Spin. Spin is a quantum property of particles. Bosons have integer spin. Fermions have half-integer spin.

A particle with non-zero spin has left- or right-handed chirality. Electric Charge. Each particle has positive, negative, or zero electric charge. Color Charge. A quark has one of three color charges called red, green, or blue. An anti-quark has an anti-color. A gluon has a color and an anti-color.

Particles
Everything is made of particles. Symbol Spin Name (Flavor)
1 2

u e +

u e+ =

u up

Electric charge Color charge

Antiparticles. Each particle has an antiparticle with the same mass and spin, but opposite charge. A particle with no charge may be its own antiparticle. Mixtures. Some elementary particles are mixtures (linear superpositions) of other elementary particles. Hypothetical. Postulated particles that many physicists expect will be discovered.

___ MeV

Mass (electron volts)

Elementary Particles
Fermions

This shows all the elementary particles in the standard model (SM) of particle physics plus some hypothetical particles. Matter is made of fermions. Fermions obey the exclusion principle. half-integer spin 12 32

(SUSY) theory proposes ? Supersymmetry a partner boson for each fermion and a partner fermion for each boson.

Standard Fermions
spin Quarks
1

I u up d

Atom

nucleus
u d u u d d d u u d u d

e proton uud neutron udd

2 1.73.1 MeV

1.11.4 GeV

charm s

171175 GeV

top b

Squarks

generation II c

III t

Bosons Sfermions ? Superpartnergeneration

spin 0 I u sup d - II c III t stop b -

scharm s -

4.1-5.7 MeV

down e

80130 MeV

strange

4.14.4 GeV

bottom

sdown Sleptons e 0 selectron

sstrange

sbottom

Leptons

electron e

106 MeV

1.8 GeV

smuon

stau

electron
511 keV

muon

tau

e
electron neutrino
<2 eV

muon neutrino
<190 keV

tau neutrino
<18 MeV

electron muon tau sneutrino sneutrino sneutrino

integer spin 0 1 2 Forces are carried by gauge bosons. Bosons do not obey the exclusion principle. Gravitational force Quantum Gravity
Planck scale 1019 GeV

Bosons

Standard Bosons
spin 2 Gauge Bosons Force Carriers

? Superpartner Fermions
spin
3 2

Gravitational force

G gravitino

masses attract

graviton
massless

Grand Unification
GUT scale 1016 GeV

Color force quarks/gluons attract

massless

gluon

Gauginos

Strong force

Strong force

g gluino

EW scale 102 GeV

Electroweak

Flavor change radioactivity

Weak force

Weak Isospin

Wi W

W W

Z Z

Weak force

Wi wino

Z mixtures

Scalar Bosons

charges attract/repel, light

Electromagnetic force

massless Weak Hyper- B charge massless

80 GeV 91 GeV

wino zino

Electromagnetic force

B bino

photino

0 i

photon
massless

neutralino chargino

Higgs field(s)
creates mass, breaks symmetry

Higgs field

Unified forces split by symmetry breaking. Other elementary particles may yet be discovered.

Higgs Higgs neutralino Higgsino 124-127 GeV chargino Electroweak symmetry breaking Electroweak symmetry breaking String theory proposes that all elementary particles are actually tiny vibrating strings.

Composite Particles Hadrons

Composite Fermions Baryons

Composite particles are composed of two or more elementary particles. This shows some of the hundreds of known composite particles. Baryons are fermions composed of three quarks. This shows only the baryons made of u, d, and s quarks. spin 12 octet p proton n neutron sigma lambda xi spin 32 decuplet delta sigma xi omega-minus p+ uud n0 udd p+
938 MeV

Composite Bosons Mesons

Mesons are bosons composed of a quark and an antiquark. This shows only the mesons made of u, d, and s quarks. =
u u d

+ uus 0 0 uds dds 0 uss ++ uuu + uud dss 0 udd ddd

proton n0
940 MeV

uud
u d d

spin 0 nonet pion eta K kaon

K0

ds

K+

us

0 +
ud
135 MeV

u u

du K

0 uu /dd
ss K 0 K*+

pion

0
su ds

uu /dd mixture

neutron

udd spin 1 nonet rho omega phi K kaon

sd us

*+ uus

*0 uds * dds * dss

nucleons

K*0

Pions carry the nuclear force between nucleons.

*0 uss

du K*

0 0 uu /dd 0
su ss K *0

ud

sss

sd

2005-2012 Keith Enevoldsen elements.wlonk.com