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, (entirely confined to classes possessed of property).
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, Times" ["] , -

27
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28
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1
Karl Marx [ ], Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie,
1859 ., . 3 [. . . 15].
2
;
, . .. () , ." Nicolas Barbon [ ],
ft Discourse concerning coining the new money lighter, in answer to Mr. Locke's Considerations etc., 1696, . 2, 3.
3
(vertue ), . " (N. Barbon [. ],
Discourse on coining the new money lighter, . 6). Ho , .

32
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Worth" Value"
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or iron, is of as great a value as one hundred pounds worth of silver and gold." [.:
, .
.

."J N. Barbon [. ], R Discourse on
coining the new money lighter, . 53 7.

34

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35

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Funds etc.", , . 36.)
. , , 1739 1740 .
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Karl Marx[\i. ], Zur Kritik der polit. Oekonomie, . [. . . 19].

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36

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37
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38

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39

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41

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42
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44
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46
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48
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49
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], Des Systemes de I'Economie Politique, 2 , 1821

] (sousGouvernement
Ganilh (
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54

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. . Georg Ludwig von Maurer [Maypep], Einleitung zur Geschichte der
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63
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65

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66

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67

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69

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70

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Value is a property of things, riches of men. Value, in this sense, necessarily
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Economy, particularly relating to value and to demand and supply", 1821 ., . 16.)
35
Riches are the attribute of man, value is the attribute of commodities. A man
or a community is rich, a pearl or a diamond is valuable... A pearl or a diamond is
valuable
as
a pearl or diamondBailey
[C. ], A critical
Dissertation
etc., .
165.
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Observations" C. ,
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[.: ], 6quite etemelle" [.: ]
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], , ,
grace etemelle" [.: ], foi etemelle" [.: ]
volonte etemelle de dieu" [.: ] ?
39
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76

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77

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81

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62
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85

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86
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89
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91-

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102-

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[ ], A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions, 1667, . 17.) .
Political Arithmetic" ( 1774), : Prices
depend on quantity of money" [.: - ],
. 112 ., . . Zur Kritik usw." . 149 [. . 177]: (. )
,
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officio [.: ]. , .
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103-

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Esprit des Lois, Oeuvres", III, . 12, 13.)
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usw.", . 140146 . 150 . [. . . 167173 178 .]. .
.
~. , .
Principles of Political Economy" c (
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1884 . : Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy".
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104-

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105-

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Buchanan [ ], Inquiry into the Taxation and Commercial Policy of Great
Britain, 1844, . 248, 249.)
83
--
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.
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." (flrbeiten der Kaiserlich Russischen Gesandtschaft zu Peking iiber China"..
- . . . ; , 1858, . 47 .)

Governor" [.: ]
( "):
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106-

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1845 ., . 21.) , " ,
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107-

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85
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to raise money" [.:
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- . . . , ...
.*' (N. Barboti [. ], R Discourse concerning coining etc.,
. 29, 30, 35.)

108-

)

perpetuum
mobile . , , ,
meuble immelible [.: ],
,
.


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,
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nervus rerum [.: ], " 88 .
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. . . ,
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." ( , . 486.)
87

." (Vanderlint [], Money answers etc., . 95, 96.)
88
." (John Bellers [ ], Essays about the Poor,
Manufactures, Trade, Plantations, and Immorality, 1699 ., . 13.)

109-

.
( ) (
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110-

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93

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Ill

. 94

, .
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ou paraissons riches" [.: ]
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95

(of specifick money), -,
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." (Sir D. North [ . ], Discourses
upon Trade, . 22.) , , , .
, ; , ."
( J. St. Mill [. . ], Reports on Bankacts, 1857 ., Nr. 2084.)
1864 .
, 1863 .
19367.764 . 8 1864 .
- 109.652.917 . .
200.000.000 . ci.

112-

.
,
.
- .
-, - .
.
, .
,
.
,
.
, , . ,
. .
, .
, . . ,
. ,
. .96

.
.
, . -.
- .97
.
.
, .
,
. , ' - .
.
. , ,

.
, . . , .
, , .
96

.
97
18 : , ,
- ,
." (An Essay on Credit and the Bankrupt Act",
1707 ., . 2.)

113-

,
. ,
. . .
,
, . , .
. . ,
, , - - .
, .
, , ,
.
,
. ,
. .
.98
, , , . , ,
.
:
, , ,
- . .
.
-
.
.
.

,
.
98
: , 1859 . ,
: ,


. .
. ,
...
... ,
... ."
(Karl Marx [ ], Zur Kritik usw.", . 119, 120 [. . . 145].)
, I

114-

. ,
. . .
c*virements [] .
, , ft . . ,
,
. .
- ,
- ,
.
. , .
, ,
, , ,
.
,
,
- ,
,
, .
.
. , ,
- . .
! .
, , .100
, , .
.
99
,
,
, , , . , , , , . (
.)
100

. ." (Karl Marx [],
Zur Kritik usw., . 126 [. . . 152]) ,
, ,
-,
; , ,
." {(John Bellers [ ], Proposals for raising a Colledge of industry",
1696 ., . 3.)

115

,
, . . 101
, , ,
,
, ,
,
, , -, ,
, . .
2 ,
. ,
. 2 . .
.
. . ,
, ,
, . ,
. ,
, . , .
,
.102

,
,
. , .
,
101
. . amis du commerce" [.: ] : ( 1839 .) (
) , ,
; ,
600,000 , ,
, 3
." (The Theory of the Exchanges. The Bank Charter Ret of 1844", 1864 r.,
. 81.) The Observer" ["] 24
1864 .: ,
. . .
, , , ."
102
, , , ,
, - - . . .
,
, ,
; ,
,
- . 12, 6, 3 1
, , ." (The Currency Theory Reviewed; in a Letter to the Scottish People.
By a Banker in England", 1845 ., , 29, 30 . .)

8*

116-

, .103

. .104 , . . .
.
.
XIV, , .,
,
.' 06 , ,
, , ,
.
.
.
.
103
, ,
- (, & ).
1856 ., ,
.

,





:

. .

533.596
357.715
9.627
68.554
28.089
1.486
933
1.000.000

. .

. . . . . . .

302.674
663.672
22.743
9.427
1.484

1.000.000

(Report from the Select Committee on the Bankacts", 1858, . LXXI.)

101
,
, ... ." (An Essay
upon Publick Credit", 3 ., 1710 ., . 8.)
105
." , ,
". ."
(Boisguillebert [], Dissertation sur la nature des richesses, de l'argent et des
tributs", . Daire, Economistes financiers", 1843 r., I, . 413, 419, 417.)

117-

.

,
. , ,
, . . ,
, , .106 ,
, ,
* 107.

. ,
.
)

, ,

106
1824 . . 1826 . , 11 .
,
, slips of paper [.: ]. 3 ,
. ."
- 3
, ,
7 .
, ,
, (John Fullarton [ ], Regulation
of Currencies, 2 ., 1845 ., . 85, .). ,
deposits [.: ]
cheques [.: ], .
\
* : , . . .
107
, 40 ,
6 (),
?" : : ,
40 i0lb2 1 , , . . ,
, [. . .];
, ,
10 . , , 1 13 , 10 40/5.
51!2 , 5J/2 ."
(William Petty [ ], Political Anatomy of Ireland 1672, . 1691 .,
"p. 13, 14.)

118-

.
. .
,
in
abstracto [.: ].
.

, .
, . 108
,
8 , , . "
. . Karl Marx [ ],
Zur Kritik usw.'.crp. 136 . [. . . 171 .] :
bankact [.: ] 1844 . ,
, ,
.
( ) . ( .

. 25
1 5 ^ : 1, 22: 1,
. . -
,
.
, -
,
(, \\\, \214). , , ,
, ,
, - . . ,
;
, . .
1,000,000 . 13,
3060 . ,
,
4090% ; - , ,
. . , . ,
- ,
,
. - ,
.
, .
, [ ], . .
,
1 : 1572- - . . .)

119-

(universal wealth). , . :
/109
. -,
, ,
, ,

,
.110
,
.
, ,
, 1103 . , ,
109
,
,
.
, , ,
, (Zur Kritik usw.",
. 150 . [. . . 178 .]). :
. . .
, "
: , ,
,
." (N. Barbon [. ], A Discourse concerning coining
etc., . 59, 60.) - The Literature of Political Ekonomy, a classified Catalogue", 1845 ., [ ],
, currency principle".
, -
(ex-banker [.:
] ), facile princeps
argentariorum" [.: ].
110
. ,
' . .
.
: , - ,

,
, , , ,
27
20 , ,

." (Fullarton [], Regulation of Currencies, . 191.) ( : - , 1871/73
30 - ,
. . .)

120-

,
, money of the. world [.: ].
.
,

, .
,
. 111

,
.

, .112
"Cl
,
. ,

. 114

111

, . .
." (Le Trosne [], De l'lnteret Social,
. 916.) , , ,
." (J. Vanderlint [. ], Money answers etc., . 40.)
112
, ,
" (N. Barbon [. ], A Discours concerning coining etc.,
. 39.)
113
,
.
114
, ,
, ,
." (John Bellers [ ], Essays etc., . 12.)
, ?
- ;
, ;
, ." (W. Petty [ ],
Quantulumcunque etc., . 39.)
, ,
. . . . . .
, ,
, ,
,
. . . ;
, ." (W. Petty [],
Political Anatomy of Ireland, . 14.)

1.
.
, ,
, . 16
.

, , , ,
. , .

, , ,
.1 ,
. .
, . . , ,
, ,
.

.
, . . ,
, .
, , , . .
, ,
. , , ,
.
1
, [}
,
: Nulle terre sans seigneur"
L'argent n'a pas de maltre" [ " "].

122-

-. ,
,
. , , , .
, , ,
. ft ,
,
, ,

.2 , ,
, . ft 100 . . 2000
2000 110 . .,
100 . . 110 . ., . . .
,
,
,
. 100 . . 100 . . - -
,
100 . ., .

100 . . 110 . ., 100 . .
50 . .
,
, . , .
-
.
,
.
- .

, , , .
, ,
,
.
,
,
, , .
,
, .
, .
, .
, , .
, .
2
." (Mercier de la
Riviere [ ], L'ordre naturel et essentiel des societes politiques, . 543.)

123-

. , , , .
,
.
. 3
.
. ,
, . .
, . .

,

.

- .
. ,
. .
, ,
.
, . 3 . .
3 . . , 3- . .
. .
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
. ,

. ,
, .
-
, . 3
, ,
; ,
, ." (James Steuart [ ],
Works etc., . , , 1801 ., I,
. 274.)

124-

, ,
. ,
.
.
.
. .
.
, . .
, ,
. .
, .
. ,
,
, . -
100 . . 100 . .,
. . , ,
, .4
. ,
, . , . , 100 . ..
. 100-|-10 . . 110 . .
', '=-|-, . .
. ([Mehrwert] surplus value).
,
4
*,
(L'Ordre naturel etc.", . 486). ,
professo [.: ] " ", :
( ?) . . . .
. . . ,
." (Th. Corbet [. ], Inquiry into the Causes
and Modes of the Wealth of Individuals; or the Principles of Trade and Speculation
explained, 1841, . 5.) , ,
, , , , ,
,
- ,
.
, ,
," (Mac Culloch [-], Dictionary practical etc.of Commerce,
1847 r., . 1009.) - , : ( ), .
[], - ,
." (Pinto [], Traite de la Circulation et du Credit, 1771, . 231.)

125-

,
. .
, , ,
. , . -
.
. .
, , . , .
, -
.
,
,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
. , +,
100+10. , 110 . .
, 100 . . . 110 . . , 100-
. . 110- . . ,
. . ,
, .
, 110 . . ,
100 . .,

. ,
100 . .
10 . .,
.
100 . ., 10 . . , , 110 . .,
100 . ., . ,
5. ,
,
.

,
, . ,
, . . . , . .
. . .
." (F. Engels [. ], Umrisse zu einer Kritik der
Nationalokonomie, Deutsh-Franzosische Jahrbiicher",
, 1844, . 99.)

126-

.
6.

. , - ,
.

, , , ,
.
7.
8 .
, 9 ,
6
.
. ,
,
. (6 dhrjifivog ?.)
; ,
- , .
,
, .
'/.]

, ) , ( )." -
, .
]/), , , .
,
" (Jtoirjuxr) '/ . . . did 1 /Mftdrcoi' diajJoMjQ).

, ,
(vo yap vdfito/jLoc, otol%eZov xai vrjg //) boriv.)
, , .
, , , ,
, ,
,
, . ,
, . . . ,
. . . ,
,
." (Aristoteles [], De Republica,
. , I, . 8 9.)
7
( )
, . . . ." (Th. Chalmers [. ], On Political Economy etc., 2 , 1832, . 166
[165. .
.].)
8
,
." (A. Genovesi [. ], Lezioni
di Economia Civile, (1765). , Parte
Moderna, . VIII, . 139.)
9
, auri sacra fames [.:
] ." (Mac Culloch [-], The Principles of

127-

,
. ,
,
10 - ,
10 .
, ,
,
. ,
,
, 11 . ,
, . ,
, : ,
12.
, ,
, ,
, .
, , , . ,
.
. .

; ,
,
,
. . . 100 . ., 110 . ., . .
,
. , Political Economy, 1830 ., . 179.) ,
- , .
, ,

, , ,
.
10 2d)^SlV u [] . to save" .
10
, , ." (Galiani [], Delia moneta, . 156.)
11
, ." (J. .
Say [. . ], Traite d'Economie Politique, 3 ., 1817 ., II, . 429.)
,2
(!), ,
." (MacLeod [-], The Theory and Practice of Banking, 1855r.,
. I, . I [. 55. Mock, .]) ." (James Mill .[, ], Elements of Political Economy, 1821 ., . 74.)

128-

. ,
. , ,
, , ,
.

- ,
, ,
. .
, , ,
.
, - ,
10 . . -,
100 . . , ,
-, -, -
: 110 . .
,
, . ,
, , 13 . , ,
money which begets money
, .
, , - :
-, ,
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,
. ,

, .
-
- , ,
, , ,
, , - .
, .
2.
,
, -
, , . ,
,
.
?
13
... ." (Sismondi [],
.Nouveaux principes de l'Economie Politique, [, 1819 . Mock, .] I, . [88] 89.)

129
.
, .
, , .
. .
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.
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130-

"14. , , , ,,
, , ,
50 50.
, , , , ."15 ,
16. , , , 17 .
, . . ,
,
, ,
,
. , . .
, -,
, , , - , .

. ,
,
. -
, ,
, - .
, . . ,
.
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. . .
,
. ,
: ." 18 ,
14 , (I) ."
(Destutt de Tracy [ ], Traite de la volont6 et de ses effets, 1826 r.,
. 68.) - Traite d'Economie Politique".
15 Mercier de la Riviere [ ], L'Ordre naturel etc., . 544.
16
." (Mercier de la Riviere [
], , . 543.)
17 ;
." (Le Trosne [],. De l'lntert Social, . 906.)
18 Dove egualita, lucro." [.: .]
(Galiani [], Delia Moneta, Custodi [], Parte Moderna, IV, . 244.)

131
, ,
19 . ,
.20

quid pro
quo, .
. : ,
. .
- - . . . , ,
.
. ?
. ,
, , ...
, ,
. . . ,
, ; . .. , '
,

. . .
:
." 21 ,
,
,
,
, , 22.
,
, , ,
. .
,
, (strictly)
19 ,
: ;
, ." (Le Trosne
[], De l'lnleret Social, . 904.)
20 ,
, .
, , ." (Le Trosne [],
, . 903.)
21 Condillac [], Le Commerce et le Gouvernement (1776). Daire et
Molinari Melanges d'Economie Politique", 1847 ., . 267 [291 . .).
22 :
."
,
-, . ". , - -
. . .
Die Grundlagen der. National6konomie", 3 , 1858 .
5*

132-

." 23
, . -
, -
. ?
, (strictly)
", .
.
,
, . . ,
, .
. ,
. -.
,
, .
,
,
.
,
, . , ,
, , .
, , 110,
100,
10%- 10.
, . ,
10/ -.
10, 10 .24 ,
10% ,
. , . . ,
. . , , .
, . ,
23
5. P. Newman [. . ], Elements of Political Economy,
w
- 1835 ., . 175.
24
. . .
-. . . , ,
." (The Essential Principles of the Wealth of Nations etc.",
1797 ., . 66.)

133-

.
. 10%
10% .25 .
,
, ,
.26
,
. :
(!) ,
- , ."27

. ,
, , : -. .
, , .
. , , ,
, . ,
,
-,
. 28 .
, ,
'
,
, , . , , . . . , . .
, ,
, , , ,
.

25
18 , 24 ,
, 18 ,
24 ." (Le Trosne [], De l'lnteret Social, . 897.)
26

, - ; , ,
." (Mercier de^la Riviere [ ], L'Ordre naturel etc., . 555.)
27
R. Torrens [P. ], An Essay on the Production of Wealth,
1821 ., . 349.
23
, , .
?" (G. Ramsay [ ], fln Essay on the Distribution
of Wealth, 1836 ., . 183.)

134-

. 29 .
.
. ,
. , -,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
40 . . 50 . . 40 . . 50 . ., -
.
-. 40 . .
50 . . , . . 90 . .
90 . .
,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
10 . .

,
, .
. 30
, , .
, ,
- 31.
29
, .
, ?", . , ,
, .
: n Inquiry into those principles respecting the Nature of Demand and the Necessity of
Consumption, lately advocated by Mr. Malthus etc.", 1821 ., . 55.
30
de $ Membre de l'lnstitut
[.: "
], . , , , -,
. ? -
." (Traite de la Volonte etc.", . 239.)
31
,
, . . . . ,
, ."
(J. . Say [. . ], Traite D' Economie Politique, II, . 443 .) ,
, , -

135-

.32
, ,
, , , - .
,
-, - .
.
, ,
, ,33
. : , - .
, ,
,
.
, ,
. : ,
, . '
', , ^ ,
.
. : , ,
,
( , )
. ' , ,
", ,
. -" Monsieur Say [ ]:
n' achete des produits qu' avec des produits" [.: ] ( , II, . 441), : Les productions
ne se paient qu'avec des productions" [.: ] (Le Trosne) [], De Interet Social, . 899).
32
." (F. Wayland
[. ], The Elements of Political Economy, 1853 ., . 168.)
33
." (G. Opdyke [ ], A Treatise on political Economy, - 1851,
. 69.) ,
, , , . .
." (F. Engels [. ], Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalokonomie, . 96.)
34
Benjamin Franklin [ ], Works, II, [
Positions to be examined concerning National Wealth."

136-

,
, . , . ^ (rebtoc) ).
. ,
- ." 35
, ,
,
.
,
, .
?
. .
, ,
, .
,
, . 10 . . ,
, 10, 11, ,
- .
, .
,
, . . - , - . -
, , . , ;
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, .
, , .

, ,
35

Aristoteles [], De Republica, I, . 10.

.
-,
(Ramsay [], An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth, . 184.)
30

137-

. , -,
, ,
.

. . Hie Rhodus, hie salta!
[.: , !]
3.
,
, ,

, , ,
, .38
, ,

. ,
. , ,
. , . . .
,

, , ,
,
. . , , . . cmotlHocm.
37
, :
, . . , - , . .
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
. .
, - .
, - ,
-, -, .
, :
, . . .
? ",
, ft. ,
.
38
... ." (Ricardo [], Principles of Political Economy, . 267.)

138-

.

, ,
,
.
, .
, .
.
, , ,
. , ,
, 39.

, , , , " . ,
, ,
, ,
, .

, ,

, , ,, . . ,
, 40.
,
, :

- , , ". . Romische Geschichte" [.:

"] quid pro quo .
40
. , , . ,
/, " [
] ( ; ). ,
, ,
.
".
, . ... ,
, fl
, , , .'
IHegel [], Philosophie des Rechts, 1840 ., . 104, 67.)

139-

, ,
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, , , , , . , . .
.
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,
.
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140-

,
,
.
'- .
v
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. , , .

.41
- ,
. , .42
?
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. ,
. .
.
, .
. , , , ,
, - . , .
, , 41 , , ,
, , . ,
.
42 (value or worth) , ,
: ,
." (Th. Hobbes [. }, Leviathan, Works", . Molesworth,
1839-44, III, . 76.)

141-

, , . ., .
. 43 ,
.
, , ,

. , ,
, , . .,
.
,
,
,
.44 , ,
.

.
.
,

."45 ,
,
. ,
,
, . . , 46 .
,
,

, - -
. - , . ,
, , .
13
villicus,
, ,- ,
- ." (. , Romische Geschichle, [ 1, 2 ., .
. .} 1856 ., . 810.)
44
Over-Population and its Remedy", 1846 ., . . .
15
.
16
. ( ) . . .
(comforts), ,
,
, ." (R. Torrens [P. ], ftn Essay on the external/Corn
Trade, 1815 ., . 62. ,
.

142-

. .
, . .
,
.
, . ,
. .,
. , , . .,
-
- .
, ,
. .
. , ,
. ^ , , = ,
,
-

365 4- 52 -f 4 -4- . .

. ., =:

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. 3
, , .
,
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,
.

,
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. .
.
, ,
.
,
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,
, . :
(puissance de travail),

, (etre de raison).
, ,

143-

, ." 47
, , . , , .
, , . ,
. ,
,
,

-.
: . . . , ." 4&
, , ,

. ,
, , -
. , . . , . 40,

, .
, . ,
. ; ^ ; .
50,
- ,
'"'1.
47

Rossi [], Cours d'Economie Politique, , 1842 ., . 370.

Sismondi [], Nouveaux Principes etc., I, . 113.
49
." (,,fln Inquiry into those
Principles respecting the Nature of Demand etc.", . 104.) , , ,

, 14 , . ." (Ch. Ganilh [. ], Des Systemes de
l'Economie Politique, 2 . 1821 ., II, . 150.)
50
(industry)", ,
, " ...
." (Storch [], Cours d'Economie Politique, 1815 .,
II, . 37.)
51
. full priced",
, undersellers",
. 3/4 48

144-

. ,
-, .
, -.
, ,

.
,

. , , ,
. , ,
. .,
.
(. XXXII / . Grievances complained of by the journeymen bakers etc.", 1862. .).
undersellers, , , ,
, , , ,
. ( - ,
Comittee of 1855 on the Adulteration of Bread" Dr. Hassal [- ],
Adulterations Detected", 2 .. 1861 .) 1855 ., ,
, ,
".
, . ", , , . .,
( , . XLVIII) ,
chandler's shop [.: ] ,
". , ,
"; ,
, : , ." (It is notorius that bread composed of
those mixtures, is made expressly for sale in this manner.") (
) .
... - , . . , , 2 4 stone [. , 6'360 .] ,
1 . 10 " (Sixth Report" on Public Health"
by The Medical Officer of the Privy Council etc.", 1864 ., . 264).
(
) 1853 ., ,
." (Reports of the Inspectors of Factories 31st Oct. 1853",
. 34.) - ,
,
, ,
, ,
- (-). (coal masters)' , .
( tommy-shop, . . , ).
." (Children's Employment Commission, III. Report", 1864 r., . 38, Nr. 192.)

v
145-

, '
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: No admittance except 011 business [.:
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, ,
dramatis personae [. ]
.
,
;
, ,

.

, 1

10

1.
. , .
acta [.: ] ,
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147

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148

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149-

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151-

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153-

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154-

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157-

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158
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. 14 . [. . . 27]: "
* (service) . . . ."

159-

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160-

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161-

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163
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[. 51 . . .]). ,
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[ ] : Colony", Supplement,to the Encyclopaedia Britannica", 1831 r.
10
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Political Economy", 1832 ., . 22, 23.)

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164-

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169 ,
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. 1800 ., . 10.)

170 , ,
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172
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173 . . , ,
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174 312 . ., 44 . . 54 . .,
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26

,
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175590. ,
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176 .
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177 , . 3 , , 28 ,

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178-

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179
- 10,000
, 32
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6%. 10,600 10.000 600 . 1871 .
7 3 / 4 , 10.600
342 . , , 1 . .
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12V4 10.000 = 510 .,
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= 1 / 33 = 6 2 / .31
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181-

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183
, , . Factory Act [ ]
10- , -.
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good deal of finishing"' [.: ].
.
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: Letters on the Factory Act, as it affects the cotton manufacture", 1837 .
:
'
,
- 18 ., - II1/2 ,
. . 12 5 9 . (!) ,
. 100.000 . .
80.000 . . , 20.000 . . . ,
15%, 115.000 . . . . .
23- 5 / 5 1 / 23
115.000 - . 23/23, 115.000 . .
(constituting the whole 115.000 . .), 20/23, . . 100.000 . .
115.000- . ., ; 7 23 5000 . .
15.000- . . (!)
. 2/23, . .
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11 Vs 13
, 2.600 . .
. ,
1 ,
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-." 32
32
, ., . 12, 13. ,
. , . ., . . ,
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" ,,fl letter to Mr. Senior
etc.", 1837 . , Factory Inquiry Commissioners [ ] 1833 . , , 1859 .,
.
, , - "
" .
32: ,
. : 11*/ 23 / 2 .
, , 11^2 23/2 ( ). 23/
115.000 . .;

184 . " ! , -
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, . G . , !
\/ 23 X 5.000 . .; 20/2 20/23 5 . 0 0 0 . . = 100.000 . .,
. . . 3/2 ,
3 X 115.000 . . = 15.000 . ., . . -.
3
/ 2 J/2 V23 X 115.000 . . = 5.000 . ., . .
, ft
, . . , -/23 X
115.000 . . = 10.000 . ., . . . 2/2 .

185 , . Mi plus ni moins [: , ].

, 5 3 / 4 ?
. , , . 5 3 / 4
, 43/4 , ,
, , . ., 4 / 4 .
53/4 ,
-
53/4 , , 5 3 / 4
. ,
, " , . . ,
, , .
, . ,
. . 2 ,
/ 2 . , : ,
, , - ,
, IIV2 - -
, . ,
5 3 / 4 ,
53/4 , ,
5:!/4 , 53/4 .
,
slang [.: ]. , ,
, ,
, , , , . . 100%, . - ,
" 13
II 1 / /
, 53/4 72/4 ,
100% 122/23%.
, , 1 / 2 100% 200%,
200%, . . " -.
,
, , 11 Vo
10V2 .
, 1 , ,
53/4 43/4 ,

186 , 8 2 1 4 / 2 3 0 / .
", , all bosh" [.: ]. ",
, , , "323.
32
, "
, - , - , 18 . 12
- ,
" - ,
. 1848 .
Reports" [] ,
", ". . .
31 1855 .: ( )
, 1850 .
." (Reports of the Insp. of Fact, for the half year ending 30th April
1855", . 19, 20.) 1848 .
, ,
, , , : , -, , , ."
31 1848 . : , - ,
,
10 ,
- , , ,
, .

, ,
"
, , ,
10 , . . .
- . . .
" -
cant [.: ] - ... ,
12 ,
, , "
"
, ,
, , " ,
", ";
10 ,
, , , , ." (Rep. of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct.
1848", . 101.) " " , , , , , . ., ,

,
.
" , , -
,
- ". . why wherefore [ ]
.

187 v ",
, ft : ft3
, -, . ftddio ! 33 [.: !].. .
, , 15 1848 . ",
,
1836 . ".
4..
(Vio 20 2
), , ([Mehrprodukt], surplus produce,
produit net).
,
,
, , .
,
,
.34
, ,
,
, ,
(working day).
3J
.
! .Letters on the Factory Ret" , " *
something more" [ ]
! Outlines of Political Economy", ,
", ,
,
, /". , ftbstinenz"
. f/z^haltung".
, [ ],
, Entsagung" [ ].
31
20.000 . .,
2.000 . ., 100
1.000 , 10.000 20.000 . .,
,
2.000 . . ?
, , ,
, 10 12
." (Ricardo [], Principles etc., . 416.) ,
, - ,
,
: , ,
, ?
(the mere purpose of breeding men"),
(is a most useless purpose")." (Arthur Young [
], Political Arithmetic etc., 1774, . 47.)

188

1.
,
. ,
, ,
.
, , 6 ,
, ,
.
,
, .
.
, b , .
. ab
1, 3 .6 . ., 3 :.
/ : ,
II:
. ,
III:
b
,
3 7, 9 12 .
be .
= ab -j- be, = ,
be. ab ,
be ab .
I 1/6, II 3/ III 6j& ab. -,


=

, .
12/ 50
lOOVo- ,
. .,
, 8, 10, 12- . .
, ,
, ,
.
, .
, ,
,

. ,
.35
, ,
.
35
,
." (An Essay on Trade and Commerce, containing Observations on Taxation etc.",
1770 ., . 73.)

189 . be 0, , . . , .

,
.
.
. . ,
.
24
. ,
8 .
, ,
, , ,
. . ,
. ,
.
. -
. , 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,
18 , . . - .
. .
, .
? 36 -
. -?
ultima Thule [ ],
. . .
, ,
,
- , . 37
,
-, .
, , ,
38 . 36
-
: What is a pound P" [
] ,
, little shilling
men" [ ].
37
,
- ." (D'obtenir du capital depense
la plus forte somme de travail possible.") (J. R. Courcelle-Seneuil [. P. -], Traite theorique et pratique des entreprises industrielles, 2-po ,
1857 ., . 62.)
38

."'

190 , ,
39.
. ,
, - .
,
:
, ,
, , -
, . . ,
,
.
.
, , ,
.
.

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10 , / 9 5 0
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. ,
.
.
,
. ,
1

10

,
; , - .11 ( Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.",
1770 ., . 47 153.)
39
, ,
, , ." (N. Linguet [. ], Theorie
des Lois Civiles etc., 1767 r., , . 466.)

191 ,
, ,
, . , ,
, . , ,
, .40
: ,

, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
. . ,

, . . ,
.
2. .
. ,
, , ,
,
. 41,
^ [], , civis
romanus [ ], , , , 42. ,
-
,
, - -
,
.
, , . .
40

builders [ ], 1860 1861 ., 9 , -

. , building masters [-], . ".
( 1867 . , !)
11
, ... ',
, . "(Edmund Burke [ ], Thoughts and
Details on Scarcity, 1800 . 2.)
12
Romische Geschichte" :
, ,
, (!)
." - , ' "
- .

192 .
.
43. .
, -
, . ., , , ,
,
. . . , . ,
,

.

. :
. , .
.


,
.
,
6 ' .
6X6 36 . ,
3 3 . . .
. , 30
30 . .
, . ,
. . . .
.
.
,
, - .
43
(
, ), ,
.
, , , ,
. , ,
." (Diodorus Siculus [ ], Historische Bibliothek, 3, 13 [. 260. . .]-)

193 , , -
44.
,
.
,
, - .443 .
,
, -
.
,
, . . ager publicus [.: ].

,
, .

.
. , , ,
- , , . , 1831 . , ,
, .

.
,Reglement organique" [.: ]


, : 1) ,
2) 3) . Summa
summarum [.: ] 14 . ,
,
, , ,
44

,
, .
44
( : . 15 ,
,
. , ,
. .
. 16
, , , , . (Maurer [Maypep], Fronhofe, IV ; Meitzen
[], Der Boden des preussischen Staats; Hanssen [], Leibeigenschaft in
Schleswig-Holstein.) . E.)
, I

13

I
194

,
24 . " ,
, 12
36 ,
3 .
: 42 .
, . . ,
. ,
,
.
14 ,
56 . ,
, 210 , 40
30 ,
70 . 140 .
56

66 2 / 3 % -
,
. . Reglement organique", -"
,
.
12 54, 54-
,
. .
, , ,
- . ,
. -.
, ,Reglement organique'
, 365 !"45
Reglement organique ,
, Factory-Acts [ ] .
,
, , .
- ,
, . ,
,
. ,
.46
15
- . Regnau.lt [. ], Histoire politique
et sociale des Principautes Danubiennes, 1855 . [. 303, 321 . M o c k , .]
46
, .
, -

195

Factory-Act 1850 ., (1867 .),

10- . : 5
12 , , 1 / 2
1 , 10 V2 ,
8 , 2 , 7
. 60 , 10 1 j 2 5
7 1 .47 ,
. .
48
- 6
-, - 6 -, -.
5 5 *
, , 10 10
.
, , -, 2 .
:
. ,
,
, (1789)
165 .; 1818 ( 10 ) 157,
21 1852 . 156 .;

. 1780 . 178 ., 155.
157. , - Bayrische Zeitung" [
"] 9 1862 . 9 ,
1,000 716 : 317
319 . . . 1858 .
156 ." (J. v. Liebig
[. ], Die Chemie in ihrer flnwendung auf flgrikultur und Physiologie, 1862 r.,
7-mo , I, . 117, 118.)
17
1850 . - .
18
-
1845 . : Die
Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England" Friedrich Engels [. ], 1845 .
Factory Reports, Reports on Mines [ , ] . .,
1845 ., -
, - Children's Employment Commission" [
] (186367). ,
1862 .,
.
- - .
1848 ., ,
,
.

, .
11*

196-

6 . . . 15
6 . . . 15
. 1 0

. . . 20

60
:
6 . . . 15
. 10
.
2 .
15

5 :
300

:
340

5 40 , , 50
2 27 ."*2
5
, 2/2 ."50
, , ,
, 12- 13."51
,
", ,
. , -
. - ,
.
1857 1858 .:
,
,

; " ...
, 122
, 143
, ." 52
- :
,
, ,
/ 3
."53
-
1861 1865 .54

, ,
49
Suggestions etc. r. L. Horner [], Inspector of Factories", : Factories Regulation Ret. Orderedby the House of Commons to be printed 9. Rug. 1859",
. 4, 5.
50
Reports of the Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1856", . 35.
51
Reports etc. 30th April 1858", . 9.
52
, . 43.
53
, . 25.
Reports etc. for the half year ending 30th April 1861." 2;
Reports etc. 31st Oct. 1862", . 7, 52, 53. -
1863 . Reports etc. ending 31st Okt. 1863", . 7.

197-

( . .), .
" ,
, . .
,
." 65
,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
,
,"
( multiplication of small thefts"),
."57 *,
, petty pilferings of minutes",
58, snatching a few minutes", 69,
, nibbling and cribbling at
meal times" [ ]60.
,
.
-
10 ,
1.000 . ." 61 -
*62
55
Reports etc. 31st Oct. 1860", . 23. C ,
, "
:
1836 . [ ] () , 8
. , 5
12 15 6 4
, ,
. 30-
shoddy-hole" [ ], ,
, . .

!
-, ,
4 , I 20
. :

, ,

1"
Rep. etc. 31st. Oct. 1856", . 34.
57
, . 35.
, . 48.
59
.
60
.
61
.
62
Moments are the elements of profit", Rep. of the Insp. etc. 30th April 1860", . 56.

198-

-
, , full timers" ["]. 13 ,
half timers" ["]63.
.
"
".
3.

, , ,
,

64 - .
,
, .
, County Magistrate [ ],
,
14 1860 ., ,
,
, .
2, 3, 4 910-
10,11,12
, ,
,
,
. , -
. ..
, , , , ,
. . . , ,
18 !...
.
- ,
?"^
63
',
.
64
, ,
." John Wade
[ ], History of the Middle and Working Classes, 3- ,
1833 r., . 114. , , , .
. Sir .
!e/r[. ], History of the Poor, 1799 .
65
. Daily Telegraph" [ "] 17 I860 .

199-

(pottery)
22 .
. 1841 ., Children's
Employment Commissioners", - 1860 ., Privy Council (Public Health,
3rd Report", I, 112113), - . 1863 .
First Report of the Children's Employment Commission" 13 1863 .
I860
1863 . .
, , , . . .66
, , , 7 .
10 ". v ran moulds" (
).
6
9 . 9 .
. 78 ." , 15-
! . , ,
: I run moulds and turn jigger ( ).
6 , 4 .
8 . .
8 9 ; , ,
. 3 6
(1 5 ). , .
.'* , , : ;
; , ." 67
- , -- .
30.6% .4/0
20 . ,
, 2/

. - , - , :
- - ." , . -:
25 ,
." -
1860 .68
1863 . : - .
. , , :
, . . . , . ,
66
6

19, 18.

Engels [], Lage usw., . 24951.

' Children's Employment Commission. First Report etc. 1863", Evidence, . 16,

68

Public Health, 3rd Report etc.", . 102, 104, 105.

200 .
; ,
, .
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
2 / 3 . (degenerescence)
-,
, - ." , House Surgeon [ ]
, :
, ,
,
, -
." - Long
Hours" ( "). ,
,
, ,
, - ,
." 69 ,
, . 70
1833 .,
. 1845 .
, , , , , , ,
, ,
1845 .
.
13 18 .
,
- , . . , , , " \ ,
(1863 .), 270 18 , 50 10, 10 8
5 . 12, 14 15 ,
, , - ,
. ,
- .
- ,
- (block printing). -
.
69
70
71

Children's Employment Commission 1863", . 24, 22 XI.

, . XLV1I.
, . LIV.

201 6 10
- .
. : (1862) 19
6 , .
, ." . :
,
." . : 13 ... 9 , - 10 .
,
." . :
7 ,
16 !... , ,

." , :
( ",
") ,
IOV2 4*/ ,
-" 72. ( .
107 2 ?) ( )
6 ( : "
), (iterum Crispinus [.: ])
- . . .
(152 18 140 )
18 , 7
5 78*/2 . 6- ,
2 . . (1863), 8 84 !" . ,
pluralis majestatis [.:
], : ."
, block printing [.: ], : - ."
".
. ,
( ), 6
9 , (1). Factory
Act [ ] 6 6 , (\)
. . .
( ).
." , ."
, ", , . .
72
-
. 101/- ,
. -. - ,

, -" ,
", ,
"
.

202 ,
", ",
" 1216 13
18 ,
, ,
. ., . . ,
.73
(
, . )
,
,
, . ,
-, , . , .
,
, ,
" (185556) -
Adulterations detected" 74.
6 I860 .: for preventing the adulteration of articles of food
and drink" [.: ]. , ,
, - freetrader [ ], ,
, to turn an honest penny" [
"] 75 . ,
,
, ". , "
- -
, - ad oculos [.: ]
. 76

" .
73

.Children's Employment Commission", 1883, Evidence, . 123, 124, 125, 140 LIV.
, ,
, baker's stuff" [ ].
75
, , ,
. 1862 .. Juryman" [ ] , 90% , " "
" " . . . amis du commerce" [
] , " ,
, .
76
"
600 10, 20, 30 . . . ,
, . . 6 , 9, 10, 12, 19,
20, - 23, 24. 28, 30, 32
. . . : Rouard da Card [ ],
De la falsification des substances sacramentales, 1856 r.
74

203
. . , . X. . , 1863 ., . 7, , ,
. , , ,

,
,
, , , ,
, ,
. ,
freetrade" [ ], " > (
1863 .) 9 5
18 . - . ,
.

11 . ,
, V2 3 / 4 , .
, , ,
.
4 , ,
, , , . .
75 90 [24 32 ],
- - -. , . . ,
; ,
, ,
.
1
6 ,
." 78 , " [
], 11
,
, 8 . 4,5,6,
7 ,
. 6,
5 4 . -,
10 ,
77
.Report etc., relating to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers
etc.", 1852 ., Second Report etc.", 1863 r.
78
, First Report etc.*, . VI.

204, 8 ,
4 5 . , ",
4 5 . . .
underselling masters" ( ),
, -, 3 / 4
, -,
,

. . . . . . ,
10 ."79
underselling masters" , " (the unpaid labour of the men)
ttS0. . . full priced baker"
[, ]
underselling"
. / 18 12 ."81
,
,
18- ,
.82 ,
, 1824 .
.83

, -
, , 42- .
. " , .
185860 .
, .
. I860 . . 79
Report etc., relating to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers
etc.", 1852 ., First Report etc.", . LXXI.
m
George Read [ ], The History of Baking, 1848 ., . 16.
81
Report (First) etc. Evidence". full priced baker" , 108.
8
~ , . 17- 18-
Public Nuisances" [ ]
Factors (), . .
, . . GTand Jury
[ ] presentment" []
, , -
,
". (The Case of our English Wool etc.", 1685 r.,
. 6, 7.)
83
First Report etc.", . VIII.

205 , , , . ,
, , ,
-, -.
. , - , ,
, .
- , ,

."84
- -
, , . .: ,
,
.

,
" (
), ,
, ^ . . .
, 12

, , . 12 ,
,
, (are deprived")
, ."85
- . , , , ,
13-14- - , 4-
( !) 86 ,
Grand Jury
: , .

Report of Committee on the Baking Trade in Ireland for 1861".

.
86

5 1866 . ( Workman's Advocate" 13 1866 .) ,
1865 ., , , . -
, , 1867 .
9 10 . 12 . (
, ,
1830 .
, 60- ,
- 1872 . . II
, 1867 .
. .)
85

206 . . ,
10-12 8 .
5-6 d 14, 18 20 ,
, . ,
4050 . ', .
. .
, . respectable British Juryman" [ ]
,
manslaughter" [ ] . - -
" - " " "
. 87
,
, -, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
1863 . :
Death from simple Overwork" ( ).
' - , ,
,
, .
, 88
16 2 ,
30 ,
87
Reynold's Paper" [ "] 1866 .
sensational headings" [ ] : Fearful
and fatal accidents" [ ], Appalling tragedies" [
] . . . . .
: ,
.
, - , ?
, , :
.
14 50 . ,
. 29 15 - . :
15 ; 15 35 ; 14 1 / 2 ; 14 10 ; 88 40 . , 6 .
, ? : 13 , . . 78 . 10 40 ?
10 ( 10 )."
, 4 1866 .
88
F. Engels [. ], Die Lage usw., . 253, 254.

207 , .
. - .
26 7 ,
60 , 30 , ! /
,
,
89 . -
.
, ,
.
. Coroner's Jury"
[ ],

, ".
, Coroner's Jury" :
, ,

. ." ", Morning Star"
[ "],
, ,
." 90
89
- , Board of Health [ ], :
300 . ,
500 . ." - , , :
, ,
, ,
. -
. ,
26 , ,
(that spring from capital), (force economy out of labour;
, , ).
. ,
, ,
.
,
, -, -.
, -
; ;
15, 16 18 24- , ,
, , .
, ." (Dr.
Richardson [- ], Work and Overwork, Social Science Review" [
] 18 1863 .)
90
Morning Star" [. "] 23 1863 . Times" ["]
,
. ,
,
, .
,
." (Times" ["] 2 1863 .).
Standard" ["], , :
, ,
. .
16 ." - . ,

208 , , ,
. . . ..
, - -
.
; , .
, _
- .

?
( - )
31 1000 11
. ,

, .
,
, ,
, , 50 . ,
, -
1/4 .
,
1 / 4
37 50." 91
4. .
,
,
. , , ,
, ;
,
.
, ,
, .

24 .
1850 . : , ."
- ,
, , , , ",
" (Macmillan's Magazine" [ "],
1863 ., Ilias Americana in nuce [. 301]). - !
. !
91
D-r Richardson (- ), Work and Overwork, Sociol Science Review"
"] 18 1863 . [. 476 . . .]

209it ,
,
, , , .
,
, . . ,
,

. 24-
" , , ,
,
. 24- 6-
, 24- . , .

8 ( 6) 18 92 .
. 93
94 ,
,
. . -
92

Children's Employment Commission", Third Report, 1864 r., . IV, V, VI.

, ,
, . ,
. ,
, ,
, "
- ." , . 194, XXVI, Fourth
Report (1865) 61, . XIII. .
91
> , , , ,
, , '
." . Fourth Rep. 63, . XIII.

: ,
. ,
, . ,
, , ,
, . . .

.
, .
." . ,
..General Hospital" [ ] , "
(1864) , ' :
-

,
." ( , 284, . 55.) ,
, "
retainers [].
/
93

, I

14

210
12 . -

" (truly fearful") 95 . ,
9
12 , ,

." 96
,
,
, ,
.
, . , ,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,

, ,, :
, , '
." 97
,
5 J / 2 ,
4 8 7 . . .
." , 9 ,
. , 10- ,
10 , 12
9 ." ,
13 ,
12 , , .
." , 12 ,
12
14 ; ." , 9-: ,
. 3
. . 5
. ,
. . !
! ,
. .
3 , <? ,
.
7 '." . . 98
95

Fourth Rep.", 57, . .

(4th Rep. 1865), 58, . XII.
97
.
98
, . XIII. ", , ,
96

211
. , , , , .<. "
.
" .
, ,
600700 , 1 0 % 18 ,
20 ' ,
: , . 86 0 90 0 [3032 0 ]. .
,
6
6 . 12 12 .
'
. . . ,
: , 12-: . . .
, (4 fours) . . . ,
(A king is him that has all the money and gold).
, , , . ,
. ." , 12-:
. , , .*
, 14-: ,
, ; , -." ,
15-: ; ." , 15-: ." , 17-:
. . . , , ,
. ,
. ,
, . (He was not the same as other people in some
ways, because he was religious in some ways, and others is n't.") ( , 74, . XV.)
. . ." (The
devil is a good person. I don't know where he lives. Christ was a wicked man.")
( 10 ) god () dog ()
." |Ch. Empl. Comm. V. Rep. 1866, . 55, 278). ,
, .
, ,
, .
,
12 . 5 12 18 ,
5 12 6 .
24 . 18
, 24 . ,
, ,
1516 . , ,
. 13 ,
18 . , ,

, . . 24 . ,
-, 24, 36 . "
12- ,
14 , ,
- ." ,
, - , - - " (Children's Employment Commission.
Report IV, 1865", . XXXVIII XXXIX).
11*

212
(
?), -,
, . . .
20 18 . . .
(not well do) 18 .
, .
,
. . . ,
, ,
'."99
. ,
, 3,000

", ,
. 500 18 , V3 170
13 .
. : , (very
objectionable) 18 .
12 24-. ,
12 . - ,
13 14 ,
, .
, ,
, ; . ,
, , .
(,
, , .) , ,
, ^ ,
. . .
18 ,
, . (
!) ,
, (the trade)
. (As the trade with due regard to etc. could fairly bear 1
, !)
" (. . ,
-
).
" -
!> ,
-. ,
99
100

.Fourth Report etc." 1865, 79, . XVI.

, 80, . XVI.

213 , .
. ,

; "
* 6%
18 1%
! 101
. . -,
, ,
:
18 .
,
.
, ,
, , ,
( !) ." - , 4 5
... ,
(generally" ")

- ,
, ,
.' ,
, - .
,
.
, ." ? ?
? ,
, ,
, ,
.
- .
." ( ,

.
, ,
102).
,
, .
, ,
.
301

Fourth Report etc." 1865, 82, . XVII.

. , ,
, ,
- -. , ,
." (Hegel [], Enzyklopadie. Erster Teil: Die Logik,
. 249.)
102

214 . . ,
- , !"
, .
. , . ., , , ,
. . , .
, , ,
24 12. ,
,

24 ,
, , . .
. , ,
,
, ,
."
,
, " ? . .
, ,
,
.
. ,
(
), , ,
(

),
" (
)
103
.Children's Employment Commission. IV. Report 1865", . 85. , "
, , , " ", , ,
. . . . .,
, ", " "
- " :

, (the waste of animal power"),
, ,
, ,
." ( , . XLV.) " 1865!
, ,

15 20 () 6 !
14 15 ! ,
, .
- ,
, , , , .

2155. .
XIV XVII
, ?" ,
,
?
,
? , ,
: 24 ,
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
,
. 104
! , , , ,
.
, .
,
.
, - .
, , ,
. . .
,
." ,
36 ; , 12
2 , 5
(3 !), !
, , , (spell of labour"),
." ( , XLI1I XLIV.) "
. , : Britons never,
never shall be slaves!" [, !"]
101
. -
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
, "
. ( 1863),
, , 6
15 , 8 10 . , "
- -. ", in cute
curanda" [.: ],
, ,
. Obsequium ventris istis ( ) perniciosus est. [.: () .]

216 ,

. , , , , .
,
, . / . , , ,
.
.
,
, - ,

, . .105
,
.
, .
,
,
, -
, -


-, - .

..
, .
,
. -


, . ,

,
,0

, ...
." Child
Empl. Comm., IV. Report 1865% 64, . XIII.

217 , , ,
-
, . ,
, , -
- (human chattle)
- . ,
, -.
, , .
,
, -
- , ,
."106
Mutato nomine de te fabula narratur! [.: , 1]
,
, , !
-
*
, . , , -. ?
, ,
, 1785 . , 15 20,000 ." 307 1861 .

101,302 .
90 . . .
." 108 ,

. . 1834 . Poor Law Commissioners [ ]
" , v
" 109 .
Poor Law Commissioners. .

10G

Cairnes [], The Slave Power, . 110, 111.

John Ward [ ], History of the Borough of Stoke-'upon-Trent,
1843 ., . 42.
108 Hous of Commons" [ ] 27 1863?.
109
That the manufactures would absorb it and use it up.
." .
/
107

218 , . ,
; ,
, , . .
. . ,
-
,
.. . 1860 .. .
, . . .
, ,
." Bury guardian" [ "] , -
10,000 ,
30 40,000 I860 .
70 ,
. , Poor Law Board [ ],
. Workhouses" [ ]110.
110
. ,
" , ho ^
. , , ,
, "
apprentices (), " (
" . Engels [], Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse etc.) ,
,
,
". "
. ,
.
. , ,
1860
,
, ,
, . . : (
) ,
(high-priced labour).
13 4 ; 50
100 , , ,
, 4
." - (Rep. of the Insp of Factories for 30th April I860", . 27.)

4 ,
50 100 , , . ,
, Factory Act
1850 . .' .,
.

219 , . .
, , ,
, 111. ,
,
,
,

the principle of natural selection [ ]. - 112. , "
,

- , .
, , ,
,
. Apres moi le deluge! [.:
!] . , . .
- .
- 10 ,
,
." (Rep. of the Insp. of Fact. 31st. Oct. 1855", . 103.) 1851 .
, ,
'. : , ,
. . . - -
." (Rep. of the Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1853", . 85.)
111
;

." England and America", 1833 ., I,
. 55. ( . . .)
112
: Public Health. Sixth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council 1863", , 1864 .
. ,
- , , , ,
,
. - , , ,
." (Thornton
[], Over-Population etc., . 74, 75.)
30.000 galant Highlanders" [ ),
wynds [] closes [] .
113
, , , ...

220 ,
- : ,
()? , ,
.
1.
.
. .
14 18 115.
, .
, - ,

,
,
,
. , "
, , , . . , / 4 ,
. , , 14 .
17 (
." (Times" ["]
5 1861 .) ,
... , . . ." (Report of the Registrar general for October 1861".)
1U
., 1863 . 26 , .
, ". " " . . ,
... ,
." (Child. Empl. Comm. 1st Rep. 1863", . 322.)
114: - .
.
(1871). - ,
,
, "
1 . ,
,

1
/
1,5
, , . ., 1813 .,
.

.221
, , 19 ,
- . ,
. - - 12 ,
17
, .716
Statute of Labourers" [ ] (23 Eduard
III 1349 ") ( ,
)
, , , ,
" (. . , ,
, ) 117 .
,
.
1496 . ( VII).
(artificers)

5 7 8 ,
1 , 1 V2 / 2
, . .
, 118 .
5 .
1562 . ,
110
- 12
10 General Statutes of Massachusetts",
63, 12. ( 1836 1858 .) ,
10 ,
, , , ,
, . , ,
10 60
; , 10
." State of New Jersey,
fln act of limit the hours of labour etc. 61 and 62". ( 11 1855 .)
12 15
11 , 5 71]2 .* Revised
Statutes of the State of Rhode Island etc.", . 39, 23, 1 1857.
* T. . 23- III. . .
117
Sophisms of Free Trade", , 1850 ., . 205.
: ,
,
464 . . ." ( , . 206.)
118
. : 1496 .
, */3 !/ ,
- ,
, ,
- ." (J. Wade [. ], History
etc., . 24, 25 577.) - Chronicon Pretiosum etc."
Fleetwood [], I ., 1707 ,
.

222 ", :
,
2 /2 2 . , "
.
. 1 . (
8 ).
- .
, , , ,
,
17- : (labouring men, ) 10 20 ,
: ,
; ,
-
, 11 1
1 / 20 Y20 -,
." 119
- ,
1833 .
? , ,
, apprentices* ().
17-
:
, , ,
,
." , , ,
" 120.
119

W. Petty [. ], Political Anatomy of Ireland, 1672, . or 1691 r., . 10.

,,fl. Discourse on the Necessity of Encouraging Mechanick Industry",
1689, . 13. ,
, : . . . 17-
. ,
, , 6 .
, , ,
exultation" () , , 12,000
. - , , .
. . . , ,
, ." (History of England", 1, . 419.) , " amis du commerce [
] 17 exultation"
4 vertue mise en pratique" [, ]
fl. . , , , ,
- -, - , .
, , .
amis du commerce" [ "]
exultation"

120

223 - 18 , . ,
, .
. ,
,
4 .
.
-
, . . ,
, - -, - Essay
on Trade and Commerce" .
:
,
, (industrious poor) 5
, , .
,
- ,
.
-
, , (the perpetual slavery of the
working people"); all work and no play" (
, , ). ,
?
? , ,
.
- ,

; ,
? . . .
(hard driven animals) ? . . .
4 , . :< , ." !
121
-
: ftn Essay on Trade and Commerce, containing Observations on Taxation etc.", 177.0. : Consideration on Taxes", 1765 rvI~io . : Money answers all things", 1734 r.,
fln Enquiry into the Causes of the Present High Price of Provi'sions", 1767 r., - ,
Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce", Great Britain's
Commercial Interest explained and improved", , 1755 .
,
.

224 5 .
, (degenerate)
. ,
, , ,
, , -,
? - , , ?
, ,
, , 122 !"
Essay on Trade and Commerce" :
, , ( :
), . . .
, 4 ,
. . . ,

5
. 5 ; 4, 4 . . .
-
, ,
4 , ,
. . . , ,
, 6
. ,
, - (labouring poor) 123 ,

. , 124 . . .
-,
- -
( ) . , , ,
; -
, -
.
(independent of their superiors")...
122

Postlethwayt [], , First Preliminary Discourse", . 14.

fln Essay etc." . 96
1770 . " .
(their working powers") (on the stretch");
- (they cannot live cheaper than they do"),
-" (nor work harder").
124
, , .
123

225 mobs []
, 7/8
125 ... ,
6
, 4 126. , ,
", . . ,
" : , , ,
, " (art ideal workhouse).
(House of Terror)." 127 ",
workhouse" [ ] 14
, ,
.( 12 "128.
workhouse",
1770 .! -, 1833 .,

13 18 12
!
1852 .,
,
: , 12 ,
, !" 129 10
12 ; 13 16 1862 .
121/2 12 ; , 1860 .,
14 16 12 130.
. 1770 ", exultation" [] !
125

Essay etc.", . 15, 41, 96, 97, 55, 57.

, 69. 1734 .,
.
, 4.
127
Rn Essay etc.", . 242: ,
', , ' ,
."
128
In this ideal workhouse the poor shall work 14 hours in a day, allowing proper
time for meals, in such manner that there shall remain 12 hours of neat labour." (
.) " ."
{ , . 78.)
129
12 - ,
, , ,
." (Rep. of Insp. of Fact. 31st. Oct.
1856", . 80.) , 5
1850 ., 2
1848 ., Ateliers [] .
. 14,
15 . Des classes ouvrieres en France, pendant l'annde 1848. Par
M. Blanqui" []. , , , .
130
. , 15
, I
126

226 " ,
1770 .,
" .
. .
6. .
.
18331864 .
,

, 12 , 18 ,
.
, ,
. ,
, , 1860 .
,
" .
.

, , -
, .
.
1802 1833' . 5 ,

, . .133.
, Foreign Office [ ] 12 1862 .:
, ,
; 3

,
, " !
131
,
12 .
,
14 24- . . . , ,
,
,
13 , " , . . .
,
, ,

." (Leonard Horner [ ) Reports of Insp. of Fact, for
31st. Dec. 1841.")
132
Judgement of Mr. J. H. Otwey, Belfast, Hilary Sessions, County Antrim I860."
133
, le roi bourgeois [-],
, 22 1841 .
. .
8 8 12 , 12
12 16 . ., ,

227
. , 1833 . (were worked") ,
, ad libitum 134 [.: ].
1833 . ,
, . -
1833 1864 .|
1833 . ,
5/ 8 1 / 2
, , 15 ,
(. . 13 18 ),
, ,
12
, .
,

IV2 33 ." 9 ,
, -, ,
9 13 8 . , . . Q1/^
5> , 9 18 .

, ",
,
.
,
25
1833 ., ,
. , -
, , ."
" " (System of Relays" ; Relay , ,
), . \2
lVg 9 13 ,
IV2 8V2 , . .
, -
,
. , ,
amis du commerce" [ ]. 1853 .
Departement du Nord [ ] /
. - , 1848 .
,
1
134
Rep. of Insp. of Fact. 30th April 1860", . 51.
15*

22822 , . ,
1 1834 . 11 , 1 1835 .
12 1 1836 . ' 13 * 8 ! ", ",
, - , R. , .
, . , . ., - -
physicians surgeons [ ],
, periculum in
mora [.: ], - :
, , ()
- ." 135
" , 13
72- , , >

- 45 !
,
. , 8-
.
- . ,
1836 , . , 1835 .
13 12 .
the pressur from without [ ]
. .
13- 8
[ ] 1833 .
. 1844 .
, ,
,
. , 1833 . 15- 5/
82 "
" , ,
,

Relays-system",
, .
*35 Legislation is equally necessary for the prevention of death, in any form in
which it can be prematurely inflicted, and certainly this must be viewed as a most
cruel mode of inflicting it."

229 ,
- .
, , ^
.

?
.
(1844) Relays-system. 136
. , 1838 .,
,
.
,
1833 .,
" ", - -
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
Free Trade 137 [ ].
- ,
1833 . ^ -
, , - " 138
.
7
1844 . 10 1844 .
,
18 . ,
12 ,
. .
.
18441845 . :

" 139 13
6V2 7 140 .
136 Rep. of Insp. of Fact. 31st October 1849", . 6.
Rep. of Insp. of. Fact. 31st October 1848", . 98.
13
8 , : , n e f a r i o u s practice'.
(Rep. of insp. of Fact. 31st October 1859", . 7.)
'39 Rep. etc. for 30th Sept. 1844", . 15.
140
10 , ,
. .
'

137

230 v Relays-system"
:
,
, .*
. 8 , 10 ,
, .

, . - ,
.
, , , . ,
12 , 1
. , '
, .
,
3 .
1 . 5 . ,
,
, . .
, : , , ,
, .

. ,

. -
,
- , ,
. 18441847 12-
, ,
, .
" ". 9 8 ,
,
", .
1846 1847 .
,
, ! ,
. , - .
141
(), ,
8 9 ." (Rep. etc. 30th Sept.
1844", . 13.)

231-

, .

, ,
, .
8 1847 . ,
I 1847 .
" ( 13 18 )
II , 1 1848 . 10 .
1833 1844 .
,
1 1848 . ,
,
. . ,
18461847 .
,
, .
- ,
. ,
-
,
, ,
."142 10/.
, , . 870/, '-
11 , 10 . , , '
25/0143.

1847 . ,
, , .
,
"
, . ,
, ."144
,
-
.
142

Rep. of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1848", . 16.

, , 10 ,
1 10%
. 6 , 2 .
6 ." ( .)
144
, ,
. ? ,
. ",
." ( , . 102.)
113

232 ,
. .
. 70 0
10- ,
11- 12 145 .
" ,
- 12 15
-
. "
. ,
, ,
10 - , ;
,
piecers []
- ,
: -,
" 146.
1 1848 .
, ,

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, !
Joi des suspects" [ ]. .
, , 1833 .
,* . Proslavery Rebellion [ ]
, 2 , , , .
, ,
1833, 1844 1847 . ,
145
Rep. of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1848", . 17. .
10,270 - 181 .
,
. 1848 .
.
146
. 69, 70, 71,
72, 92, 93 . 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 70 ".
. 14 265, .

233 ;
- 18 1833 . 15-
5 7 81/2 ",
- , , , .
- , 1 ,

-. , ,
, ! 147
.
:
10
,
. 9 7 , , 9 7 , . . 172 .
,
, 1 V2"Ta
." 148 , 1844 .

,
. . ! 9 ? ,
10 ,
9 7 " 149.

,
1844 . .
, 1844 .
1 8 13 , 12 . 1 ^" 4
, 12
-! , 12
, 12 1 1 ; 2 4
2 5 8 2 3 7? ,
7 . -:
8 72 ,
2 ,
8 1 / 2
. ,
10 ,
8 13-
147
148
149

Reports etc. for 31st October 1848", . 133, 134.

Reports etc. for 30th April 1848"., . 47.
Reports etc. 31st Oct. 1848", . 130.

234 8 1 / 2 ,
." 150
. :
!
!"
[, , IV, 1, 206.]

,
26 1850*., , 15 1850 .
3,742 , 275 " 151 .
! , 1844 .
30
,
.
2 8 2 ,
!
,
." 152
[, , IV, 1, 252.]

1844 .,
,
,
". ,
Relayssystem". ,
1844 .,
-
15- , (comparatively harmless), 12 .
" (hardship) 153. - ,

154.
150

Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1848", . 42.

Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1850", . 5, 6.
152
,
. , - ,
: , ,
( ) ". (The labourer is his (the capitalist's) money.")
. , , .
" ". 10- ! ' , -
,
.
153
Reports etc. for 30th April 1848", . 28.
151
, , - . (Reports etc. April 1849", . 4.)

235, - ".
,
." 155
' Relays-system [ ]
, (what of that)? , (some little trouble) ?" 1 5 6
, , .
. , 5 1848 .
,
,

10 ". . 15-
,
. , , ,
.
, ,
county magistrates15, ?
. .
, ,
-,
, .
, . -
,
, ,
Borough Justices [ ] ,
, . , -,
.
, ,
. ,
. 158. 159.
155

Reports etc. April 1849", . 134.

, . 140.
157
county magistrates" great unpaid" [ ],
. , , .
.
, 8
' Reports etc. for 30th Rpril 1849", . 21, 22.
, . 4, 5.
109
1 2 IV [ IV], . 24, 10,
^
, ,
" , .
,)6

236
.. .
, , , ,
. . . .
!" 160

1848 . , .
10 7

[ ] . . . -
.
,
. . . .
, ,
Relays-system [ ], 10 ? . . . 1849 .
118 ,
.
13 ] 2 , 6 7 1 / 2 ;
15 , 5 1 / 2 8 L J 2 .* 161
1848. 65 29
, ,
- 162 . (shifted) . ., 15 163 .
, ,
, ,
,

"! 164
,

,
courtes seances" [ ],
, .
, ,
" (what a reasonable degree of care and
method can accomplish"). 12 15 , . 15-
30 , ,
, ieo
161
162
163
164

Reports etc. for 30th April 1849", . 21, 22.

, . 5.
Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1849", . 6.
Reports etc. for 30th April 1849", . 21.
Reports etc. 1 Dec. 1848", . 95.

237 , , ,
10- . ,
.
,
15 ,
.
,
, .
, ,
12 15
,
, .
, , 10-
12- . .
10- ,
12 15 165 . , 10- !
, ,
, 10 ,
, ,
,
, , 166.
-
- Court
of Exchequer, 8 1850 .,
1844 ., ,
.
."167 ,
,
168.
. ,
. 165 Reports etc. for 30th April 1849", . 6,
shifting system" [ ],
Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1848".
, 1849 .
shift system".
566 . . The Factory Question and the Ten Hours Bill", R. H. Greg
[P. X. ], [. . .] 1837 .
167
Engels [. ], Die englische Zehnstundenbill" (
Neue Rheinische Zeitung '[ "], Politisch-okonomische
Revue", 1850 ., . 13). "

, .
168 Reports etc. for 30th April 1850."

238 .
,
! ,
.
:
.
, ,
, . , ,
-
. ."
.
,
5 1850 .
" 5
10 102 , 1\2 .
169,
1 2- , 1844 . . .
Relays-system [ ]170. 1844 .
, , .
. 1833 . ,
10
, " (if
the liberty of working children of any age for 10 hours a day was taken
away, it would stop their works). He 13 . .
-
17 \
10 , ,
, 172,
1844 . " " 11 - 1/? > 11 13 10

. : , -.
169 7
7 .
170 ( 1850 .) ,
,
,
." (Reports etc. for 30th April 1852", . 14.)
ni Reports etc. for 30th Sept. 1844", . 13.
172 .

239 ." 173

,
. - '1850 . 1844 . , "
11 13
10 10'/2 . : -
." 174 - * ,
,
, " 175. , .176
1850 . " 15-
5 l / 2 8 1 / 2 12- 6
.
2 /2 ,

. The delicate texture of the fabric in which they were employed requiring a
lightness of touch, only to be acquired by their early introduction to these factories." (Rep.
etc. for 30th Sept. 1844", . 20.)
174 Reports etc. for 31st. Oct 1861\ . 26.
175 , . 27. , , .
,
.
, -
. ".
1861 .:

100,000

149
42-6
373
41-9
31 0
149
366
304

593
708
547
611
691
588
721
726
305

--

100,000

644
734
564
603
804
705
665
727

180
34-9
204
300
26-0
17'2
193
139

340

176 . .

240
. .
,
15 .
3 ,
- .
1853 . 1850 . -
".
1850 ., , , , 178.
179.

*Printworks' Act" (
. .) 1845 . ,
",
! 8
13 16 , 6 10
, .
13
180 . 181.
, , - , .
18531860 ., , - . ,


' 1 7 7 Reports etc. for 30th April 1853", . 31.
178
, -
, 1859 1860 .,
-/
. . .
,
, : ,
, ' 2
(20 ) - ,
, ,
, . .. ,
60 , 6 6 ,
1
." (Reports etc. for 30th April 1860", . 30.)
179
, , Parliamentary Return [ ]: Factory Regulations Acts"
(9 1859), Leonhard Horner [], Suggestions for
Amending the Factory Acts to enable the Inspectors to prevent illegal working, now
become very prevalent".
180
( 1857 .) 8
- 6 9 ." (Reports etc. for
31st Oct. 1857", . 39.)
181
, ,
." (Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1862", . 52.)

241, ,
"182.
" " 183. , '
, ,
.
, . I860 .
184
I860 ., 186.
" (1863)
(
), , , , , (fustian cutting) , finishing" (
). 1863 . *185 ,
182

. . Times" ["] 24 1863 .

Times" .
183
. . ,
Tooke ] History of Prices".
?
184
, 1860 ., , 1 1861 . 12 ,
1 1862 . 10 , . . 10*/2
1112 . 1862., .
, 12- , . ..
( ) , 12
- . . .
bill [.: ] ." (Reports etc. for
31st Oct. 1862", . 14, 15.) , ,
, ,
1860 . , ",

calenderers" finishers" [.:
]. , ,
Common Pleas" [ : ] .
,
" ( , . 18).
185 " 1860 . " ,
. , ,
".
90 100 , . Cooling"
() , . 15 . 8090(>
, I

16

242 , , ,
( 8 ),
- . 18- 9 5
. - , "
, .185
7. .

,


,
. ,

.
, , -

, 2732 ] , 100 [ ., 38
.] cambrics [.: ].
10 . , .
,
.
, 9 12
." (Reports etc. for 31st Oct 1862", . 56) : ;
, . . . ,
- ( ,
, , !).
- : , , ,
- . ,
,
,
." ( ,
. 56, 57.)
1863 .,
": ,
. . . , ,
8. ,
, ." ( , . 52.) ,
, .

14 , ,
. , ,
,
." (Reports etc. for 30th April
1863", . 40.)
i85a : 1866 ., ,
, .

243
,
.
- ,
:
: , - ,
, , ,
-

. J6
-
, , .
, 19 187.
, ,

,
, . , , , - ,
, . . .188,
,
.
,
, ,
, , (factory)18.
: ,
, ,
" ,

.
, .
18(5
( )
, ."
(Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1848", 113.)
187
, , .
, , :
." (Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1864
. 8.)
188

Children's Employment Commission"
[.: ).
189
(1864) . . .
, , , ,

." (Reports etc. for 31st. Oct. 1864", . 8.)

16*

244 ,
- , 190 .
,
,
, 191.

,
" ,
"192.
.
, 12-
193, , - .

.
,
, ,

194 . 190
, ,
.
", , . 1,000
733 , 88 , 135 44 16 ;
. . 1,000 : 668 , 149 , 98
85 16 . , 2
8 , 1 . 8 , 1 . 2 '/2 .
1863 ., 1850 .,
, . , .
191

,
10- --
,
",
. ,
Factory Hcts" [.:
], .
192
Ure [], , Philosophie des Manufactures", 1835 .,
. II, . 39, 40, 67, 77 . .
m
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Reports etc. for 31 st. Oct. 1861", . 20.) , .
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197
Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1848", . 112

246
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1850", . 45.) , . ,
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etc. for 31st Oct., 1864", . 34.) ., ^ . . .
14- . ." (Reports etc. for 30th
April 1863", . 4 0 )
199
Friedrich Engels [ ], Lage usvv., . 5.
200
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247 , . . ,
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249
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250
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204
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10 ... .
." (An Essay on the Political Economy of Nations",
1821 .,205. 47, 49.)
(farmer) ;
, .
: ,
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; .
, ." (An Inquiry into the Connection
between the present Price of Provisions, and the Size of Farms etc. By a Farmer*. -

252 - ,
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capitalist-farmer" [.: -] merchant-farmer"
[.: -], ,
small-farmer" [.: ],
.
, or
." (.Textbook of Lectures on the Political Economy of Nations".
, 1852 III, . 39.)
205 ,
, I (
: , -,
, . ,
1843 ., " ,
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. , 2
,
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JKon], Entwicklung der Chemie. 1873 ., 709 716,.
Schorlemmer [], Rise and Progress of Organic Chemistry, 1879 r...
. 54. . .)
206 Jlymep ".

253. , , , .
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,Glazgow Daily
Mail" [ *] 25 1849 . 207
207

Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 30th April 1849", . 59.

254 ",
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12 10 . . .
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, 10,

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Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 30th April 1849", . 60.
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.256

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[ ], Political Anatomy of Ireland, 1672 ., 64).
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[. ] Money answers etc., . 15). ,
,
. . .
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R^flSxions etc., Oeuvres", Daire, I, . 10.)
."
IMalthus [], Inquiry into etc. Rent, 1815 ., . 48, .)

257
, .



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[], Delia Moneta", . 159.)
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17

258 ,
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259 ,
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260 . ,
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183.2 r., . 49, 50.)

261
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, , -
-,
, ,
, ,
- ." (The Advantages of the East-India
Trade to England", 1720 ., . 67.)
5
, ,ce ,
,
." IConsiderations concerning taking
of the Bounty on Corn exported etc.", 1753 ., . 7.)
: ; , -, . . .
, ,
. , ." ( , . 3).
, . , " ( Prize Essay on the comparative Merits of Competition and
Co-operation", 1834 ., . 27.)

262 .
.
,
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. , . , 1 . 10
-, 10
- ,
12 , -, 12
1200 120.. ,
14 1400 , . . -, , tutti quanti [. :
] ,
, ,
, 15 10.
G
lis conviennent que plus on peut, sans prejudice, epargner de frais ou de travaux dispendieux dans la fabrication des ouvrages des artisans, plus cette epargne est
profitable par la diminution du prix de ces ouvrages. Cependant ils -croient que la
production de richesse qui resuite des travaux des artisans consiste dans l'augmentation
de la veleur venale de laurs ouvrages." (Quesnay [], Dialogues sur le Commerce et
sur les Travaux des Artisans, . 188, 189J.
7
, , - ." (J. N. Bidaut [], Du Monopole qui s'etablit dans les arts industrielles et le commerce, 1828 ., . 13.)
, " (Dugald Stewart [ !, Works,
. , VIII, 1855 ., Lectures on Political Economy, . 318.)
() ,
, -.
." (R. Jones [P. ],
Textbook of Lectures etc., III.)

263 ,
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264 , - . ,
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. .

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266
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10
Concours de forces" [.: ]. Destutt de Tracy [
], Traite de la volonte etc., . 78.
11
, ,
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, ,
." (. 0.
Wakefield [], R view of the Rrt of Colonization, 1849 ., . 168.)

. , ,
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colledge of industry, 1696 ., . 21.)

267 12 1'2. ,
, 13,
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(
300 * 10 30 ) , . , , 1 : 4 3 : 1 2 ; ,
, - -
. , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 ,
, (gangs)
." (,An Inquiry into the Connection between the present Price
of provisions and the size of farms. By a Farmer", 1773 ., . 7, 8.)
13
, . , ,
.
14
,
, . . , ,
- , ,
, ,
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des richesses sociales, 2-po ., 1840 ., I, . 97, 98.)

268 , ,
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,
, ft
.
, , . , , , . .

, 12 , . 100 1200 .

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(concours)." (Destutt de Tracy
[ ], Traite de la Volonte etc. [. 78. Mock, .]
1,1
( )
-." (An Inquiry into the Connection between the present
Price etc.", . 7.) - ." (L\ebig
[], Ueber Theorie und Praxis in der Landwirtschaft [. Mock, ],
1856 r., . 23.)
17
, ,
, .
, , ,
, ,
, ." (Bengal
Hurkaru. Bi-Monthly Overland Summary of News", 22 1861 r.)

269
,
(faux frais), ,

18.

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18
, -
500 , , - 100 ."
(is concentrated),
,
, - " (R. Jones [P. ], fin Essay on the Distribution of
Wealth On Rent, 1831 r, . 191).
19
,
, - ,

." (G. R. Carli [. . ], P. Verri [. ],
Meditazioni etc., XV, . 196.)

270,
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10. ,

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27 V
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, *Spectator" ["] 3
1866 ., ,
Wirework Company of Manchester" [.:
] , , , , ,
, , - ".
Rochdale cooperative experiments [.:
] , they showed that associations
of workmen could manage shops, mills, and almost all forms of industry with success,
and they immensely improved the condition of the men, but then they did not leave a
clear place for masters" ( ,
, , , '
." Quelle horreur 1 [.: !])

272 - ,

faux frais de production [.: ]. 513 , , ,
,
, ,
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100 .
100 . 100
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21
. . superintendence of labour" [.:
]
, : ( ) ,
. ." Cairnes [], The
Slave Power, . 48, 49.)
22
, , :
(private
industry), , - ?" (Principles of Political Economy", 1767 r., I, . 167, 168.)
2
-a
,
.

273 , ,
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23
R. Jones [P. ], Textbook of Lectures etc, . 77, 78. , . .
.
23 , Theorie des lois civiles"
, () .
24
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274 , , .

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?" (Berkeley [], The Querist, 1750., . 56, 251 )

275
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. , 183839 ., . 79.) , . (
: ,
, . . . .)

18*

276 , . . . .

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277 -
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,
- -, - ." (The Advantages of the East-India Trade", 1720 ., . 71.)
28
, , ." (Th. Hodgskitz
|. ], Popular Political Economy, [ 1827 . Mock, .) . 48.)

278, .22 ,

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29
... .
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,
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." (Diodorus Siculus [ ], Historische
Bibliothek, I, . 74 [. 117, 118. . .])
30
.Historical and descriptive Account of British India etc." Hugh Murray [
], James Wilson [ ] ., 1832 ., II, . 449 [450].
, . . .

279. ., ,
.

-, ,
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31
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280 , : , , , ,
, , , ; , .
( ),
, , acheveur de pignon (
; , . . facettes),
-, planteur de finissage (
), finisseur de barillet ( ,
, ),
, ,,
, , (
), planteur d'echappement ( ( ])^
repasseur de barillet (
), ,
, , ,
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), faiseur de secret ( , ), ,
ciseleur [], polisseur de botte ( ), . . . .,.
- repasseur,
.
. membra disjecta [.: ]
, -
. , ,

,-
, , . ,
. .
. ,
.
,
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. . 32 32 1854 . 80,000
.
, , , . 1850
1861 . 750,000 . . Report from Geneva on
the Watch-Trade" Reports by H. M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation on the
Manufactures, Commerce etc. 6, 1863". ,
,
,

281, , (, etablisseur), ,
. 33
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, -." (The Advantages of the East-India Trade", . 106.)
35
,
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282 36 . , -
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30
( ) ,
, . . . ,
,
. ,
." (Dugald Stewart [ ], Works,
. . , , VIII, 1855 ., Lectures etc., . 319.)
37
- - (artists.
. .] . . . ,
. -
." (.The Advantages etc.", . 68.)
38
,
, .

283 4,000, 8,000

.
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, hole" ()
bottle maker [.: ] finisher [], blower [], gatherer [], putter up
[] whetter off [] taker in [].
39

-
, ,
, ,
. . . ." (Ch. Babbage [. ], On the Economy of
Machinery [ . :. .], 1832 ., . XXI, . 172, 173.)
40
, , . .

284
, , . .
.
, . , . 4 ,

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43. 41
, , , , , .The Advantages ot the East-India Trade" . .
42
16
.
43

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285 , ,
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46
, . .
47
,
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, :

286-

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40
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Ure {], Plilosophy etc., . 19.

287-

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].], Popular Political Economy, . 125, 126.)
53
1861 ., ,

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289-

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56
A. Ferguson [fl. ], History of Civil Society, 1767 ., IV,
II, . 285.

, I

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290-

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: -
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Publick Benefits". ( , , 1706 .; 1714 .)
58
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claims of Capital", 1825 ., . 25.)
- . .
58
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291


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." (Karl Marx [ ), Misere de la Philosophie, . 130, 131).
60
Mark W.lks [ ], Historical Sketches of the South of
India, 18101817 ., I, . 118120.
George Campbell [
], Modern India, 1852 .

293 , . ., , , ,
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294-

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Misere de la Philosophie etc., . 134.)

.. . " (.Works", . . , , VIII,

1855 ., Lectures etc.", . 318).

295 ,
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1815 .,iG 1, . 204.)
A. Ferguson [. ], History of Civil Society, . ,281 :
, ."
67

,
, . . .
, ." (W. Thompson [. ], An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution
of Wealth, 1824 .. . 274.)

296 - , , , .*68 , 18
, .-69
.
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? 08

A. Ferguson [ft. ], History of Civil Society, 280.

J. D. Tuckett (. . ], ft History of the Past and Present State of the
Labouring Population, 1846 ., I, . 148.
70
A. Smith [ft. ], Wealth of Nations, V, 1, 2.
ft. , , ft.
. ,
professo [: ] , .
. 5- , ,
. Misere de la Philosophie"
, . ,

. (Karl Marx [ ], Misere de la Philosophie, 1847 .,
. 122 .)
71
History of Civil Society", . 281 :
(of separations) ."
69

297
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[.: ] , , ,
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72

. , V , . 25.
, , 1713 .
: De morbis artificum", 1581 .
1841 . Encyclopedic des Sciences Medicales, 7-me Discours: Ruteurs
Classiques". , ,
. : .Hygiene physique et morale de i'ouvrier dans les grandes villes en general, et dans la ville de Lyon en particulier" - R.
. , 1858 ., Die Krankheiten, welche verschiedenen Standen, Rltern und
Geschlechtern eigentumlich sind", 6 , I860 . 1854 r. Society of Arts [.:
] . , ,
Twickenham Economic Museum". Reports
on Public Health". Eduard Reich [ ], tleber die Entartung des Menschen,
1868r.
74
subdivide a man is to execute him, if he deserves the sentence, to assassinate
him if he does not . . . the subdivision of labour is the assassination of a people."
(D. Urqahart [. ], Familiar Words, 1855 ., . 119).
.
. , ,
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73

298- ,
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75
, a priori
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,76
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the East India Trade" ., -
.
77
18 ,
,
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, ...

." (Cesare Beccaria [ ], Elementi di Economia Pubblica, , Parte Moderna, XI, . 28.) , -
, Diaries" []
, Dialogue concerning
Happiness", 1741 ., - Three ThVeatises etc.", 3- ,
1772 . [. 292]: ,
( "),
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299 , ,
78, 79. ,
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].
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80

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81
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300

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83.
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82
() . . .
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83
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301-

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85. ,
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Ure [], Philosophy etc., . 20.

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XVIII ,
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It is questionable, if all the mechanical inventions yet made have lightened the
day's toil of any human being". : of any human being not
fed by other people's labour" [ ,
], .
87
. Course of Mathematics" .
8S

: , , . ., , ,
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[ ], Die Bewegung der Produktion, 1843 r., . 38.) , .

303-

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304-

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305-

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306-

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307
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310-

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cottongin [ "],
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313-

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The Industry of Nations", 1855 r., II, . 239. : ,
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314 ,
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316-

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upon Trade" (1691) , ,
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113
, 117% . (1832 ) ,
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319
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116
. () - ,
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115

\ >.

320 ,
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Report of the Social Science Congress at Edinburgh', . 1863 r.
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Reports" [] ^ , ..Children's Employment Commission' | ] Reports on Public Health" [
].
122
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Children's Employment Commission"
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323
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Public Economy Concentrated", 1833 ., . 66.
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124
Children's Employment Commission, V. Report", 1866 ., . 81, 31.
( :
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125
Child. Empl. Comm, III. Report", 1864 r., . 53, 15.
126
, V. Report, . XXIII, 137.

19*

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16 , 100,000
9,000 (
7,047), 24 10,000, 11,000; 39
11,000, 12,000; 48 12,000, 13,000; 22
20,000; 25 21,000; 17 22,000; 11 23,000;
, , --
24,000; , 25,000;
26.000 26,125127. * 1861 .,


, , , . .,

, ,
128 . , , . " 129.
1861 . ,
, ,
- . -
.
VI. Report on Public Health" 13. , , ,
. ,
, , , , ,
127

Sixth Report on Public Health", 1864 r., . 34.

( 1861 .) . . . , ,
, ,
,

, . . . , ." ( .)
129
.Sixth Report on Public Health", . 454.
130
, 1864 ., . 454463. Report by Dr. Henry Julian Huntet
[] on the excessive mortality of infants in some rural districts of England."
128

325 " . 70 , -
, " .
, , .
; , gangmaster",
, .
;
,
, ;
. ,
, ." 132
,
-
13, , ,
- , Privy Counsil [
] redacteur en chef [ ] Public
Health" [ ], ,
."134

. , , ,
." 1)
, ,
.
" , .
,
, ,
,
- "
14 -, .

, ,
, 131

Sixth Report on Public Health", 1864 ., . 35 . 455, 456.

, . 456
,
.
. ..
. , - ." ( ,
. 459). , ,
" ( , . 460). .
134
Sixth Report on Public Health', 1864 ., . 37.
136
Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st. Oct 1862", . 59.
- .
13

133

326
.
, (delusive law), ,
, ,
. ,
(3 )
, , ,
,
,
." 136
1844 ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
: . , ?1- ,lh jeh, Ebbes
(summat)' [ ] .
: , .'"
1844 . , ,
. , , , 1844 .
,
" 137 . , ,
. , , Mrs. Ann Killin [- ].
, ,
, , , .
, , ,
, . , ,...
, 15
10 , 75 , ." 1:58
, ,

, 3 . , , ,
- ,
. ,

.
, ,
136
137
138

Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 30th June 1857", . 17.

, .Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct 1855",-. 18. 19.
.Reports of Insp. of Fact for 31st Oct. 1858", . 31, 33.

327 ; ,

(educated)." 139
, .

." 140 ., . ,
, 30 150 - ,
.

30
150 .. . 8 6 . , 21| - 5 ,
150- .
, 5
30 , 30- ,
150 ,
,
, ,
, , . .. ,
150 , -
,
,
, ,
.
-
. 3 5 ,
- . .
8 11 , 1 4
,
3 ; 34
,
,
, ;
(buffeted) ,
, 150- ." 141 ,
139 Reports etc. for 31st. Oct. 1857", . 17, 18.
140
Sir J. K'licaid [ . ], Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st. Oct. 1856*
. 66141
. Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st. Oct. 1857", . 41, 42.
, -
( Print Work's Act [ ].
- ), . , ,
. , :

328 - , -
&
. 142
)
- , . . ,
, ,
- _, -
. ,

, ..
-
.
perpetuum mobile [.:
], , : .

, .143

-
. 144
, , ,
, - ,
, . ,
." (Children's Empl. Commission, IV. Report", 1865 ., . 253.)
. 1 4 2 - ., , , ; , ,
, ; -
, . ,
'
." (Ten Hours'Factory Bill. The Speech of Lord Ashley, 15th March",
1844 r., . 20.)
143
, ." (Robert Owen [ ],
Observations on the effects of the manufacturing system, 2. ., 1817 . [. 16.
. .]
144
, ,
,
,

, . , . , , : :
,

, ,

329 . -
, - ,
, -
, .
, ,
,
, .

. ,
, 7 V2 16 ,
, , 15 8 .
- - ,
7V 2 , 15.
.
, ; , . , . , -, ,

. 145

. ,
-
146 . , -
,
, - .
- . -
, , , - - .


, - ."
(J. F.elden [. ], The Curse of the Factory System, 1836 ., . 11.)

1844 .: , , , 6 12 , -
, 5 . 24-
6 , ."
145
... ." (Ure [], Philosophy of
Manufactures, 1835 ., . 281.)
116
" (. Times" [.*] 26 1862) : (
") ,
, - -
, .'

330-

- 147 ,
, .
.
-.148

, ,
, ,
. .
,
.149
, ,
. , -
, ,
, ,
- . 150 ,
- ,
, , . ,
. , ,
. , ,
, 18 .
(. . )
, ,
- 100,000 . ." 161 1 , , , 100 000 . .1
,
! 147
.
-
." (Babbage [], On the Economy of Mach'nery and Manufactures,
1832 ., . 211.)
148
, ,
1,200 . ., 60 . . . . , , - ."
8- 24-, ( , . 233).
149
,

, (floating)
, (fixes, ] . . .

." (R. Torrens [], On Wages and Combination,
1834 ., . 4.)
150
,
, . .
.
151
Senior [], Letters on the Factory Ret, 1837 ., . 13, 14.

331-

,
" .152


, ,
, , ,

-
.
, ,
-
"
- . .


,
,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, . , . .
, ,
, , . .
. .
, 24.
24- 12 ,
24 -,
24 . 152
. [] . .. ." . . ,
"
( , . 13). , ,
- . . , , ,
,
, ,
." (Reports of the Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct 1862", . 19.)

332
,
, , , , ,
, .
,

,

153 ,
,
.
,
,
, , -
,
,
, . ,
. , -
-

.
, - ,
, ,
,

,
, , ." 166 ,
,

16. 153
, '
.
151
- ,
, redundant population" [.:
].
155
F. Biese [. ], Die Philosophie des Aristoteles, , 1842 ..
. 408.
156
, ,
, , :

Schonet der mahlenden Hand, o Miillerinnen, und schlafet

SanftI Es verkiinde der Hahn euch den Morgen umsonst 1

333, , !" , ,
- -,
. , , , - .
.
. ,
, eminent spinners", extensive sausage makers" influential schoe black dealers" [.:
", " "] .
)

, , -,
,

.
, -, . ,
.

.
,

,
,

. , ,
, ,
, ,
,
Dao hal die Rrbeit der Madchen den Nympen befohlen,
(Jnd itzt hupfen sie Ieicht iiber die Rader dahin,
Dass die e^schOtterten Rchsen mit ihren Speichen Sich walzen,
Gnd im Kreise die Last drehen des walzenden Steins.
Lasst uns Ieben das Leben der Vater. und lasst uns der Gaben
Rrbeitslos uns freun, welche die Gottin uns schenkt."
(Gedichte aus dem Griechischen ubersetzt von Christian Graf zu
Stolberg" [], 1782 .)
[ , ,
, % !
, ,
, ;
,
.
,
, ."]

'

334-

,
.
,
, ,
,
,

.
.
,
,
, .
,
-,

. ,
, ,
, ,
, - , . . ,
. -
,
- .
"
.157 - 10
, . .
, - 12- .
- ,
- \1 .
,
. 3V3 2.'3
,
4 8 . .
, ?

,
. , , , .
157 , . . ,
. , , .

.

335-

. 18 , . ,
,
, , , ,
. 19
, -
. , 1844
12 , ,
,
",
(the extent of vigilance and attention on the
part of the workmen") "
,
. .,
. " 16. . - . 20
1844 . 12 11 .
,
, ,
11 , 12 " 161 .
,
( 2 %). ,
,
, . :- 20 1844 .,
12- ,
10 1 /2 ; 20 29 1844 .,
11- , 10 1/^
." 162 11
12 - .
1 , , . . .

. 163
15S ,
.
159
.Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1865".
160
Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 1844 and the quarter ending 30th April 1845",
. 20, 21.
161
, . 19. , .
162
, . 22.
163
, 21. .

336

, . .
,
-
. :
,
,
.
- ,
,
- .
, - ,
- ,
- .
,
- ,
- . -, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, , .
50
1/.
* 12 1832 .
1836 . :
- , ,
- - ,
."164
1844 . , ,
:
, ,
. ,
, (prodigiously)
,
... -
12 , 40,
1815 . 8 ." 1832 . ,
12 ,
, -
, - - ,
" ( ).
164
John Fielden [], The Curse of the Factory System, 1836 r., . 32.

337-

, 20 , . 1815 .
12 820 , 1640 12 .
1832 . 12-
2,200 , 4,400.
1844 . 2.400, 4,800;
(amount of labour) - . . .
1842 ., ,

- ,
, ;
- ,
...
.
, - , ...
, , ,
[] 10%, . 1833 . 18,000 hanks [], 1843 . 21,000. ,1819 .
picks [ ] 60
, 1842 . 140, ." 165
,
1844 . 12- ,
,
- ,
. -
, ;

,
,
: ,
,
, ,
. ,
.
- .
,
, 11 , 12 . , ,
, ,
." 166
, , - 12-
165
16e

Lord Ashley [[, Ten Hour's Factory Bill, 1844 r., crp.69 .
Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 30th April 1845*, . 20.

^, i

22

338 167.
- 1845 . ,
,
,
.
1847 .,
10- , , .

500, 1,000 , . .
, 1839 . 4,500
, cefa ( 1862 .) 5,000, , 5,000 , 6 000;
/> 1 / * ." 168
, ,
1852 . ,
18481.852 . ,
,
1828 . 169 ,
,
: ,
, ,
,
50%
,
220 50 , -
100 . . . . .
-
, , . . . . . ,

,
- ." 170 1850 . [] 134,217
25,638,716 301,495 . 1856 .
33,503,580
369,205. '
167

Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 30th April 1845", . 22.

* 1862 .
1839 . 1/9. . 11 . .
168
Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1862% , 62.
169
Parliamentary Return" ( ) 1862 .

( 109 , . 316).
. (
Returns" 1839, 1850 1856 .); -, gigs" [ ], , , ; -,
.
170
Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1856", . 11.

3391850 ., 1856 . 175,000 .

161,435,
. . 10.000 -,
1850 . 1 7 1 Return (
) 1856 . , , , , , -

, , ." 372
, ,
. , . .. .
-
, ( 2 1/6) , - -
173.*

-
,
1838 1850 . 32%
1850 1856 . 86%*.
171

Reports of Insp of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1856", . 14, 15.

, . 20.
173
Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1858", . 9, 10. Reports etc. for 30th
April I860", . 30 .
[* . 32 86 , .
Report of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1856" (. 12)
10 1857 . Das encjlische FabrikSystem" ( "), . New York Daily Tribune" ( ") 28 1857 ., . 6:
172

1838 2. 1850 . 1856 .

1819
1932
2210
1497
1505
1322
416
501
525
393
392
417
268
460
277
4217
4600
5117
, 1838 . 1850 . 32
, 1850 . 1856 .
86 .
.

.
. .
. . .

. .
. . . .
. .
. .

1838 . 1850 .

6

13
. . . .
20

1850 . 1856 .

14-2

0'5
. . .
4

6

66."
. .]
22*

340
8 1848 1856 ., 10-
.
, 1856 1862 . . 1856 .
1,093,799 , 1862 . 1,388,544;
1856 . 9 260, 1862 . 10,709.
1856 . 56,131, 1862 . 52,429.
2 6 9 % 15-6%>
7%.
1850 . 875,830 , 1856 .
I,324,549 ( 51'2:}/), 1862 . 1,289,172 (
2*7%) ,
1856 ,, 1862 .,
1856 . .
1850 . .
- 1850 .
32,61/, 1856 . 38,956, 1862 . 43,048. :
1850 . 79,737 , 1856 . 87,794 1862 . 86,063
14 : 1850 . 9,956, 1856 .
II,228 1862 . 13,178.
1862 . 1856 .,
,
174.
27 1863 .
: 16 , , ,

. -
, 1
. . , ,
- 10 .

." 176
,
1844 1850 .,
, , , . ,
17i

Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1862", . 100 130.

C ,
60 , 26 ,
4 .
1850- 2 9 5 !/ .
: 30 ( 1841 .) mules []
300324 ( 1871 .) , 2200,
1841 ." ( PedzpeUt
Journal of the Society of Arts" 5 . 1872 r.)
175

341-

,
,
,
- ."176
- ,
,
-
,
177.
1848 , , . .
10- , 1833 1847 .,
. . 12- , - ,

, . . .
4.
,
.
,

, -
, - ,
, . . -
. , - .
- , ,
,
,
, ( )",
, , , ,
, , ".
.

, ;
,
176

Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1861", . 25, 26.

Cera (1867 .) 8- .
178
factories"
() United Kingdom [ , . . ,
177

342
.
] 1848 . :
:
1848 .
:
()
()
()

()
()

1851 .

I860 .
1865 .

135,831,162

143,966,106 197,343,655 103,751.455

4,392,17!
6,297,554
4,648,611
1,091,373,930 1,543,161,789; 2,776,218,427: 2,015,^37,851

:
, () . . . .
()

11,722,182
88,901,519

18,841,326:
129,106,753j

31,210,612
143,996,7731

36,777,334
247,012,329

194,815

462.515
1,181,45b;

897,402
1,307,293

812,589
2,869,837*

:
()
()

14,670,88(
151,231,15
:
1848 .

27,533,968 ; 31,669.267
190,371,5371 278,837,418

1851 .

( . .)
I860 .
1865 .

:
-

5.927,831
16,753,369

6,634,026
23,454,810

9,870,875
42,141,505

10,351,049
46,903,796

493,449
2,802,789

1,801,272
4,804,803

2,505,497
9,155;356

951,426
4,107,396
i

77,789
[510,328]

196,380
1,130,398

826,107
1,587,303

768,064
1,409,221

776,975
5,733,828

1,484,544
8,377,183

3,843,450
12,156,998

5,424,047
20,102,259

'
:

. . . .
.
. . .

( : Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom", 8 1?,

1861 1866 r.)
1839 1850 . 4/,,,
1850 1856 19%, 1856 1862 33%, ,
. Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 3lst Oct. 1862", 63
.
, ,
45 2% , , ;
8 3 3 % ; 81 "4% ; 72 - 6%
58'2 % ( .
. 62, 63).
[* broad piece goods" ( ),
. . .]

343 ,

.
, , ,
.
.*
. .
, .
, 180,
.
,
,
, , .
.
. ,
' (
,
), (
). -
feeders" ( ).
,
, , . .
-, "-,
, 181. .

,
. ,
179

Ure [], Philosophy of Manufactures, . 18.

, . 20. Karl Marx [], Misere de la Philosophie,
. 140. 141.
181
,
, ,
, ;
returns" []
, . .,
, , , , . ., .
180

344 ,

.

.182
, ,
. -
. . Relaissystem [ ],
18481850 . -, ,
,

183. 184, ,
, .
,
, , - -
.

.
182
. , " ,
, , :
,
, ." [.Philosophy of Manufactures",
. 22. . .] -
" "?^
183
, .
, -
, . . ateliers nationaux" [
] , 1862 . ,
1848 . ,
,
, -
, .
. . . .
, ."
( ,
. Rep. of Insp of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1865", . 59.)
184
: ,
1844 .
" ,
Self-acting mules [ ] - .
, , ,
, . minders" ( )
( ) , .
,
,
." (.Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1866", . 63.)

345 ,
185.
,
,
, .
, , -
,
, - ,
.
- ,
.
, . . , .
,
,
; , ,
." 186
,

187. , ,
. , , , , ,

.

, ,
.

, -, , .
,
,
,
" (master). ,
185 , " ,
.
186
. Engels [], Lage der arbeitenden Klasse etc.", . 217.
. : - 15
,
. ,
, ,
, ." (G. de Mol;nari [. ], Etudes Economiques, 1846 . [. 49. . .])
is? f Engels [], , . 216.

.346

,
":
, ;
-
-,
,
-.
,
,
." 188


-
,
-
, .
. . . . . . , , .
, ,
, ,
! ,
,
, . . . ." 189
,
,
- ,

. .

188
The factory operatives should keep in wholesome remembrance the fact that
theirs is really a low species of skilled labour; and that there is none which is more
easily a quired or of its quality more amply remunerated, or which, by a short training
of the least expert can be more quickly as well as abundantly acquired... The master's
machinery really plays a far more important part in the business of production than the
labour and the skill of the operative, which six month' education can teach, and a common
labourer can learn." (The Master Spinners and Manufacturers'Defence Fund, Report of
the Committee, 1854 , 17.) - , ."
, " .
189
Ure [], Philosophy of Manufactures, . 15
, ".
XVIII -
- .

347 -
. 190
,
.
, ,
, . .,
,
10

, ,
, .
, . 5 /2
; , ; 10 ,
, , .
, . . .
, . ?
. ,
; ;
- , :
, . . .
9-
." (. Engels [ ], Lage der arbeitenden Klasse etc.,
. 7 ) ".
, 1866 .
2 .
, .
(
, civiliter (
] ). ,
,
. : . . ,
,
,
' . Great Unpaid" [.:
", ], ,
- . ( : .
.
. . .)
1863 . 30
, ,
, ,
, 6 2 , 1
3 1 6 10 . , 9 . ,
4 - . 10 ,
1012 .
, 6 ,
" ,
;
, " ,
. " , , , ,
- .
19 9
2 6 , . .
,

348 193 .

, , ,

, , J91 .
. 1866 .
. Child. Empl. Commission"
(18631866) , , ,
". , , .
.
,
" ( 13 ),
, 10 ,
6 3 ,
. . . ,
, ,
, 1
,
. , ,
,
" (
163). Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 30th April 1863, . 50, 51. (
- .)
19
. . . . ,
20 , . , , ;
- - ,
. . .
- .
, ,
, . . .
, .
, , ; -
, . , .
. 6
906 . . . , ,
. . . -.
- .
4 12%, 25 %
5 ; - , 7 J/2 ,

10
65%:*
(Reports of Insp. of Factories etc. for 31st Oct. 1866", 1867 ., . 9, 15, 16, 17.)
191
,
,
" .
:
, . .

349 " 192 ?

5.

. , 198.
"
, ()
.
,
.
XVII ^- Bandmiihle ( Schnurmiihle
Miihlenstuhl), 194.
,
. ,
: , , ,
,
?
. . .
, - ." (Reports of Insp.
of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1855.") " -
!
192
, -
- ,
.
. ",
. (. Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1863", . 109.)
193
: John Houghton [], Husbandry and Trade improved,
1727 r.; The Advantages of the East-India Trade, 1720; John Belters [],
Proposals for raising a Colledge of Industry, 1696. ,
(masters) .
-;
,

A n Inquiry into the causes of the Present High Price of Provisions",
1767 ., . 61, 62. (, ,
.)
191
(Bandmiihle) .
, 1636 . , :
50 ( 1579 .)
, 4 6 ;
,
, ,
."
1629 . ;
, 1623, 1639 . . ., ; - 15 1601 . 20
( Institutiones Politicae", 1663 ) ,
-, .
,
." 1676 ., . 19 1685 . -

350 XVII ,
,
. XVIII

. 1758 .
,
. scribbling mills []
50 000 ,
.
15 XIX ,
, ,
,
. - .
,
,

195.

. ' , ,
.

, . . . ,

, 500,000 ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
800,000 , , ,
,
. , , . ,
,
. . VI
9 1719 . 1685 ., 1765 . ,
, . XVIII . , - ,
, ; 4050 .
195

. .
4
, 1865 .

386
. -
, -
196 . , ,
- ,
, ,
,
. , ; , , , . . ,,
"
: -
, . 1
, ,
196 .
- .
,
197.
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
,
190

. , ( ) ,
(qu'on n'est pas oblige de nourrir) . . .
?" (Principles e t c . ,
. I, . 1, . XIX.) - , , ". :
:
, .
, . -
- , - . . .
, ,
." (Pisrcy Ravensione
[], Thoughts on the Funding System and its Effects, 1824, ., . 45.)
i96a ( : .
, ,
", 16- ,
1648 . . .)
197 ." Ricardo
[], Principles, . 479.

387 , . . , ,
,
- ,
.
,
" ( temporary inconvenience"),

, . ,
.
,
. ,
. -
,
, - 1838 .
;
. 2 1 / 2 198 . ,
,
- 18341835 .:
, .
* ,
,
". ," ,
.
,

, 199. .
198

1833 . , , ,
, .
1827 . ,
.
.
: . ?'
: , ; , .' : ,
, , ?' : ,,
.' ,
,
,
, . " (ft Prize Essay on the comparative merits of Competition and Co-operation", 1834 ., . 29.)
199
, (. .,
,
, = ), -

.353
. ,
- ,

.
.


." 200
, , . . .
- ,
, ,
,
, ,
." 201 ,
,

, ,
." 202
."205
, ,
; - -, ,
.
." 204

."
." (Ricardo [], Principles etc, . 469.) .

,
-
." (Ure. [], [Philosophie of Manufactures, . 23. . .).)
20
.Reports of Insp, of Fact. 31st Oct. 1858", . 43.
2(U
Reports etc. 31st Oct. 1856", . 15.
202
Ure [), Philosophy of Manufactures, . 19.
, ." (Child. Empl. Comm., V. Report.", 1866 .,
. 180, 46.)
: . ,
.Great Northern Railway* [.: . . ],
( ) : (expensive)
-. ,
- (a low class of labour) . . . -
.
- ,
. . . , ." (Royal Commission on Railways. Minutes of Evidence", 1867 r.f
17,862 17,863.)
203
Ure [], Philosophy of Manufactures, . 20.
204
, . 321.
. 205 , . 23.
, I

23

.354
,
,
. I860 .,
, ,

,
?

. :
75 12, , - . . .
10 . . ,
10%."
,
selfacting [] , departement [] -
1/.1,
,
, , -
". , 10%
". , , : , blowing departement
[ ]
. . . jack frame
drawing frame room [ ]
Vs ;
7 . ;
, ,
, , - , ." 206
: , , ;
, ;
, , ,
[ ]
,
,
70 , ." 207
2)6

Reports of Insp. of Fact., 31st Oct. 1863", . 108 .

, . 109.

.
1866 . .
, , ,
glut" [ ] -. 1867
, 5%. , ,
, 4 .
, 5% ,
.
207

355
, .

. .
, .

. .'

. .

1858 .
1861 .
1868 .
2,046
2,405
2,715
152
163
131
12
9
13
2,549
2,210
2,887

275,590
344,719
368,125
21,624
30,110
31,864
1,633
1,757
2,746
399,992
298,847
379,329

25,818,576
28,352,152
30,478,228
2,041,129
1,397,546
1,915,398
150,512
119,944
124,240

. .

. . . .
.

. .

28,010,217

30,387,494

32,000,014

341,170
407,598
357,052
34,698
39,809
41,237
3,345
2,734
4,203
379,213

451,569

401,064

, 1861 1868 . 338 ; . .

- -
- .
20,663; ,
, . -, 1,612.541,
50,505. , " ,
,
.
,
," .

. -
, . .
208.
"
208

." .
, - 350,000
, 3,000,500 . (,Ch. Empl.
Comm. IV. Rep.', 1865, . 262, 263.)

23*

.356
, -
. 2J9 1830 ., ,
.
selfacting mule [ -],
.210
Trade's Unions Commission [.:
] , , ,

1851 .: . ,

, , ,
. ,
, . -
.
.
1500 750.
."
:
( ), ,

"
, :
, ,
,
, . ."
selfacting mule [ ] :
. . .
, ,
!,
211
1835 ., . .
,
, ,
.
., ",
, , " ,
209 Gaskell [], The Manufacturing Population of England, 1833 .,
3, 4.
210


.
211
Ure [], Philosophy of Manufactures, . 367370.

.357
(- ) ,

".
,
, , . .
- ,
, ."
- :
, ,
- -
." :
,
."
,
,
, .
."
,
".
,
13- 12
-
. ,

" 212.
6.

, , -,
, , , , ,
, 213.
, 100 , .
, 30 . . .
3,000 . . ,
50 , 50 ,
1,500 . . - ,
. . -, ,
, , , 3,000 . .214 "
212 Ure [], Philosophy of Manufactures, . 368, 7, 370, 280, 321, 281, 475
[370. Mock. .].
213
,
. Principles etc.", . 31 On Machinery".
214
Notabene [.: ],
.

.358
? ,
6,000 . .,
. 4,500 . .
(3,000 . . 1,500 . .
) 1,500 . . . ,

;
.
, ,
, . . .
6,000 . .
50 . - .
- ,
, . . . 1,500 . . 1,000 . .,
1,000 . .
, 500 . . .

16 50,
- 16 , 500- . .,
,
.
,
-
? - "
- ,
. 1,500 . .,
,
: 1)
. ; 2) ,
; 3) , . -: ,
. ,
,
.

.
. , . 50
",
. 1,500 . .,
" .
,
, ,
. , . Nominibus mollire licet
mala [.: ].
1,500 . .
, 50- . , 50- -

.359
, ,
", 50
.
.

, .
1,500 . . . ,
, 1,500 . .
-, 1,500 . .
, 50- ,

in natura [.: ]. , 1,500 . ., ,
.
, ,
, . , " ,
-. .
Voiia tout [.: ]. ,
. - - ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
, "
. , ,
,


, ,
, , , .
, ,
: , ,
, ,
. ,
, , , - . : .
, , . ft
,
, ,
, - . ,
!
,

.360
,
21.
,
.
, ,
, -
.
, ,
" . , ,
,
. ,

, , -.
! ,
, !
, , , ; ,
;
,
; , ,
. . :
,
, , , .
- , ,
, .
,
;
? ,
.
. ,
215

. . : , ; .
,
. ,
; ,
- ." ( Inquiry into those Principles
respecting the Nature of Demand etc.", 1821 r., . 72.)

.361
, ! 216
' :
! ,
. , .
?
!
? ,
? ?
-
."2163
, ,
.
.
, . , ,
:

. ,
. , ,
. . -
, . -
.
,
, .
, 400,000 -
, 100,000 . . .
, , , . .,
,
, ,
.


, .

216
-.

,
- -
, - ."
(Mac Culloch (-], Principles of Political Economy, 1830 ., . 166.)
2l6a
,
." (A. Thiers [], De la Propriete [ 1848 .
. .].)
, ."

.362
,
, , . .
. ,
.
, ,
, 217.
.
,
- '218. 219 .
,
,
,
.
1790 . , 697,000, 1861 .
4 . - ,

" .
, , 1845 . , , -
.
,

,
. .
,
- , . 220.
217
1861 . ( II, 1863) ,
, 246,613,
73,546 173,067 20 .^ 835 5
10 , 30,701 10 15 42,010 15 19 .
, , , 319,222.
218
1861 .
60,807 , , . .,
. ,
- , .. .,
, . .
3,329.
219
- , , 1861 . 125,771 , 123,430
2,341 . 30,810 92,620 20 .
2
- 4 () winders
[] 4
10- ; ,
. . . - ."
(Gaskell [], The Manufacturing Population of England, 1833 ., . 2527.)

.363
, -
800,000- ,
Jenny, Throstle Mule, .

, , . .,
.
, , . .
- ,

, . .
. ,
-
.
- , , ,
, ,
,
. ,
, . -

-
- - . :
. 221

, . ,
- , , . . .
222.


, ,
, , , . .,
. ,

, .

- .
, 221
. Lage der arbeitenden Klasse usw."
.
Child. Empl. Comm."
222
1861 . 94,665 ,
.

.364
.
, , , . 1861 . ( )
( ,
, . .) 15,211 ;
2,399, 2,366,
3,570 70,599 , 28,000
- " ,
.
94,145.
-, ,
,
- , -
", , , . .
1861 . 20,066,224 , 9,776,259 10,289,965 .
,
, " ,
, " , , ,
, . ., ,
,
. ., - , , . .
8 - 1
,
, , . . 8
( , )
, , , , , , . . . . . . . . .
,
( ,
. .) . . . .
,

1,098,261
642,607
565,835

22i

396,998
1,208;648

224

, 1,208,442 ;
, 1,039,605 -
.
!
224

177,596 13 .
221 30,501.
225 137,447. 1,208,648 , .
: 1861 1870 . . -
. 267,671. 1847 . 2,694
( ); 1869 . 4,921.
, ,
little slaveys", .

.365
7.
.


,
, .
. , ?
, ,
, -
! , ",
, , , -
- " , ! 226
, , .
, ,

,
. 1860 ., , . ,
652 ; 570 : 85,622 ,
6,819.146 ( ), 2.7,439
1,360 , 94,119.
1865 . : 95,163 ,
7,025,031 , 28,925 1.445
, 88,913. 1860 1865 .
: 11 /
22(5
, ,
, gens honnetes" [ ),
perfectibilite perfectible" [ ). , ,
,
, , .
: ,
, , , , , . . .
, , .
- , -
, " (
. ."), "- ( , " ?)
, , ."
Des Systemes d'Economie Politique etc." r. Ch.Ganilh [. ],
2 ., 1821 ., 1, . 224. , . 212.


3 % , 5 % ,
5 ' 5 % - " 7 1852 1862 .
,
.

." 228
, . . ,
. .
,
, 1838 1858 .
( ) ,
, ,
. .,
" 229.
. , ,
, ( 18 ),' .
,
,
,
,
- .
500 . .
. 2/5 /
, . . 200 . .
300 . . , 1 . . . .
. 4/ V5 ,
100 . ., 2/3 .
, , 500 1,500
300 , , . - 2,000,
227
Reports of Insp. of Fact., 31st Oct. 1865", . 58 . Ho
- 110 11,625 , 628,756 , 2,695
. .
228
Reports etc. for 31st Oct 1862", . 79.
: 1871 .
. , New Mechanics Institution : , , . - , . :
, 63 ;
33; 1; 33 13."
229
Reports etc. for 31st Oct. 1856", . 16.

.367

400 , . . 7
.
100, , . . ,
800,
2,000 . . 1,200 , 400.
. -, ,
. ,
,
, . ., , , , , , ,
.
.
. , 1835 . , , 354,684 , 1861 .
(
- 8 ) 230,654 .
, , ,
1838 .
800,000 230,
, .
, ,
,
.
, , , , . .
, -, .
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
, , ,
,
230
( , )
,
, (!)
, , (
20 !) (nearly) ,
." (Rep. of Insp. of
Fact. 31st Oct. 1856", . 15.)

.368
,
,
, , ,
. ,
. cotton gin . 231
.
,
. , ,
, , , . . 232 "
,

, . 238.
, ,

, .
,
-.234
231
,
, .
232
:
1846 .: 34,540,143
1860 2.: 204.141.168
1865 2.: 445,947,600
:
1846 2.: 4,570,581
I860 :.: ),214 173
1865 .: 20,679,111
233
:
1846 .: 2,958,457
1860 2.: 16,574,345
1865 2.: 29,920,623
:
1846 2.: 21,789.346
1860 : 59,166,616
1865 2.: 109,734,261
234
, - (18fc6r.)
. ( :
,
. . .)
:
( )
1846 2.: 401,949,393
1852 .: 765,630,543
1859 2.: 961,707,264
1860 2.: 1,115,890,608
. .
( )
( 1850 1862 .)
1850 2.
1862 2.

16,202,312 41,033,503

3,669,653

6,624,800'

3,174,801

4,426,994

388,749

7,108

. . . . . .
3,819,440

7,207,113

1,054

19,571

5,473,161

11,694,818
Bigg ( )
2,031

7,675

811,620

1,024,722

1,822,972

2,037,137

. . 34,365,801

74,083,351

.369

.
17 1867 .
1831 1866 . ,
. - .
. ( . 370.)
,
,
.
, , ,
. , ,
, . ,
-
. .
,
, ,
'
. 25
- . .
,
, .
235
, .lock out" [] , Trade Societies of England* [
), 1866 ., : 20
. .
.
- .
, , :
- (undersell). ; ,
. ,
- -,
."
,
, . . -
. . :
, , ,
, ,
.
, 30 40 % ,
6 7 , 3 . 3
3 . 6 ; , - 4
3 , 2 . 2 . 3 .
-, .
, :
." (
F.D.Longe [. . ] Child. Empl. Comm., V. Rep. 1866", . 114, 1.)
24
, I

371

,
, .
,
-, , .
- .
1770 1815 .
5 . 45- . 1815 . 1821 . . 1822 1823 . . 1824 .
, .
1825 . . 1826 .
. 1827 . . 1828 . . 1829 .
, , .
1830 , , . 1833 . ,
( ). 1834 .
,
.
.
. . 1835 . .
. 1836 . . . 1837 1838 .
. 1839 . . 1840 . , ,
. 1841 1842 . . 1842 . , ^ .
, ,
. 1843 . .
1844 . . 1845 . . 1846 .
, . . 1847 . .
10% big loaf" [
]. 1848 . .
. 1849 . . 1850 . . 1851 .
, , .
1852 . . ,
, . 1853 .
. .
1854 . , . 1855 . . ,
, .
1856 . . 1857 . . 1858 . . 1859 . . .
1860 . . , , 1863 . 23*

.372
. .
. 1861 .
, , ,
. 1862 1863-. .
, ' .
I860 1861 . ,

, ,
. 236
, 1861 . 2,287-
. . , 2,109 2,887-
, 392 19% 10
, 345 16% 10 20, 1372 20
. 237 ,
1858 ., - ,
, , ,
overlookers []
. .
,
. 1 / 3
, , . -
1862 . 60'3% 58%
. , ,
.
(60 ), . ,
, -
-: Sea Island [ ]
( ),
(-) . - , ,
- ,
. . ,
, ,

. 20,30 , ft 5, 77 10% ,
3, 3V2, 4 6 .
1863 . , , . . 3
236
237

. Reports of Insp. of. Fact, for 31st Oct. 1862", . 30.

, . 19.

373
4 , 3 10 , 4 6 , 5
I . .2,-38
. , , . .
,1
. selfacting
minders ( selfacting mules [ ],
8
II ,
, minders
11 .
1862 . 2 6 ." 239

240. ,
! -
,
. rimenta in vili [.: ], .

, ,
. -
(experimentalizing") ...
; 15% - ,
- 50 60%." 241 . * .
, .. .
scribbling []
, ...
,
- . . , , , ."

, .
15 ,
26 " 242. 30
1864 . :
- . ,
238
240
241
242

Reports of Insp. of Fact, for 31st Oct. 1865", . 4145

Reports etc. 31st Oct. 1863", . 41, 42.
..Reports etc. 31st Oct. 1865", . 51.
, . 50, 51.
, . 62, 63.

.374

5V4 2 3 / 4
. , 574 , .
shirtings [ ] .
50%
,
-, ,
." 243
, , ,
. ,
, . . .
25 ." 244
, 45 ,
1770 1815 ., 5 ,
. , 48-
1815 1863 . 20 28 . 18151830 .
. 1833 .
". ,
18461863 . 8
9 .
-
246.
243

Reports etc. 30th April 1864", . 27.

Chief Constable [ ]
Reports
of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1865", . 61, 62.
245
, 1863 .
, :
, . ,
, . 1814 . (
) 17,665,378 . .,
20,070,824 . . 1858 .
182,221,681 . .,
43,001,322 . ., .
, ,
. -
, ,
.
,
, .
. 25
, - , 6 , ,
, - ,
." (Reports of Insp. of Fact.
30th April 1863", . 51, 52.)

, - .
244

.375
8. ,

) ,



. ,
.
. .
10 , ,
48,000 . 145,000
11 . 4
600,000
, 3,000,000 .246
,
.
, ,
.

, , ,
,
, . . 247 - "
[ -].
Engine House [
] -, . ,
. 2/2 .
, .
26 , ,
, - .
-
12 . 300- cottage factories
[-]. 248 ,
. , . ., -
2iC

Child. Empl. Comm., IV. Report, 1864", . 108, 447.

. ,
, ,
.
218
. Reports of Insp. of Fact 31st Oct. 1865", . 64
247

.376
, ,
. - ,
,
. .
.
15 ,
6 . 1820 . 12
7 . . 4 , 1830 .
8 ,
26 .249
)



,
.
, . .,
,
.
, .
, , .

. , ,
, ,
cheap labour", , . ,
,
,
.

,
,
.
, . , "
,
24

. 1851 . 180
120 . ,
,
. , 1861 ., 1,428,
1,268 , 5- .

.377
,
,
. :
1,000 9,000
.260

-
,
,
,
-
. .
- ,

,
,
, - , -,
. ., , -,
,
".
, ,
, -

.
)

- .
.
, - , 30,000
10,000 . , , , . 251

". 251,1 ,
2S0

Child. Empl. Comm., II. Rep., 1864", . LXVI11, 415.

251
Child. Empl. Comm., V. Report, 1866", . 3, 24; . 6, 55, 56; . 7,
59, 60.
2il

.378
, , .
. ,
; , ,
, . 262
-, - - ,
, .
, , , emporium [.: ]
. , -
.
, , , , , , .
, [ ], shoddy
( ) .
,
258.
, , , - ,
,
( 1866 .) .
5 8 ,

4 9 . 5 7
", ".
, .
, .
, .
. 24-
2,000 , . 10
, 30 ,
210 .
,
. . . , - ,
, ,
, ,
- . . .
. moulder .(;
) 7
.
, , ,
. ,

252
Child. Empl. Comm., V. Report, 1866", . 114, 116, 67. , ,
verbatim [.: ] .
253
Public
Health. VIII. Report", 1866 ., Appendix, . 196208.

.379
, , .
,
, , .
,
. . . - , , , oi
- . (rough, foul-mouthed boys")
, .
, , ,

.
, .
- , -
."
,
- . - ,
. - QT : ,, , no-tKopo
, !'" (You might as well try,
to raise and improve the devil as a brickie, Sir!") 254

(
, ') ( 1863 .)
( 1864 .) Public Health Report". workshops
( ), ,
^ .
. - , -
Privy Council [ ] Public Health
Report", : ( 1863 .)
,
, , ,

, ,
, . ,
, . . .

,
." 255
- :
2il
Child. Empl. Comm., V. Report, 1866", XVI, 9697 . 130, 3961.
. , III. Rep. 1864, . 48, 56.
255
.Public Health, VI. Rep.", 1864 ., . 31.

.380
!
- !
, - ! ,
- j

958,265
22,301
12,379
13,803

100,000


25
35

35
45

437

805

958

1262

894

1747

45
55

1145
1

2093
2367 s i 6

)
.

, ,
, .
.257

,
,
.
150,000 , ,
10,000 1861 . 140,000 ,
, . "
- , General Dispensary [
] . 686 , 17 24 , :
1852 . 1 45
13
1857 .

1858

1853 1 28
15

1854 1 17
* 9
1859
,
1855 1 * 18

I860
8
1861

1856 1 15
8.258
- - .
25(5
Public Health, VI. Report", 1864 ., . 30. - ,
2535
-,
30- " improvers" (
).
,
. ,
.
257 jy K , - . Child. Empl. Comm., III. Report, . XI, . XIX, 125130,
. 53, 11, . 114, 487, . 137, 674.
2 8
> Child. Empl. Comm., II. Report", XXU, 166.

.381

1861 .
, . ,
,
. ., , 1) finishing ( ,
), 2) .
Lace finishing [ ]
Mistresses Houses" [
] ,
. , Mistresses Houses",
. . , .
. . ,
. 20 40 10 20
. , , 6 , 5 .
8 8 , 1V2
, ,
. ,
8 ( 6 ) 10, 11 12
. 500600
, 1200.
67100 . . .
, , ,
, .
14 20 ,
, - 12 ,
15 24- ,
' ,
- . . .
-
,
-. , ." "
mistresses" [] ,
-,
.
,
, ,
. ." (Their
work is like slavery").259
, . .,
, , -.
' 80
2&

Child. Empl. Comm., . Report, 1864", . XIX, XX, XXI.

382

.
9 10 , .
,
, : "
,
.260
. ,
, ,
2030 ,
, ,
, ,
.
. 3,000 ,
, . ,
lace finishing, . mistresses houses"
lace schools'" ( ),
. 5- , -,
12 15 ,
- 4 8 , -
6 8 10 .
, ,
, , ,
.
, , .. .
, ,
. ,
, ,
."
: 18 , 35 ; , ,
18 , 241/* .
22lL> ." 261
, , .

. 1861 .
40,043 , 3,815 , , 14,913
20 , 7,000 .
*straw plait schools" ( ).
4 , 3 4 . , . natural schools"
( ), ,
, ,
30 .
2,50
261

.Child. Empl. Comm., II. Report, 1864", . XXI, XXVI.

, . XXIX, XXX.

.383
10, 11,
12 . ,
. -
300 , -
.
- 12'-7:(, 17, 18V2
22 . -
-
, ,
." ,
12 14 .
.
, , ,
. ,
. . . . . . ,
, - ." 262
, !
, -
(
3 .),
-
track-system [-, ]. 263
)
.

,

-
, ,
. - ,

(
) .
- Wearing Apparel" ( ). Child. Empl. Comm." , , ,
262
2fi3

Child. Empl. Comm., I. Rep., 1864", . XL, XL1.

Child. Empl. Comm., 1. Rep., 1863", . 185.

.384
milliners dressmakers261, , , , , - ,
, . . ,
, 1861 . 586,298 ,
- 115,242 20 , 16,650 15 .
. ( 1861 .) 750,334.
, ,
- :
437,969 , 14,964 15 , 89,285 15 20-,
333,117 20 . ,
. ,
, 1861 .,
1,024,277 , . . , .
" .

,
, membra disjecta [ ]
; - ,
- , ,
, .
.; -, -
, , . 265
, , . .,
(taillable a merci et misericorde) [ ] "
.

,
. 266
,
. ,
,
, , , . 26i Millinery ,
; dressmakers Putzmacberinnen [-].
265
millinery dressmaking -
, ,
, .
2(30
, 1,000 1,200 , , ^
1,300 , , . . (Child. Empl.
Comm., . Report", . XVII, 319.)

.385
,
,
. - .
,
-

- .
. , "
, , ,
. . .
,
. .
, - " (the poorest of the poor").
- , , .
.
- , -
. - .
(death from starvation) .267 ,
, ,
,
. , -
. , , , , .,
. ,
,
3040 , . .. ,
, . . .

, . . 8 ,
3 4 ." 268
,

,
.
267
: 26 1864 .
Registrar General [ ] 5
. Times" [ ]
. !
26
..Child. Empl. Comm. II. Rep. 1864", . LXV11, 406-409, . 84, 124,
. LXXI1I, 441, . 66, 6, . 84, 126, . 78, 85, . 76, 69,
. LXXII, 483.
25
, I

.386
,
;
, , , 269 . . . , -
, . , . .
. .

en chef [ ] "
" 10 50
. -, , ,
,
, . 270
, ,

. 271
.
,

-
; ,
-
, ; - ,
.
.
272 ,
.

273.

, ,
269
., , , -
-
." ( , . 83, 123.)
.
270
. ., .
271
Child. Empl. Comm. II. Rep. 1864", . 2, 122.
272

1864 . 800 .
273
.Child. Empl. Comm. II. Rep. 1864", . 84, 124.

387
^ -,
, , . , ,
,
. ., , 274.
-
,

. , Wearing Apparel", ,
, , , ,
,
, 275.


, , . , ,
, ,
. . 276 277.
, ,
, -
, , . .,
- - . ,
,
274
, ,
,
, 1,200 ".
275
" (Child. Empl. Comm. 11. Rep. 1864",
. LXVII).
, , ." (
, 405) . " ( , . XLVI, 318). Child.
Empl. Comm." 1840 . .
1846 . , .
3 1862 . 12 >,000 . , Parliamentary Return [ ] 11 , 1862 . 4,063
.
276
. "
: , , ,
, . - ,
." (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct 1865", . 13.)
- ."
( , . 13, 14.)
277
,
power jiggers [ , ],
handmoved jiggers [ , ].

23*

.388
, -
, .
. .
.
,
, , . .
. -,

, . , -
,
, . , , , .
,
" . , ,
".
",
. 1364 . , 16 .
(slip) , . .

, . . .
- ." 278
, , ,
12- 1864 . 1865 .
138,628 . . .
,
,
. (1864),
, dipping machine" ( ), . 279
,
278
279

Rep. of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1865", . 96 127.

230 32 14 17 .
1865 . -, .

.389
, 3 .
Children's Employment Commission" [
] : , .
,
, , ,
,
. . . Factory Act's
Extension Act [ ] 1864 .
18- ,

." 280 -
, : , , . , . ." 281 ,
, , ,

.
6 18 ,
.
: impossible? Ne me dites jamais bete de mot!" [.: ? !"]
.
, , , - ,
. 282


, ,

- -
,
, . 283
280

Child. Empl. Comm. II. Rep. 1864% . IX, 50.

Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1865", . 22.
282
...
, . . .
. , ,"
( , . 96, 97.)
283
. ,
" (Child. Empl. Comm. III. Rep.", . VI).
.
281

.390

,
,
- , .
, ,
,
,
- .
.
.
;
, 14 ,
, .
, , ,
.
-
, ." 284
,
, -
, , . , . .
,
,
,
, . .
,

,
- ,
.
Childr. Empl. Comm."
, ,
, 11, 12, 2 ,
, , , ,
(the stench is enough to knock you
down)'. ,
23 , , . . .
, ." ( , . VII.)

." ( , . XVIII.)
... ,
." ( , . XI.)
281
Child. Empl. Comm. IV. Rep.", . XXXII, XXXIII.
; : ,
." ( , . XXXI.)

.391

- ." 285
, , ,
, ,
- ." 286
, , " (usages
which have gr6wn with the growth of trade" [, "]) "

, .

, .
" . 287
Child. Empl. Comm." ,
-
288,
,

289,

290,
, ,
291 _

2 8 5 Child. Empl. Comm. IV. Rep.", . XXXV, 235 237.

28(5
, . 127, 56.
287
, , , 1832 1833 .
, , ,
,
. ,
, ." (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st
Oct. 1862", . 54, 55.)
288
Child. Empl. Comm. IV. Rep.", . XVIII, 118.
289
1699 .:
. : 1)
, , , ; 2)
, -
,
- ,
, ,
, ." (Essays about the Poor,
Manufactures etc.", 9.)
290
Child. Empl. Comm. V. Rep.", . 171, 31.
191
. -
: - 8 . 7 7/2 .
. ( ,
; 16 18 . .)'. . . ." (
, . 171, 31, 36 38.)

.392
. 292
, , ,
" 293, .
9. . (
.)
, ,

,
, , . , ,
.
,


,
.
,
". ,
, . . ,

, . . scutching mills
( ). 1864 . 1,800
mills. , , ,
, , ,
scutching mill.
.
scutching mills ( . )
1852 1856 . 60
- ,
. - , certifying surgeon [
] , 15292
.Child. Empl. Comm. V. Rep.* ,

, :
, . , ,
; , -,
- ."
293
, .11
( , . X, 38.)

.393
1865 : scutching mills -.
.

. , , . , , scutching mills
." 291

-
? 1864 .
200 20-
( " !) , 27,800 , ,
, .
."295
,
,
, . ,
, 500 .

. !




! , . .
, " .
, 500 . . ,
, 500- . .

. 296

,
294

"Child. Empl. Comm. V. Rep.", . XV, 7 2 .

Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1865", . 127.
296 , 25 -
20 . 24 720,000 . 416 . .
, , ,
, .
1,300 .
; 8 , 24 . i 800 . ." (.)
295

394'
:97.
298
, .

, , -
, , .
. , ,
.


. , ,
,
, ." 299

1863 . ,
,
, , " 30.
,
, ,

, .
297

14 ." ,
. . ." {Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct.
1863", . i l l . )
298
( ) ^ . .
National Association for the Promotion of Social Science" [
] Reports of Proceedings etc",
1863 .,. 63, 64, 31 1865 .,
. 118, 119, 120, 126 .
299
Reports of Insp. of Fact.", , . 118.
Child. Empl. Comm." :
, . ,
, . R
."
(Child. Empl. Comm. V. Rep.", . 82, 36.)
300
Senior [], Reports of Proceedings etc., . [65. Mock. .] 66.
, ,
. . 1863 . 1833 .
, , , . . . , ,
,
. , . , , ,
,

"!

395'
,
,
, - :
,
, 301 ,

.
. , ,
, -
- , , , -
.
. -
- - , .
, .
. .
, , ,
1117 , ,
. , ,
14, 15, 16 , , 36 ,
! 8 0 2
.
, ;
, - ;
, ,

- - , ,
301
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , I ,
10 15
, ,
- , - .
. The boy is a mere substitute for steam power [
]." (Child. Empl. Comm. V. Rep. 1866\ . 114, N 6.)
", , .
30
, . 3, 24.

396'
4 ." 303
, 17 . , ,
.
,
, . , ,
304 .

,
, .
, - , , ,
. , ,
. , XVIII , ,
mysteries (mysteres 305 []),
.
,


. ,

,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
303

Child. Empl. Comm. V. Rep. 1866", . 7, 60.

. Statistical Account [ ], . . . cotters .{]
, , ;
,
, , . , , ,
, .
, . ." (Dugald Stewart [ ], Works,
. , VIII, 327328.)
305
Livre des metiers" Etienne Boileau [ ]
, ,
, , metier [] , ,
, ".
304

397'
-
.
. , -
.
,
,

.

.
, , .

.
, ,
307
; , -
. .
,
308
300
,
, ,
. ,
-
. ,
,
. , , , ,
.
, -
, ."
(F. Engels und Karl Marx [. ], Manifest der Kommunistischen
Partei, 1848 ., . 5.)
7
You take my life
When you do take the m e a n s whereby I live." (Shakespeare.)
[ ,
." (.)]
308
- :
, ,
. ,'
. . . , - ,
. ,
, , , . .
, , -
." (A. Corbon [] De 1'enseignement professionnel, 3 .
[ I860 . . .), . 50.)

398'
, -
,
.
: , ,
; ,

,
.
, , , ecoles d'enseignement professional* [ ],

.
, , ,


.
,
-
.

'
. Ne sutor ultra crepidam"! [.: ,
!], plus ultra [.: ]
,
, ,
309.
, . .
. ,
310
309
, ,
- XVII
, , , .
: -
. . . . . .
, ;
, . . .
, . . . (
) ." (Proposals for raising a Colledge of
Industry of all useful Trades and Husbandry", 1696 ., . 12. 14, 18.)
310
- ,
,

399'
patria potestas [.: .], . ., , ,

. -
,
*
.
. Child. Empl.
Comm." 1866 ., ,
- ."

,
. . .
, ,
.. .
,
." 311
, , ,
,
.

,
, ,
-

-
. ,
- ,
^,
. ,

-
,
,
,
312.
.


- , . .
311
Child. Empl. Comm. V. Rep.*, . XXV, 162, II. Rep., . XXXVIII,
285, 289, . XXXV, 191.
312
'
, - - ." (Reports of Insp. of Fact.
31st Oct. 1865", . 127.)

400'
, , ,
, : ,
, -
-
,
. :
, ,

, - 313 ;
,
, . .
mpydani. .
. ( , . . ) .
, ,
(enticed) , ,
. ,
: , ,
,
'31." . (Paper Box Bag maker [
] ) Children's
Empl. Comm.":
. (he always felt restless at night"),
, ,
- ." 316
- Child.
Empl. Comm." ,

.
,


. -,
,
- , , ." 317
Children's Employment Commission"
1,400 000 ,
, 313
Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1865', . 27, 32.
3ii Rep. of Insp of Fact."
315
Child. Empl. Comm. V. Rep. *, . X, 35.
316
, . IX, 28.
317
, . XXV, 165167. . : Child. Empl. Comm. 111. Rep.", . 13, 144,
. 25, 121, . 26, 125, . 27, 140 . .

401'
, 318 :
,
, - , , - , (.) ()
. ;
,
; ,
[] ; -
13- ,
-
." 319
, 5 1867 ., bills'
(] . 319
, experimentum
in corpore vili. 1840 .
. 1842 ,
. . , - , ,
, ...
,
. , ,
, . ,
, , 1842 . ( 1863 . ) . . . ( 1842 .)
20 ,
318
, , : ,
, , Wearing Rpparel , ,
, , ,
. ., , , , India Rubber [],
( ), , ,
, , , (stationery, , ,
. .), , , ,
, , ,
, , .
319
,Child. Empl. Comm. V. Report", . XXV, 169.
Factory Rets Extension Ret [ ]
12 1867 . , , , , , ,
, , -
, 50 . Hours of Labour Regulation Ret
[ ], 17 1867 .,
- .
, Mining Ret [ ] 1872 . . .
.

, I

26

402
,
- , , , ." 320
. 1863 .,
1842 . 1864 .,
,
( ), , , , ,
. 5 . 1867 . bills [], , , 1866 .,
.
15 1867 . Factory Acts Extension Act [ ], 21 Workshops' Regulation
Act [ ] ; , .
Factory Rets Extension Act .
, , , , , , , , - ,
, 50 100 .
,
, :
( ) : ,
, , ,
.
: ,
, " ' 6
, , , ,
, .
[ ] : "
, , - -.
: , , ,
. . .
."
7, ,
,

, . .
, ,
".
520

Senior [], Social Science Congress,

55, 56 [57 . . .).

403
Factory Acts Extension Act, ,
.
Workshops' Regulation Act, ,
. 1871 .
, ,
100,000 , 300
- - ,
321 .
, 1867 ., , , ,

; , mala
fides [],
.
1862 .
, ,
, .
;
,
.
1840 .
,
Mining
Ret "[ ] 1842 .,
10 .
, 1860 . Mines'Inspection Act [ ], , 10 12
.
, , .
- Report from the
Select Committee on Mines, together w i t h . . . Evidence, 23 Juli 1866".
,
; -,
Report" , , !
321
2 , 2 - 41 . 8 1871 .
,
18711872 . 25,347 , .

27*

404'
cross examinations [ ] , ,
,
.
, ; . , . , . -
. . .
,
, ,
.
1. 10 . .,
, 14
15 , , 3,4, 5 4, 5
. ( , 452, 83.) , . .
8 , , . ( 80, 203, 204.)
, -
- : . . ( 122, 739, 1747.)
18 22- , .
( 161.) -
- . ( 16631667.)

14- .
( ) :
- - ?" :
, . .,
?
. 14 ?" : ."
( 107 110.) :
14-
. .?" ." ( 174.)
: .
. ,
." :
, ?"
, ;
. , ,
.
." (14160.)
2. .
, . ,
I860 ., 1012 , . "
^ ( 115). - ?"

405'
." ( 116). ?"
?" ( 137.)

?" ." ( 211.)
?" -;
; , . . ." ( 109.) ?"
.
, ,
." :
?" , . ." ( 443.)
I860 . . . ' , 10 12 ?" ; ." ( 444.)
?"
." ( 717.) ?" ." (718.)
, ?" ." ( 720).
?"
, (a marked man)." ( 721.)
?" ." (-722.) ,
,
?" , ." ( 723.) ?"
." ( 1634.) ?"

,
." ( 1636.)
?" ,
." ( 1638.)
?"
." ( 1639.) ?"
." ( 1640.) - ?" , -,
-
." ( 1644.) ,
?" ( 1646.)
?" ." ( 1647.)
,
?" ,
.
,
, ." ( 705, 726.)
3. . , 1842 . , . ., , . .
34 .
1727.) , -

406'
, 12 50 60 . ( 645, 1779.) ( 648.)
?"
." ( 649.) ?" , . . . , .
. .
, .
, ." ( 651 .) ( 709.)
(810 )?"
." ( 710.)
( !) ?" ."
( 1715.) ?" , , ,
. . .
.
10 ." ( 1732.) , ,
, - ,
?" -
." ( 1733.) . ?" ." ( 1734.)
?" , ." ( 1735.)
?" - - ."
( 1736.) , , ?"
, , .
,
. .
,
." ( 1737). ,
?"
." ( 1740.) ,
, , ?"
." ( 1741.)
?"
,
." ( 1750).
,
?" . . . -
." ( 1751.)
, ?"
, ,
, ,
." ( 1753.) ( )
?" , ,
, ,
. , . -
, ,
,
, ." , -

407'
" , . .: ,
, , :
- ,
1 1 7 ,
2 ." ( 1816.)
4. . . ( 360.) coroner's
inquests [ ]
,
?" , ." ( 861.) ?"
, .
, . ,
, , , .
. ." ( 378.) ?" ." ( 379.) ?" ,-, .
." ( 380.) '
?"
, ."
5. . . , ; , ,
. . ( 1071.)
,
, 14 -?*"
, ." ( 1072.)
, ?"
." ( 1073.) , 14 -?" ."
!
6. .
. ( 234 .)
,
; . .
or , ,
, . ,
, .
, " ,
. Mines inspection Act" [ ]
1860 . .

7 . , , 130 .
."
{ 280.)
, ,

408'
?" , ." ( 285.)
,
(!) . .
?" ;

." ( 294.) ,
- - ?" - ,
-." ( 295.)
- ?"
,
." (296.)
- , . .?" ; ." - .
,
, - ?'
( 531.)
?" , ,
." ( 581.)
17 1860 .

, . 20
; 20
. ,
,
. ,
."
( 586.) , ,
: ." ( 588.)
?"
, ." ( 589.)
, , ?"
.
,
,
." : , ?"
- ( 1042): , , , ?"
." 1865 . 3,217
12 . (Times'"
[. "] 25 . 1867 .) , , ,
10 .
, ( 1866 1867 .)

405'
(
200300 ). " !
1872 .,
, ,

, .
1867 . ,

.
, ,
. ,
,
.


, , -,

,
, .
,
, .
. , , , ,
.
, , .
" .


i .322
322
, , ,
,

, , ,
. , ,
, Handboek van Fraktische Staatshuishoudkunde", I8601862..
-
. (
: " (. 314),
Factory Ret, Factory
Acts Extension Act Workshops'flct, -
Factory and Workshop Ret [ ] 1878 ., -

410

411
10.

,
,
-.
. ,
323 : ",
- -. .

,
, . , . .
- , .
1861 . ,
, 1,034, ,
, 1,205.
, , . ,
,
. : 1)
. : 10
5/ ,
; : 10 , -
1 ^ . 2) : - 1,
, . 3) Workshops [
] , ;
, , Workshops
, . 4) Workshops,
, 18 ; - . 5) Domestic Workshops [ ],
, ;
- , ,
,
, ,
-- ,
.
, 23
1877 ., - . ,
,
.", , ,
.
, workshops,
. . .)
323

Die landwirtschaftlichen Gerate und Maschinen Englands"
- W. Hamm [. ], 2 . [. Mock..], 1856 .
. . . ( : , , . . .)

", / .

. -
- , .

, - .
, - ,
, .
,

,
, . .
,
.

. 324

, . , ,

, ,
,
, . -
, . ,
-

.
, ;
. , .
, , - . 324
, . ! , , ,
!" (David. Urquliart [],
Familiar Words, . 119.) ,
, ,
.
325
. Liebig [], Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur und Physiologie, 7 , 1862 ., , ,

410

411
10.

,
,
-.
. ,
323 : ",
- -. .

,
, . , . .
- , .
1861 . ,
, 1,034, ,
, 1,205.
, , . ,
,
. : 1)
. : 10
5/ ,
; : 10 , -
1 ^ . 2) : - 1,
, . 3) Workshops [
] , ;
, , Workshops
, . 4) Workshops,
, 18 ; - . 5) Domestic Workshops [ ],
, ;
- , ,
,
, ,
-- ,
.
, 23
1877 ., - . ,
,
.", , ,
.
, workshops,
. . .)
323

Die landwirtschaftlichen Gerate und Maschinen Englands"
- W. Hamm [. ], 2 . [. Mock..], 1856 .
. . . ( : , , . . .)

", / .

. -
- , .

, - .
, - ,
, .
,

,
, . .
,
.

. 324

, . , ,

, ,
,
, . -
, . ,
-

.
, ;
. , .
, , - . 324
, . ! , , ,
!" (David. Urquliart [],
Familiar Words, . 119.) ,
, ,
.
325
. Liebig [], Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur und Physiologie, 7 , 1862 ., , ,

412'

: .

".
. apenjus [] ,
, . , : -
-
, ;

', - ."
. .
..Principles of Political Economy", 1, . 17, : ,
caeteris paribus [.: ]
"' (.
, : the
decrease of the labourers employed", ,

) , ' , ." (, , I, . 143 .)
", -
, ' " , . . Cm.
,
. XIX ;
, (
) 1815 .
, , 1817 .

; 1820 . ( . . )
, -, . . ,
. , . .
" qui pro quo [)

- (
), - ,
. :
, , , . 7
: ,
,
."
-.
,
, .

. - .
' ,
.
,
. -
.

, , . . , - -
.

, . ,
;
,
. , ,
, .
, .
.

414'
. , . . . , .
, ,
. , ,
.

, , , , ,

.
, . , , -,
.
. , , .
.
,
,
.
.
:
. , ,
- . ;

.
-
, , .
.
[Zwitterformen],

,
.
. ,
,

415'
, ,
.
, ,
- . -,
, ,
.

.
,
, ,
. -
. -
, ,
. ,
.
,
, , , . . . ,

.
.
, , . ,
,
.
, .
, ,
. , ,
:

; ,

,
,
.

416'
,
,

. ,
, , .
, J.

, ,
,
, , . ,

1 .
, -.
,
,
.
,

. ,
,
.
2 .

, . , ,
, , .
- , .
. ., .

, . . , . .,
, , , , ,
. . , -
1
." (Ramsay [], fln Essay on the Distribution etc., . 206.)
, ." (Ravenstone [], Thoughts on the Funding
System etc., . 14, 15.)
la

- .
2
: 99
100 .
2 / 3 ." (The Advantages of the East India Trade etc.", . 73.)

417'
.
.
- , , -
, -
,
.
, []
. ,
:
. - ;
,
, , ,
. ,
. , ,
20 . ,
."3
, , [ ].
-
- , ,
- ,
.
,

.
- - . .
, ".
4.
, . , 3

Diodorus Siculus [ ], Historische Bibliothek, I, . 80.

( :) ,
, ; ,
, , , ." (Englands
Treasure by Foreign Trade Or the Balance of our Foreign Trade is t h e Rule of our
Treasure. Written by Thomas Mun [ ], of London, Merchant, and now published
for the common good by his son J o h n Mun", 1669 ., , 181, 182.) .
- ,
,


. . . ,
. , , ,
, ." (An Enquiry into
the Present Hygh Price etc.", 1767 r., . 10.)
4

, 1

27

418'
,

,
, ,
.
, , , , - . .
", , . . , . .,

, .
.6
,
, .
,

7,
" .
, . . ,
. ,
, .
,
,
5

,
. ,
,
- . . /
,
. ." (Cuvier [], Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe, . Hoefer,
1863 ., . 141.)
6

, .
-
. 1866 ., , .
7
,
.
. ,
,
(proportion of trade), , ,
.
, ,
, - - ;
, ." (An Essay on the Governing Causes of
the Natural Rate of Interest", 1750 ., . 60.) . . .

419
,
8. .
,
. , , , , ,
, ,
.
300 , 500 600 .
, ."9
,
12 , .
, ,
. ,
,
. , '
,
.
6 5 .

.
, .

, , .
?
. [] ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
(: ); ,
, . ,
.
, .
, . , , , ?
8
(, Ies droits [] Ies devoirs
du citoyen [ ]) ." (.)
9
F. Shouw [], Die Erde, die Pflanzen und der Mensch, 2 .,
1854 r., . 148.

27*

420'
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J. St. Mill [. . ], Principles of Political Economy, 1868 r.,
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428'

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429'
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430'
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1830 ., . 248.)

431'

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. Dritter Brief an v. Kirchmann von Rodbertus [], Wideregung der Ricardoschen Theorie yon der Qrundrente und Begrundung einer neuen
Rententheorie", 1851 . - , ,
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433'

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[], De l'Esprit de I'Rssociation dans tous Ies interets de la Communaute,
1818 . , X. ,
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434'

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22
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28*

436'
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[], De la Richesse Commerciale, 1803 ., I, . 37.)
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437'
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(Sir Edward West [],'Price of Corn and Wages of Labour, 1826 ., . 67.)
, : Essay on the Application of Capital to Land. By a Fellow of Univ.College Oxford", 1815 r.
33
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443'

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the Rate of Wages", 1830 ., ,
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. XVI, 117.)

445'
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City [] 1
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. 49, 121), ,
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38
Reports of Insp. of Fact. 30th April 1863", .
18j0 .,
: 1)
9 10
10- - 9-; 2)
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,
, ." (Rep. of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1863", crp. 9.)
, (the scanty pittance),
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40
Reports of Insp. of Fact. 30th April 1860", . 31, 32.

.446
.

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( , . 137, 674).
42
.,
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Oct. 1848", Evidence, , 39, 58). . . .
...
." (Senior [], Three Lectures on the Rates of
Wages", . 15.)

.447
.
,
,
; (and yet no
more money is made), ." 43
,
(the fullpriced" bakers), (the underpriced", the undersellers"). Fullpriced" :
, , ( , ) , , 18
12- . . . (the
unpaid labour) , . . . -
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Child Empl. Comm. HI. Rep.", Evidence, . 66, 22.

Report etc. relative to the Grievances complained of by the journeymen bakers",
1862 , . LII . Evidence, 479, 359, 27. fullpriced-,
- ,
11 -, 7 " ( , . 22).
44

.448

, .
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, , ,

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;
, (artizan),
.
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. -
1842 . : Facts and Fictions of Political Economy", property [] robbery [].
.
>- i. j
46
. J. Dunning [], Trades'Unions and Strikes, 1860 ., . 22.
47

: 400 ,
. 200 , ,
, ... 200
50
5
; , ."
(Report of Insp. of Fact. 31st October 1860 ", . 9.) ,
. . . .
,
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30th April 185, . 8, 9.)

.449
, - .
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Politique", 1796 r., . 32.) . .

, I

29

.450
,
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-
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6 .
. , . ,
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, (subletting of labour).

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. 60
v sweating-system* [ ].

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, ,
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,
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51. 49
( )
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50

, , ,
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51
:
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. 35.) .Child. Empl. Comm. III. Rap.", . 66,
22, . 11, 124, . XI, 13, 53, 59 . .
51 . . engineering trade [] -

451

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' , . . .highly respectable" []
. . labourer* ( ],
.
52
, ...
. -
, * (Rep of Insp.
of Fact 30th April 1858*, . 9.) ,
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53
. , . . .
. . .
...
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23*

.452

,
. .
1860 .54
-
5.
,
, - . , ,
14 ,
- . ,
1797 1815 .,
. .

: Report and Evidence from the Select Committee on
Petitions respecting the Corn Laws" ( 18131814)
Reports from the Lords' Committee on the state of the Growth, Commerce,
and Consumption of Grain, and all Laws relating thereto" ( 1814-1815).
. .
,
-
. - -;
,
, . ,
54
(a la
journee ou k la piece)...
; , , ,
" (Cantillon [!, Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en
general, , 1756, . 185 202.
1755 ) , , ,
. ,
. ; : The Analysis of Trade. Commerce
etc by Philip Cantillon, late of the City of London, Merchant", -
( 17">9 ., .
. , . -
, - ,
. ., .
: Taken chiefly from the Manuscript of a very ingenious Gentleman deceased, and adapted etc.' [.
, , . ."],
.
55
. ,
, ? , , :
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" (. Uregoir [], Les Typographies
devant le Tribunal Correctionnel de Bruxelles, 1865 r., . 9.)

.453
." 56


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1 / . . 48 24

1 1 / 2 3/4 ,
}/4. 72 . 24 X * V2 3 ,
48 X 3 3 . :
, 60, - ,
56
57

. 4, 5.

Remarks on the Commercial Policy of Great Britain*, 1815 ., . 48.

Defence of the Landowners and Farmers of Great Britain", 1815 r.,

58
Malthus []. Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, 1815 r.
[. 49, . Moctc. .}
59
, , 4 / 5
." (Reports of Insp. of Fact for 30ih April 1858", 9)
6u

,
, ." (Ure
[], Philosophy of Manufactures, . 317.) . , .
.

.454
.
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.
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, 62.
,
63.

,
(. . )
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Vo>
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" ( . 321 [320. . ]),
.
61
. Fawcett [], The Economic Position of the British Labourer,
1865 ., . 1/8.
62
Standard" [") 26 1861 .
,

. , 250
(1), -
160 .
, ,
.
1 /2 1 , , -.
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63

, 1 (Quell horreur 1 [ ! ) ) . . . - ,
... , ." (On Combination of Trades", ., 1834 .,
. 42.)

.455
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Wealth of Nations, 1814 ., I, . 417, .)
64 , , .

.456
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.

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. . , 1833 ., ,
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. 314).
31 1866 .
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(manager) [] ,

8 , , - ,
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50%, -, 5:3.
- . manager,
. , ,
65
. :
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- ... , ,
- . .. - " (James Anderson [ ], Observations on the
means exciting a spirit of Nat:onaI Indi.stry etc., 1777 ., . 350, 351 )
,
. - ...
-." ( 2079 Royal Commission on Railways, Minutes", 1867.)

.457
factories []. , ,
,
. ,
.
, .

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,
.

. . . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

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12,600
8,000
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1,500

14

28

37

46

49

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50

50

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55

55

74

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400 () ." (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1866", . 3137
.)
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.458
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. .
, . de faux aloi [
] , ,


.

66
Essay on the Rate of Wages: with an Examination of the Causes of the
Differences in the Conditions of the Labouring Population throughout the World", 1835 r.

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.460
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in natura [.: ] .
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,,
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.461

100 . .
20 . . ,
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],

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...
. .. .,
, , , -. the levenue
[], ." (S.smundi [], Nouveaux Principes etc.,
1, 81, 82 )
2
,
."1 (Ramsay |], ftn Essay on the Distribution of Wealth,
. 14'.) , < (pop
." (J. [0.. ], Elements of Political Economy,
Parissot, 1823 ., . 34.)

.462

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,

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3
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4

.
." (Richard Jones [ ], Textbook
of Lectures on the Political Economy of Nations, 1852 ., . 36)

.463
, ,
43,
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Wealth of Nations, I, . Ill 1 II, . 355. . .].)

.464

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5
. , ,
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. 242.) Ho
".
6
, , , , ." (Reasons for a limited Exportation of Wool",
1677 r., . 19.) (farmer) .
. ." (Reasons for the
late Increase of the Poor Rates: or a comparative view of the prices of labour and
provisions", 1777 ., . 31.)

.465
sine qua [.: , ] .
.

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productive consumption" [ ].
30
, I

.466

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450 , , 180 200 4, ;
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; -
.* (Liebig [], Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur unc
Physiologie, I , . 194, .)
9
James Mill [ ], Elements of Political Economy, . 238 .
10
,
, ,
." (Ricardo [], Principles of Political
Economy, . 163.)
11

( :
) , . . .
... , ,
, ." (Malthus [], Definitions
etc., . 30.)

467

.
,
,
. '
, .
fictio juris [.:
] .
- , ,
. . 1815 .
.
12.

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. . Times" ['4] ( 24 1863 .)
, .
" 13.
,
.
,
...
...
' ... (. . )
; , ,
... , , 12
, ,
-... , - ,
." (Hodgskm [], Labour
Defended against the claims of Capital, . 13 [12. . .).)
13
."
(Ferrand [], Motion [] cotton famine [ ], . . . [ ] 27 1863 .)

30*

.468

." - ,
", 1860 . %
,
, ,
, 6 ". : , , ...
, , ( )
- !
. , (I allow
that the workers are not a property"), me ; ; , ; , (the mere machinery which they
work"), 12 14. , (!) , ? (Encourage
or allow the working power to emigrate, and what of the capitalist?"
.) ' .. . ,
,
- ...
, . ... , ,
(by taking away its working
power), , ,
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14
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( , 188, . 346): ,
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."

.469
... - ( anything be worse for landowners
or masters") , -
,
?"
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. ,
metier [.: ]
workhouse
[ ] .
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.


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700,000 , . ,

,
,
. , -

.470
,
. ' , ,'
, " (to save this .working power'
from those who would deal with it as they deal with iron, coal and cotton") u.
Times" ["] jeu d'esprit [.: -
]. " . : lfi.
workhouse" [ ] ,
, -, (the strength) ".
,

. .
, ,
, JT.
/

.

. 18 ,
15

Times* [] 24 1863 .
, ,

, .
,
-, ,
. 1866 . , ,
, , .
17
, ,
, (pour gagner).* (Sismondi [], Nouveaux Principes d'Economie
Politique, . 91.)
18
-
. , .
.
,
.
. hind's houses" ( ].
, bondage" ( ) . ,
,'
. . bondsman, .

: bondsman
...-
." (Public Health, VII. Report, 1864", . 188.)
16

.471
, 19 .
,
,
, ,
,
20.

HR
1. .
, ,

-
, .
, ,
.
-
. .
10,000 . ., , . ., . 240,000
12,000 . . 100%,
- 40,000 , . . , 2,000 . .,
. 2,000 . .
2,000 . . ,
, .
, ,
.
1!)
, , . .

20
, .
, .
? , . ,
." (Karl Marx [ ], Lohnarbeit und Kapital,
Neue Rheinische Zeitung" [ "], 266 7 1849 .)
, Neue Rheinische Zeitung" [
"], , 1847 .
'

21
: revenue []
." (Malthas [], Definitions in Political Economy, . Cazenove
[], . 11.) revenue [] ." (Malthus [],
Principles of Political Economy, 2 ., 1836 . . 320.)

.472
, 2,000 . .,
, ,
. . , , .
2,000 . .
400 . .

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.473
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, 219 .

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10,000 . . 2,000 . ., . 2,000 . .
400 . ., , , . .
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., . .
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10,000 . . ?
! 21 ,
21 ,

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216
,
: revenue [] ",
.
21
, ."
(Sismondi [], Nouveaux Principes etc., ., 1, . 109.)

.474
, .
2,000 . .
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2,000 . . . 10,000 . .,

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2,000- . ., .

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,
1,
, ,

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;
2 . . 1,
22
. ."
(Labour creates capital, before capital employs labour.") E. G. Wakefield [. . ],
England and America, 1833 ., II, . 110.)

.475
;
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" (Cherbuliez [], Riche ou Pauvre, 1841 ., . 58,
^ ).

.476
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[], Nouveaux Principes etc., . 70.)
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.477
111.) , , ,
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.478
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" 26 .
,

27.
24

, ,
1
25
, .*
(Molthus (], Principles etc.) ... ,
." (R. Jones [P. ], fin Introductory
Lecture on Political Economy, 1833 ., .. 16.)
26
(surplus produce) ." (The
Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties. R Letter to Lord John Russel []",
1821.)
27
, ,
, , ,
." (Economist" ["],
19 1859 .)

.479
2.

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,
.
,
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, (Revenue).
, ,
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28 , ,
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,
283.
29. , , ,
, , , ,

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.
28

;
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, , , []
, ." (Malthus [], Principles etc., . 38, 39.)
28 , , ,
.
29
... ... '." (Th. Corbet [. ], An Inquiry into the Causes and Modes of the Wealth
of Individuals, . 14.)

.480
. .

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2,000 . .
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. . , ,
31.
, .

Ricardo [], Principles etc., . 163, .

", . . .
, .
.
:
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31

.481

.
,
,
.
. , Tableau economique" [ " ]
,
32.
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3. .

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-33, , .
.
-, - .
,
, . ,
, ,
. .
32
, ,
. , ,
. ,
, ()
, .
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. 1815 ., II, . 140, .) ,
I
.
33
, :
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,
.

, I

31

.482
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34
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; ,

483
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ja

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bona fide [] , -
- -
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.
, . , , ,
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,
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, .
,
, ... , ." (Martin Luther [ ],
An die Pfarrherrn etc.)
* , ", I . .
30*

.484
, 1795 . -
.
."
, apprentices
(), . .
. .
,
, ", ,
, . . .

(commis voyageurs [ ]
) .
1690 . 3,000 4,000
. ., . -

. ..
XVIII ,
, . ,
, 6
1 . 1758 .
, ,
!" ", XVIII .,
, ." 35 - , !
, ! !
, ." 36
, , . . -

! , .
87,
?

35
- Aikin [], Description of the Country from 30 to 40 miles round Manchester, 1795 ., . 182 [181. . .] . [188. . .)
36 A. Smith [. ], Wealth of Nations, II, . Ill [ II, . 367.
. .}.
37
. . : ." ...
, , , ." (Sismondi,
[], Etudes etc., 1, , 24.)

.485
, . .

,
, , ,
- , ,
, . . ,
,
(the passion for expenditure and the passion for accumulation")" 88. ,
, ,
, . .,
! , , - ,
, .
(nor is it quite fair)

, (who are likely,
from their character"), ,
." 89
,
, ,

, ". ,
.

-
- ;
, glut ( , )
( ),
, glut ,.* 40
,
- ,
. , .
, -
. .
. , ( ) ,
", : ,
38
39
40

Malthus [], Principles etc., . 319, 320.

ftn inquiry into those principles respecting the Nature of Demand etc.", . 67.
,- . 50.

.486
, ."41
" 1 ! . Voila tout [
]. ,
, ."

" .
, -
" 2 , , .

. ,
, , ! ,
, ! 43 ,
" (I), , , ,
, , , , . . , , "
44.

. , , .
41
Senior [], Principes fondamentaux de 1'Economie Politique.
flrrivabene, 1836 ., . 308. 1
.
. . . . ,
." (John Cazenowe [ ], Malthas [],
Definitions etc., , 130, .) . , ,
, ^enumeration of abstinence" [ ] .
", " .
:
,
" .
; ; ; . .
: Determinaio
est negatio [.: ].
42
, , . 342.
43
...
, , ." (Scrope [], Political Economy,
. Potter [. ], - 1841 ., . ,133,134.)
44
,, ,
" ( , ,
I),
,
." (G. de Molinari [. ], Etudes economiques, . 36.)

.487

, , " 45. , ,

,

,
-,
.
-
,
, .
-, .
,

, ,
46 . ,
,
. -
, ,
" (in the shape") ,
{saved from revenue")
" ( previous process of accumulation")47.
, - ,
, .
,
,
,
.
, ,
" .
45
La conservation d'un capital exige . . . un effort... constant pour resister a la
tentation de le consommer." (Courcelle-Seneuie [-], Traite theorique et
pratique des entreprises industrielles, . 57.)
46
, - ,
, ...
...
...
, - ." (Richard Jones [
], Textbook etc., . 16, 21.)
47
, . 36 . ( . ,
. . .)

.488
4. , ,,
:
. . -
.

,
,
, ,
. , 80% , 20% ,
2,400 . . 1,200 . .,.
3,000 1,500 . .

, . ,
.
,
.
,

48.
,
.
, .
.
. .
; ;
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.
, ." 49
,
. , ,
.
48
: , ' (. . )
, - . -
, .'
, , ,
, ,
(if the owner pleases") . , -." (Observations
on certain verbal disputes etc.", . 74, 75.)
49
(J. St Mill [. . ], Essays on some unsettled Questions of Political
Economy, 1844 ., . 90).

.489
.
XVIII , Essasy on Trade and Commerce",
- , ,
50 .
: (
) . . . ,
. . .
(heap of superfluities"), , , , , ,
, , , , . ." 61 .
,
: - : ,
, , , ; ,
." 52 , ,
,
. . . .
, ,
, ." 58
- ,
( ),
, . Essays"
, - .
50
,An Essay on Trade and Commerce", 1770 r., . 44.
1866 . 1867 . Times" (]
, , , ,
, masters" [].
, , Times"
! ( ).
51
, . 44, 46.
52
pia fraus [.: ], . .
, - : ,
.
53
, . 70, 71. .
*. , ,
,
." (Times" ["] 3 . 1873 .) ,
, .
* (, 1873 .) ,
(. 263) : . ..
.
, -
." . .

.490
" :
, , 3 , 1 , 1
, 2 20 3 / 4
64 ,
1 / 4 (- 3 ) ." 54
55.
XVIII XIX
, -
,
. ,
"
. 1795 .
, , , . . .
, 3
, 8 11 1 ,
, 1
5 . , , 2 ;
-
-."'6 House of Lords [
] . , , ,
:

?" : .
,
(8 11 ) 3
. . . ,
51
Benjamin Thompson [ ], Essays, political, economical and
philosophical etc., 3 , 1796-1802 r., I, . 288. The
State of the Poor, or an History of the Labouring Classes iu England etc." . M.
, ' , , ,
, ,
" (and that very comfortably too*) ( , 1, II, . II,
. 503 [530. . ]). " XIX .
-
. -,
." (Charles . Parry . D. [ X. , -], The Question of
the Necessity of the existing Cornlaws concidered, 1816 ., . 69.) Ho
, ( 1815 .)
(1797 .).
55
,
, . . 34 ,
, 31
, , , , . .
.
56
G. . Newnham [. . ], (barrister al law [], fl Review of the
Evidence before the Committees of the two Houses ot Parliament on the Cornlaws,
1815 ., . 28, .

.491

,
;
, 3 .
, , , ." 57


, . . . . ,
- ." 58 ( . VIII, 8, )
, , . .
, ,
, *
,
, .
100 8- 800 .
50 ,*
50 ; -
, .
100 12
8 ,
-. ,
- , , ,
.
, . ,
. .
, .
, , ,
. .
,
(. ).

. , , , .
, .
, ' .
57
G. . Newnham [. . ], (barrister at law [], A Review of the
Evidence before the Committees of the two Houses of Parliament on the Cornlaws,
1815 ., . 19, 20.
53
Ch. H. Parry [. X. ], The Question of the Necessity of the Existing Corn
Laws considered, . 77, 69. " , , . , ,
18 ." ( , . 100, 101).

.492
'
.
,
.
- ,
, ,
. , ,
.
-,
, .
,
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.
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.
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.

.
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,
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. .
,

.493
-
.

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.
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. - .
..
,
.
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- ,

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, .

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,

.494

,
.
.
,
.
,
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, ,
.
,

. 1782 .
. (
)
, , ." 59 ,
, ,
,
,
. .
. ,
. ,
, , ,
60.
59

F. Engels [. ], Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England, . 20.

, .
. . , ,
".
.


, ,
. ,
. . (
wealth, ) . :
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
. .
. . . . . . . -, - , -
, , " (J. . Say
[. . ], Lettres a . Malthus, 1820 ., . 168, 169). ,
, , :
,
60

.495
, ,


. ,
.
. :
, , , , ,
-
, ,
,

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( ) , () , ". ,
, ? never mind [.: ].
,
- . . , , ,
.
: , , , ,
, - , -,
, " ( , . 170). Lettres"
: (those
affected ways of talking") ,
,
, '. : , , , ,
, .' ,
, ." (An Inquiry into those Principles respecting the Nature of Demand etc
. 116, 110.)

.496
X.
, -
(, . .)61.
,
, ,
. . .

, ,

.

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,
, . -
" .
-,

.
5.
,
, ,

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,
(
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,
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.
, 61
- Wages of past labour" [ 1
Wages of abstinence [ ].

.497

, -
XIX 62 . ,
.
63 .

- , . ,
,
, , - .,
. , . . ,
,

,
.
,
,
, .
. ,

,
,
6
- J. Bentham [. ], Theorie des Peines et des
Recompenses, Et. Dumont, 3 ., 1826 ., II, IV, . .
{
,
, - . . , 18 . .
, .
".
, , . . , - ,
.
. - ,
, .
, . .
", ,
.
", ,
. . , : nulla dies sine linea" [.:
], .
X. , .
6i


, . . . , ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, , , ." (S. Bailey [. ], Money and its Vicissitudes, . 26 70.)
.

, I

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.498
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The Economic Position of the British Labourer*, 1865 ., . 120.
67
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[ : konstantes] .
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, [ : fixes, ] [ : zirkulierendes, ] , - .
Fawcett [], The Economic Position etc., . 123. 122.
9
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Karl Marx [], Lohnarbeit und Kapital.
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[1, L' Economie Politique, Source des Revolutions et des Utopies pretendues Socialistes",
1857 ., . Ill, . 331.) "
, " , ,Monsieur Capital"
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fls the Labourers make men rich, so the more Labourers; there will be the more
rich men... the Labour of the Poor bein.q the Mines of the Rich." (John Bellers [
], Proposals for rais'ng etc., . 2.)
72
. de MandeviUe [. ], The Fable of the Bees, 5 .,
1728 r., Remarks, 212, 213, 328.
( -
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.502
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75 Rko
~ Essay on Population" 1798 ., ,
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.503
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not be safe to breed 24,000 ministers"), 12,000-
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?" (Petty [],
ft Treatise of Taxes and Contributions, 1667 r., . 57.)
. : ft Letter to A. Smith, L. L. D., On the Life, Death ah Philosophy
of his Friend David Hume. By One of the People called Christians", 4 .,

.504
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. 166, 167.) . . , ",
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and Working Classes, . 241.)

.505
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. [. . . 193 .]

.506

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Manufaktur [ ] 1851 .: 102,714 , 1861 .:
79,242; 1851 .: 111,940, 1861 .: 101.678; 1851 .: 12,098, 1861 . : 12,556, ,
, 1851 .: 15,^57, 1861 .: 13.8i4;
- 1851 .: 20 393,
1861 .: 18,176; 1851 : 10,566. 1861 .:
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.
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;
1851 .: 26,940, 1861 .: 26,130,
; 1851 .:
31.360, 1861 .: 32,041. ^: 1851 .: 371,777,
1.861 : 45,646; 1851 .: 183,389, 1861 .: 246,613.
1851 . -
, ." (.Census
of England and Wales for 1861", III, 1863, . 36 [35,37 . . .}.)
79

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.516

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[ ], Observations on the Circumstances which influence the Conditions of the
Labouring Classes of Society, 1817, . 16, 17.) , ,
.' (Ricafdo [], Principles etc., . 469.) ( ) " ( , 430, .).
, ,
...
,
-. (Richard Jones [ ], An Introductory Lecture on Political Economy, 1833 ., . 13.) ( ]
...
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exoda - ." (Ramsay [], An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth,
. 90, 91.)

.517

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. Merivale [], Lectures on Colonization and Colonies, 1841
1842 ., . I, . 146.
81
Prudential habits with regard to marriage, carried to a considerable extent
among the labourind class of a country mainly depending upon manufactures and commerce might injure it... From the nature of a population, an increase of labourers
cannot be brought into market, in consequence of a particular demand till after the lapse
of 16 or 18 years, and the conversion of revenue into capital, by saving, may take place
much more rapidly; a country is always liable to an increase in the quantity of the funds
for the maintenance of labour faster than the increase of population." (Malthus [],
Principles of Poltical Economy, . 254, 319, 320.) -
, ,

.519

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F. Engels
(], (Jmrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalokonomie, , . 107 .)
8i
Harriet Martineau (], The Manchester Strike, 1842 r., . 101.

.520

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Essay on Trade and Commerce"
.
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. , * ;
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.

.521

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.522

.
London Economist" [ "] general and substantial advance" [ ] 84 . ?
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.Economist", 21 I860 .

.523

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.524

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1866 . 80,000 90,000
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' 1861 . 781

10,950,998 , 9,105,226 . . .
1851 . 580 ,
.
10
, 580- 1,554,067 . "5/0, 17'3%. .
(Census etc.", 111, . 11. 12).

.526

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87
, ." (A. Smith
[. ] [Wealth ot Nations, . 1, . VIII, . Wakefield, . I, . 198. . ].)

: , , , ." (Galiani [],
Delia Moneta, . 78.) - - , .'
(S. Laing [], National Distress, 1844 ., . 69.)
, :
, ." (If the people were all in easy
circumstances, the world would soon be depopulated.")

.527

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.528

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(il bene il male economico in una nazione
sempre all' istessa misura):
(la copia dei beni in alcuni sempre egualle alia mancanza di essi in altri).
- .
,
.
.
" . . 89 10 88
-, ,
, , ;
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, , .
;
, . . , ." (Karl Marx [ ], Misere de la Philosophie, . 116)
89
Q. Ortes [. ], Delia Economia Nazionale libri sei 1777" Custodi, Parte
Moderna, . XXI, . 6, 9, 22, 25 . . , . 32:
,
."

.529

-
, .
,
, , ,
, -
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,
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(improvident) ( , ),
(that there always may be some) -, - - . (the
fund of human happiness), - (the more delicate) . . . . .
, ,
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, , , , , , , ,
.

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- - , , ,
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(c'est bon [.: ]!)
. ." 91 ,,

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90
fl Dissertation on the Poor Laws. By a Wellwisher of Mank'nd. (The Rev Mr.
J. Townsend [ . ]), 1786", ., 1817 ., . 15, 39, 41.
" , - ,
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(. . ),
; (. .
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91
Storch [], Cours d'Economie Politique, . 1815 ., . Ill,
. 223.

-, I

34

.530

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1846 . . ,
,
.

50 ,
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18111821
18211831
18311841
18411851
18511861

1,533%
. 1,446%

.
- ,
92

Sismondi [],. Nouveaux Principes etc., . I, . [78. '. .]

79, 80, 85 [61. . .).
93
Destutt de Tracy [ ], Traite de la volonte etc., . 231. Les
nations pauvres, c'est la le peuple est h son aise, et les nations riches, c'est la il
est ordinairement pauvre."

531
. ., .
( ) 1853 . 1864 . 50'47% (
4*58 %) 9 4 ,
12%. ( , , , . .)
1853 . 1864 . 38%, 3 5 / 1 2 % ,
- :

1853-1864

38'60 %
8476%
68 8 5 %
39-92 %
57-37 %

126-02%
83-29 %

18531864 .,
, .
. 1853 1857
- 1-73%. 18571861 2 7 4 % 18611864 9'30/ 0 .
, ,
1856 . 307,068,898 . ., 1859 .
328,127,416 . ., 1862 . 351,745,241 . ., 1863 .
359,142,897 . ., 1864 . 362,462,279 . ., 1865 .
385,530,020 . .96

.
. (
), .
, 1851 1861 .
100 31,583 26,597; 5,016 - 97 . 1815 1825 .
1 . . ,
1825 1855 . 8 , 1856 1859 ., . .
4 7 4 98. -
94

. 38.

Tenth Report of the Commissioners of H. M.'s Inland Revenue", 1866 r.,

95

.
, , , " 100 . . . Commissioners of Inland Revenue , ,
. . :
6,000 . .,
88,000 . . .
190,000 . ., , 250,000 . ." ( , . 42.)
97
Census etc", , . 29. , 150 12 , .
98
.Fourth Report etc. of Inland Revenue", 1860 ., c
98

30*

.532

D (, . .) 1864 1865.
, , - 60 .
., Income [ ].
1864 . ,
95,844,222 . ., 1865 . 105,435,579 .. 99 ,
1864 308,416
23,891,009, 1865 332,431
24,127,003.
:
, ,
5 1865 .
5 1864 .

. .

. .

95,844,222
57,028,289
36,415,225
22,809,781
8,744,762

308,416
23,334
3,619
832
91

105,435,738
64,554,297
42,535,576
27,555,313
11,077,238

332,431
24,265
4,021
973
107

1885 . 61,453,079
16,113,167 . ., 1864 .
92,787,873 23,197,968 . .; 1855 . 3,218,154
8,045,385 . .; 1864 . 4,767,951
11,919,877 . .; 1854 . 8,045 ,
286,068,794 . ., 1864 .
12,789 , 425,719,613 . . 1854 .
268,210,145 . .,
1865 . 489,923,285 . . :
1846
1849
1856
1860
1865
1866

'

58,842,377
63,596,052
115,826,948
135,842,817
165,862,402
188,917,563

100

'
:
,
." 101
99
,
.
100
, 1867 ., - . 1866 . 5%, 1867 .
20,000 . ( ,
. . .)
101
Census etc.", , . 11.

.533

.
- ,


." 102

13 1843 . -, 16 1868 .,
, : - 1842 1852 .
6 % . 8- 1853
1861 . 1853 . '20%-
, . . .
. . .
, . . .
,
, -, ,
, - . ,
* " 103 ;!
", - ",
, "
. ,
, .
, , . London Orphan Asylum [
], 20/0
1860 1862 . 18511853 . . . . 3 18631865 . , , , , ,
104 . , 7
102
, 13 1843 .: It is one of
the most melancholy features in the social state of this country that we see, beyond the
possibility of denial, that while there is at this moment a decrease in the consuming
powers of the people, an increase of the pressure of privations and distress; there is at
the same time a constant accumulation of wealth in the upper classes, an increase in
the luxuriousness of their habits, and of their means of enjoyment." ( Times" []
14 . 1843 r. Hansard [] 13 .)
* (verandert) (vermindert);
, . .
103
From 1842 to 1852 the taxable income of the country increased by 6 per c e n t . . .
In the 8 years from 1853 to 1861, it had increased from the basis taken in 1853 20 per
cent 1 The fact is so astonishing as to be almost incredible.. . this intoxicating augmentation
of wealth and power... entirely confined to classes of property... must be of indirect
benefit to the labouring population, because it cheapens the commodities of general consumtion. While the rich have been growing richer, the poor have been growing less poor 1
at any rate, wether the extremes of poverty are less, 1 do not presume to say." House of Commons ( ], 16 1863 . Morning Star"
[ "] 17 .
104
: Miscellaneous Stat'stics of the Un.
Kingdom", VI , 1866 r., . 260273 . ,
.
.

.534

1864 r.,
" ".
", ,
:
." 105 , ,
: , ,. ,
( ),
, (
). . .
- (the rich grow rapidly richer),

. . . ,
." 106

,
"
.
.
, .
- ,
. . .

or ,
,
. 1855 . 107
105
Think of those who are on the border of that region (pauperism)", wages...
in others not increased... human life is but, in nine cases out of ten, a struggle for existence." (, , 7 1fc64 .) :
Again ; and yet more at large, what is human life but, in the majority of cases, a struggle for existence." [,,A -: , ."] 1863
164 . :

Voila 1'homme en effet. II va du blanc au noir.

II condamne au matin ses sentiments du soir.
Importun a tout autre, soi meme incommode.
II change a tous moments d'esprit comme de mode."
[ . .
.
,
, ."]
(The Theory of Exchanges etc.", 1864 ., . 135.)

. Fawcett [X. ], The Economic Position etc, . 67, 82.

,
.
107
, ,
, .

.535

851,369 , 1856 . 877,767, 1865 971,433.

1863 1864 . 1,079,382
1,014,978. 1866 ., - ,
, -
, 1866 . 19 5%
1865.. 24'4 % 1864 .,
1867 . - 1866 . .
^
.
, . . ,

(Times" ["], Pall Mall Gazette" [ "] .),
. . 1844 .
, ". (deaths
by starvation")
.1,
.
)

. 1862 .
- Privy Counsil [ ]

. -
, ,
" (starvation diseases),
3,900 180 ,
4,300 200
,
, 1 9 ;
28,600
1,330 .
,
, . 1862 . 29,211
1,295 .
1863 . Privy Council - .
108
R.
, workhouse [ ]
manufactory [ ]. . -
: ,
, (workhouse)."

.536

- , Privy Council,
- .
, , ,
,
. ,, ,
. - .
,

,, ,
,
, ,
-
, > / 3 - ,
(, )
" 109.
, - , -
.
, , ".
-
. ,
."
( *
, !) 111

-
- 1 1 2 :

, ,

28,876
28,211

1,192
1,295

28,600

1,330

eo

, /i25 , 28% .
7 24% .
- , ,
.
1!)
110
111
112

Public Health. Sixth Report etc. for 1863", 1864 r., . 13.
, . 17.
, . 13.
, , . 232.

.537

73 1 /*
9'9 .
( . .) 4 11 ;
8 .
( . .) 5 .
( . .)
l y U 18/ ;
13 6 .
: 2 21/*
, 2 7 , 2 91/2 , 2 73 ,
2 61/4 .
1 8V2 .
- ,
.
-
: ,

, ,
, . . .
,
. . . , ,
, , .
,
,
,
.
- .
; , ;
;
.
,
. , - : , -
, - , - , - , - - - .
,
, .
,
. . . ,
, , ,
. .
,
113

.Public Health. Sixth Report etc. for 1863", 1864 r., , . 232, 233.

.538

, .
,
... - - ." 114
-
,
.
.
, - , -
, - , - .
* (improvements) , , . .,
,
. . - . ,


- , . 115 ,
".
, , "
, ,
", 1847 1864 . - 10 ,
; , , . ., ,
. -
1865 .: , ." Privy Council 1864 . , 1865 .
- . - Public Health"
[ ]. -.
- : , -
114

Public Health. Sixth Report etc. for 1863", 1864, . 14, 15.

, . , ,
."
(S. Laing [. ], National Distress, . 150.)
115

.539

. -
,
, , ,
. ,
, - . ,
, (baptism into infamy).
' , ,
, ,
." 116

.
- , , 20
10,000 , , ,
,
; ,
-
20 ." 117 ,
" 118
- ,
,

, "
;
, -,
.
,
." 119 ,
middlemen" ().
,
,
Jury Price ( , )

. . .
, ,
-
."120 .
116

.Public Health Eighth Report', 1866 ., . 14, .

, . 89. - :
,
,
' , , ,
,
, , ,
." ( , . 56.)
118
, . 62.
119
.Report of the Officer of Health of St. Martin's in the Fields, 1865."
320
.Public Health. Eighth Report" 1866 ., . 91.
117

.540

, ,
, "121.
workhouses [ ] ,
" .

,
, . , ,- - , . ,
, .
- - ,
. . ." ,
,
. 581 , . , ;
- ,
,
- .
- ,
(!) ,
, ,
,,
."122
!
, ,
impovements" [], . , . ., .
" , ,
.
, ,

, ,
!
, XIX
, 100,000 .
50,000 . 28 50,000 .
, , ,
. ,
- .
- , ,
121
122

.Public Health. Eighth Report", 1866 ., . 88.

, . 89.

.541

.
,
." 123 -
, -
,
. -, - ,
. -
34,000 .
, .
, .
1865 . - -.
. - : . ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
.
, ,
.
, , , ."124
8 3 . - - - ,

." 125
,
. -
-
:
.
,
,
. : . . 1861 .
1,751 . ,
-
, . ,

", ". ,
123
1J!t
126

Public Health. Eighth Report', 1866 r., . 55, 56.

, . 149.
, . 50.

.542

(12*5), .
, -
. ,
- , .
, - , , ,
.
5 1865 . - ,
,
. 1,500 .
10 ... , -- -
223 1,450 , 435 36 ...
3'3 , 4 6
. ,
, , , .
,
, , , ,
? , / (of good circumstances), ." 127
.
, - , - - (blank poverty") ." 128
120
,
:
16
122
11
13
11

41

122

17
16

18
13

17
8
19
12
56 . . .
3
1-50
11
-- 11
10
28
3
49
18
128
16

130
4
. . . .
17

49
2
2
N 34
26
-

8
-

1
7
33
1
7
,
1
7
27
1
6
(Public Health. Eighth Report", 1866, . 111.)
127
, . 114.
128
, . 50.

.543

,
, - .
, , . ,
". , ,
, . .
, ,
, , , . .129 , . .,
. ., ,
, ,

. 1, 2
3 , . .,
1, 3, 4 130. .
1864 . -
, , ^
Nuisance Removal Committee [ ] :
12 .
.
,
. .
, , ,
.
, ,
,
,
.
, , ,
,
. - ,
. -
,
. ,
.
,
129
120

.Public Health, Seventh Report", 1865 ., . 18.

, . 165.

.544

- ,

. 9
.
( ) ,
, ,
, .
. . Or 1 1
- 10 ,
4 , .
, ."181
.
" 132
. ,
,
. ", . .
,
. ,
, 4 . . .
,
, . .
, ,
.
-
, ,
.
, .
," . ,

- , , , -
-, ,
. -
, ,
, ,
131
Public Health. Seventh Report", 1865 r., . 18, . --- Registrar General [
):
. , .
, , .
, , .
( )." ( , 2.)
132
, . 403 ., . -
1864 .

.545

,
flats (
,
)... ,
, ."133
-
-... ,
, ... 12 (bound" , bondage,
) (lessee") .

(viewer"),

... , trucksystem - ,
.
, .
. (he is to all intents and
purpose a serf).

. . ,
, -
134.
" "
, , , -. ,

, - . .
.
- ,
Privy Council, , ,
(
21 ) , ,
, . ., ;
,
. ,


, ,
. , ,
, , ...
133
131

Public Health Seventh Report", 1865 ., . 180, 182.

, . 515, 517.

, I

35

.546

-
, , , . . .
, (
, ), . . . - , .
, , ,

. " (,
)
, , ,
, , , - , -
." 135
)

'

,
-
, .
: 1857 . ,
.
1866 .
,
,
.
1866 . ,

. ,
, . , ,
,
. , 136 , 1867 .
Public Health. Seventh Report", 1865 ., . 16.
136 ! (Wholesale starvation of the
London Poor!"). . .
, : , ,
! , ,
.' .
,

547

. ,Morning Star"
( "], 1867 . . , , ,
, ^, -, - 15,000
,
3,000 .
...
( ),
. ,
.
.
. , , -
. ,
.
.

, 5 .
3 (2 , 6 )

. , ,
, .
point d'honneur [ ].
7,000 , , 6 8 - .
-, , , ,
, ...
, , ,
.
. , ,
-, 27 .
.
. ,
, .

, .
3 .
1 , ,
,
... , , . . . om'na [: ],
1789 . . . . ,
,
, , , ,
." (,Reynolds' Newspaper" [ "], 20
1867 .)
30*

. 5 4 8

, , , ,
,
, . ,
,
. , , , ,
26 , , ,
- t , , . '
,
,
5 ,
20 . .
,
, . . . .
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, -5 .
,
_
. , , , ,
."
' 1865 .
. , ,
,
, . ".
.
,
.
. . .
40,000 . . . ,
, - ,
, 40 000
! ;
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
." (Standard" ["],
5 1866 .)

, ",

.549

- ",
, ,
" .
-
. : Budgets economiques des
classes ouvrieres en Belgique", 1855 . , , ,


, . ,
".
"; ,
, ", , , -
", ", ". ,
, 85 . ,
, . . .
: 1 56 , 89 ,
56 55 .
- 1,068 ...

. ,
;
, ? , , ?
."
:

300 1 *5
468

0'89 . . . . . . 267

056
168

055
165

1,068

, :
1,828 ., 760 .

1,473

405
. . . . . 1,112

' 44 ,

'

, , .
18471849 . 63 ,
13 .
,
. . . ,
, - -

.550

? ,
; ;
; -
; ; ,
, ; ,
, ; ,
- .
, -
, ,
. ,
, -
."137 , "
- -
! ( Maatschappij [] De Vlamingen
Vooruit!", I860 ., . 15,16.) 930,000
, : 90 000 () = 450,000 ; 390,000
, , =
1,950,000 . -, 450,000 =: 2 250.000
, . 450,000
200,000 !
\

- ( )
.
, .
XVIII ,
,
, ^ - .
,
1771 .,
,
XIV ,
" 138, XV ,
".
. 137

Ducpetiaux [], .Budgets e;onomiques etc.",. 151, 154,155 [156.

Mock.138.\.

James . Th. Rogers [ ] (

), History of Agriculture and Prices in England,
1866 ., I. . 690.
12591400 . . History of Prices" [ ],
.

.551

1777 . : ,
. . . ,
40 . . .
." 139
,
1737 . 1777 . /4 25 %
- : ; ,
, ." 140
1770
1780 .
, , . . - .
, 1770 1771 . 90 ,
(1797 .) 65, 1808 . 60 141 .
-
, ^
, , , , , , . . . ,
.
, .
1795 . 1814 .
. :
, .
: , , , ,
,
, .
,
. 1795 . 7 6 ,
6 36 . ., 12 5 ,
139
Reasons for the late Increase of the Poorlaws; or, a comparative view of the
price of labour and provisions", 1777 r., . 5, 11.
1,0
Dr. Richard Price [ ], Observations on Reversionary Payments,
VI M. Morgan. 1803 , II, . 158, 159. 159
: 4
- 5 - 1514 . 7
-, 15 .
,
- ,
- "
141
Barton [], Observations etc., . 26. XVIII . Eden
[], The State of the Poor.

.552

29 . . 18 ,
, 6 . ., 14 5 . 1814 . 12 2 ,
5 54 . ., 18 4 ,
36 . . 2 ,
18 . ., 4 142, 1795 .
- 1 / 4 , 1814 .
. , 1814 . ,
143.
, , , instrumentum
vocale [.: , ], , - .
, 1830 . (. . )
,
, " 144 .

" (white slaves"),
. - , . .
, : ,
, ." 145

.


.
,
,
"
. ,
,
. , ,
- . , alias [ ] ,
. 1844 1845 .
. Morning Chronicle" [
"] . ,
- ,
, ,
, ,
112

. 86.

Ui

Parry [], The Question of the Necessity

of existing Cornlaws considered,

, . 213.
S. Lai/ig [C. ], National Distress, . 62.
145
England and Rmerica", 1883 r., I, . 47.

.553

4>

, ,
, . . .
' . , . lowchurch" [ ],
, ,

.

>

1
.
2
4
1

8
5
8

.
1
6
1
1 /*
1
9
9
1
l
1
U
1
1 \'2

. . .

6
6
10
.

5
82
7
1
/2

5
1
7
8 1Va
3

1
5
5 /
7
6V 2
1
5

6 2
7
5Vi

.
3
1
k

2
3
2
2
6
3

.
8
8
8
8
7
7

4
5
4
4
8
5

8
8
10

.
7
7
7
7
7

.
6
11

11

11
12

.
.
8

8
10
6
7

6
6
8
4
3

8 4,

7
11
1

4
3
0

6
5
2

.
7
7
5

12
12

11
5

10
1

.
6

10
8
4

.
1 -
2
1 !/>
2U6 _

. - 147,
, , , , ,
. .,
- .
, . , , ()
.
. - ,
liG

.London Economist" [ "] 29 1845 ., . 290.

, , , .
117

.554

, 148.
1846 1856 . 464,119 , ,

. , ,
.
,
1,241,269 1851 . 1,163 227 1861 .149 ,
:
1801 . "150
, . , - ,
, ,

. ,
post tot discrirtiina rerum [.:
] - , secunaum
arteni [.: ] . .
, , ,
1770 1780 .
XIV XV ;
", ,
151 . - : hind ( ) - ,
148

: , , , , , , ,
",
. 1851 . 216,851 , 1861 .
176,151. lt-51 1871 . 20 900; 50 75 8,253 6,370;
100 . R 20 , , ; 300
500 7,771 8,410, 500 2,775
3,914, 1,000 492 582.
149
12,517 25,559.
15
- Census etc.", . 36.
151
Rogers [], A History of RgricuKure etc., . 693. The peasant has
again become a serf." , 10. , , laudator temporis
acti [.: ].

.555

. . .
, . 1 5 2 ... ."153
- , :
nihil habeo, nihil euro [: , ].
, ,
.
, . - , ."151
1863 .
,
. .
:
,
-
"155, ,
, ,
"156.
, ,
. 5056:
- ." 5075:
,
." 3047:
, - (much better)
? ." 3048:
- ,

?"157 : ,
. ,
, -
."158 , , .
152
Public Health. Seventh Report", 1865 ., . 242. The cost of the
hind is fixed at the lowest possible amount on which he can live . . . the supplies of
wages and shelter are not calculated on the profit to be derived from him. He is a zero
in farming calculations." ,
, , , , ."
( .)
153
, . 135.
151
, . 134.
155
Report of the Commissioners . . . relating to Transportation and Penal Servitude", 1863 r., . 42, 50.
156
, . 77. Memorandum by the Lord Chief Justice."
157
, 11, Evidence."
158
, I, Appendix, . 280.

.556

xpana^'d

, - ^, -
-

.

. .
()

. . . .

28-95
2963
2555

150-06
152-91
114-49

4-68
4-52
3-94

183 69
187-06
143-98

24 53
2124
1773

16206
100 83
11806

4-23
3-12
3-29

190-82
125-19
139 08

1863 .
- . , ,
, ".
, ,
, , , , . ,
. - , , ,
- - . , ,
,
, , ,
." 159 , ,
. 288,277 1851 .
204,962 1861 . -
, ,
, , ,
-." 160 -
, (is considerably the worst fed")
, .

161

. . .
. . .

40 673
48,354
48,980
43,366

1,594
2,031
2 348
2,434

168
Report of the Commissioners . . . relating to Transportation and Penal Servitude, I, Appendix, . 274, 275.
59
1 Public Health. Sixth Report. 1863", . 238, 249, 261, 262.
160
, . 262.
161
, . 17. V*
i/o . -

.557

- -


.
. -
, , -
, . 30 20
- . ,
, , ,

.
. Tour in Ireland"
. , - . , ,
. ,
, . . ,
.
5 , ( ) -
,
,
. .. ,

- " . . .
, ,
,
.
; ,
; , , ,
, , ,
, ,
1 . ,
(underfed) , , ...
- .
- .
. 89 , ,
. ,
; , .
, ; - " . . . . . .
. .. ^ . , :
1851 .
1861 .
'45,155
44,446
52 459
52,955
97,614
97,401
( Dr. Hunter []. Public Health. Seventh Report. 1864",
1865 ., . 4 9 8 - 5 0 2 )

- -

.558

, ,
, ,
,

. ,
,
, ;
- ,
, . . .
. ..,

162.

; ,

,
- - . , ,
,

;

. . .
163 .

, , ",
, ,
,
.. . .
, - . ,
. . . ,
,
, 10 82
, , ,
( , ),
1861 . 1851 . 5V 3 % -
4 1 / 2 % - . . .
, - (show-village),
162
1865 , . ,
.
163
- : close villages [
] , ; open villages [ ] ,
. -
.

.559

, ,
,
164.
, , ,
3 ,

. , , . .
,
,
.
,
, . -
,
-.
, -
; -,
-" 3 4
, .
6 8 ,
,
, .
, . - ,
- - . , ,
, -
, 1(56 . . .
16i
, ,
, II .
show-villages [ ].
. , 500
.
,
.
, , .
165
( ,
) ^
, .
." ( Dr Hunter
[- ], [ Public Health. Seventh Report. 1864", 1865 r.J, . 135.).
.
. 10 ,
4 . ., modicum [. : ]
, , , , , ."
( , . 134.)
. ,
. -

. 5 6 0

, ,
, , ,
- . -
- ,
, ,
16.
, , ,
, ,
. - (The ^uisances Removal Acts) .
' ,
. . . ,
.
,
,
- . .

, ,
, .


, , ' . , ,

, - , ,
, .
,
,
, " . " .
-
, ." ( , 135.)
" " Midlands [, ] .
166
( )
, 10 ,
4 5 . , 20 . .,
: .
' . . .

: ,
; ,
, , '.
, ( )

." (Dr Hunter [- ], Public Health. Seventh Report. 1864",
. 132.)

.561

.
, , - .
,
. ,
, (huddled) , , ...
. -

, .
9 . ,
9 ! -
-,
, : ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, .
13 '." 168
- 5,375
,
. 5,375 2195
-{ ), 2,930 2
250 .
.
1. '
: 12 10 ,
-.
, , 5 6 . 3 . .
, .
, . ,,
", .
. , 167

, ; , , , , .
." (- , Pub'ic Health, Seventh Report, 1864, . 137.)
, -
, :
, ,
- . . .
, ,
." (Child. Empl. Comm., Sixth Report", 1867 r., Appendix, . 77, 155.)
168
Public Health. Seventh Report. 1864", . 914.

, 1

36

.562

, ,
, .
, . . 17 4 ,
4 .
3 , 6 . .
: 4 5 . .
10 . ,
. - $, -
, , . ,
4 , 3 . . 10 . 15 ,
10 , 3 . . . 14-
2 . ,
;
5 ,

. ,
, .
3 5 . -
-.
2.
: 1864 . cot ( )
4 .
. . .
, -
. ,
,
. X. 1 ;
6 .
8 ( ) - 14 6 ,
7 ; 6 ; ,,
, , , , .
;
, . , ,
.
I
3.
30 1,000 130140 .
1,000 ; 1851 . 36
84 54 .
1861 ., 98 87 ; 10
14 33 . , 1.
: ;
, cots
1 1 3 .

563
: , , 20 / .
, 4 ,
cot -, : ,
."
, : ,
4 4 , 11 , 9 , 6 5
- ; , 11 3 ,
9 , 5 10 , 6 .
- ,
.
, , .
1 4 2 . 16 10 .
, ,
, 4 . .
.
4.
.
- cots, . . , .
, ,
.
. ; 8 9
, ;
6 1 2 .
5.

. -
22 , , ". ,
3,444 , 1851 . 145 , 1861 . "
110,
. 1851 . 252
61 , 1861 . 262 49 . 1851 . 1,827 157 35 ,
180 27 . ,
, , 1851 .
8,449 1,392 316 , 1861 .
1,473 249 .
6.

[]". ,
2 , - .
3 4 . . ,
9 1
30*

.564

7.

1851 . 87 , 19 1,720 ; 1831 .; 452 , 1852 .: 832 1861 .: 341.

14 cots . 1
. 3 , , 4
10 ; 3 , 6 . ,
8 , 12 10 , 12 2 , 6 9 ; ,
, 130 . . 14 34 33 . ,
10
12 rood (/4 ). allotments []
.
,
, , .
, , . -.
8.

:
, 5 .; ,
; 12
2 , 9 5 , 21
2 , 9 5 .
. - . ?
? . ?
, 1 3 . ? ,
6 ,
12 . , cot
. cot, , . 12
12 , 38 36 .
12

10

11

12

.565

9.
1859 .,

. ,
, , cots ,
. 4 , birdcages ( ); 4
:

10.

9.5
8.6
8,5
8,3

X
X
X
X

8,11
4,6
5,10
8,4

X
X
X
X

6,6
6.6
.
6,3

, ; 2030
.
, - , ,
2 3. .
,
. ,

, the parson and gentlefolks seem
frit to death at them" 168a.
4, 5, 6
- - 3 5 ;
, , . .
2 2 2 .8 9 .
11.

: 31 ; 8 .
: 1 , 1
3 4 4 ;
, ,
, .

12.

: 18511861 .
4*2 4'6 .
: .
, great nuisance here, because they bring the
poor" ( , ).
1>8

."

.566

:
-; 500 , , , ,
" ,
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, , . ,
, - .
,
,
."
,
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[) . - , -
", -
,
, - - .
. ", ,
, .
[] , 169 ,
,
. ,
", .
, ,
, . . , 168
, hind [ ] (heavenbom), . ,
,
, ,
. , , . ,
, , .
,
." (Dr. Hunter [- ], , . 132.)

.
, ;
.
."

. 5 6 7

- , ,
, .

17.
< .
, -
.
- , -
.
cercle vicieux [ ]
gangsystem ( ),
.
,
, , ,
, .
. , ,
, . .
.
.
.
,
,
,
, . - . , 400
170

,
* .
". proletariat fonder" [ ], , - Collins [], (L'Economie Politique"] Karl Marx
[], Der flchtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte, 2 , 1869 .,
. 91 . 1846 . 24 42,
75'58 , 1861 . 2886, 7 4 .
5
-. 1846 . Pierre Dupont [] Ouvriers":

, ,
, ,
,
."
171
Report of Childr. Empl. Comm.",
1867 ., gangsystem.
<

.568

1,000 ( confined labourers" [ ]),

. 100 (1 40'9 1'584
) . . :
320 , .
. . 4 ,
. ,
, , ." 172
, , , ,
. . , .
10 40 50 , : , (1318 .), , 13 , - (613 .).
gangmaster ( ),
, , , , savoir faire [].
,
. -' ,
1,
, -
. ,
, ,
,
, , - , .

68 . -
- ,
, .
,
. , ,
.
"
, ,
, 5, 6,
7 , - ".
, the driver" (),
,
.
*.
172

Child. Empl. Comm., VI. Report", Evidence, . 37, 173.

Ho 500
.
* ,
(1255), 17a

.569

, . , -
.
, , ,
, .
, ", .

. , ,
174 . -
, ,
. ,
, .
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, (public, common or tramping gang).
(private gangs).
, -
,
, ,
.
,
175, .
17,
177 . -


,
178 " - . - ,
. ,
,
. .
171
."
Child. Empl. Comm., VI Rep.", , . 32.
175
.
; , -,
- ." ( , 79. 174.)
176
." , , 2 . . 2 . . 10
." (Child. Empl. Comm., VI. Rep.", . 17 14.)
177
, , . ", - "
all right [].
178
- , ,
", (Child. Empl. Comm., VI. Rep.",
. 17 14). - ,
- ", ( .
. 16, 3).

. 5 7 0

- -
,
," -
179 .
. .
180.
)

.
- , .
1841 . 8,222,664
, 1851 . 6,623,985 , 1861 .
5,850,309, 1866 . 5 1 / 2 ,
179
, , , -
. ,
(more men are out of work) ." (Child. Empl.
Comm., VI Rep.", . 43, 202.) :
(labour question) , ,
, ,
( " )
" ( , . 80, 180). the Labour Question (
) ,
, the landlords' and farmers'question ( ) :
" " ?
180
Public Health Report", - ,
, . Child. Empl.
Comm." sensational" [] . ^ ,
,
, [ ]
",
- ,
1 , -"
, , . , , ,
. , ,
.
,
, ,
, . , ,
. . .
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
." (Child. Empl. Comm." VI. Rep., . XX, 8 2
. XXIII, 96.)

.571

1801 . 1846 -
5 / 1 .
1851 . 1865 . 1,591,487 ,
5 , 18611865 .,
. 1851
1861 . 52,990. 1851 1861 .
1530 '61,000, 30
109,000,
120,000; , 15 ,
.
, .
5- 18611865 .,
1 / 2
/ ( ).
<

1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865

619,811
614,232
602,894
579,978
562,158
547,867

5,993
11,338
22,916
17,820
14,291

3,606,374
3,471,688
3,254,890
3,144,231
3,262,294
3,493,414

138,316
216,798
110,695

>

118,063
231,120

1860
1851
1862
1863
1864
1865

3,542,080
3,556.050
3,456,132
3,308,204
3,366,941
3,688,742

99,918
147,982

13,970
58,737
321,801

1,271,072
1,102,042
1,154,324
1,067,458
1,058,480
1,299,893

169,030
86,866
8,978

52,282
241,413

72,358

116,626

146,608

28,819182

181
: 1801 .: 5,319,867 , 1811 .: 6,084,996,
$ 1821 .: 6,869,544, 1831 .: 7,828,347, 1841 .: 8,222,664 .
182
-,
-. , 1865 . 3,688,742, 1856 . 3,694,294;
- 1865 . 1,299,893, 1858 . 1,409,883.

.572

,
.

. , , , ,
, , , , , , , . .

,
(. ),

1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
186'/5

15,701
72,734
144719
122,437
72,450
428,041

36,974
74,785
19,358
2,317
107,984

47,969

25,241

6,623
7,724
47,486
68,970
82,834

50,159

+
19,271
2,055
63,922
87,761

81,873
138,841
92,431

28,218
122,850 330,860

10,493

1865 . " 127,470 ,

,
" 101,543 . 1865 .
1864 ., 246,667 , 48,999 . 166,605 , 29,892 . .; 446,398 , -
1865 ., . . ( [:. 573.])


, .
. , (
) "
, . . , . .,
, , ,
, . .

, , . .

, .
D ,

1860

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

13,893,829
2,765,387
4,891,652
22,962,885

13,003,534
2 773,644
4,836,203
22,998,394

13,398,938
2,937,899
4,858,800
23,597,574

13,494.091
2,938,823
, 4,846,497
23,638,631

13,470,700
2,930.874
4,546,147
23,236,298

13.801,616
2,946,072
4,830,199
23,930.340

184

Tenth Report of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue", 1866 r.

.574

D 1853
1864 ^ 093,
458. ( )
1864 1865 . :

D. ( 60 . .) 185
1864

60
100 .
. . . .
'

1865

. .

. .

4,368,610

17,467

4,669,979

18,081

238,626
1,979,066

5,015
11,321

222.575
2,028,471

4,703
12,184

2,150,818
1,083,906
1,066,912
430.535
646,377
262,610

1,131
910
121
105
26

2,418,933
1,097.937
1,320 996
584,458
736,448
264,528

1,194
1,044
186
122
28

.
,
, , , .
,
186 ,
, , , .

, ,
. .

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185
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[ , . 572]
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bib

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, -
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XIX
XIV . , , , ,
, - 18.
1846 .
, . -
.
, . .
. , ,
. ,
, .
, - . ,
, -

*, . , , : ..Ireland, its Envils and their Remedies", 2 ., 1829 ., ,

.
, ,
, .

.576
, ,
, 186
? , , 1846 .,
, -
. . . -
. [. 573]
, - . ,
. -
,
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.
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8/10 186- , -
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.
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,
18611866 ., 4dCT . ,

- , . . ., .
,
, . -,
, . ,
, , ,
. 60
100 . . .
18(

" 1851

1874 . 2,325,922

186
: Murphy
(] Ireland Industrial, Political, and Social", 1870 . [. 103. . .], 94'6%
!100 , 5'4%
100 .

.577

(1870)18. ,
, ,
, ;
.
20 5060% 69
.
,
;
.

29 . 1848 29 . 1849
29 . 1868 29 . 1869

1 . 3 1 l i .
2 . 7Vi .

0 . 3 .
0 . .

1 . 6 1 /* .
3 . 1
.

, ,
-
20 .
,

.
in natura [.: ] -
; . ,
, .
, . ,
, ." 187 ,

, . 1846 .

, ,
.

1846 . .
l86
r Reports from the Poor Law Inspector on the wages of Agricultural Labourers
in Dublin", 1870 . Agricultural Labourers (Ireland) Return etc.", 8
1862 r., 1862 r.
187
Reports from the Poor Law Inspector on the wages of Agricultural Labourers
in Dublin", . 29, 1.

37
, I

.578

,
- ,
. ,
; , , . .; , . .;
-, . .; , ,
. .; , , , . .
" 187
.
,
, .
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, , ." 1876

-
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, ,
- . ,

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.
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, - ;
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,
" 187
, ,
!"17 ,
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" 187

" 18?3 .
, . . , ,
ib7a .Reporcs
in Dublin', . 12.
1876 ,
18"? ,
187 ,
187 ,
187 ,
,
18"7 ,

from the Poor Law Inspector on the wages of Agricultural Labourers

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

25.
25.
27.
25.
1.

32.
25.

579
- . .
, ,
,
.
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,

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, . ,
, " 187.
,

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;
." 187
, , ,
,
, "
- .
- 1
,
:

.
, .
,
. :
187
*4?eD ;rts from the Poor Law Inspector on the wages of Agricultural Labourers
in Dublin*, . 30.
187
, . 21, 13.
37*

.580

beetler [ ] 6 11
, ; /
3 . . 10 ;
5 . - , ,
. . -: .
. ,
, .
. -
. 8 .
; (stirabout),
, ,
.
. ,
, .
, , ^ .
.
, .
.
9 , - 1
." 188 ,
!
, .
1866 1867 .
, , Times" ["]
.
!"
, 1864 .
4,363,610 . . 262,610 . .,
1865 . " 4,669,979 .' . 274,443 . .;
1864 . 26 646,377 . ., 1865 . 28 736,443 . .; 1864 . 121 1,066,912 .
., 1865 . 186 1,320,996 . .; 1864 .
1,131 2,150,813 . .,
, 1865 . 1,194 2,418,933 . .,
.
,
, , ,

,
.
. ,
,"
, , irrespectable" ["], " (unsound) .
. ,
188

.Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1866", . 96.

.581

, ,
" , ,
, ! ,
,
. ,
*/ .
, , ,
,
' , -
.
7 , 2 , '

. . .
1864 .
1

-
1 5

5 15

15 30

48,653

25,394

82,037

288,916

176,368

1,836,310

136,578

3,051,343
8

30 50

50 100

100

71,961

2,906,274

54,247

3,983,880

31,927

8,227,807

20,319,924 188

1851 1861 . , 1 15 .
. 307,058 " ,
, - 4
1,228,232 . ,

,
921,174 . 4, 5, 6, 15 100 ,
, , . , -,
788,761 ,, : 1,709,532. R comme l'appetit vient en mangeant [.: ],
, 3 1 / 2 ,
, ,
-,
1883

".

.582

,886.
, ,
.
.
.

.
Acerba fata Romanos agunt
Scelusque fraternae necis.
(.:
. (.))

1.
,
.
, , ,
- . ,
"
(previous accumulation" ),
, ,
,
.

, 1880
- , ,

, .
. . .
, , : Journals, Conversations and Essays relating to Ireland", 2 , 1868 ., II, . 282: - .
,
; .
( ); -
. . . - ( ),
- (grazing country)
, - -, -
." 1815 . .
.
1846 . . .

. 5 8 3

.
. ,
. -
, ,
, , ,
. ,

; ,
, . . ,
,
.
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, ,
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. . . propriete []. ,,

,
. , ,
, , .
.
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, ".
,
.
,
.
.
, :

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, ; ,
.
,
, . .,
, . . ,
, . ,
, . 18151846 .
,
, , ,
, !
.
" 1 .

.584

.

. , , - . , , ,

, ,
,
.
.
",
.
.
.
, ,

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,
, ~
,
. . , ,
; .
, .
.
, ,
-,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
, . -
, .

.585

, .

XIV XV ,
XVI .
, ,

.

, ; ,


. , , .

. ,
, 189.
2.

XIV . , XV , 190 ,
,
. - . . bailiff (),
, . ,
,
, , .
189 , ,
- .
.
, ,
.
XV , .
,
.
190
,
, . . . -
. . . - 160,000 ,
/7 ,
freehold- (freehold
). . . .
60 70 . . , ,
, - ." (Macaulay [],
History of England, 10 ., 1854 ., I, 333334.)
XVII 4/5 ( ,
. 413). ,
" .

.386

, 4 .
,

: , . . 191 . ,
, , ,
192. ,

, 900
,
- - . ,
,
XV , , Laudibus Legum
Angliae", .
, ,
XV XVI . ,
",
.
, ,

, .
, -
, , ,
, .
.

. , ,
.
. Description of England. Prefixed to Holinshed's Chronicles" 101
,

, . ( )
." serfs [ K p e n o c T H H ] .
,
,
- ." (Mirabeau [], De la Monarchie Prussienne, 1788 .,
11, . 125, 126.)
192
, , -
, . " .

.587

. What care our great incroachers!" ( !)

, .
, , ,
- , ,
... , ." ,
, .

XV XVI . ,

.
.
, , Wealth of the Nation" [ ], . . , ultima Thule
[ ] .
VII : (1489 .) ( . .),
; , (
) .
,
, .. .
...
(depopulating
inclosures)
(depopulating pasture)." VII 1489 .,
19, , 20 . 25-
VII . , , , ,
, (tillage) ,
, ". , . . 1533 .
, 24.000 , 2,000 193.
, ,
193
" , .
". (.Utopia*, Robinson, Arbor, 1869 .\
. 41.)
.

.588

VII 150
. ,
. VII
Essays, civil and moral", 20
,
, . . ,
, (to keep the plough in the hand of
the owners and not hirelings")153a. , , .


. 1627 .,
I, ,

; 1638 ., I,
, ,
;
4 , 4 .
XVIII
, 1 2 .
,
. - .
."194

XVI .
19
.
,
, (cottagers) ... -
. . . . , ,
, . , - ,
, cottagers, . .
, ,
. ... ,
. . .

: , ." (The Reign of Henry VII etc. Verbatim Reprint from Kennet's England, ed. 1719",
1870 ., . 308)
191
Dr. Hunter [- ], Public Health, Seventh Report, 1864 ., . 134.
( )
- (farmers)." (George Roberts [ ], The Social History of the People
of the Southern Counties of England in past centuries, 1856 r., . 184, 185.)

.589

. . .
.

,

. +
195 .
Pauper ubique jacet!" [ ]
. 43-
- ,
.
, ,
preambule" ( )196. 4-
16- I
1834 . , -
197 . - .
195

." (Tuckett [1, A History of the Past and Present State
of the Labouring Population, , . 804, 805.)
198
William Cobbett [ ], A History of the Protestant Reformation, 471.
197
," .
10
,
, (-
I). :
, . . ,
, .
,
, -
, . ,
, , ,
, ,
(so as to live without labour"). . , , ,

, (prudential measure);
, freeholders [ ]
, , ,
, . ,
, , " (will prevent persons
in distress from wanting relief"). (R. Blakey [P. ], The History of Political
Literatur from the earliest times, 1855 ., II. . 84, 85.)

1698 . :
- 200,000 .
, , ,
." Eden
(], The State of the Poor, I, . I, . 60, 61 :
. . .

.590

.
198.
XVII , , - .

, ,
".
. 1750 . 199
XVIII
.
.
.

,
. , . .
, * , ,
- ,
, -
(laws of settlement), , mutatis mutandis [ ],

.
Glorious Revolution* ( ) III 200 ." , , , , , .
, ,
1571 . 1656 .
las _ , , ,
History of Agriculture"
.
19
letter to Sir . . Bunbury, Brt.: On the High Price of Provisions. By a
Suffolk Gentleman", 1795 ., . 4.
, Inquiry into the. Connection between the present
Price of Provisions and the size of Farms", 1773 ., . 133, : , .
; ,
-, ,
, - ,
, ."
2
" , :
, 1695 . ,
. . .
, , foeda labiorum ministeria" [.: ].
( Sloane Manuscript Collection , 4224. :
Th charakt and behaviour of King Will.am, Sundenand etc. as represented in Original Lett' rs to the Duke of Shrewsbury from bomers, Halifax, Oxford, Secretary Vernon
etc.". c .)

.591

. ,
,
. , ,
201 .
- .


202.
, ,
,
. .
, .
,
, (
1604 ., - X XI).
- - ,
. ,
,
,
XV XVI . , 150 .
XVIII ,
,
, 203. Bills for Inclosures of Commons"
( ), ,
, .
. . ,
a0i
. , ,
, . .
(gigantic fraud on the nation)." (. W. Newman [. ],
Ltctur- s on Political Economy, 1851 ., . 129, 130.) (
,
: Our old Nobility. By Noblesse Oblige", 1879 . . E.)
202 . ,
, the tomtit of liberalism" [ ].
203
cottagers ()
.
, . : c_>ttagers
, . ,
.' ( Ju.cal Enquiry
nto the Consequences of enclosing Waste Lands", 1785 r., . 75.)

.592

,
" ,

,
. *
tenants-at-will,
, ,

, , , XVIII
205 20,
"
.
XVIII , XIX ,

.
- inclosure of conmons* [
] , ,
, ,
.

24 , 50150 ,
3 ." 20!

, ,
; , -
1,500 , 50 .
, , . ."
. . . .
8 10 . . . ,
15 20 , , -
. , 4 5 , ,
20 30
. ,
,
, ." 208

20

* Eden [], The State of the Poor, , [. XVII, XIX. . .]

Lapitalfarms". (Two Letters on the Flour Trade and the Dcarness of Corn.
By a Person in Business", 1767 ., . 19, 20)
206
Merchant farms." ,,4n Inquiry .nto the Present High Price of Provisions",
1767 ., 11, . ,.
, Rev Nathaniel Forster [ ].
207
Thomas Wright [ ], A short add ess to the Public on the Monopoly
of larg - farms, 1779 ., . 2, 3.
203
Rev. Addington [], Enquiry into the Reasons for and against enclosing open-fields, 1772 r., . 3743.
205

.593

, ,
.
,
. , inclosures [], ,
, . . .
,
, , . ." 209
- ,
-
,
, , . .,

") ,

, . . .
, . .. ,
, .
." 210
inciosures []: ,
, ;
- ." 211
,
209
Dr. R. Price [], Observations on Reversionary Payments, II, . 155.
, , ,
- : The
Literature of Political Economy", 1845 .
21
- Dr. R. Price [], Observations et:., II, . 147 [143. Mock. .].
211
Observations etc.", . 159. .
- .
, , ,
;
,
.
,
, .
. /V , ,
- , , .
, ,
." (Appian [], Romisch : biirgerkiiege", I, 7.) . , , ,

.

, I

38

.594

, 1765 1780 .

. , ,
".
inclosures - . , ,
. . . ,
.,
, ( ). .. -, .
:
,
." 212

- "
- ,

. . , _ ,
". ,
,
XV. XVIII ,
" :
(due) .
XIV - XV 1
2, 3 4 . XVI
2 2 , -
2 1 , - 3 1 ."
XIX , ,
.
- 3,511,770 ,
1801 1831 .
?
,
clearing of estates ( , ). - ".
, , ,
, "
,
, .
212
fin Inquiry.into the Connection between the present Price of Provisions etc.",
. 124, 129. , :

;
." (Tha Perils of the Nation", 2 ., 1843 ., . XIV.)

595
clearing of estates" , .
,
, (
, ;
,
); -
.
,
, . ,
",
,
.
"
,
; .
,
.
", 213. ,
,
214 215 . XVIII
,
216 .
XIX ", 217 .
213
king of England might as well claim to drive all his subjects into the sea."
(F. W. Newman [. . ], Lectures on Political Economy", . 132.)
2li
' : " ( , taskmen []
) ,
, ,
10
- " (Works", I, XVI, . 104.)
215
James Anderson [ ], Observations on the means of exciting
a sp rit of National Industry etc., 1777 r.
216
I860 . ,
.
. , .
217
1814 ., .
. . . , (
), , -
, (improver), . , - ,
;
- - ,
. . . . ." (David Buchanan [ ], Observations on etc. A. Smith's
Wealth of Nations, 1814 r., IV, . 144.)
, ;

37*

.596

,

, -
15,000 . 1814
1820 . 15,000 , 3,000 , .
, .

. ,
, .
794,000 , .
6,000 , 2 . 6,000
.
, ,
, 2 6 . 29 ,
,
. 1825 . 15,000-
131,000 . aborigines
[] .
, , ,
, ,
218.
-
- " .
.
. 219 .
, . . . , ,
- . . .
.
, ." (George Etisor [ ], ftn Inquiry concerning the of
Nations. 1318 ., . 215, 216.)
218

-, Uncle Tom's Cabin" [
"], -
( , ,
, "
^ ) New-York Tribun"
[ - "] (
Carey [], The Slave Trade, 1853 ., . 202, 203).
.
219
Dcjjvid Urquharth
[ ], Portfolio, New Stries. . -

- (clearings) ". JournaL, Conversations and Essays relating to Ireland", 1868 r.)

.597

-
. , .
,
[ ]. ".
[ ] 1848 .
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
' . ,
, ,
, , . . . . .
... . .
- ...
219 .
.
,

. ,
, . ., , . ,
,
- .. .
, ,
. .. ,
, ,
^.
, - . , . . . . .
,
, ,
, 220.
219
deer-forests" ( ) .

deer forests". !
220
Robert Somers [ ], Letters from the Highlands; or, the Famine
of 1847, 1848 ., . 1228. Times"
["]. , , 1847 .
... . "
. clearing of estates" [ ],
Bauernlegen [ ],
17S0 .
.
. 11
. , . .,
. .

.598

,
, ,

.
,

.
3. ,
XV .



,
. .
,
. , , , ,
,
,
: - .
, > . "
, ,
, . . .

; -, , ,
! -.
;
,
, , . 1
; 9 2 , - ;
- ;
, , ,
. , . . .
. , 1
5 ; 9 2 ,
.

-
." (Mirabeau [], De la Monarchic Prussienne, III, . 212 .)
: 1866 ., 18 ,
Society of ftrts [ .]
, . :
-
. . . deer forest [
] . ,
, ' . . .

' , . ( ) ,
, , , ; ,

.599

. XV XVI
. -
,
. ,* , tipu .
VII,
VIII, 1530 .: .
.
, ;
^, , ,
, " (to
put himself to labour). ! 27- VIII *
. ,
,
.
VI: ,
1547 2., : ,
, .
,
, .
- . 14 .
S [ Slave
]; ,
" . , ,

,
."
. Economist" ["] 2 1866 . : : ,
- , , , . 1,200 . ., deer forest!'
. . . ,
. . . 36 , - . . . ,
- , . - ; deer forest [ ] ;
- * .
, , , - .
,
, ,
15,000 V30 . . .
. . .
.
."

.600

. , ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
V [ Villain =
] , ,
. ,
,
S.
24- , 20-
. , , ,
. .
, ,
- -, 221.

,
. , roundsmen () XIX .
, 11572 : , [ ]
14
,
; 18
, ,
. : 13- 18-
1597 .221
221

Essay on Trade etc.". 1770 . :

VI ' .
, , "
. . ( , . 8.)
221 " : , , , ,
, , .
, , , , I , , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
. , ,
, ; ,
, ;
, . , , ,
, ,
. , , ."
, , ,
72,000 VIII"
(Holinshed [), Description of England, I, . 186). -

.601

I. , , .
Petty Sessions [ , ] 6 ,
.
,
. . .
R
, . XVIII
23- 12- ^
.
, XVIII (royaume des truands),
. XVI (
13 1777 ) 16 60
,
. V
1527 .,
19 1614 .,
25 1649 . . .
, ,
, - ,
, .

, ,
.
.
, , , " .
,
,
, , ; . , ,
, . ; 300 400 ".
(Strype [], flnnals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and other
Various Occurrences in the Church of England during Queen Elisabeth's Happy Reign,
., 1725 ., .) ^
49 , 35, ' 37 187 . " . , ,
/5 , ". :
-
,. -."

.602

" , . . ^ . ,
, .
.
, " , . . ,
;
. 4
.
,
XIV ,
,

.
.
, . .
. .
, . , - , .
,
, -
222, Statute of Labourers [
] III, 1349 .
1350 ., .
.
, ,
- ( , 5).
Statute of Labourers
. -
, . ,
, - -."223

, .
, ".
-
, - , -,
, . 18 19
222
(masters) , "
. . " .
223
Sophisms of Free Trade. By a BarristtF", 1850 r., . 235 [236
. .\. : ,
. ?"

603

, - ,
10 , . 1360 .
,
, , . .,
.
XIV
1825 ., .
1349 .
,
, , , .
XVI , ,
. , .
.
, , . , 3- 5-
,

. I ,
224, II

.

,
,
. 8- II

2 71/<2 ,
224
. 2- I
,
.
'
.
.
.
,
, , .
. (Kaiserliche Privilegien
und Sanctionen fur Schlesien, I, 125)
,
;
, [
].
-, 100 -; , 1652 .
, ,
3 .
- ." (G. Freytag [. ], [Neue
Bilder aus dem Leben des deutschen Voikes, 1862 ., . 34, 35. Mock. ped.\)

.604

; 68- 13- III

; 1796 .
, ,

; 1799 . , 1661
1671 . , , .
400
, 1796 .
. , ,
(cruel)". - 1813 .
.
'
.
, .
,
,
, .
1825 .
.
.
1859 . - 29 1871 . Trades-Unions [, ] npev
.
. (An act to amend the criminal law relating to violence, threats and molestation [
,
])
. ,
(
),
,
, .


.
-
, - ",
,
, .
, " ,
, " , -

.605

. ,

,

.
- . 14 1791 .

", 500
225. ,
-
, . . Code Penal [
]. -
. , -,
, , ,
, -
"
,

, ", ci-devant maitres [ ],
" ( !)

[ ] 1\ !
'226.
4.

, ,
, ,
? 225 I :
,
." IV , .,
, ,

, . . .
. .",
. (Revolutions de Paris",
1791 ., VIII, . 523.)
6 Buchez et Roux [ ], Histoire Parlementaire, X, . 195 [193 .
. .].

.606

.
, , ,
, , .
, ,

.
bailiff
[ ].
villicus [ ], -
. XIV ,
, .
- . . metayer, -.
, ,
. - . ,
, ,

in natura [ ].
XV , ,
,
, . XV , XVI ( ), 1 ,
227. . . ,
- .
XVI - .
,
99 . ,
, . - .
, , ,
, , , , 228.

227
Description of England",
- 4 . . , 40, 50, 100 . .
, ,
7 ."
2 8
- XVI
Compendious or Brief Examination of Certain Ordinary
Complaints of Diverse of our Countrymen in these our Days. By W. S. Gentleman",
1581 . ,
1751 . .
. (Knight) .
: , , ,

.607

. ,
XVI -"
9.
5. .

,
,
,
. ( )
,
, .
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(rent),
, . ,
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?" : . , '(noblemen,
gentlemen) , ,
, ."
229
regisseur,
, hotnme
d'affaires [ ], , . . . r^gisseurs
. : . , - , ,
,
25 1359 . 28 1360 ." (Alexis Monteil [
], Traite des Materiaux manuscrits etc., I, . 234 .) ,
.
. , , , ;
; - , - ; " , ." ,
.
, , , -
. XIV , fermes terriers.
100,000. , , l /s J/i2 .. terriers ,
. . (fiefs, arrire-fiefs), ,
. terrier^
; .
. ,
160,000 , 4,000
( ).

.608

.
.
, , -

230.
, , ,
, -', . .
-231,
, .
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
, ,
II , *
, .
,
" .
: ,
.
. -
,
,
,
. -
, II,
pour le roi de Prusse **. . , -
, ,
, . ,
,
232
230

.Notions de Philosophie NatureUe", 1838 r.

, .
* : keine Seide spinnen"
", ". : . . . ,
. ..
** : ", : , ". .
232
,
, ,
231

.609

. ,
, ,

.
. , , manufactures reunies,
, .
,

(manufactures reunies). R ,
.
. , . . . (fabrique reunie) , - -
.
(fabrique separee), , ,
. . .
,
, , ,
,
, -
- . , - , .' 233
, .
, ,
,
,
. - , -
- . ,
; ,
. , , ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
." (J. J. Rousseau [. . ], Discours sur 1'Economie
Politique [ 1760 ., . 70. . .))
2 Mirabeau [], De la Monarchie Prussienne, III, . 20109.
- -
"
.
, I

39

.610

2. , , - ,
, .
,
,
.

. ,

- .
. , ,
,
.
,
,

.
, ,
. XV , ,
. , - 236.
:
,
.
,

-
,
23S.
234
,
,
. , , ,
, . . .
,
, ' ,
." (David Urquhart [ ], Familiar Words, . 120.)
235 jy K . ,
,
.
236
, .
. (Tuckett [], A History etc, I, . [139-143. . .)
144). ; , :
, - ?

611
237 .
6.
238
, . ,
, , ;
sans phrase [
].
,
- - -
.

, XV .
,
- -

quand meme [] .
- ...
, ,
,
-
.
,
. . . . . .
, ' .
...
,
,
, , ." (David
Urquhart [ ], Familiar Words, , 122).
. , , . ,
* , ()
, ". (The Slave Trade", . 125.) caiyj
& ,
. - ,

, .
*37 , , , , ,
. ., , , , :
freeholders [ ] ? ?
freeholders. nq-:
, ?
238
," ". , .
37*

.612

?" 239 ,
.
~

240. ,
.

,
. corporate
towns [ " ]
.
, ,
, , .
. ,
. , ,
. .
- -
, , , , .
XVII
, ,
. , -
, . . , ,
,
.
,
. .
, ,
:
, ,
,
, ,
2
239
The Natural and Artificial Rights of Property Contrasted", 1832 r
. 98, 99. Th. Hodgskin [. ].
240
1794 . , , . (Dr. Aikin [- ], Description etc.)
241
William Howitt [ ], Colonization and Christianity. A Popular History
of the Treatment of the Natives by the Europeans in all their Colonies, 1838 r.,
. 9. Charles Comte [. ],

.613

XVII
, , " 242. -
, .
. ,
,
.
, . ':
, -, ,
,
." , . 1641 . . .
, "
21,875 . .
, . ,
, 1750 . 80,000 , 1811 . 8,000.
doux commerce [ ]!
- , ,
-,
,
.
,
, . , ,
.
. -
.
, , - ,
.
, ,
. .
. .-

, .
40,000 . . ,
60,000 . , , .
, 1757 1766 . 6 . .! 1769 1770 . ,
243.
Traite de la Legislation, 3 ., 1837 .
, ,
.
242
Thomas Stamford Raffles [. . ], late Lieut. Governor of Java: Java
and its dependencies, 1817 r.
243
1866 .
. []
, .

.614

, , -
, ,
:-, ,
, - .
. ,
, 1703 . Assembly
[] 40 . .
, 1720 . 100 . . ,
1744 ., - , : 100 . .
12 , 105 . . , 50 . .
, 50 . . !
pilgrim fathers [-],
.
tomahawked [ ].
,
".
. " ()
. . ,
, ,
. ,
, 1648 .
. -
. , ,
.
- ." "
: 1648 .
, - - .

. ,
.
, .
",
. .
, . . ,
,
. . - .
* [G. Giilich (), Geschichtliche Darstellung etc.. 1830 ., I, . 371.
. .]
*

.615

, . . ,
,
.
,
, 2433. , -,
.
. ( )
.
-
.

,
, . ,
,
.

,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, , :
.

,

' .
- ,
(1694 .). , 8% ;

, .
,
.
,

. ,
, :
, .

243 ,
^", " (national debt).

.616

. ,
, .

, , , , , ,
. 2436.

, . ,
,
.
. XVIII
.
1701 . 1776 .
, .
.
, ,
.
,
,
. . ,

. , ,
. . ,
( ),
. , . , ,
- , ,
, . . . .
,
, , , %
.
.
, .
,
2436
. ,
." Montesquieu [], Esprit des lois,
IV, . 33, . 1767 .

.617

, , ,
,
.
, ,

,
.
, , :
, . .
,
. . , ,
.
.

? 180
!" 244
, , , , . .
.
. , . . .

XV , XVIII , , ",

"
,
,
. :
,

, , , -
; , ' , ,
?" 245 ,

,
214
Pourquoi aller chercher si loin la cause de l'eclat manufacturier de la Saxe
avant la guerre 1 Cent quatre vingt millions de dettes faites par les souverains I" (Mirabeau
[], De la Monarchie Prussienne, VI, . 101.)
245
Eden [], The State of the Poor, II, . I. . 421 [420, 422.
Mock. .].

.618

, .
, , ;
, ,
. - .
(!) Workhouses [
] , . ,
, 7 13 14
. (. . )
" .
.
,
. . . . , ,
, , . . . . ,
-, :
,
... !... , , ,
!... . .
", . .,
, ;
, - ,
vice versa []. , ." 24(5

216
John Helden [ ], The Curse of the Factory System, . 5, 6.
: Dr. Aikin [- ],
(1795), Description of the Country from 30 to 40 miles round Manchester, . 219,
Gisborne [], Enquiry into the duties of men, 1795 ., II. ,
"
. P. (
") 1815 . ,
. /. (lumen [] Bullion-kommittee [
] ) : ,

. ( 1813 .) King's Bench [ ]. . , . -
(absolute famine). , -,
.
, , 20 ."

.619

. , .
. . .
,
asiento [
] ~
- .
, 1743 . 4,800
. .
. .
" , - -
1795.. ,
". 1730 .
15 , 1751 . .53, 1760 .
74, 1770 . 96 1792 . 132.
,
-

. ,
sans phrase [ ] 247.
Tantae molis erat [.: ],
* , ,
,
, " 248.
, Ooicue,
217
1790 . - 10 , 14 1, 23 1. (Henri
Brougham [ |, Inqury into the Colonial Policy of the European Powers
(. Mock, .], 1803 r., II, . 74.)
218
labouring poor" [ ]
, . labouring
poor" , , idle poor" [ ], . ., , , ,
. labouring poor"
, , . . .
R. . bonne foi [] .execrable political cantmonger" [ ] ,
labouring poor" execrable political cant" [
]. , , ,

, ,

:

.620

" 249,
250.
7.
,
. . ?
, , , . .
, .
, ,
, ,
.

. ,
, ,
.
. , . ,
, . ,
,
, , : ,
, , .

. , ,
,
, .
.
." (. Burke [. ], Thoughts and Details on Scarcity, . 31, 32.) He
, , ,
- ! ,
, .
, - . ", , !
249
Marie Augier [ ], Du Credit Public [ 1842 ., . 265.. ./
250
Quarterly Reviewer [ "]
. ,
.
, . . 10% ; 2 0 % ; 5 0 % ;
100% ; 300 % ,
.
, . : ." (. J. Dunning [. . ], Trade-Unions etq., . 36.)

.621

, ,
".
. , .
. ,
,
,
. . ,
.
,
,
.
-,
, - . ,
, , ,
, ,
, 21 .

, , ,

- -
, , - , .

, ' , .

,
. .


,
, , , ,
,, ,
,
.
,
,
, , , , ,
251
, . . .
." (Sismondi [], Nouveaux Principes de l'Economie Politique, II, . 434.)

.622

, ,
.
,
.
'
,
. .
. .
,
, ,
, .
. . ,
:

.
,

-, - - , ,
, .
, 252.

253

,
, .
252
, ,
.
,
.
.. . . . , ,
.
, .
, , , , . . . ,
." (Karl Marx und triedrich Engels [ ],
Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, 1848 ., 9, 11.)
253 f y K , , .
. , ,
.

.623

, , .
, , .
,

, .
, -

.
.
,

, .
1
.
,
,
. ,
, , ,
to make a clean breast of it"
[ ] .
,
, ,
. . .
.
,
.
. . ,
24 , .
255 , , , .
systematic colonization" ( ).
- ,
, , ,

251

-, , - .
255
.
, .

.624

, , , . , , 26.
, , -

50,000 . . . ,
3,000 , , .
, .. ,
" 257.
. , ,
-!
. ,
, , . , ,
. ,
,
. . :
, , ,
.
.
.

, , .
, 258

,
.
.

?
contrat social [ ]. ...

", , , 256
. .
.
. , ,
. . .
. & ." (Karl Marx [], Lohnarbeit und Kapital, Neue Rheinische
Zeitung" [.. "], 266 7 1849 .)
257
. G. Wakefield [. . ], England and America, II, . 33.
258
, I, . 17, 18.

.625

; ,
...

.* 259 :
".
,
, , ,
contrat social .
, " ? ':

. . . . . .
" 260 ? ,

, , , . pis aller [of ], , - ,
, .
- .
(. . )
,
. ,
,

, ." 261
:
. ,
,

, -
262. , , ,
.
, , ,

( )

." 263

,
259

. G. Wakefield [. . ], England and Rmerica, I, . 18.

, . 42, 43, 44.
, II, . 5
262
, , ,
" ( , II, . 125).
263
, I, . 247.
260
261

. I

40

.626

,
,
,
?
, ,
. ,
, . , ,
. - .
, ,
. , ." 264
" ?

,
, , ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, , -
,
, - -.
. -
,

. .
,
;

- .
! ,
. . ,

,
.
,
, ,
.
264

. G. Wakefield [. . ], England and America, I, . 21, 22.

627
, ,
. . .
,
, . ,
" 265. , , , , . . .

." 266
- !
,
, .
,

." 267 ! ,
, ! ! ,

.

- - , ,
, ... , , ,
268.
265

. G. Wakefield. [. . ], England and America, II, . 116.

, I, . 131.
, II, . 5.
268 Merivale [], Lectures on colonization etc., II, . 235314.
:
, , , .
,
,
(part legitime), . ,
, , , ,
. . . , - ( !);
- , ?" (Molinari [], Etudes Economiques, . 51, 52.) , !
, ,
, ,,1'entrepreneur" []
part legitime" [ ] , -, ,
part legitime" 1 , ,
part legitime" ,
? . , , ,
; ", "
,
.
266

267

37*

.628

? "
269. , ,
. , [] , .
,
,
. ! , .
-,
" . ,
, ;
, , ,
? ,
, ,
. , ,
r- , , ." 270
"
,
.
, , ,
(a miserable wretch),
. . . ,
,
- ? . . . ,
- ." 271
never mind [ ],
.
, ?

, ,
.
.
,
, - , ,
272 . ,
a6 Wakefield [], England and America, II, . 52.
270
, . 191, 192.
271
, 1, . 47, 246.
272
, ,
, , . . . ,

.629

,
[ ], ,

, , ,
,
. tout sera pour le
mieux dans le meilleur des mondes possibles [ -
].
".

; , ,
, , , ,
-
; , ,
,
." 273 , " (sufficient
price), . . , , ,
" 274. "
,
. -
" ,
, ",

.
,
".
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
-
,
, ,
. .. , . , . . .
, ,
, ." (Colins
[), L'Economie Politique etc., III, . 268271 [267. . .].)
273
Wakefield [], England and America, II, . 192.
274
, . 45.
/

.630

.

, -
,
, . ,
- .
-. ,


. , ,
, , , -
, 275, ",

glut of the Australian labour-market", -
, .
.
,
:
,
,
, . .
.

275
,
,
. - ,
1862 ., - ." (The Land Law of Victoria, by
the Hon. G. Duffy [], Minister of Public Lands", 1862 . [. 3.
Mock, .})

"*
I
, ,
, ,
. ,
, , , .
, -,
,

, - ,
- .
,
, ,
,
,
.
. ,
, ;
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, .
, ,
,
-,
-,
- -.
? , ,
?
, .
,
, ,
* , Demokratisches Wo.chenblatt" [ "], , 21 28 1868 . .

. .
\

.634

,
? , , .


; , -

.
,
, : ,
.
1,000 1,100 , " 100 . 100
. ?
.

, , , -.
,

, , . ,

,
.

, ,
. ?

, , , , .
?
, . ,
, , ,

. ,
, .

. .
. ,
. ,

.635

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f
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.
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", . . . 105.
, (Anna), 1665 1714 , 17011714 .
. 134,601.
(Anacharsis) 6
,
. 84.
. (Anderson, Adam, 1692
1765 ,

. . 607, 619.
, Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce from

the earliest Accounts to the Present Time"

[
, "],
1764 .
. 607.
, (Anderson, James),
1739-1808 ,

. . 412, 456, 504, 593,
595, 607.
Observations on the means of exciting a Spirit
of National Industry,.
chiefly Intended to promote the Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, and
Fisheries of Scotland. In a series of
letters, to a friend written in the year
1775" [
,
-

.666

, , .
, 1775 .],
1777 . . 456, 595.
The11 ["], 18 , 17911793 ., III. . 504.
(Antaeus) ,
, .
. 483.
(flntipatros), 2
,
. . 332.
(flppian),
2 . . 593.
ROmische
Geschichten
[.
"] ( .
. . , 1830 .). ROmische gerkriege" [ "]. 593.
(flristoteles), 384 322
,- ",
" (). . 51, 52, 70,
72, 126, 135, 136, 267, 332, 654.
Ethicorum
ad
Nicomachum
libri
decern" [., "], I, ,
1831 . . 5152.
De republica"
[ "],
I, ,
1831 . . 72, 126, 136.
, (ftrkwright, Sir Richard), 17321792 , .
. 301, 306, 310, 346, 350, 398.
, . . (flrledge, J. .),

". . 199.
(flrchilochus), 650 .
. . 299.
(Archimedes), 287-212
.
. 248.
(flthenaeus) ,
3 (
). . 84, 110.
Deipnosophistarum
libri quindecim"
[ ,

"], IV, , 1802 . . 84, 110.

, [Basedow,
Johann Bernhard], 17231790
. . 309.
, [Balzac, de],
17991850 , .

;
,
.
-
-
,
- " ().
. 479.
, (Barbon, Nicolas], 1640
1698 , ,
. . 31, 32, 33,
102, 107, 119, 120, 503.
Discourse concerning Coining the new
, Money lighter, in answer to Mr. Locke's
Considerations about raising the value
of money" [ ,
"],
1696 . . 31, 32, 33, 107, 119, 120.
, (Barton, John),
18 .
. 515, 516, 551.
Observations on the Circumstances
which influence the Condition of the
Labouring Classes of Society" [ ,

"], 1817 .
. 516, 551.
, (Bastiat, Frederic),
18011850 & , . . 12, 53, 69, 70, 158,
333, 649.
, (Bebel, August) 18141913

, ,


. . 26.
, [Babbage, Charles], 1792
1871 ,
;
,
-

.667

"
(). . 283, 285, 286, 305,
318, 330.
On the Economy of Machinery and
Manufactures" (
"], I , 1832 . . 283, 285,
305, 318, 330.
. [Bailey, Samuel], 1791
1870 , .
, , ". . 43, 49, 54, 71,
435, 497.
Money and its Vicissitudes in Value;
as they affect National Industry and
pecuniary Contracts: with a Postscript
on Joint Stock Banks' [ ;

:
"], 1837 .
. 43, 497.
Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measure, and Cause$ of Value,
chiefly in reference to the writings of
Mr. Ricardo and his followers. By the
author of Essays on the formation and
publication of opinions etc." [ ,
,
.

. .,
], 1825 . . 54,
71, 435.
, (Baker, Robert) , .
. 245, 325, 348, 365, 579.
, (Baines, Eduard), 1800
1890 .
. . 316, 318.
, (Beccaria*
Cesare Bonesana de), 17381794
,
", . . 298.
Elementi
di
Economia Pubblica"
[ "],
Scrittori Classici Italiani di Economia
Publica. Parte Moderna" [

. ."], XI, , 1804 .
. 298.
, (Bacon [], Francis),
15611626 .

." ,
,

." , , " ().
. . 318,
587. 588.
The Reign of Henry VII. Verbatim
reprint from Kennet's, ,England'
ed.
1719" [ VII.
,'.
. 1719"], 1870. . 588.
Essays or Councils, civil and moral"
[
"], 1597 . . 588.
, (Bell, Sir Charles), 1774
1842 . . 228.
, (Ballard, Eduard), 1818
1897 . . 383.
, (Bellers, John), 1654
1725 . :
."
,

. . 108, 114, 120,
266, 284, 349, 391, 398, 501.
Essays about the Poor, Manufactures, Trade, Plantations and Immorality'1 [ , , , "], 1699 . . 108,
120, 391.
Proposals for raising a Co Hedge of
Industry of all useful Trades and Husbandry" [

"], 1696 . . 114,
266, 349, 398, 501.
, . (Bennett, .) ,
. . 490.
, (Bentham, Jeremias
[Jeremy]), 17481832 , ().

*
(). . 145, 496, 497.
Theorie des Peines et des Recompenses" [ "], Et. Dumont [ ], I, III ,
1826 . . 497.
, . . (Bidaut, J. N.) . 262.
Du Mono pole qui s'etablit dans les
arts industriels et le commerce, au

.668
moyen des grands appareils
de
fabrication. Deuxieme livraison. Du Monopole de la fabrication et de la vente*
[ ,
. .
"], 1828 . . 262.
. (Biese, Franz), 18031895
,
. . 332.
Die
Philosophic
des
Aristoteles
in ihrem innern Zusammenhange, mit
besonderer BerUcksichtigung
des philosophischen Sprachgebrauchs, aus dessen
Schriften entwickelt" [
,
,
"], II, 1842 .
332.
-, (Beecher-Stow, Harriet). 18121896 ,

" (Uncle Tom's Cabin cr Life among
the Lowly"), 1852 r. . 596.
, (Blanqui, Jerome
Adolphe), 17581854 ,
; ;

. . 225, 275.
Cours d'Ecor.omie Industrielle,
Atinee
1837\38" [. , 183738 "], Ad.
Blaise [. ], 182839 .
. 275.
Des classes ouvrieres en France pendant
L'annee 1848" [
1848 ."], I .
1849 . . 225.
, (Blackey, Robert), 1795
ltt78
. . 589
The History of Political Literature
from the earliest Times" [
- "], II, 1855 .
. 589.
. (Block, MauriceJ, 1816
1901 . ; "
". . 13.
. Les Theoricrens du Socialisme en Allernagne", Extrait du Journal des Economistes, juillet et aodt 1872. [ ", ",

1872 .], 1872 .

. 13.
, (Boisguillebert, Pierre Le Pesant, Sieur de), 1646
1714 , .
. . 108, 116.
Dissertation sur la nature des richesses, de Targent et des tributs" [ ,
"], Collection
des principaux 6conomistes, tome I, Economistes Financiers du XVJI-teme siecle
[ - ,
I, XVIII ],
Daire [], 1843 .
. 116.
, (Boileau, Etienne),
12001269 . .
Livre des Metie r s",
.
396.
Reglements sur les arts et metiers de
Paris, rediges au 13-ieme sierle et connus sous le du Livre des Metiers"
[
, XIII
"], G. . Depping
[. . ] ; 1837 .
. 396.
-,
(Bofleau-Despreaux, Nicolas), 16361711

XIV.
. 534 ( Oeuvres de .
Boile u-Despreaux, Tome I Satyre VIII a
M. Morel, 1780). . 534.
, (Boxhorn,
Marci s Suerius), 1602 1653 .
, . . 349.
Institutiones Politicae" [ "], 1663 .
. 349.
, (lingbroke, Henry St. John), 16~'81751
, . . 616.
, (Bright, John), 18111889
, ,
.
. 11, 207, 231, 531, 554, 611.
, (Brougham, Henri
Peter), 17781868
. ,

, .

.669
.
-". . 619.
An Inquiry into the Colonial Policy of
the European Powers" (

"], II, 1803 .
. 619.
(Bray, John Francis), 18091895 . - , . . 59.
. (Brentano, Lujo), 1844
1931 -.
.

.

. . 27.28.
, (Brindley, James),
1716 1772 . . 285.
, . (Broadhurst, J.) . 48.
.Treatise on Political Economy' [. "], 1842 . . 48.
, (die, Sir benjamin Collins), 1783 1862
.. 228.
, (Bruckner, J.), 17261804
;

. . 503.
Theorie du systeme animal" [ "], 1767 . . 503.
(Brunner). . 393.
(Busiris)
,

. . 300.
, (Boulton, Matthew), 1728
1809 . . 307, 317.
, (Buchanan, David),
17791848 ,

"
(). . i05. 455, 595.
Inquiry into the Taxation and Commercial Policy/ of Great Britain'
[ "],
1844 . . 105.
Adam Smith Wealth
of Nations'.
With notes, and an additional volume
by D. Buchanan. [ , ".
. ],
1IV. 1814 . . 455,
595.

. (Burke, Edmund), 17291797

. . 169, 191,
264, 591, 619, 620.
letter from the fit. Hon. Ed. Burke to a noble Lord, on the attacks made
upon him and his pension in the House
of Lords, by the Duke of Bedford and
the Earl of Lauderdale" [
. , ,


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Thoughts and Details on Scarcity,
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-
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.
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.
,
. . ,

- ,
(contrat social),

,
.
.
.
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41*

.692
Discours sur I'Economie
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[ "]
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, , (Rumford, Benjamin
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.
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[,
"], II , 1829 .
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,
- ", .

,
" .
- , ,
-

" ().
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Traite d'Economie Politique, simple
Exposition de la Maniere dont se forment, se distribuent et se consomment les
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,
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Lettres . Malthus sur differents
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,
"],
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(Sextus Empiricus) . . 299.
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"
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Three Lectures on the Rate of Wages"
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Outlines of Political Economy" [ "], 1836 . . 187.
Principes Fondamentaux de I'Economie Politique" [
"],
I. Hrrivabene [. ],
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Letters on the Factory Act, as it affects the Cotton Manufacture" [
,
"],
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VII National
Association for the Promotion of Social
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'],
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.693
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Journals, Conversations, and
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(, , ),

. . . ,


-
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,
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, .
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" .
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. . ;

,
; ,
- " ().

, . .

( ) -


1 " ().
. 10, 128, 143, 191, 257, 436, 461,

470, 473, 476, 477, 484, 518, 529, 530.

621.
De la richesse Commerciale ou Principes d'Economie Politique, appliques a
la legislation du Commerce" [,3a , ,
"], I,
1803 . . 436.
Nouveaux Principes de VEconomie Politique" [ "], 1 ,
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.
.
, .
$
, , .
, , .
.
, , , , ,
, * ().

.694
,
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103, 137, 222, 285, 289. 290, 296, 298,
334, 375, 412, 424, 434, 435, 437, 440,
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,
,
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1612 ,
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Compendious or brief Examination
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.
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"],
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History of the Past and Present
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"] (1766), Oeuvres" ("], Daire [], I,
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The Economic Position of the British
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. -
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The Works ("],
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, the Regulation of Currencies, being
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,


"], II ,
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",
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, X. (Hanssen, Georg .),
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Die Aufhebung 'der Leibeigenschaft und
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, "], 1861 . . 193.
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VII (Henry VII), 14571509 1485 1509 . .
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600,
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,
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."
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"], Works"
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,


-
.
,,

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The Natural and artificial Rights of

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"], 1832 . .
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Popular political Economy" [ "],
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-Suggestions for amending the Factory
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*],
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. Public Health", VI, VII

VIII , 1864,1865, 1866 .
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Political Economy in connection
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"],
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(Chamberlain,
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.703

Speech at Sanitary Congress, Birmingham"[

"], Times" ["], 15. 1.
1875 . . 525.
,
(, . .), 18281889

, 1888 .

. . .

, ,
" ().
. 11.
.
" [ *]. . 11.

, (Chevallier, Jean Baptiste Alphonse), 1793

1879 . . 202.
(Shylock)
" .
. 234.
, (Shakespeare, William),
15641616 ,
- .
,

. . . 41,71, 109,234,
397.
Timon of Athens" [ "],
( -, 1832 .).
. 109.
, (Cherbuliez,
Antonie Elisde. 17971869 ,
. . 150, 153, 475.
Riche Pauvreu [ "],
1840 .
Richesse
ou Pauvrcte" [ "],
1841 . . 153, 475.
, - , . .
, (Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von), 18331875
.

. -

,
" (). . 651.
, (Schorlemmer, Carl),
18341852 ,
,-, - .
. . . ,
.

,

( )
, . . . ,
,
. . .
, "
(). . 252.
The Rise and Development of Organic Chemistry" [
"], 1879.
. 252.
, peep(Schouw, Joakim
Frederik), 1787 1853 . . . 419.
Die Erde, die Pflanzenund der Menschu
[, "], . Zeise, II ,
1854 . . 419
.
, (Schulz, Wilhelm), 1797
1860 ,
;
, .
. 302
Die Bewegung der Produktion. Eine
geschichtlichstatistische Abhandlung
zur
Grundlegung einer neuen Wissenschaft
des Staats und det Gesellschaft" [. .

"],
1843 . . 302.
-, XepMaH(SchuIzeDelitzsch. Franz Hermann), 18081883
,
.
1848 .,

.
1848 . .
60-

. . 5.

.704

, (Stolberg. Graf
Christian), 17481821 .
. 332, 333.
Gedichte aus dem Griechischen iibersetzt" [.,
"], 1782 .
. 323, 333.
, (, .), 17661835
,
. . 143, 150, 287, 294,
295, 481, 529.
..Cours d Economic Politique; Exposition des Principes qui determinent la
prosperity des nations'* ( ,
, "], II III,
1815 . . 143, 295,
481, 529.
1823 . . 287, 294.

, (Hume, David), 1711 1776

, .
, , . .

* ().

, .
18 -
,

(
). . 102, 418, 452, 503, 504.
(Jupiter)
. , . . 298, 470.
, (Ure,' Andrew), 1778-1875
-.

. . 24, 186. 214, 222,
244, 262. 285, 286, 301, 309, 315, 329,
341, 343. 344, 346, 353, 356, 357, 450,
453, 456.
The Philosophy of Manufactures: or
an Exposition of the Scientific, Moral,
and Commercial Economy of the Factory
System of Great Britain" [
,
* "],
II
,

18'5 . . 286, 301, 309, 329, 343,

344, 346, 353, 356, 357, 450, 453. 456.
Philosophie des Manufactures Economies Industrielle de la Fabrication du
coton, de la laine, du lin et de la soie,
avec la description des diverses machines employees dans les Ateliers anglais"
[ ,
, , ,
, "],
1836 . . 244.

, (Yarranton, Andrew),
1616 1684
.
. 284.

II

;
(I) .
,
(I) .
The Advantages of the East-India Trade to
England" [ - " ; :
, ], 1720 .
. 261, 277, 281, 262, 284, 298; 349, 416.
."
. . 73.
The Case of our English Wool' [ c "] . 1685 . . 204.
The Character and Behaviour of King
William, Sunderland etc. as represented
in Original Letters to the Duke of
Shrewsbury from Somers, Halifax,
Oxford, Secretary Vernon etc.11 [
, .,

, , , ."], Sloane Manuscript Collection" ,
4224. . 590.
On Combination of Trades" [ ";
: , X. . (Collins, .. 1)],
, 1834 .
. 454.
A Compendious or brief Examination etc."
, .
Considerations concerning Taking off the
Bounty on Corn exported" [ "],
1753 . . 261.
Considerations on Taxes as they are supposed to affect the price of labour"
] ,
,
" ; :
, 1

, . (Cunningham, J.)], 1765 . . 223 Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measure, and Causes of Value etc."
.
The Currency Theory Reviewed; in a Letter
to the Scottish People. By a Banker in
England" [
;
.
"], 1845 . . 115.
.A Defence of the Landowners and Farmers of Great Britain" [.
"], 1814 ,
453.
Discourse concerning Trade and that in
particular of the East Indies" [
,
-"], 1689 .
. 76.
Discourse on the General Notions on Money, Trade and Exchange, as they stand
in relations to each other. By a Merchant" [.
, .
"], 1695 .
. 76.
Discourse on the Necessity of Encouraging Mechanick Industry" [

"],

1689 . . 222.
, The East India Trade a most Profitable
Trade" [-

" ; :
(Thomas Papillon)],
1677 . . 76.
45

.706
Essay on the Application of Capital to
Land" , .
An Essay on Credit and the Bankrupt
Act" [
'], 1707 . . 112.
, Essay on the Political Economy of Nations" [. "], 1821 .
. 164, 251.
Essays on Political Economy in which are
illustrated the Principal Causes of the
Present National Distress" [ no
, "],
1830 . . 430.
An Essay upon Publick Credit" [

"], III ,
1710 . . 116.
An Essay on Trade and Commerce containing Observations on Taxation etc."
[ ,
' . ." ; :
. (J. Cunningham)],
1770 . . 188, 190, 223, 224, 225,
301, 443, 489, 501, 520, 600.
The Essential Principles of the Wealth of
Nations" [
" ; :
(John Gray)], 1797 .
. 132.
The Factory Question etc.* vez. P. X.
History of the Middle and Working classes
etc." , .
The Industry of Nations. Patt II. A Survey
of the existing state of arts, machines
and manufactures* [ . II:
,
"], 1855 .
. 281, 313.
An Inquiry into the Connection between the
present Price of Provisions and the size
of farms etc. By a Farmer." [

. . " ; : , . (Arbuthnot,
J.)], 1773 . . 251, 267,
268, 590, 594.
Inquiry into those Principles respecting the
Nature of Demand and the Necessity of
Consumption,
lately advocated by Mr.
Malthus" [
,
. "], 1821 . . 134, 143,
360, 485, 495.

Die Krankheiten, welche verschiedenen Standen, Altern und Geschlechtern eigenttimlich sind" [., ,
"], 6 , 1860 .
. 297.
Labour defended against the Claims of Capital" , T.
Letter to Adam Smith etc."
, .
Letter to Sir T. C. Bunbury, Bart. On the
poor Rates and the High Price of Provisions. By a Suffolk Gentleman"
[ T.C , .

.
"],
1795 . 590.
,The Natural and artificial Rights of Property contrasted" - , T.
Observations on certain verbal disputes in
Political Economy, particularly relating
to value and to demand and supply"
(
,
,
"]. 1821 . . 71, 168,
435, 488.
Our old Nobility. By Noblesse Oblige" [. . . '"; : . (N. Howart Ewans)],
1879 . . 591.
Outlines of Political Economy etc." (
"),
1832 . . 163, 260, 425.
The Perils of the Nations. An Appeal to
the Legislature etc." [ .
. ." ; : . . (. .
Seeley)], II , 1843 .
. 594.
political Inquiry into the Consequences
of Enclosing Waste Lands and the causes
of the present high price of butchers
meat" [ "],
1875 . . 591.
Price of Corn and Wages of Labour etc.*
, .
Prize Essay on the Comparative Merits
of Competition and Co-operation" [
"],
1834 . . 261, 352.
Public Economy concentrated, or a connected view of currency, agriculture and
manufactures. By an enquirer into first
principles'1 [. -

707
, , .
"], 1833 .
. 323.
, Reasons for a limited Exportation of Wool*
[ "], 1677 .
. 464.
.Reasons for the late increase of the Poor
Rates: or a comparative view of the
Prices of Labour and Provisions etc."
[ ,
,-"], 1777 . . 464, 551.
Remarks on the Commercial Policy of Great
Britain" [
"],
1815 . . 453.
.Sophisms of Free-Trade and popular Political Economy examined by a Barrister" [ , ";
: . . (1. . Byles)],
V , 1850 . ( VII ). . 22, 602

The Source and Remedy of the National

Difficulties. A Letter to Lord John
Russel" [
.
"],
1821 . . 478.
The Theory of the Exchanges. The Bank
Charter Act of 1844" [. . 1844 ."],
1864 . . 115, 534.
Some Thoughts on the Interest of Money in
general, and particularly in the Public
Funds etc." [ . ."],
, 17391740 . [
:
1750].
. 35, 41.

-
"
- . .
Two Letters on the Flour Trade and the
Dearness of Corn. By a Person in
Business" [
.
"], , 1767 .
. 592.

41*

Ill

HR
,

. ;
the"
.
Baiiputue " (Bayerische Zeilung")
9 1862 . . 195.
" (Bengal Hurkaru. BiMonthly Overland Summary of News")
22 1861 r. . 268.
. " (Bury Guardian*) 22
1860 . . 218.
" ( 1"),
1872 . . 13.
. "
(Glasgow Daily
Mail") 25 1849 . . 253.
" (Daily Telegraph")
17 1860 . . 198.
"
(Demokratisches Wochenblatt"). 21
28 1868 . . 633.
( 1).
- " (Journal of the Society of Arts"), ,
5 1872 . . 340.
- "
(Deutschfranzosische JahrbOcher",
), 1 2 ,
1844 . . 64, 125.
" (Economist"), , 29
1845 . . 553.
15 1848 . . 187.
19 1859 . . 478.
21 1860 . . 522.
2 1866 . 599.
" (The Engineering"), 13
1874 . . 508.
" (Evening Standard"),
, 1 1886 . . 22.
* (Concordia. Zeitschrift fur die
Arbeiterfrage"), 7 1872 . . 25.
4 1872 . . 26
11 1872 . . 25, 27.

" "
" (Macmillan's Magazine"), 1863 . . 208.
" (Morning advertiser"), , 17 1863 .
. 26.
. " (Morning chronicle").
. 552.
" (Morning Star"), ,
1861-1865 . . 439.
17 1863 . . 26, 533.
23 1863 . . 207.
7 1867 . . 547.
" (Neue Rheinische
Zeitung. Organ der Demokrate"), ,
7 1849 . . 471, 624.
" (Neue Rheinische
Zeitung. Politischokonomische Revue"),
, 1850 . . 237.
- " (New York Daily
Tribune"), 9 1853 . . 596.
28 1857 . . 339.
"(1 Observer"),, 24
1864 . . 115.
- " (Pall Mall Gazette").
. 535.
" (Revolutions de

Paris"), 1791 ., 101.

. 605.
" (Revue positiviste")
".
" (Reynolds Newspaper"), 1866 . . 206.
4 1866 . . 206.
20 1867 . . 547.
- ", 20
"
1872 . - . 12.

709
' (.Saturday Review").
. 12.
'1 (Social Science Review"), 18 1863 . . 207, 208.
'" (Spectator"), 3 1866 .
. 271.
" (Standard"). 207.
26 1861 . . 454.
5 1867 . . 548
," (Times'), . . 535,
580, 597.
14 1843 . 533.
5 1861 . . 220.
26 1862 . . 170, 329.
24 1863 . . 241, 467, 469,
470.
17 1863 . . 2628.
2 1863 . . 207.
25 1864 . . 385.
1866 . . 489, 580.
1867 . . 489, 580.
26 1867 . . 408.
3 1873 . . 489.
29 1883 . . 26.
-" (-Day"), 1884 .
. 27.
" (TObinger Zeitschrift"), 1878 r. . 656, 660.

". . 54.
, " (Workman's advocate"), 13 1866 . . 205.
" (.Volksstaat"),
. . 12.
1 1872 . . 25.
7 1872 . . 26.
" (Philosophie positive"),
, - 1863 .
. 13.
" (Hansard Parliamentary Debates"), :
Speech of Mr. Gladstone on the Budget,
Feb. 14th, 1843". ( .
, 14 1843 ."],
1843 . . 533.
Speech of Mr. Gladstone on the Budget,
April 16th, 1863" ( .
, 16 1863 ."],
1863 . . 2528.
Speech of Mr. Ferrand, April 27th,
1843" ( . , 27
1863 ."], 1863 . . 213,
340, 467.
Speech of' Mr. Gladstone, April, 7th,
1864" ( . , 7
1864 ."), 1864 . 28, 534.

IV

,

, Agricultural Labourers (Ireland). Return of
the Average Rate of Weekly Earnings of
Agricultural Labourers in Ireland" [ .
"], 1862 .
. 577.
, Agricultural Statistics, Ireland. General Abstracts" [. ,
. "], 1860 .
. . 573.
Agricultural Statistics, Ireland. Tables showing the Estimated Average Produce of
the crops for the year 1866" [. . .
1866 ."],
1867 . . 573.
Arbeiten der Kaiserlich Russischen Gesandtschaft zu Peking iiber China, sein Volk,
seine Religion, seine Institutionen, sozialen
Verhdltnisse usw." [

, , ,
, . h."J, Dr. Carl
Abel F. A. Mecklenburg [-
. . ]
18521857 . -
. I, 1858 .
. 105.
BeschlUsse der Arbeiter zu Dunkirk, Staat
New York ( jia
, -], 1866 .
. 245.
Census of England and Wales for the year
1861. Vol. 3: General Report" ( 1861 . III:
"], 1863 . . 362,
376, 515, 525, 531. 532, 554, 558.
Children's Employment Commission. Report
1 -6 of the Commissioners on the employment of children and young persons in
trades and , manufactures not already
regulated by law" [
. IVI
,
"]. . 143,
195, 199, 243, 322, 348,363, 639.

1st Report [I ], 1863 .

. 199, 200, 202, 220, 383, 445,451, 639.
2nd Report [II ], 1864 .
. 377, 380, 381, 382, 383,384,385,386,
387, 389, 399, 444, 450.
3rd Report [III ], 1864 .
. 144, 209, 323, 380, 389, 400, 446,
447, 450.
4th Report [IV ], 1865 .
. 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,214,216,286,
328, 355, 375, 3S0, 391.
*
5th Report [IV ],' 1866 .
. 211, 323, 353, 369, 377,378, 379,391,
392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 339,400,401,445.
6th Report [VI ], 1867 .
. 561, 567, 563, 569, 570.
Committee of 1855 on the Adulterations of
Bread" ( 1855 . "].
. 144.
Compte Rendu" ["]
1864 . . 244.
Correspondence with Her jesty's Missions
Abroad, regarding Industrial Questions
and Trades' Unions* [ c

"], 1867 .
. 7.
Factories Inquiry Commission. First Report
of the Central Board of His Majesty's
Commissioners on the Employment of
Children in Factories. With Minutes of
Evidence" (
.
^
. "]. 1833 . . 183.
Factories Regulation Acts. Ordered by the
House of Commons to be printed 9. August
1859" [ .
9
1859 ."]. . 196, 240.
First and second Report from the Lords
Committee, into the State of the Growth
Commerce, and Consumption of Grain,
and all Laws relating thereto* [,

.711

,

"},
18141815 . . 452.
General Statutes of Massachusets" [.
"]. . 221.
House of Lords Committee" (
*], 1848 .
. 105.
Jahresbericht der Handelskammer zu Essen"
[
"]. 1863 . - . 318.
,. Maatschappij De Vlamingen
Vooruit / Gerigt tot alee de Voorstanders
von de eerlijke en regtzinnige nitvoering
der Belgische Grondwet, gestemd door
het National Congress van 1830", I860 . 550.
The Master Spinners' and Manufacturers'
Defence Fund. Report oj the Committee"
(
. "], 1854 . 346.
Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom" ( "], VI,
1866 . . 533.
.,Parliamentary
Return"
[
"], 1839, 1850, 1856, 1862 .
. 338, 339, 387.
Public Health. Report of the Medical officer
of the Privy Council" [
.
"]. . 297, 322,325,
379, 570.
3rd Report, 1860" ( ,
1860 ."]. 1861 . - . 199.
4th Report, 1861" ( ,
1861 ."], 186* . . 379.
6th Report, 1863' [ ,
1863 ."], 1864 . 144,
219, 325, 326, 379, 380, 445, 536, 537,
538, 556.
7th Report, 1864" ( ,
1864 ."], . 1865 . . 470,
538, 543, 544, 545, 546, 555. 557, 559,
560, 561, 588.
8th Report, 1865" [ ,
1865 ."], 1866 . . 378,
538, 539, 540, 541, 542.
Report from the Select Committee on Petitions relating to the Corn laws of this
Kingdom; together with the Minutes of
Evidence and an Appendix of accounts"
( ;
"], 1813
1814 . . 452.

Report from the Select Committee on the

Bankacts' ( "], 1858 .
. 116.
Report from the Select-Committee on Mines"
[ "]. 1866 . - . 195, 403.
Report of the Commissioners . .. relating to
Transportation and Penal
Servitude"
( . . . "],
1863 . - . 555, 556.
Report of the Committee on the Baking
Trade in Ireland for 1861" [.
"]. . 205.
Report etc. relative to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers;
with Appendix of Evidence" [.
. . ; "], 1862 . . 144, 203,
204, 447.
Report of the Officer of Health of St.
Martin's in the Fields" ( -
-"], 1865 . . 539.
Report of the Registrar General of birth,
deaths and marriages in England for
October 1861' ( , ,
1861 ."]. . 220, 385.
,Report of the Social Science Congress at
Edinburgh" ( "], 1863 .
. 321.
Fourth Report of the Commissioners of Her
Majesty's Inland Revenue" (

"],
1860 . . 531.
Tenth Report of the Commissioners of Her
Majesty's Inland Revenue" (

"],
1866 . . 531, 572.
Reports by Her Majesty's Secretaries of
Embassy and Legation on the Manufactures. Commerce etc. of the Countries, in
which they reside" (
, . . ,
"], 6, 1863 . . 280.
.Reports from the Poor Law Inspectors on
the Wages of Agriculturql Labourers in
Dublin* (
,

"], 1870 . . 577, 578, 579.

.712
Reports of the Inspectors of Factories etc."
(
. ."]. . 195, 322.
for the half year ending 3Jst December 1841" ( , 31 1841 ."],
1842 . . 226.
for 1844 and the quarter ending 30th
April 1845" ( 1844 , 30 1845 ."],
1845 . . 229, 230, 238,
239, 335, 337, 338.
for the half year ending 60th April
1848" ( ,
30 1848 r.'J, 1848 .
. 233. 234, 445.
for 31st Oktober 1848" ( 31 1848 .*4], 1849 . . 186,
229, 231. 232, 233, 234, 237, 243, 245, 448.
for 1st December 1848" ( 1 1848 ."], 1849 . . 236,
427.
for 30th April 1849" ( 30
1849 ."], 1849 . . 234,
235, 236, 237, 253, 254.
for 31st October 184914 ( 31 1849 ."), 1850 . . 229,
236.
for 30th April 1850" (. 30
1850 ."], 1850 . . 237,
246.
for 31 st October 1850" ( 31 1850 .), 1851 . . 234.
for 30th April 1852* ( 30
1852 ."], 1852 . . 238.
for 30th April 1853" ( 30
1853 .1, 1853 . . 240.
for jlst October 1853 ( 31 1853 .], 1854 . . 144,
219.
for 30th April 1855 ( 30
1855 ."), 1855 . . 186.
.for 31st October 1855' ( 31 1855 ."J, 1856 . 326,
349, 427.
for 3lst October 1856" ( 31 1856 ."], 1856 . . 196,
197, 225, 309, 327, 338. 339, 353, 366, 367.
for 30th June 1857' ( 30
1857 ."], 1857 . . 326.
for 31st October 1857" ( 31 1857 r."J, 1857-1858 .
. 240, 327.
for 30th April 1858 ( 30
1858 ." J, 1858 . . 196,
451, 453.
for 31st October 1858' ( 31 1858 .], 1859 . . 320,
323, 326, 339, 353.
for 30th April 1859" ( 30
1859, .*1 1859 . . 448.

for 31st October 1859' ( 31

1859 ." ], 1860 . . 229, 246.
for 30th April I860'
( 30
1860 r.'J, 1860 . . 197,
217, 227, 240. 339, 445.
for 31st October I860" ( 31 I860 r."J, 1861 . . 197,
448.
for 30th April 1861" (. 30
1861 ."], 1861 . . 196.
for 3lst October 1861" ( 31 1861 ."], 1862 . . 239,
245, 341.
for 31st October 1862" ( 31 1862 r."J, 1863 . . 196,
240, 241, 242, 325, 331,338,340,342,366,
372, 391.
for 30th April 1863" ( 30
1863 ."], 1863 . . 242,
246, 348. 374. 445.
for 31st October 1863" ( 31 1863 ."], 1864 . - 196,
349. 354, 373, 394, 445, 530.
for 30th April 1864" ( 30
1864 .]. 1864 . . 374
for 31st October (December) 1864"
( 31 () 1864 ."],
1865 . . 243, 246.
for 31st October 1865' [ 31 1865 ."], 1866. . 335,
344, 366, 373, 374, 375, 387, 388, 389, 393,
399, 40.
for 30th April 1866" ( 30
1866 ."]. 1866 . . 207.
for 31st October (December) 1866"
( 31 () 1866 .*],
1867 . . 344, 348, 457,
524, 580.
.Revised Statutes of the State of Rhode
Island" (
"], 1857 . . 221.
Royal Commission 1864" ( 1864 ."], . . 544.
Royal Commission on Railways. Minutes of
Evidence taken before the Commissioners
March 1865 to May 1866" [ .
1865 .
1 8 6 6 ."1, 1 8 6 7 . . 3 3 3 . 4 5 6 .
State of New Jersey. An act to limit the
hours of labour etc." ( -.
. h.'J, 1855 . . 221.
Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom"
( "]:
Ms 8, 1846 1860 .
1861 . . 342.
Ms 13, 1857 1865
1866 . . 342.

-
" .
. .
146, 257, 413, 414, 415.
. 585598, 607 .
. . 459,
471473, 481, 482, 483, 484,, 485 - 4 8 7 ,
483 ., 499 . 637.
. . 252, 273,
512 .
. .
245, 371.
. . 5, 14, 258,
266, 438, 460, 659.
. . 192 , 439.
. . 590591.
. . 530 .
(
). .
6 9 - 7 0 , 112, 138, 192, 273-274, 288
300, 417.
. . 95.
. . 581, 605606.
. . 115116.
. . 69, 615616.
. .
. . 241242.
(. ).
. 7576, 103104, 109, 606.
. . 241 .
, .
. 482 .

. . 355.
. . 11, 6970,
250, 438 ., 530
. " . .
158,486-487.
. . 394, 398.

. . 325 .
, . . 460 .
, (
). . 471, 479.
. . 346347, 450.
, . .
288, 411.

.
243.
. . 199, 217.
. . 198.
. . 116117, 290, 424, 616.
. . 36 ., 162, 163
164, 643, 658
. . 230
., 638.
. . 291,
345346.
. . 197 ., 221 .,
233-234, 321, 328329, 398-402, 455,
617 ., 639.
. . 1415. 41 60, 252
, 474 .. 478, 620 ., 639640,
658.
.
.
. . 398,
621622.

, ."
. . 411412.
.
.
. . 376. 380
.. 383 ., 608.
, . . 364.
. . 461,478-479,481 .
. .
59, 74, 478.
. . 466.
. . 42 ., 48
., 55, 58 .
. 173 ., 198 .,
621.

.
. 621622.
. : 467, 576577, 581, 628.
. . 205206, 312, 457,543.
. . 206 ., 321 .
.
. 207, 537 ., 543 , 554 .,.
557 .
'

.714
,
.
. . 263, 275276, 284 .,
375 .

.
. . 443 .
. . 448 .
. 441 ., 443
., 445 .
. . 617.
(, ). . 148, 149, 306, 410 .,
414, 416 ., 492, 550 ., 253, 566
., 605 .
( ). . 205206, 219,
362, 409, 411-412, 432, 525, 550551,
569-570, 577 .
, . 60, 7 5 - 7 6 , 79 ., 82 .,
103104, 109
. . 284285, 303304,
355 ., 398.
.

. . 265, 315-316,
334; 377.
( : , ,
). . 6869, 298, 622623, 634.
. . 611.
. . 302 .
. .
398, 513 .,' 522 ., 524 .,
527 .
. . 226, 301 .,
321 ., 375 ., 410 ., 607 .,
644645.
. . 333
., 450.
. . 422, 426,
427, 428 .
. . 570582.
. . 69
70, 242243, 303-304, 418419, 620
.
. . 585.
. . 120.
( : , , . .). . 12
., 127-133, 138, 250 ., 269 ,
393, 459 ., 624.
. 126, 152, 189,219,-220,
230, 233234, 251252, 611 ., 653.
. . 67, 31, 138 ., 162,
273274, 414-415, 417, 470-471, 612.
. . 511512.
. . 65, 69, 139.

. . 39, 162163,
. . 200.
.
. , 250, 414, 437, 441,479,484,494,
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