a'oBu;D 3 ck pvH;k udk cGNy;D cGjJ cm;xm;wmjzpfwt
hJ wGuf
rsdK;EG,pf w
k idk ;f rSm a'oBuD; 3 ck pvH;k u vlawGyg0ifapw,f/ atoifEikd if o
H m;tm;vH;k [m bmomud;k uG,f
,HMk unfru
I vnf; wckwnf;jzpfaewJt
h jyif ppfwu
dk &f mrSmvnf; wyf&if;tvdu
k cf x
JG m;wmrdYk Edik if &H UJ a'oeJY
rsKd ;EG,zf UJG pnf;yH[
k m atoifEikd if t
H ay:rSm op mapmifo
h rd u
I w
kd ;kd yGm;apNy;D a'opGaJ wGeYJ uGjJ ym;wm? uGNJ yw
J mudyk g
avsmhenf;aprSmjzpfw,f/
aemufNyD; rsdK;EG,pf k (10) ck teuf rsdK;EG,pf w
k pkqu
D ae vl (50) pD rJEu
Id af &G;aumufxm;wJh
Edik if t
H yk cf sKyfa&;aumifp0D if 500 (50_10=500) u tkycf sKyf&mrSmvnf; rsdK;EG,pf w
k ckpt
D vdu
k f rJ&xm;wJh
aumifp0D if vl 50 u wESpw
f mumvtwGi;f (35) &ufpD tvSnu
hf stkycf sKyfwmjzpfw,f/ (35) &uf
qdw
k m wpfEpS w
f mumv&JU (10) yHk (1) yHk jzpfwt
hJ wGuf wESpw
f mumvtwGi;f rsdK;EG,pf k (10) rsdK;xJu
rsKd ;EG,pf w
k ikd ;f u olUtvSnehf UJ ol tkycf sKyfomG ;&wmjzpfygw,f/ wBudrx
f rJ mS rsKd ;EG,pf w
k ikd ;f uvnf; NrKd UwGi;f &,f?
urf;ajc&,f? ukefwGif;ydkif;&,fqkdNyD; a'o 3 ckpvkH;rSm yg0ifaeMujyefwJhtwGuf b,frsdK;EG,fpkuyJ
NrdKUEkdifiHudktkyfcsKyfzkdU tvSnfhusus a'oBuD;(3)ckpvkH;uyg yg0ifaejyefwmqkdawmh a'o wckcku
tNrJBuD;pd;k aewmrsdK;? Adv
k u
f saewmrsdK;? Ekid if t
H a&;udk armifyikd pf ;D zdUk ukyaf csmif;ukyaf csmif; eJUwHcg;ydwNf yD;
wwGww
f w
G ef UJ wD;wd;k vQKd U0SuBf udKwif BuHpnfwmrsKd ; r&SEd idk w
f t
hJ wGuf rsKd ;EG,af wG? a'oawGtMum; atoifEidk f
iHom; tm;vk;H wkUd tMum;rSm txiftjrifvrJG mS ;wm r,ko
H uFmjzpfwmrsdK;r&Syd gbl;/ tckacwfpum;eJUqd&k if
xifomjrifomjzpfw,f? yGiv
hf if;jrifomw,f transparency &Sv
d mw,f/ tJ'v
D kd transparency &SdvmwJh
tcgusawmh tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSe,
f MHk unfraI wGu jrifw
h ufvmw,f/ tjyeftvSef ,kMH unfraI wG jrifw
h uf
vmwmeJUtrQ Ekid if o
H m;tm;vk;H &UJ pnf;vk;H nDnw
G rf cI eG t
f m;
uvnf; jrifw
h ufvmw,f? pnf;vk;H rIcidk rf mvmwm eJUtrQ
Ekid if t
H a&;udk ESpEf pS u
f mum pdwyf gvufyg aqmif&u
G zf Udk
twGuf vlwdkif;? EkdifiHom;wkdif;u wuf<uvmw,f?
wkid ;f jynfeUJ vlrsKd ;&JU Ekid if aH &;tqift
h wef; Ekid if aH &;a&csefd [
f m
vnf;yJ [d;k t&ifu vufwqkypf m vlenf;pku jc,fv,
S f
cJw
h hJ acwfeUJ pm&if atmufwef;rusawmhb;l ? tqift
h wef;
jrif h v mw,f . p onf j zif h aumif ; rG e f w J h Ek d i f i H a &;
tusdK;tjrwfawGukd awGUvm&ygw,f/ atoifEidk if o
H m;
awGuvnf; Edik if t
hH a&;udk ydNk yD;pdw0f ifpm;rI&v
dS mw,f/
tJ ' gtjyif a toif & J U wk d u f k d uf ' D r d k u a&pD p epf [ m
tif r wef a umif ; rG e f v mwmeJ U trQ atmif v nf ;
atmif j rif v mwmeJ Y t rQ (acgr) *&d a cwf wjcm;
104
'Drdkua&pD
*&dEidk if aH wmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; twk,v
l mMuygawmhw,f/ tJ'v
D edk UJ 'Dru
kd a&pDtawG;tac:[m *&dEidk if w
H
0Sr;f vk;H rSm wjznf;jznf;jyefUESv
H mcJyh gw,f/ atoif'rD u
kd a&pD&UJ 'DaeUacwf rsKd ;qufopfawGtwGuyf g pdw0f ifpm;
p&maumif;wJh owif;pum;awGet
YJ a&;BuD;vSwhJ ordik ;f tcsuftvufawGukd qufvufaqG;aEG; wifjyoGm;
ygr,f/
5/aS;a[mif;atoifEkdifiH&JU ppfa&;qkdif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;

a ;S a[mif;*&d(acgr) acwfrmS ppfjzpfvm&if wkid ;f oljynfom;awGukd ppfx
f 0J ifzUkd qifah c:wmrsdK;r&Sb
d ;l /
ppfwu
kd Mf u&mrSmvnf; ppfom;tjzpfeUJ vcudk rarQmrf eS ;f Muygbl;/ ppfom;b0qdw
k m csr;f om<u,f0zdUk twGuf
vrf;yGiw
hf ,fvUkd awmifjrifMuw,f/ bmvdUk vnf;qdak wmh ud,
fk yf ikd jf rif;? ud,
k yf ikd &f xm;? ud,
k yf ikd v
f ufeuf?
ud,
k yf ikd o
f cH syfumtus ponfwUdk udk 0,fEidk jf crf;Ekid f wyfqifEidk w
f hJ csrf;om<u,f0olawGukd atoiftwGuf
ppfwu
dk af y;zdUk trsm;pku arQmfvifx
h m;MuwmjzpfNyD; olwUkd awGu ppfwu
dk &f if; odr;f ydu
k ef ,fajru tbd;k wef
yp nf;awGukd wku
d ,
f o
l rd ;f ydu
k Mf uNy;D ydv
k Ukd awmifcsr;f omvmEkid Mf uwmaMumifh jzpfw,f/ qdv
k w
dk mu tJ'aD cwfrmS
EkdifiHudkumuG,fzkdU 'DaeUacwfrSmvdk tNrJwrf;ppfwyfawGr&Sdao;bl;/ aMu;pm;wyfawGvnf; riSm;bl;/
ud,
k v
hf ufeufeUJ ud,
k f ud,
k b
hf momwyfqifNyD; ppfwu
kd Mf u&wmrdUk jrif;wdUk ? &xm;wdUk vufeufwUkd udk olaX;
ol<u,fawGuom 0,f,w
l yfqif ydik q
f ikd Ef idk w
f mjzpfw,f/
'gayr,fh ppfwdkufzdkUtwGuf vlrvkHravmufjzpfvm&ifawmh rif;pdk;&mZm ollaX;ol<u,fawG&JU
jrif;wyfawGrmS yg0ifwu
dk cf u
kd Mf uzkUd twGuf omrefEikd if o
H m;awGeUJ tiftm;jznfw
h if;Mu&ygw,f/ 'Dppfom;awG
uawmh ud,
k rhf o
d m;pktouf&iS f &yfwnfEikd zf Ukd twGuf tEdik Ef idk &f ek ;f uef&wJh v,form;awGjzpfw,f/ olwUkd
wawG[m ppfu0dk ifwu
dk &f wJt
h cgMuawmh &efoyl p nf;awG "g;jywku
d f vk,uford ;f ydu
k cf iG &hf ayr,fh v,f,m
pdu
k yf sdK;a&;rSm olwUkd &JU vkyt
f m;awG tvdt
k yfq;Hk tcsderf mS tcsderf jD yefa&mufrvmEdik &f if rdom;pkawGtwGuf
0efxyk 0f efy;kd awGu BuD;xGm;vmawmhw,f/
a&S;a[mif;*&dacgrw0Sr;f rSm ppfwyf&UJ cGet
f m;[m jrif;wyfay:rSm rDw,
G af ewmqkad wmh jrif;wkUd
vSn;f wkUd udk uk,
d yf ikd w
f yfqifEidk w
f hJ vl*P
k x
f aH wGu tvdv
k kd ae&if; wkid ;f jynf&UJ tmPmudk wpdww
f ydik ;f
ydik q
f idk cf iG hf &vmwmjzpfw,f/ olwUkd &JU touf td;k tdrpf nf;pdrf awG udk ppfa&;rSm yHak tmxm;Mu&wm
qdak wmhvnf; 'Dvykd jJ zpf& awmhrmS jzpfw,f/ atoifrmS vnf; 'Denf;ESiEf iS yf gyJ/
tm&pfpfwdkw,fu rSwfwrf;wifxm;&mrSm a&S;
acwf *&d(acgr)&JU zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyrkH mS bk&ifNy;D &if ppfom;u
tmPmt&Sq
d ;kH jzpfw,f/ rlvtpydik ;f umv ppfwu
kd &f mrSm
jrif;wyfawGutc&musw,f/ jrif;wyfawG&JU tiftm;eJU
olwUkd &JU ta&;ygt&ma&mufru
I awmfawmfukd tc&mus
cJw
h ,f/ ajcvsifwyfukd vufeuftjynft
h pHk wyfqifxm;
onfw
h ikd af tmif taotcsm pepfwus zGUJ pnf;rxm;&if
tJ ' D a jcvsif w yf [ m bmrS t oH k ; r0if b l ; / a&S ; a[mif ;
acwfumvrSm ppfa&;ppf&m aoe*FAsL[mtwwfynmawG
uvnf; rxGe;f um;ao;wJt
h cgusawmh jrif;wyf&UJ tiftm;udk
tm;jyKNyD ; ppf w k d u f c J h M u&w,f / 'gayrJ h Ed k i f i H a wG u
BuD ; xG m ;vmwmeJ U trQ oH c syf u m0wf w J h ppf o m;awG
wdk;yGm;vmw,f/ tJ'Dvdk wkd;wufajymif;vJvmwmeJUtrSs
tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rSmvnf; vlawmfawmf rsm;rsm;
yg0ifvmEdik cf w
Jh ,f/} qdv
k w
kd muawmh oHcsyf0wfppfom;awG
105
'Drdkua&pD
wd;k yGm;vmwmeJUtrSs Edik if t
hH yk cf sKyfa&;rSm tmPmcsed cf iG v
f Qmuvnf; xdek nf;twl ajymif;vJpjyKvmwmjzpfw,f/
wenf;tm;jzihf tpOfw;kd yGm;vmaewJh tJ'D jrif;rpD;wJh hoplite ac: oHcsyf0wf ajcvsifwyfom;awG[m
vl U tzG J U tpnf ; rS m ta&;ygt&m a&muf v mwm jzpf w ,f / aemuf w enf ; ajym&&if atoif & J U
omrefjynfoal wGqu
D ykd g Edik if t
hH yk cf sKyfa&; tmPmawG cGaJ 0 vm&wmjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'D hoplite ac:
oHcsyf0wf ppfonfawmfawG[m atoif&JU tqif;&Jwumh tqif;&JqHk;xJuawmh r[kwfMubl;/
oH c syf t us a wG u d k uk d , f w k d i f 0 ,f , l wyf q if E d k i f z d k U twG u f 'D hoplite awG r S m vH k a vmuf w J h
MuG,0f csrf;omrI&&dS rSmjzpfw,f/ b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf wkid ;f jynf&UJ ppfa&;ppf&mrSma&m tkycf sKyfa&;rSmyg ta&;ygwJh
qH;k jzwfcsufawG csrSw&f mrSm omrefjynfoal wG[m ydNk yD;yg0ifvmEdik w
f mjzpfw,f/ jyifyuae &efoal wG
usL;ausmfwu
kd cf u
kd v
f m&if t&ifO;D qH;k ppf&UJ 'Pfukd cHMu&wmuawmh jynfot
l rsm;pkaexdik w
f hJ urf;ajceJU
ukef;wGif;ajrjyefUydkif;uvlawGjzpfw,f/
Cleistenes [m ppfwyfuy
kd g jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awGvyk cf hJ w,f/ atoif&UJ rsKd ;EG,pf w
k ikd ;f ud,
k pf u
D
hoplite wyf&if;eJY jrif;wyfukd oD;jcm;zGUJ pnf;apNyD; hoplite awG&UJ t&nftaoG;udk rdrw
d Ukd rsdK;EG,pf t
k vdu
k f
jr ifw
h if&w,f? jrif;wyftm;vH;k &JU t&nftaoG;udak wmh Edik if t
H yk cf sKyfa&;aumifpu
D BuD;Muyfapygw,f/
'Dppfom;awGuv
kd nf; oufqikd &f mrsKd ;EG,pf x
k u
J ppfAv
kd cf sKyfwOD;qDuae tkycf sKyfuyG u
f aJ pygw,f/ jynfoal wG
uomtkycf sKyfvmwJh atoifrmS vHv
k jkH cHKjcHK tumtuG,af wG&w
dS NhJ rdKUay:uae bk&ifvyk o
f u
l ppfeNYJ idr;f csrf;
a&;udk olUoabmeJUolq;kH jzwfwmrsdK;r&Sad wmhyJ ppf&UJ ted|m&Hak wGukd wdu
k &f u
kd u
f sus cHpm;Mu&wJh omref
jynfoal wGuyg ppfa&;ppf&mrSm qH;k jzwfyikd cf iG &hf vmw,f/ ppfwu
kd zf Ukd rwku
d zf Ukd qdw
k m vlwOD;wa,muf
wnf;u qH;k jzwfvUkd r&awmhb;l ? Edik if o
H m;tm;vH;k yg0ifwhJ NrdKUEdik if v
H ;kH uGswf nDvmcHuom ppfa&;ppf&mudp
udktqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifwmjzpfw,f/
aemuftydik ;f atoif'rD u
kd a&pDusqH;k cef;udw
k ifjyaqG;aEG;ygr,f/
6/ atoif 'Dru
dk a&pDacwf ukeq
f ;kH jcif;
Cleistenes aoqH;k Ny;D wJh
tcgrSm olU&JUajr;jzpfol Pericles (BC 490 - 429) [m atoifrmS MoZmt&Sq

d ;kH
yk*Kd vfBuD;jzpfvmw,f/ 'Dru
kd a&pDpepft& jynfou
l omtkycf sKyf w,f? vl 500 (50_10=500) yg0ifwhJ
EdkifiHhaumifpDu tkyfcsKyfw,fqdk&mrSmvnf;? wu,hfvufawGUrSm vl 50 pDygwJh rsdK;EG,fpktoD;oD;u
wESpyf wfv;kH 35 &ufpD tvSnu
hf stkycf sKyfNyD; orwOaoSsmifqw
kd muvnf; tvSnu
hf swESprf mS (10)OD;
wufaewmqdak wmh atoifEikd if H tkycf sKyfa&;rSm A[du
k ae wif;wif;usyfusyf tkycf sKyfwmr&Sb
d ;l / wpHw
k OD;
u rif;pd;k rif;npfwOD; jzpfvm&avmufatmif MoZmtmPm tvGeUf tvGef Bu;D rm;vmw,fvUkd txifc&H &ifvnf;
jynfv;Hk uRwf nDvmcHuae tqkw
d ifoiG ;f NyD; jynfEiS 'f Pfay;Ekid w
f hJ Oya'uvnf;&Sw
d ,f/
atoifppfwyf&UJ Akv
d cf sKyfwOD;jzpfwhJ Pericles (yJ&u
D vD;pf) uawmh atoif&UJ 'Dru
kd a&pDukd
quf v uf x d e f ; od r f ; &if ; trsm;Bud K uf rl 0 g'awG e J U twl atoif N rd K U&J U *E 0 if a jrmuf ygoD E G e f
taqmuftOD;tygt0if wjcm;&ifoyf aI rmzG,&f m orkid ;f 0ifatoif&UJ txifu& taqmuftOD;awGukd
wnfaqmufNyD; pmaytEkynmjyZmwf ponfwUdk udyk g jr ifw
h if&if; olU&JUMoZmudk wnfaqmufEikd cf w
hJ ,f/
olyikd q
f idk &f &Scd w
hJ hJ bd;k bGm;ydik t
f arGtESpaf wG wykw
H acgif;BuD;&Sx
d m;awmh atoifNrdKU&JU b@mawmfaiGawGeUJ
ol U &J U atoif N rd K UvS y a&;? *k P f u suf o a&eJ U jynf h p k H a pa&;twG u f jyKvk y f w J h aqmuf v k y f a &;
ya&m*sufawGeJUywfoufNyD; NrdKUvkH;uRwfnDvmcHrSm tjyif;txef a0zefuefUuGufvmolawG &Sdvmawmh
olu olUud,
k yf ikd af iGeUJ yJ 'Dya&m*suaf wGukd aqmufvyk o
f mG ;zkUd wefjyeftqdw
k ifoiG ;f vdu
k w
f ,f/ jynfoal wGu
vnf; oabmwlvufcv
H u
kd w
f t
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'Dvrf; eG (f 7)csufa&m? yifvpkH mcsKyfuykd g vSpv
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jy|mef;cJhwmjzpfw,f/ 'D0ufqdkufrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif OD;aqmifa&;qGJcJhwJh tajccHOya'
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h wdik ;f yJ (1)uawmh
ordik ;f 0ifyifvpkH mcsKyf? (2) Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JU vrf; eG jf y|mef;csuf(7)csuf? (3)Adv
k w
f ikd f
OD;pD;OD;aqmif a&;qGcJ w
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OD;aqmifa&;qGcJ w
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zwf I E d k i f y gonf /
3/ Adv
k cf sKyf\ tajccHOya' yxr rlMurf; (1947)
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifa&;qGcJ w
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xl;jcm;wJt
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jynfe,ftajccHOya'toD;oD;udk a&;qGMJ uzdYk tJ'rD mS jy|mef;xm;ygw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh Oya'jyKcGit
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t,ltqawG&w
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124
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5/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tajccHOya' (1947)

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k cf sKyfatmifqef; tygt0if vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
acgif;aqmifrsm;&JU yifvo
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125
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kd nfaqmufMur,fqw
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pmwrf;awGukd zwf aI vhvmcJMh u&ygw,f/ tJ'pD mwrf;awG? rl0g'awGukd zwf jI cif;tm;jzifh 'DtzGUJ tpnf;BuD;awG&UJ
av;pm;p&maumif;wJh tajrmftjrifBuD;rm;rIawGukd jrifawGUEdik yf gw,f/ ppfreS w
f jhJ ynfaxmifpu
k kd xlaxmifzq
Ykd E
tppftrSeaf wGukd azmfjyxm;Muxmudk awGU&dMS u&ygw,f/ odaYk omfvnf; OD;csefxeG ;f u Adv
tajccHOya' yxrrlMurf;udk vH;k 0y,fzsuNf y;D awmh jyifqifvu
kd w
f t
hJ cgrSm? tJ'D ArmtzGUJ tpnf;awG ygwDawGxu
J
wOD;wa,mufurS xNy;D awmh uefu
Y u
G w
f t
hJ axmuftxm;awG rawGU&d&S ao;ygbl;/ wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;u bmaMumifh ruefu
Y u
G cf MhJ uovJ qdw
k mawGuakd wmh 'Dpmtkyrf mS zwf MI u&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;udk ,HMk unfav;pm;MuwmeJt
Y rQ zqyv udyk g,HMk unftm;ud;k cJMh uwmu waMumif;? Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;ESiw
hf uG rdrw
d &Ykd UJ acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; usq;kH Ny;D rsu&f nfeYJ rsucf u
G jf zpfae&wJh tcsed ?f vGwv
f yfa&;udk
tvsit
f jref&vdMk uwJt
h avsmuf Oya'yk'rf rsm;udk tBuD;tus,t
f jiif;ryGm;vdMk uwmuwaMumif;? Oya'ynm
ruRr;f usiMf uonfh tavsmuf OD;csex
f eG ;f u Adv
hJ hJ tajccHOya'yxrrlMurf;[m
vGwv
f yfp jynfaxmifprk mS 0efxrf;tvHt
k avmufrf &dw
S t
hJ wGuf aiGuek af Mu;usrsm;Edik af Mumif; &Si;f jycJw
h mudk
,HMk unfrMd uwmu waMumif;? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ajymcJw
h hJ "The Spirit of the Agreement" udk ,HMk unfwhJ
tavsmuf yifvHkpdwf"mwf tajccHeJYom qufvufpcef;oGm;Mur,f? Armacgif;aqmifrsm;taeeJY
Oya'pum;vH;k rsm;eJY vufaygufuyfaeMumrSm r[kwzf ;l vdYk ,HMk unfMuwmu waMumif;? 'Dpmtkyef YJ tjcm;
wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifwdkY&JU rSwfwrf;rsm;rSm avhvmzwf IcJh&ygw,f/ aemufxyf ta&;BuD;wJh
tcsufwcsufuawmh tJ''D w
k ,
d wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK vTwaf wmfnv
D mcHrmS usqH;k oGm;NyDjzpfwhJ Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;&JUae&mudk vTwaf wmfOu |tjzpf tpm;xd;k ae&m0if,cl w
hJ hJ OD;Ekuvnf; OD;csex
f eG ;f jyifqifa&;om;vdu
k w
f hJ
(1947)ckEpS f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tajccHOya'udk wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmfrmS tajccHOya'a&;qG&J mrSm?
vkyf kd;vkyfpOfeJY tnDtacstwif aqG;aEG;zdkY Debate vkyMf uzdYk zdwaf c:wmrsdK;rvkycf yhJ J 'DtajccHOya'udk
vufct
H wnfjyKMuzdo
Yk m wku
d fu
kd t
f qdw
k ifoiG ;f cJah Mumif; od&cSd &hJ ygw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf wwdik ;f jynfv;kH udk
aoG ; acsmif ; pD ; apcJ h N yD ; aemuf q H k ; rS m Armtygt0if vl r sd K ;aygif ; pH k jynf o l w d k Y ppf u Ref b 0qD o d k Y
ta&mufweG ;f ydaYk y;awmhr,fh tajccHOya'qdw
k mBu;D udk tacstwif aqG;aEG;jcif;r&d?S uefu
Y u
G o
f rl &d?S tar;tajz
tenf;tusOf;om vkycf MhJ uNyD; tvG,w
f ulyJ twnfjyKvdu
k Mf uwmjzpfaMumif;? t&du
S t
kd &dw
S ikd ;f em;vnf
oabmaygufNyD; rSww
f rf;wifMu&rSmom jzpfygw,f/
l Ykd vGwv
f yfa&;udk twlwuG &,lMuNyD;wJh aemufyikd ;f rSmrS tajccHOya't&
Edik if u
H t
kd yk cf sKyfvmcJw
h hJ tcgrSm vGwv
f yfa&;? wef;wla&;? arsmfreS ;f csufawG[m a&pkeaf rsmcJ&h NyDjzpfaMumif;?
vGwv
f yfa&;&JUtoD;tyGiahf wGukd wef;wlnw
D rl cHpm;&MubJ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;taeeYJ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
126
'Drdkua&pD
ud,
k w
f ikd f ol&UJ vrf; eT cf suf(7)csufeYJ ywfoufNyD; &Si;f vif;ajymMum;&mrSm xnho
f iG ;f azmfjycJw
h hJ rESpv
f zkd ,
G &f m
(Vasal State)ac:vufa0cHwynfh b0udo
k m a&muf&cSd &hJ wmudk od&cSd MhJ u&ygw,f/ pm;Munfrh S cg;rSe;f od
qdo
k vdk vGwv
f yfa&;&NyD; 10 ESpw
f mumv &Sr;f jynfe,f&UJ cg;oD;wJh Edik if aH &;tawGUBuHKawGukd 'Dpmtkyrf mS
zwf aI vhvm Mu&rSmjzpfygw,f/ tqd;k 0g;qH;k uawmh tajccHOya' Adou
k mBuD; OD;csefxeG ;f u aemuf 10
ESpaf vmufMumrSm "The Union of Burma" Oxford University Press (1957) pmtkyu
f kd a&;ol Hugh
Tinker udk ]]uRefawmfwdkY&JU tajccHOya'[myHkpHtm;jzifh jynfaxmmifpkjzpfaomfvnf; tESpfom&tm;jzifh
wjynfaxmifpepf jzpfygw,f}} vkYd zGi[
f 0efcv
H u
kd w
f mygyJ/ tJ't
D csed u
f sawmhrS OD;csex
f eG ;f [m Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;&JU tajccHOya' yxrrlMurf;udk jyifqif&mrSm wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfomG ;atmif tpDtpOf&&Sd Sd jyifqifcw
hJ hJ
taMumif;? ausmcsrS "m;jyrSe;f odqo
kd vd?k em;vnfoabmaygufcMhJ uwm jzpfygw,f/ yifvu
kH wdu0wfwu
Ykd kd
csdK;azmuf vdu
k w
f mjzpfaMumif; tJ'cD gusrS od&cSd MhJ u&NyD; usqH;k avNyD;aom Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm;&JUaoG;awGrS
rajcmufao;cifrmS olw&Ykd UJ t&Sno
f jzifh Nird ;f csr;f aom jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfBu;D udk *kPo
f u
d & &Sd w
Sd nfaqmufMuzdYk
arsmrf eS ;f csurf sm;udk eif;ajczsuq
f ;D op mazmufcw
hJ hJ ordik ;f tpOftvm? wdik ;f odjynfod urmod oabmwlcMhJ uwJh
uwdu0wfawGukd csdK;azmufcMhJ uwJh tpOftvm[m? uRefawmfwYkd jynfaxmifpo
k rdik ;f tp wmtxGurf mS wif
pwifNy;D tjrpfw,
G v
f mcJw
h mjzpfygw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh yifvHkudktajccHNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkifu
aoewfwcsufrazmuf? aoG;ajrwpufrusapyJ Nidr;f Nidr;f csrf;csrf;eJY wnfaqmufcw
hJ hJ jynfaxmifpBk uD;uae
OD;csefxGef;? OD;Ektp&dSwJh taygif;ygwdkYu ueOD; pwifcGJxGufvdkufMuwmomjzpfygw,f/
1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufy&JG v'frsm;twdik ;f wdik ;f jynftmPmudk jynfoUl xHoYkd vTt
J yfay;ygrnfqw
kd hJ
wdik ;f od? jynfo?d urmod aMunmcJw
h hJ uwdu0wfawGukd ppftmPm&Siaf wGu ajymifajymifwif;wif;
csKd ;azmufcw
hJ t
hJ xd 'DaeYtxduwdrwnfwJh tpOftvmqdk;BuD; [m uReaf wmfwEYkd ikd if rH mS tjrpfw,
G af ecJw
h m
jzpfygw,f/
&Sr;f jynfe,f[m jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tajccHOya' 1947 t& vGwv
f yfa&;&NyD;(10)ESpjf ynh&f if
jynfaxmifpu
k aecGx
J u
G v
f ykd gu cGx
J u
G yf ikd cf iG &hf w
Sd hJ jynfe,fwckjzpfygw,f/ 1957 ckEpS rf mS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H
udk xlaxmifNyD; (10) ESpw
f if;wif; jynfch yhJ gw,f/ &Sr;f trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmifBuD;)u ol&UJ
]]jynfaxmifpt
k wGi;f rS wef;wl;aom&Sr;f jynf}} pmwrf;udk ukev
f eG cf w
hJ hJ (10)ESpw
f mumvtwGi;f jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if rH mS yg0ify;l aygif;cJw
h hJ &Sr;f jynfe,f&UJ Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;? tajctaersm;udk ppfwrf;xkwNf y;D jynfoal wGukd
wifjycJyh gw,f/ wqufxrJ mS yJ 1961 ckEpS f ZGev
f (8-16)&ufaeYtxd wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkw[
Ykd m &Sr;f jynfe,f
awmifBuD;NrdKUrSm nDvmcHac:,lusif;ycJMh uNyD; jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tajccHOya'udk yifvpkH mcsKyfet
YJ nD
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpt
k oGiu
f kd jyifqifa&;qGzJ t
Ykd wGuf aqG;aEG;cJMh uygw,f/ OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmifBuD;)u
1947 ckEpS u
f vkycf &hJ r,ft
h vkyaf wGukd tckrjS yefvnf pwifvyk u
f ikd af eMu&wmjzpfaMumif; az:jycJyh gw,f/
jynfaxmifpk ygvDrefvw
T af wmfrmS tajccHOya'udjk yefvnf jyifqifzYkd aqG;aEG;aepOfrmS yJ 1962 ckEpS ?f
rwfv(2)&ufaeYrmS Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;u ppfwyftm;ud;k eJY wdik ;f jynf&UJ tmPmudk odr;f ,lNy;D wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;wd&Yk UJ
]]zuf'&,fcx
JG u
G af &;rl}}udk wifoiG ;f rIaMumifh wdik ;f jynf acsmufxu
J szdUk vufEpS v
f ;kH tvdrk mS wdik ;f jynf&UJ
tmPmudk odr;f ,lNy;D u,fwifc&hJ aMumif; wdik ;f odjynfod aMunmcJyh gw,f/ Adv
k cf sKyfae0if; tmPmodr;f wke;f u
eHywf(2)ae&mrSm yg0ifcw
hJ hJ Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfa[mif; atmifBuD;uvnf; &Spaf v;vH;k tvGeu
f mv jynfyrD',
D m
wckeaYJ wGUpHak r;jref;cef;rSm z,f'&,fupd aMumifh tmPmodr;f cJ&h aMumif; xyfqift
h wnfjyKNyD;awmh ajymMum;
cJyh gw,f/ qdv
k w
dk muawmh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkawGu zuf'&,f ]]cGx
J u
G af &;rl}}tm;jzifw
h ikd ;f jynfukd tpdwpf w
d f
Armvl
r
sd
K
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&
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G v
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BuD;udk rNydKuGJapcsifwJhtwGuf ordkif;ay;wm0efudk rvTJra&Smifom xrf;aqmifvdkufMu&wm jzpfw,f
qdkwJhoabmrsdK; ArmjynfolawGudk rvdrfhwywf vkyfvdkufwmjzpfygw,f/ odaYk omfvnf; wdik ;f jynfukd
tJ'v
D kd vdrn
f mvdUk r&cJyh gbl;/ ppfwyfu t"renf;udo
k ;kH NyD; wdik ;f jynf&UJ tmPmudk odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd w
f mjzpfNyD;
aAGaqmfO;D awmifveS v
f u
kd w
f muawmh ausmif;om;or*uyJjzpfygw,f/ tJ'[
D mudv
k nf; wdik ;f jynfrmS trsm;
127
'Drdkua&pD
odNyD;jzpfonft
h wdik ;f ausmif;om; awGaoG;ajruscJ&h wJh (7)Zlvikd f ta&;cif;u oufaojycJNh yD;jzpfygw,f/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; usq;kH tNy;D rSm OD;csex
f eG ;f u wdik ;f &if;om;awGukd rvdrw
fh ywfvyk cf o
hJ vdk tckwcg Adv
k af e0if;?
Adv
k af tmifBuD;wdUk u Armjynfol wdu
Yk kd rvdrw
fh ywf vkycf MhJ ujyefygw,f/ Armtygt0if vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
jynfolwdkY[m vlrsdK;wrsdK;eJYwrsdK; EdkifxufpD;eif; jyKusifhwJh wrif;? wEdkifiH 0g'DwdkY&JU vdrfnmrIudkom
cHcMhJ u&jyefygw,f/ vG,ful&Sif;vif;vSwJh wef;wla&;? vGwfvyfa&; udp awGrSm tjrifrMunfrvif
jzpfcMhJ uNyD; jynfaxmifpo
k m; wdik ;f &if;om; nDtpfukd tcsif;csif;Mum;rSm pdw0f rf;uGcJ MhJ uygw,f/ jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D
w[ke;f [ke;f awmufavmifc&hJ w,f/ aemufqufwJG &v'ftjzpf Armtygt0if vlrsdK;aygif;pHjk ynfow
l [
Ykd m
ppftmPm&Siw
f &Ykd UJ ppfzed yfatmufrmS uRew
f iG ;f eufoxufeuf cJMh u&ygw,f/ olwu
Ykd e,fcsUJ aoG;xd;k rIaMumifh
jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpf&oa,mif r[kwrf rSef 0g'jzefcY MhJ uygw,f/
trSerf mS awmh tJ'u
D mvrSm cGx
J u
G yf ikd cf iG &hf aSd yrJh wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H
xJuaecGx
J u
G yf gawmhr,fvYkd rqH;k jzwfcMhJ uygbl;/ wdik ;f jynf&UJ tajccHOya'udk z,f'&,f jynfaxmifppk epf
toGit
f m;jzifh jyifqifzYkd BudK;pm;jcif;[m jynfaxmifpu
k kd rNyKd uGaJ tmif ydrk ckd ikd rf mwJh jynfaxmifpu
k kd wnfaqmifzYkd
BudK;pm;rIomjzpfygw,f/ tJ'u
D mv wdik ;f &if;om;ygvDreftrwfrsm;u cGx
J u
G af &;udp udk ygvDrefrmS wifjyjcif;
r&dcS yhJ gbl;/ 'Dtcsufukd 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku,
kd w
f ikd f ol&UJ ]]wmaw paeom;}}pmtkyx
f rJ mS az:xkwcf NhJ yD;
jzpfwt
hJ avsmufEpS af ygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm 0g'jzefY rdiI ;f wdu
k cf w
hJ hJ ae0if;? atmifBu;D ppftyk pf &k UJ ordik ;f vdrn
f mrIBu;D [m
bl;ay:ovdk ay:vmcJNh yD;jzpfygw,f/ tcktcg cGx
J u
G yf ikd cf iG hf udp eJyY wfoufNyD; 'DaqG;aEG;0dik ;f &JU 'kw,
d ydik ;f
taeeJY atmufyg Vansangva pmMunfw
h u
kd f Mp3 file (7) (A) rSm qufvuf em;qifMuzdYk zdwaf c:vdu
k yf gw,f/
]]jynfaxmifpktwGif;rSm wef;wlaom &Srf;jynf}} (1957) OD;xGef;jrifh (awmifBuD;)udk http//
vansangve.com/vansangva- library/ wGif 0ifa&muf zwf IEdkifygonf/
7/ ]'Dru
kd a&pDajymif;jyef}/ (1958) ucsifjynfe,f 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;Zefxm;qif
ucsifjynfe,f0efBuD;a[mif; OD;Zefxm;qif a&;om;cJhwJh 'Drdkua&pDajymif;qdkwJh pmtkyfeJY
ywfoufNyD;awmh uRefawmfwYkd qufvufaqG;aEG;ygr,f/ yifvpkH mcsKyftm;jzifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if u
H kd
xlaxmifcJhwJh (11)ESpfomMumwJhumvtwGif;rSm tJ'DpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhMuwJh ucsifjynfe,f?
&Sr;f jynfe,fEiS chf si;f 0daoowdik ;f wdYk tygt0if 1954 ckEpS rf mS jynfaxmifp0k ifjynfe,fwckjzpfvmwJh u&ifjynfe,f
ponfw[
Ykd m olw&Ykd UJ vGwv
f yfa&;? wef;wla&;? 'Dru
kd a&pDa&; arQmfreS ;f csufawGukd trSew
f u,f cHpm;&&dcS MhJ u
ovm;/ vGwv
f yfa&; tvsit
f jref&vdw
k t
hJ wGuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if rH mS yg0ify;l aygif;cJNh y;D jynfaxmifp0k if
jynfe,frsm;tjzpf yifvpkH mcsKyfEiS t
hf nD ud,
k yf ikd jf y|mef;ydik cf iG hf tjynft
h 0udk &&dcS MhJ uovm;/ jynfaxmifpx
k rJ mS
*kPo
f u
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d zYkd efw;D Edik cf MhJ uovm;/ 'Dar;cGe;f awGukd ajz&r,fqv
kd &Ykd &Sd if tJ'jD ynfe,fawGrmS
ud,
k yf ikd jf y|mef;ydik cf iG v
hf nf; r&dcS yhJ gbl;/ rdrw
d MYkd urmudv
k nf; rdrw
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hf nf; r&cJMh uygbl;/ rdrw
d &Ykd UJ
trsKd ;om;*kPo
f u
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kd a&pDyg qdwo
f Ok ;f cJ&h ygw,f/ b,fykH
b,fenf;eJY 'Dru
kd a&pD qdwo
f Ok ;f cJ&h w,fqw
kd mudk tck ucsifjynfe,f 0efBuD;a[mif;OD;Zefxm;qifu ol&UJ
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kd a&pDajymif;jyef}}pmtkyrf mS xkwaf zmfjyocJyh gw,f/ OD;Zefxm;qifu 'Dpmtky&f UJ ed'gef;udk a&;om;cJ&h mrSm
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kd a&pDukd cspfjrwfE;kd jynfaxmifpBk uD;udk wnfwcHh ikd Nf rJapvdak om jynfaxmifpo
k m; wa,muftaeESihf
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aumif; wdik ;f jynfacgif;aqmifaumif;udk arQmfreS ;f wrf;wvsuf jynfaxmifpo
k l jynfaxmifpo
k m;wdik ;f tm;
tultnDawmif;cH&jcif; jzpfygownf;}} qdkNyD;awmh ol&JUed'gef;udk tqHk;owfxm;ygw,f/ vGwfvyfp
xlaxmifp jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if rH mS ucsijf ynfe,f0efBu;D taeeJY bmawGu,
kd af wGU BuKH cJ&h Ny;D acgif;aqmifvyk o
f l
awGu bmawGrsm;? b,fvrkd mS ;cJMh uwmvJqw
kd mudk 'Dpmtkyu
f kd zwf jI cif;tm;jzifh od&v
Sd mMu&rSmjzpfygw,f/
vlom;rSe&f if rSm;wwfwm[m "rwmyJjzpfygw,f/ Edik if aH &;orm;awG[mvnf; trSm;eJu
Y if;MurSmr[kwyf gbl;/
128
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k Zk Ofvo
l m;rdUk rSm;wwfwhJ trSm;rsdK;
r[kwb
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f sL;vGecf w
hJ ?hJ 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if u
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hJ u
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hJ t
hJ wGuf rqv ppftmPm&Siaf cwf wavQmufv;kH
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h t
hJ jyif ppftmPm&Sipf epf&UJ
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131
'Drdkua&pD
ordik ;f wGirf ,fh pmwrf;wapmif jzpfvmcJw
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f ikd af tmif 'Dpmwrf;[m
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f ikd f
wckjzpfaMumif;udak wmh jiif;uG,v
f rYkd &Edik yf gbl;/ 'Dpmwrf;tm;jzihf rqv wacwfv;kH csif;vli,fawG&UJ
Edik if aH &; vIy&f mS ;rItwGi;f rSm 'Dru
kd a&pDeYJ tajccHOya'qdik &f m todynmawGeYJ Edik if aH &;Ed;k Mum;rIukd txda&mufq;kH
jrSihfwifay;EdkifcJhwm[mvnf; trSefyJjzpfygw,f/ owif;awG arSmifcsxm;wJhtwGuf trsm;jynfol wdkY
us,fus,fjyefYjyefY rodvkduf&wJh (1964) ckESpfeJY (1970) ckESpfrsm;rSm ay:aygufcJhwJh csif;trsdK;om;
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tHMk uGraI wGukd Adv
k af e0if;&JU rqvppftpd;k &u xdxad &mufa&muf ESyd u
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aomfvnf; 'Dpmwrf;i,fu tpysdK;ay;cJw
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kd a&pD
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jrifawGUvm&wm jzpfygw,f/
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YJ wl wdik ;f tqifrh mS yl;aygif;yg0ifcw
hJ m[m Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;tay:rSm yHt
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f m t"dutaMumif;&if;jzpfygw,f/ 'ghtjyif jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfopf
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usqif;cJ&h wJh OD;Ek&UJ jynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &udk toufaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmpaw;Ny;D umuG,cf MhJ uwmudk ordik ;f rSm
zH;k uG,v
f Ykd &rSmr[kwyf gbl;/ odaYk omfvnf; csif;0daoowdik ;f [m Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;usqH;k NyD; zqyv
OD;Ek&UJ acwfwavQmufv;kH rSm jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t
H wGi;f rSm vspfvsL cI x
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k cf sKyf
atmifqef;ud,
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f ikd f uwday;cJw
h hJ ArmjynftwGi;f u tjcm;wkid ;f awGeYJ wef;wl&nfwl tcGit
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k w
f ikd u
f jrefrmrsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;twGuf ajymqdjk cif;rSm tkycf sKyf
pd;k rd;k vdk r[kw?f od&Yk mwGif awmifwef;e,frsm;onf jrefrmESifh wef;wltcGit
fh a&; &apvdo
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k w
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k jf rpf[m jynfaxmifprk u
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Yk wGuf ud,
k yf ikd jf y|mef;ydik cf iG rfh sm;udk twdtvif; tmrcH
xm;cJyh gw,f/ odaYk omfvnf; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; usqH;k NyD;wJah emuf wjynfaxmifpepfukd yHak z:xm;wJh
132
'Drdkua&pD
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tajccHOya' (1947)rSm jynfaxmifpq
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d hJ wjynfaxmifpepfukd yHak z:xm;Ny;D ?
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k hJ pum;vH;k eJY rsuaf phvn
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T af wmfeYJ atmufvw
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f m;wJt
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jynfow
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133
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Ed k i f y gonf /
9/ '*kefwm&m\ atmufcsif;iSufaw;oH aqmif;yg;?

csif;r*Zif;? wuov
kd rf sm; &efuek f (1982 - 1983)
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jynfaxmifpkom;BuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
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Adv
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hJ l
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f rJ mS Adv
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h hJ
Adv
k af e0if; eJU ppftpd;k & tqufqufawGeYJ cdik ;f EdiI ;f vdrYk &atmif xyfqihu
f mG jcm;jyefygw,f/ rd;k eJaY jr? qDeaYJ &?
tvif;eJY tarSmifvfkd uGmjcm;Muygw,f/ wcsKd Uu 'DaeYtxd wdik ;f jynfukd rif;vkyt
f yk cf sKyfvmcJMh uwJh acwfopf
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k cf sKyfatmifqef;udv
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'Dyyk x
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147
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Adv
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d "f mwfukd rjrifEidk ?f rrSe;f qEkid w
f o
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Adv
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h ek ;f u ArmwrsKd ;om;vH;k udk ud,
k pf m;jyKNy;D vufrw
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S af &;xd;k cJw
h mjzpfygw,f/ Armjynfow
l &Ydk UJ
t&Sno
f jzihaf om tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcu
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k cf sKyf
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S af &;xd;k cJrh mS r[kwyf gbl;/ NyD;pvG,f ayghao;ao;oabmxm;NyD;
yifvpkH mcsKyfukd vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJw
h m r[kwyf gbl;/ yifvpkH mcsKyfukd oabmwlvufrw
S af &;xd;k Mu&if NyD;a&m?
aemufrS ud,
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Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m ajymovdv
k yk Nf yD;? vkyo
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olu,
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h hJ 'Dordik ;f 0if pm&Gupf mwrf;awGu oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;tjzpf usef&pfchJ
ygw,f/ Adv
k cf sKyfu,
kd w
f idk f yg0ifa&;qGcJ w
hJ hJ yifvpkH mcsKyf[m aemifrsKd ;qufaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmtxd acwfraD eOD;
r,f?h toH;k 0ifaeOD;r,fh uRefawmfwYkd jynfaxmifpBk uD;twGuf 'Dru
kd a&pD tajccHtw
k jf rpfwckyJ jzpfygw,f/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJUwuG Edik if zHh cifBuD;rsm; usq;kH oGm;Ny;D &mpkEpS x
f uf0ufausmf Mumjrihv
f mcJo
h nhf wdik af tmif
Armtygt0if vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfow
l [
Ykd m yifvu
kH o
kd m wrf;waeMuqJjzpfygw,f/ rMumao;cifu Kachin
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f yfwhJ jynfaxmifpu
k kd *kPo
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wkid ;f odjynfod urmod aMunmcJw
h m[mrSm wdu
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I ufoufvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ Ekid if aH &; upm;uGuf
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d &Ykd UJ udik pf x
JG m;wJh vufeufawGukd jynfaxmifpk
om; jynforl sm;vufxu
J fkd jyefvnftyfENHS yD; t&Sno
f jzihaf om Nidr;f csrf;a&; wnfaqmufzt
Ykd wGuf oE|d mefcs
vdkufwmjzpfygw,ff/
etzuawmh yifvHkacwf ukefqHk;NyDqdkNyD;awmh wkHYjyefcJhygw,f/ yifvHkacwf[m trSefwu,f
ukeq
f ;kH oGm;cJNh yDvm;? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;twGuf 'Dru
kd a&pDacwf[m trSew
f u,f ukeq
f ;kH
oGm;cJNh yDvm;? tJ'gawGukd ordik ;f jzpf&yfreS rf sm;eJY csdex
f ;kd oH;k oyfMunh&f rSmjzpfygw,f/ ukev
f eG cf w
hJ hJ tESpf
(60) ausmu
f mv u?Geaf wmfw&Ydk UJ ordik ;f jzpf&yfreS af wGu bmudk wdwu
d sus nTejf yaeygovJ/ 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;
OD;Ek&UJ zqyv wjynfaxmifacwf[m jynfow
l &Ykd UJ pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? userf ma&; b0rsm;udk ppftmPm&Sif
wd&Yk UJ acwfeYJ EIid ;f pmvdu
k &f if jyefvnfwrf;w&r,fh acwfwacwfqw
kd mudak wmh uGseaf wmfwYkd jiif;vdrYk &ygbl;/
odaYk omfvnf; jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D udk pwifr;D arT;ay;cJw
h ?hJ vlrsdK;wrsdK;ESiw
fh rsdK; Edik x
f ufp;D eif;jyKusihw
f hJ tJ'aD cwf
tajccHOya'udak wmh b,fou
l rS jyefvnfwrf;wMuawmhrmS r[kwb
f ;l qdw
k m[m trSeyf jJ zpfygw,f/f Adv
k af e
0if;&JU rqvacwfukd jynfoal wGukd rqdx
k m;eJY oluarG;xm;cJw
h hJ vufa0cH ppftmPm&Siaf wGuyg jyefvnf
rwrf;wMuawmhygbl;/ Adv
k af e0if;&JU jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOf[mvnf; olu,
kd w
f ikd f toufxif&mS ; &Sad ecsed rf mS yJ
jynfow
l u
Ykd tNy;D tydik zf suo
f rd ;f cJNh y;D jzpfygw,f/ b,fou
l rS rwrf;wawmhygbl;/ wacwfaESmif;cJNh yjD zpfygw,f/
tck pnf;urf;&Sad om 'Dru
kd a&pDtrnfcNH yD; a&;qGx
J m;wJh 2008 tajccHOya'tm;jzifh Nidr;f csrf;a&;vrf;qDukd
OD;wnfaeNyjD zpfaMumif; twwfajymvdUk r&ao;ygbl;/ ucsijf ynfe,feUJ &Sr;f jynfe,fawGrmS wku
d yf aJG wG qufvuf
jzpfymG ;aeqJjzpfygw,f/ jynfoal wG&UJ qEudk vH;k 0O Hk vspfvsL NI yD; jynfoal wGukd ausmcdik ;f NyD; a&;qGx
J m;wJh
b,fvdk tajccHOya'awGrsdK;rqdk b,fvdkenf;eJUyJ twif;t"r twnfjyKcJhonfjzpfap? jynfolawG&JU
qEtppftrSefudk rxif[yf&ifawmh uGsefawmfwdkU EdkifiH&JUuHMurm[m ydkNyD;aumif;vmzdkYtvm; tvm
r&Sdygbl;/ ppftmPm&Sif tqufqufw&Ykd UJ jynfou
l kd ausmcdik ;f wJv
h rf;pOfawGukd aemifrsdK;quftxd
wrf;wzdYk qdw
k m[m olwu
Ykd ,
kd w
f ikd u
f yifvQif pdwu
f ;l r,Of&w
J hJ udp jzpfygw,f/ Adv
fh uG
148
'Drdkua&pD
Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm; azmfaqmifcw
hJ hJ yifvakH cwf[m 'DaeY? reujfzef? aemifrsdK;qufaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmtxd
jynfow
l &Ykd UJ ESv;kH om;xJrmS acwfraDS eOD;rSm? &Sio
f efaeOD;rSm jzpfygw,f/
1960 ckEpS af wGrmS wkid ;f jynf&UJ Ekid if aH &; jy emawGukd ausmfvmT ;ajz&Si;f Ekid af &;twGuf wkid ;f &if;om;
acgif;aqmifawGu yifvu
kH jkd yefvnf&nfneT ;f cJMh uygw,f/ 1976ck wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;eJzY UJG pnf;xm;wJh trsdK;om;'Dru
kd a&pD wyfO;D uvnf; yifvu
kH t
dk ajccHNyD; cGx
J u
G af &;vrf;pOfukd pGev
Yf w
T cf MhJ u
ygw,f/ wzef 1989 ckEpS rf mS vlxak cgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunfuvnf; yifvu
kH dk &nfneT ;f cJjh yefygw,f/
rme,fyavmpmcsKyf (1990)? r,faomfa&mx oabmwlncD suf (1997)? ol;rGu
J vdk aMunmcsuf (1998)?
uav;NrKd U qH;k jzwfcsuf aMunmpmwrf; (2010) ponfjzihf 'DaeU rsuaf rSmuf yp Ky efumvtxd Armtygt0if
vlrsdK;aygif;pHjk ynfow
l [
Ykd m tem*wf om,mNidr;f csrf;aom jynfaxmifpu
k kd arSsmf&nfreS ;f qrdwikd ;f yifvu
kH o
kd m
jyefvnfwrf;wMucJw
h m[m wdu
k q
f ikd rf I oufoufawmhr[kwyf gbl;/ Edik if aH &;upm;uGuo
f ufouftaeeJY
yifvu
kH kd ckw;kH vkyaf ewmrsdK;vnf; vH;k 0r[kwyf gbl;/ acwfopfjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if &H UJ touf0n
d mOf[m
yifvrkH mS om&Sad evdYk jzpfygw,f/ yifvrkH mS Armacgif;aqmifBuD;? ArmrsdK;cspfy*k Kd vfBuD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m
jynfaxmifpo
k m;BuD;b0udk jywfjywfom;om; cH,El ikd cf yhJ gw,f/ tJ'gaMumihv
f nf; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk
Armtygt0if vlrsKd ;aygif;pHjk ynfoal wGu cspcf ifav;pm; tm;ud;k ,HMk unfcMhJ uwm jzpfygw,f/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
usq;kH cJw
h m &mpkEpS x
f uf0ufausmv
f mcJo
h nhw
f idk af tmif jynfow
l &Ykd UJ ESv;kH om;xJrmS touf&iS af eqJ jzpfygw,f/f
Adv
k cf sKyf&UJ tawG;tac:awGuvnf; aoroGm;ygbl;/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;vdk ol&aJ umif;awG[m ao&d;k xH;k pHr
&Syd gbl;/ vlomaooGm;MuayrJh olw&Ykd UJ 0g'awG[m touf&iS q
f ?J tm;aumif;qJ? vIy&f mS ;aeqJ jzpfygw,f/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJU ywfoufNyD; vluo
kd wfomG ;wmuawmh OD;apm? Akv
d cf sKyf&UJ rlukd owfomG ;wm[m
OD;csefxeG ;f ? rlukd ajymif;jyefveS yf pfcw
hJ muawmh OD;Ek? ykqed ef aYJ ygufNyD; tjrpfuykd g ckwv
f yJS pfvu
kd w
f mu
Adv
k af e0if;? Adv
k af tmifBuD;wdYk ppftyk pf ?k Adv
k cf sKyf&UJ tawG;tac:awGeYJ yifvpkH mcsKyfrmS tcdik t
f rmpdu
k x
f x
l m;wJh
'Dru
kd a&pDuykd g ajrjrSKyfoN*dK[fzf fYkd tm;xkwcf w
hJ m[m etz? e0w ppftyk pf k jzpfygw,f/
yifvpkH w
d "f mwf[m raoygbl;/ yifvpkH w
d "f gwf raooa&GU 'Dru
kd a&pDvJ raoygbl;/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH&JU 'Drdkua&pD blrdeufoef yifvHkqDudk Armtygt0if vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfolwdkY
ra&mufa&mufatmif csDwufMu&rSmomjzpfygw,f/ wrif;? wEdik if ?H wjynfaxmif 0g'DawGu zefw;D
wnfaqmufxm;cJw
h hJ vlrsdK;a&;wHwikd ;f awGukd NzdKcsNyD; jynfaxmifpo
k m;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnfaoG;pnf;Muzd&Yk ef
tcsed u
f sa&mufvmNyD jzpfygw,f/f vlrsKd ;aygif;pHjk ynforl sm;teuf OD;OD;zsm;zsm;jynfaxmifpo
k m;tjzpf cH,cl MhJ uol
awGuawmh yifvpkH mcsKyfuv
kd ufrw
S af &;xk;d cJMh uwJh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJw
Y uGaom wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifawGyJ
jzpfygw,f/ olww
Ykd awGtm;vH;k [m acwfopfjynfaxmifpu
k kd wnfaxmifcMhJ uwJh usaemfw&Ykd UJ Edik if zhH cifBuD;rsm;
jzpfMuygw,f/ a&S;OD;jynfaxmifpo
k m;rsm;[m vlomaooGm;Mur,f?olw&Ykd UJ tawG;tac:awG? olw&Ykd UJ Edik if aH &;
arQmfreS ;f csufawG[m aooGm;rSm r[kwyf gbl;/
yifvpkH w
d "f gwf[mvnf; raoygbl;/ wnfNidrrf t
I jynhef YJ uRefawmfwu
Ykd kd vufurf;NyD; BudKqdak eNyD jzpfygw,f/
cGx
J u
G yf ikd cf iG u
fh pd
The issue of the Right to Secede
vGwfvyfa&;&wJh tcsdefupNyD;awmh jynfwGif;ppfrD;[m pwifawmufavmifcJhw,f/ 1947 ck

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H tajccHOya'&JU wrif;? wEdik if ?H wjynfaxmifpepfukd wkejYf yefw
f t
hJ aeeJY oD;jcm;
orwEdkifiHxlaxmifzdkY vufeufpGJudkifNyD; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJawGudk qifETJaewJhajr
149
'Drdkua&pD
atmufawmfveS af &; tzGUJ tpnf;awG &Sad ecJMh uwm[m trSeyf jJ zpfygw,f/ rw&m;wJh pepfwckukd vufeufpJG
udik f awmfveS w
f mudk tqd;k jrifavhr&SMd uygbl;/ w&m;aom ppfyq
JG ifEw
JT hJ Freedom Fighters ac: rdrw
d &Ykd UJ trsKd ;
om; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf wku
d yf 0JG iforl sm;jzpfaMumif; a,bk,stm;jzihf wurmvH;k u em;vnfMuygw,f/
odaYk omfvnf; yifvpkH mcsKyfukd vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJMh uwJh csif;? &Sr;f ? ucsif tp&Sw
d hJ wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmif
BuD;awGu yifvpkH w
d "f mwfukd tajccHwhJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if u
H kd vufawGUusus xlaxmifEikd rf ,fqv
kd &Ykd &dS if
'DjynfwiG ;f ppfr;D udk Nid rf;owfEikd rf ,f? 'Denf;tm;jziho
f mvQif vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ tpnf;wd&Yk UJ vufeufuikd f
vrf;pOfukd pGev
Yf w
T v
f mr,f? cGx
J u
G af &;pcef;uae jynfaxmifppk cef;qDoYkd jyefvnf OD;vSnv
fh mMur,fvYkd
,HMk unfMuygw,f/ wcsdex
f rJ mS AdkvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppftkyfpku ppfrSefwJh zuf'&,frltm;jzihf
pnf;vHk;wJh Nidrf;csrf;wJh jynfaxmifpkBuD; ay:xGef;vmrSmudk rvdkvm;Muygbl;/ pnf;vHk;NyD;Nidrf;csrf;wJh
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHomjzpfay:vmcJh&if ppftmPm[m qufvufNyD;awmh &SifoefzdkYtaMumif; r&Sd
awmhygbl;/ 'gaMumihv
f nf; ygvDrefvw
T af wmfrmS zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if t
H jzpf tajccHOya'udjk yifqifzYdk
aqG;aEG;aepOfrmS yJ wdik ;f jynf&UJ tmPmudk rw&m;odr;f ydu
k cf NhJ yD; zuf'&,f jynfaxmifprk u
l kd zuf'&,fcx
JG u
G f
a&;rlqdNk yD;awmh r[kwrf w&m; uifyeG ;f wyfNyD; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH udk vdrn
f mrIid ;f wdu
k cf w
hJ mjzpfygw,f/
cGx
J u
G yf ikd cf iG Efh iS fh ywfoufNyD; OD;xGe;f jrih(f awmifBuD;)u vGecf w
hJ hJ tESpf (30) ausmfumvu a&;cJw
h hJ
ol&UJ jynfaxmifpt
k wGi;f rS wef;wlaom &Sr;f jynfqdw
k phJ mtkyrf mS tus,fw0ihf wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f/
'gawGuakd wmh ud,
k w
f ikd yf J zwf&aI vhvmMuyg/ tm;vH;k zwfEikd zf t
Ykd wGuf 'D0wfbq
f u
kd rf mS wifxm;ygw,f/
odaYk omfvnf; 'Dpmtkyu
f akd &;om;NyD; tESpf (30)ausmf umvtwGi;f rSm uGsefawmfwUkd wkid ;f jynf&UJ Edik if aH &;
ywf0ef;usief YJ Edik if aH &;a&csed af wG[m BuD;rm;wJah jymif;vJraI wGukd BuHKawGUjzwfoef;cJMh u&ygw,f/ tJ'D Edik if aH &;
tcif;tusif;awG ajymif;vJraI wGet
YJ wl tawG;tac:awGvnf; tqihq
f ihaf jymif;vJcMhJ uwmudk jrifawGU
cJ&h ygw,f/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsd K;rsm;&JU trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wku
d yf rJG sm;[m Armwdik ;f &if;om;wd&Yk UJ ppftmPm
&Sipf epf qefusifa&;wdu
k yf aJG wGet
YJ wl qHpk nf;vmMuNyD; tawG;tac:tm;jzihv
f nf; wlnrD &I v
dS m Muygw,f/
wef;wla&;? vGwv
f yfa&;? tajccHoabmw&m;awGukd bH&k nfreS ;f csut
f jzpf wnfaqmufvmEdik Mf uNyD jzpfonhf
tavsmuf yifv&kH nfreS ;f csufrsm;qDukd wjznf;jznf; OD;vSnv
fh mcJyh gw,f/
tck qufvufNyD;awmh yxrtBudrf yifvrkH mS qHpk nf;MuwJh vlrsdK;aygif;pHjk ynfoal wGu acgif;aqmif
rsm;[m yifv&kH nfreS ;f csufrsm;udk tjynft
h 0 taumifxnf az:cGirhf &cJah yrJh 'kw,
d tBudrf yifvu
kH kd jyefvnf
OD;vSnv
hf mwJh ordik ;f rSww
f ikd af wGukd uGsefawmfwaYkd z:jyygr,f/
yxrtaeeJ Y az:jycsif w muawmh . .
(1) NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;&Sd vlrsdK;pk wdik ;f &if;om; Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;uvnf;? vlrsdK;wrsdK;ESiw
fh rsdK; Edik x
f ufp;D eif;
jyKusihw
f hJ 1947ckEpS f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tajccHOya'uaejy|mef;wJh wrif;? wEdik if pH epf&UJ 'Pfukd (10)
ESpfausmf cg;oD;pGm awGUBuHKjzwfoef;cJhonhfwdkifatmif tajccHOya'udk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktoGifudk
jyifqifa&;qGzJ o
Ykd m tm;oefcNhJ yD; cGx
J u
G yf ikd cf iG &fh o
dS nhw
f ikd af tmif cGx
J u
G zf BYkd udK;yrf;rIrsm;udk rjyKvkycf yhJ gbl;/
tJ'gawGukd (1962)Edik if aH &; tcif;tusif;awGu oufaoxlxm;NyD;jzpfygw,f/
aemufwcg 'kw,
d ordik ;f tvSnt
hf ajymif;wckukd ajym&r,fqv
kd &Ykd &dS if
(2) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdifk if H tajccHOya' (1947)tm;jzihf wrif;? wEdik if ?H wjynfaxmifpepfjy|mef;cJw
h mudk
wHjYk yefwt
hJ aeeJY ud,
k yf ikd o
f ;D jcm; orwEdik if x
H al xmifa&; a<u;aMumfcMhJ uwJh wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd f
tzGUJ tpnf;awG[m tzGUJ 0if (9)zGUJ yg0ifwhJ trsKd ;om; 'Dru
kd a&pDwyfaygif;pk t*Fvyd v
f kd National Democratic
Front twda
k umuftm;jzifh NDF ac: r'wudk 1976 ckEpS rf mS zGUJ pnf;cJNh yD; oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfaomEdik if H
xlaxmifa&;vrf;pOfukd toD;oD;pGev
Yf w
T cf MhJ uygw,f/ 'g[m 'kw,
d ordik ;f tvSnt
hf ajymif; jzpfygw,f/
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H xlaxmifa&;rlukd twnfjyKcsrw
S cf MhJ uygw,f/ tJ'cD x
JG u
G af &;vrf;pOfukd pGev
Yf w
T cf &hJ wJh
150
'Drdkua&pD
tajccHw&m; tcsuaf wGuawmh jynfou
l kd ausmcdik ;f Ny;D a&;qGcJ w
hJ hJ 1947 wrif;? wEdik if H wjynfaxmifpepf
udk az:aqmifcw
hJ hJ tajccHOya'[m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;&JU trsdK;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu
k yf rJG sm;udk
pwifrD;arT;cJhwm rSefaomfvnf;? tJ'D wrif;? wEdkifiH? wjynfaxmifpepftm;jzihf ArmjynfolwdkY[m
ppftmPm&Siw
f &Ykd UJ ppfzed yfatmufrmS rdrw
d eYkd t
YJ wl tzdEydS cf b
H 0udk usqif;oufa&muf vmcJMh uwmeJY tnD?
b0wl tzdESdyfcH ArmjynfolwdkYeJY twlvufwGJNyD; bHk&efolppftmPm&Sifpepfukd wdkufEkdifa&;vrf;pudk
az:aqmifEikd zf t
Ykd wGu?f cGx
J u
G af &;pcef;rS zuf'&,fjynfaxmifprk u
l kd udik pf v
JG mMuwm jzpfygw,f/ wBurd w
f nf;rSm
tJ'u
D mv 1974? 1975? 1976 ckEpS af wGrmS tvkyo
f rm;ta&;tcif;? OD;oeft
Y a&;tcif;? rdiI ;f &mjynhf
ta&;tcif;wd[
Yk m qufwu
kd f ay:aygufvmcJNh y;D NrKd UjytajcjyK tvkyo
f rm;? ausmif;om;? oHCmtygt0ifjzpfwhJ
&[ef;&Sif vljynfow
l &Ykd UJ ppftmPm&Sipf epf qefu
Y sifa&;wku
d yf aJG wG txGwt
f xdyaf &mufcw
hJ hJ tcsdev
f nf;
jzpfaejyefygw,f/ wenf;tm;jzihf b0wl vlrsdK;aygif;pHk tzdESdyfcH jynfolwdkY&JU aoG;eJYjyefvnfa&;&wJh
jynfaxmifpkordkif;opf&JU tpyJjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gu (1974-76)rSm EdkifiHa&;tvSnfhtajymif;? EdkifiHa&;
tcif;tusif;awGay:udk rlwnfNyD;awmh jzpfay:vmwJh ta&;BuD;wJh ordik ;f tvSnt
hf ajymif;wck jzpfygw,f/
aemufwcg ordik ;f &JU wwd, tvSnt
hf ajymif; wckuawmh trsm;odNyD;jzpfwhJ
(3) &Spaf v;vH;k jynfot
Yl a&;awmfyBkH uD;rSm (1988) jynfoal wG[m aoG;acsmif; pD;cJ&h NyD; jynfaxmifpo
k rdik ;f
topfukd
jynfoal wG&UJ aoG;eJUyDyjD yifjyif pwifa&;om;Edik cf MhJ uygw,f/ wqufwnf;rSmyJ (1989) ckEpS f
a':atmifqef;pkMunf&UJ yifvckH &D;pOfrmS ordik ;f 0ifyifvn
kH v
D mcHBuD;udk jyefvnfusif;yzdv
Yk t
kd yfaMumif; wdik ;f od
jynfox
d w
k af zmfajymMum;cJyh gw,f/ 'g[mvnf; jynfow
l &yfv;kH u aoG;? acR;? rsuf&nfweYkd YJ wdu
k yf 0JG if
awmif;qdck MhJ u wJh 'Dru
kd a&pD vlaY bmifopf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;udk vufawGUusus taumiftxnfaz:zdYk
twGu?f uRefawmfw&Ykd UJ jynfaxmifpEk idk if u
H kd pwifxal xmifcphJ Ofu Edik if zH cifBuD;rsm;u yifvrkH mS tcdik t
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Burma Young Monks Union, Arakan League for Democracy, Arakan Liberation Party, Chin National Front, Chin National League for Democracy, Communist Party of Burma, Democratic Party
for the New Society, Karen National Union, Lahu Democratic Front, Myeik-Tavoy United Front,
Muslim Liberation Organization, Members of Parliament Union, National League for Democracy
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Organization, Peoples Patriotic Party, Palaung State Liberation Front, Shan Democratic Union,
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h ausmhjyef c&D; (1)
Towards 21st. Century Panglong
,aeU tcsdet
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hf wl yifvo
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153
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h nf/ There are five fundamental factors for success in war Weather
(Heaven), Terrain (Earth), Leadership, Military doctrine and most importantly MORAL INFLUENCE. Sun Tzu u pGeZ
f k urdeUf Mum;&mwGif ppfatmifEikd af &;twGuf aumif;uif (&moDOwk)? ajrBuD;
(e,fajruGsrf;usifr)I ? acgif;aqmif? pnf;urf;ESihf usif0h wfw&m; (pHviId b
f momjyef) ponfh tcsuf (5)
csufwUdk udk ydik Ef ikd zf Ukd vdt
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(cspfEikd -f pdwyf nm-bmomjyef) onf ta&;BuD;wumh ta&;tBuD;qH;k aom tcsufjzpfayonf/
By MORAL INFLUENCE I mean that which causes the people to be in harmony with their
leaders, so that they will accompany them in life and unto death without fear of mortal peril. Sun
f k u qdv
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usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ tm;vH;k twGu'f rD u
kd a&pD Education Towards a Democratic Culture
2/ www.wikipedia.com
3/ Principles of Democracy by US Department of State
4/ tuGt
J jyZJ wfvrf; *g;'D;,ef; OD;pde0f if;
5/ www.spiegel.de
6/ Democracy Digest
&/ http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/governmen1/g/Archon.htm
8/ www.stoa.org/projects/demos/home?greekEncoding=UnicodeC
qufoG,f&efvdyfpm/
Salai Kipp Kho Lian, Hasencleverstr. 27 A, 22111 Hamburg, Germany
Email: salai.kipp@gmail.com
159
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Basic Principles of Democracy

Vansangva Online Democracy Training

Published by the CHIN FORUM with the financial support of

Salai Kipp Kho Lian

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