DISTRIBUTION LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEM

SEQUENCE OF OF PRESENTATION
   

INTRODUCTION POWER SYSTEM ENERGY LOSS WHAT IS ENERGY LOSS

 

TECHNICAL LOSSES ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES SINGLE PHASE CONDUCTOR = I2R 3 PHASE CONDUCTOR = 3I2R

TECHNICAL LINE LOSSES

 

INTRODUCTION
 

Energy is a basic need of mankind. Demand increasing at rate of 8.46% per annum. Expansion of distribution system. Per capita electricity consumptionparameters of development. Quality of supply Line Losses

 

 

POWER SYSTEM
The interconnected facilities of an electrical utility of power system includes generation, transmission, distribution, transformation and productive components necessary to provide service.

ENERGY LOSS
It is defined as difference between energy generated in power house and billed on the basis of reconsumption by the consumer connected to that particular power system. Mathematically, E.Loss= E.Generated-E.Billed

TYPES OF ENERGY LOSSES

Energy Losses

Transmission Losses (loss in 66kV and above )

Distribution Losses (loss in 11kV and below )

Technical Losses

Technical Losses

Administrative Losses

DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

Distribution losses refers to the losses occurring during the process of delivering electrical energy from 11 kV feeder to the specific locations like residential street or commercial park.

TECHNICAL LOSSES

Technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors and equipment used for transmission, transformation, sub transmission and distribution of power.

CATEGORIES OF TECHNICAL LOSSES



TRANSMISION LOSSES TRANSFORMATION LOSSES LOSSES IN 11 KV FEEDER LOSSES IN L.T DISTRIBUTION LINES LOSSES IN CONSUMER SERVICES

THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TECNICAL LOSSES AND VOLTAGE DROP IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
DESCRIPTION URBAN
Line Losses Voltage Drop

RURAL
Line Losses Voltage Drop

H.T LINE DISTRIBUTION T/F L.T LINE SERVICE

2.5% 3.5% 2.5% 0.5% 9%

3% 4% 3% 1% 11%

3.5% 3.5% 2.5% 0.5% 10%

5% 4% 3% 1% 13%

TOTAL

CAUSES OF TECHNICAL LOSSES



Sub standard and under size conductor Low power factor Transformation Over loading of transformers Over loading of the conductor and the cable Lengthy lines

Unplanned and substandard system Low frequency Low voltage Weather effect In-adequate preventive maintenance Poor work man ship Substandard repair of distribution transformers

REMEDIAL MEASURES MEASURES CONTROLLING OF TECHNICAL LOSSES

   

Reconductoring Bifurcation of feeders Installation of shunt capacitors Addition of new grid stations and area planning Extensive energy loss reduction programme Conversion of L.T line into 11 kV line and providing additional transformers

 

      

Adopting distribution system Balancing of transformers Adequate preventive maintenance Improvement of workman ship Standard repair of transformers Voltage regulation Mapping of distribution system

ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES
Administrative losses are caused by lack of administration, financial constraints, pilferage, theft, defective meter and error in meter reading and in estimating un metered supply of energy.

CAUSES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES



On the Part of Organization

On the Part of Customers

Due to External Elements

ON THE PART OF ORGANIZATION



Metering equipment
   

Sub standard energy meters Defective energy meters Non replacement / calibration of energy meters Un-secured energy meters

Meter reading and billing

Lack of administration
    

Heavy work load in sub divisions and divisions Shortage of testing equipment Untrained manpower and inefficient staff Labor problem Involvement of staff

Financial constraints
 

Low pay-outs Shortage of staff

Un-realistic tariff

ON THE PART OF CUSTOMERS

    

Standards of living Socio-economic conditions Pilferage of energy Status symbolism Immorality

EXTERNAL FACTOR
      

In-effective laws Un-even implementation of law Political reasons Geo graphical reasons In-efficient judicial system Less budget grant to offices Stealing by administrative offices and law enforcing agencies

REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROLL ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES

      

Metering equipment Meter reading and billing Administrative improvements Realistic tariff Monitoring of consumption Surveillance / checking of energy meters Detection bills / penal action

     

Judicial powers Mass media campaign Integrity of staff VIP culture discouragement Incentive to honest employees Shift to pre-paid card system