Trn Tun Anh (0963082184)

Sng c
I. Tm tt l thuyt 1. Sng c -Sng c l dao ng lan truyn trong mt mi trng - Sng ngang: l sng trong cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng vung gc vi phng truyn sng. V d sng mt nc (sng ngang ch truyn c trong cht rn tr sng mt nc) - Sng dc: l sng trong o cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng truyn sng. V d: sng m ( sng dc truyn c c trong cht kh, cht lng, cht rn) - c trng ca sng hn sin: + + + - Phng trnh sng x t x 2x U M = Acos ( t )= Acos2 ( )= Acos ( t ) cho bit li u ca phn t c ta v T x vo thi im t Ch : C cch nhau mt bc sng th dao ng ca cc im li ging ht nhau (ng pha vi nhau ) - Cc cng thc cn nh lm bi tp + v= = . f T + Hiu s pha ca hai im M 1, M 2 trn cng phng truyn sng pht cch ngun O khong 2d vi d =d 1d 2 2d + Nu M 1, M 2 cng pha th = 2k + Nu M 1, M 2 ngc pha th 2 d = (2k +1) 2 d = k + 2

Nu M 1, M 2 vung pha (lch 90) th

II. V d III. Bi tp dng sng c 1. Sng c lan truyn vi vn tc 1m/s. Phng trnh sng ti mt im O trn phng truyn sng l U 0= 4cos t ( cm ) . Vit phng trnh sng ti M nm sau v cch O mt khong 40 cm ( U M = 4cos ( t 2 )( cm) ) 5 2. Mt sng truyn theo phng ngang vi phng trnh u = Acos ( 4 t 0,04 x )( cm) . Tnh vn tc truyn sng. (100cm/s) 3. Mt sng c c chu k T=2s truyn vi vn tc 1m/s. Khong cch gia hai im gn nhau nht trn mt phng truyn m ti cc phn t mi trng dao ng ngc pha nhau l bao nhiu ( =0,5 m ) 2 4. Ngun sng trn mt nc to dao ng vi tn s 5 Hz . Bit khong cch gia 7 ngn sng lin tip l 30 cm. Tnh vn tc truyn sng trn mt nc (0,25m/s) Sng c

Trn Tun Anh (0963082184) 5. Mt ngi quan st mt chic phao trn mt bin thy n nh cao 6 ln trong 10 giy v thy khong cch gia 2 ngn sng k nhau l 0,1 m. Tnh vn tc truyn sng (T=10/5=2s, v=0,05m/s) 6. Mt ngun sng c dao ng theo phng trnh u =3cos ( 2 t )( cm ) . Bit dao ng ti 2 2 2 im cch nhau trn cng mt phng truyn sng cch nhau 0,5m v c lch pha l . 3 2d 2 = Tnh vn tc truyn sng. (1,5m/s) ( ) 3 2 t . Li ca M cch ngun O 7. Mt sng c hc c phng trnh ti ngun O l u = Acos T 1 T mt khong bng bc sng ti thi im t = l U M =3 cm . Bin sng ti A (3cm) 2 2 8. Sng truyn t M ti N dc theo phng truyn sng vi bc sng l = 240 cm . Tnh khong cch d=MN bit sng ti N tr pha hn sng ti M l (60cm) 2 9. Mt sng truyn trn mt nc c sng truyn c bc sng 4m. Khong cch gia hai im gn nhau nht trn phng truyn sng dao ng lch pha nhau 900 (vung pha)(1m) 2d =k + k=0) ( 2 10. Ti O trn mt nc c ngun dao ng iu ha. Ti hai im M v N cch nhau 3cm trn ng thng i qua O lun dao ng ngc pha, bit tc sng truyn trn mt nc l 60cm/s , v tn s dao ng ca ngun c gi tr trong khong t 40 Hz n 55 Hz (k=2, f=40 Hz) 2d =( 2k +1) ) (

Sng c

Trn Tun Anh (0963082184) Giao thoa sng I. Tm tt l thuyt - Hin tng hai sng gp nhau to nn cc gn sng n nh gi l hin tng giao thoa ca hai sng. Cc gn sng c hnh ca cc ng hypebol gi l cc vn giao thoa M d1 S1 d2 S2

- Gi s pt ca dao ng ca hai ngun S1 v S2 l 2t u S =u S = Acos . T ( d 1d 2 ) ( d 1 +d 2) - Phng trnh sng ti M U M = 2A cos cos t Khi dao ng ca phn t ti M l dao ng iu ha cng chu k vi 2 ngun v c bin dao ( d 2d 1) ng l A ' M = 2A cos - Cc i giao thoa l nhng im dao ng vi bin cc i tha mn: d 2 d 1= k ( k =0,1, 2. ..) - Cc tiu giao thoa l nhng im ng yn tha mn: 1 d 2 d 1=( k + ) ( k =0,1, 2. ..) 2 - iu kin giao thoa : l 2 ngun kt hp tc + Dao ng cng phng, cng chu k (tn s) + C hiu s pha khng i theo thi gian
1 2

) (

- Hin tng giao thoa l hin tng c trng ca sng - Ch : + Hai im dao ng vi bin cc i gn nhau nht (lin tip) l + Hai im dao ng vi bin cc tiu gn nhau nht l + Hai im cc i v cc tiu lin tip l 2 2

+ S im dao ng cc i trn S 1 S 2 S S2 (TH 2 ngun cng pha ) 2 1 +1 + S im dao ng cc tiu trn S 1 S 2 = s hyberbol cc tiu = s vn giao thoa cc tiu= S1 S 2 1 ( TH 2 ngun cng pha) 2 + 2

4 = s hyberbol cc i = s vn giao thoa cc i =

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Sng c

Trn Tun Anh (0963082184)

II. V d III.Bi tp v giao thoa sng 1.Xt hin tng giao thoa sng trn mt nc vi 2 ngun S 1 , S 2 c phng trnh u 0=3cos20 t ( cm ) . Bit S 1 S 2=20 ( cm ) , vn tc truyn sng l v=50cm/s. Tnh s ng dao ng cc i trn on ni S 1 S 2 (9) ( 0<=d2<=d, k=9 ) 2. Trong th nghim giao thoa sng trn mt nc, hai ngun kt hp dao ng vi cng tn s f=10 Hz. Ti mt im M cch ngun A v B nhng khong d 1=26 cm , d 2=20cm , sng c bin cc i. Bit gia M v ng trung trc ca AB cn c hai dy cc i khc. Tnh vn tc truyn sng nc. (20cm/s) (d2-d1=k , k=3) 3. Trong th nghim giao thoa sng khong cch gia 2 im S 1 S 2 l d=26cm. Ta thy hai im S 1 , S 2 gn nh ng yn, gia chng cn c 12 im ng yn khng dao ng. Bit cn rung c tn s f=15 Hz. Tnh vn tc truyn sng (0,6m/s) (13 khong cch, mi khong cch = mt na bc sng) 4. Trong th nghim giao thoa sng, ngi ta thy gia hai ngun S 1 S 2 c 6 gn li, chia S 1 S 2 thnh 7 on, trong 2 on hai u th bng mt na cc u cn li. Bit khong cch S 1 S 2 =6 cm, tn s ca ngun bng 80 Hz, bin ca ngun sng l 0,5 cm a. Tnh vn tc truyn sng (160cm/s) b. Vit pt sng ti im M cch S 1 5 cm v cch S 2 8 cm (u_m=0) 5. Trong th nghim giao thoa sng, ngi ta to trn mt nc hai ngun sng S 1 v S 2 phng trnh U S =U S = 2cos t . Vn tc truyn sng l v=5cm/s. Vit phng trnh sng ti M 3 cch S 1 v S 2 mt khong ln lt l 6cm v 8cm ( 4cos cos ( t + ) cm) (k 5 5 ( , ) ) 6. Cho 2 sng kt hp cng pha giao thoa vi nhau . M l im thuc vng giao thoa dao ng vi bin cc i cch hai ngun ln lt l 10 cm v 15 cm. Gia M v v ng trung trc ca hai ngun khng c vn giao thoa cc i no khc. Tnh vn tc truyn sng
1 2

7. Trong mt th nghim v giao thoa sng trn mt nc, hai ngun kt hp A, B dao ng vi tn s f =20Hz v cng pha. Ti mt im M cch A, B nhng khong d1=15cm, d2=25cm sng c bin cc tiu. Gia M v ng trung trc ca AB c mt dy cc i. Tc truyn sng trn mt nc l bao nhiu? (133,3 cm/s, k=1, d2-d1=(3/2) ) 8. Trong giao thoa sng nc, hai ngun kt hp A, B cch nhau 8cm (cm) dao ng vi phng trnh ln lt l: U A=2cos (40 t ) cm , U B =2cos ( 40 t +) cm . Tc truyn sng l v = 0,4(m/s). a. Vit phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti im M cch cc ngun A, B ln lt d 1 , d 2 b. Tm s im dao ng vi bin cc i trn on AB. c. Tm s im dao ng vi bin cc tiu trn AB. Sng c

Trn Tun Anh (0963082184)

Sng dng I. Tm tt l thuyt -Phn x sng : l hin tng sng b i phng truyn khi gp vt cn . V d khi ta ni (sng m) s gp vch ni ri di tr li (nghe thy ting vang), hoc khi sng nc nh vo b ... + Khi phn x trn vt cn c nh, sng phn x lun lun ngc pha vi sng ti im phn x, tc l x t = x px + Khi phn x trn vt cn t do, sng phn x lun cng pha vi sng ti im phn x, tc l x t = x px - Sng dng : sng truyn trn si dy trong trng hp xut hin cc nt v bng Gii thch v sng dng: Do hin tng giao thoa gia sng ti v sng phn x to nn nhng im dao ng vi bin cc i (bng) v nhng im lun lun ng yn (nt) - iu kin c sng dng trn mt si dy c 2 u c nh:l chiu di ca si dy phi bng mt s nguyn ln na bc sng , tc l = k 2 - iu kin c sng dng trn mt si dy c mt u c nh, mt u t do l chiu di ca si dy bng mt s l ln tc l =( 2k +1) 4 4 - V tr cc nt:cc nt cch nhau bng s nguyn ln na bc sng, 2 nt lin tip cch nhau 2 , V tr cc bng:cc bng cch nhau bng s nguyn ln na bc sng, 2 bng lin tip cch nhau . Bng xen gia 2 nt v cch u 2 nt. 2 V tr 2 nt v bng lin tip l 4 k + V tr gia nt v bng bt k 2 4 Ch : - TH 2 u c nh + l = k , s nt =k+1, s bng =k 2 -TH 1 u t do, mt u c nh l = k + , s nt =s bng=k 2 4 Cch xc nh 2 u si dy xem l nt hay bng Nt : c gn c nh, c gn vo cn rung Bng: c th t do II. V d VD1: Trn on dy AB vi y B c nh, u A dao ng vi tn s f=60 Hz c chiu di 0,12 m c xut sng dng khng. Tnh s nt v bng nu c. Bit vn tc truyn sng trn dy l 24m/s. v ( = = 0,4 m / s . l =k =0,12= k.0 , 2. k =6 , vy c 7 nt v 6 bng) f 2 Sng c

Trn Tun Anh (0963082184) V d 2. Mt dy cao su cng ngang, mt u gn vo c nh, u kia gn vo m thoa dao ng vi tn s f = 100Hz. Trn dy hnh thnh h sng dng gm 4 nt ( khng k hai nt hai u) , dy di 1,5 m. a, Tm tc truyn sng trn dy. b, Cho m thoa dao ng vi f bng bao nhiu trn dy c 3 nt (k c hai nt hai u). 2l HD: a. 2 u c nh nn nn tt c c 6 nt vy c 5 khong(mi), l =5 , = =0,6 m , 2 5 v = v.f =0,6.100=60m / s b. Khi thay i f th v khng i nn v=60m/s . V c 3 nt (k c 2 nt u) nn tt c c 5 nt ' 2l v 60 , ' = =0,75, f ' = = =80 Hz vy c 4 khong (mi). l = 4 2 4 ' 0,75

III. Bi tp dng sng dng 1. Mt dy n di 1m c hai u c nh dao ng vi 4 bng gia. Tnh bc sng ca sng trn dy (0,5m) 2. Trn mt si dy n hi di 3m, hai u c nh ang c sng dng vi 6 bng sng. Bit sng truyn trn dy c tn s 80 Hz. Tnh vn tc sng truyn trn dy (80m/s) 3. Sng truyn trn mt si dy AB, u B c nh , u A dao ng vi phng trnh sng l u A=acos t . Bit chiu di si dy l 1,6 m, vn tc truyn sng l 80m/s, tn s f=100 Hz, a=2cm a. Hi trn dy c sng dng khng, nu c tnh s nt v s bng b. Tnh b rng ca bng sng v vn tc cc i ca bng sng HD: v 0,8 , k = 4 , s nt a. TH 2 u c nh, u B gn vo cn rung, = = 0,8 m / s. l =1,6 =k. f 2 =k+1=5, s bng =k=4 b. B rng bng sng bng 4a=4.2=8cm v max = 2a =50.4=200cm/s

Sng c