1.

2.
2.1
2.1.1 :
2.1.2 :
2.1.3 :
2.1.4 :
2.1.5 :

 ()
2.2
2.2.1 :
2.2.2 :
2.3
2.3.1 :
2.3.2 :

 ()
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.4.6 1
2.4.7 2
2.4.8 2


1. (Early Civilizations)
3,500 .. - ..476
2. (Middle Ages)
..800 - 15
3. (Modern Times)
15 - 20 (World War I)
4. (Contemporary World)
20 (World War II) -


:
:
500 B.C.

:
300 B.C.

 :






-

The Minoan Palace of Knossos

Ruins of ancient Gortyna at Crete island in Greece.

Minoan Palace of Knossos, Crete

Fresco of women, Knossos, Crete

 (fresco)

 :
500 B.C.

- 500 B.C. .500

- (city state) (polis)
(acropolis)
(agora)
- (Athens) (Spatar)

(direct democracy)


1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

 ()
6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Zeus was the father of heroes

Athena, goddess of wisdom

Apollo

Poseidon

Dionysus, wrapped in panther skin

Athens dominated the Olympic games (held in honor of Olympian

Zeus), pan-Hellenic chariot races and the performing arts. Playwrights and
poets, alongside sociopolitical plays.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.

Socrates was Platos teacher and the Grandfather of Western Philosophy

Ancient Greek Philosophers

(Plato & Aristotle)

Hipocrates

Euclid

 Euclid

Anaximander on Cosmology

Pythagoras

Herodotus

2.

Erectheum (440 B.C.)

The Acropolis, Athens, Greece

new modern architecture

Hellenistic Art

Sculptures from the Hellenistic period

Ancient Greek vase depicting Olympic runners, c. 525 BC.

Ancient Greek Art: Heracles & Cerberus

Ancient Greek Art: Hermes & Argos Panoptes

Ancient Greek Art: Zeus & Ganymede

The Theater of Dionysus

Greek Theaters - Greek Theater of Halicarnassus

Peloponnesian War Map

 :
300 B.C.
1.
2.
3.
3.1
3.2 Alexandria

3.3

3.4
3.5

Map of the Hellenistic Kingdoms

Alexander the Great

Alexandria, Egypt

 :
1.
2.
3.
-
-
-
-

1.
-

-

- (republic)

- 2 Patrician Plebeian
-

Latium

Capitoline Wolf is a 5th century BC Etruscan bronze statue. Approximately

lifesize, it depicts a she-wolf suckling a pair of human twin infant boys,
representing the legendary founders of the city of Rome, Romulus and Remus.

Patricians

Plebeians

Roman Republic

Roman Republic

2.
3

-

-

-

The Roman Navy operated between the First Punic war and the
end of the Western Roman Empire.

Punic Wars : Storming of Byrsa, Carthage

Punic Wars

Punic Wars

Punic Wars

Carthage

Carthage: The Lost Mediterranean

Civilization

Carthage Must Be Destroyed

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar


-

-
-
- 44 B.C.

Augustus and the Early Roman Empire

Octavian became Augustus Caesar in 27 BC

() (Augustus Caesar)
- 2
(Pax Romana) 27 B.C. - ..180
..96 - ..180
5
- He had
founded Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.

3.
-
-
-
-


- (Law of the Twelve Tables)

""

-

 ()
-

-

(social contract) (popular sovereignty)
3 (seperation of powers)
(rule of law)
- senate, citizen, veto,
plebiscite, municipal census

Law of the Twelve Tables

A Meeting of the Roman Senate


-

-


-
(barrel vault)
(cross vault)

Overview of the Roman Forum

Roman Public Bath, England

Roman public toilets, Ostia Antica

The greatest Roman amphitheater

Circus Maximus, Rome

The ancient Roman aqueducts at Pont du Gard

Roman aqueduct

On Tyre & Roman Roads

Roman Roads

Remains of Roman tombs lining the Appian Way (begun 312 BC), Rome.

Roman Volubilis Basilica in Morocco

Roman basilica

St. Peters Basilica, Rome, Italy

Colosseum was the largest arena in the world for public entertainment,
seating 50,000 spectators with numbered tickets.

 (Colosseum)


- (fresco)
(bas relief)
-
(Virgil) (Cicero)
(Horace) (Ovid)
-

Roman Fresco

Ancient Roman Fresco Pompeii: The Three

Graces

Ancient Roman Fresco Pompeii: Venus &

Mars

The Villa dei Misteri (Villa of the Mysteries), c. 60 BC.

Roman bas relief

Virgil

Cicero

Horace

Ovid


- (Constantine)
..313
- Eastern Orthodox
Roman Catholic

Map of the Eastern & Western Roman Empire


1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

- ..476

-

15

Constantinople, on a peninsula between

Europe and Asia, was the empires most important
city. Its habor was a major port for trade.

The subject and style of this painting are typical of religious art
throughtout the Byzantime Empire