12.

(ISO, IEEE, ANSI,..),

.
, :

() ,

12.1
() ,
.
: (FDM1 TDM2) (ALOHA3, CSMA4,
...).

()
. N N
. .

. FDM
.
, FDM .
, .
, .
5.
1000:1.

FDM - (8. )
TDM - (8. )
3 ALOHA ( a) - .
4 CSMA (Carrrier Sense Multiple Access) - , .
5 Bursty
1
2


FDM- [1].
1, , Cb/s.,
/. 1/ /.
, () C.
:
= 1/(C-)

(12.1)

C=100b/s, 1/ 10000 ,
5000 /., =200s.

10000 100b/s
() 100s.
.
N (). C/N
b/s. ()
/N. :
FDM = 1/[(C/N) - (/N)] = N/(C - ) = NT

(12.2)

N
N
.
.
N- () N- .
.
. ,
100b/s 10 10b/s,
, 200s 2ms.

.
,
, .
.
, :
2 3.
.

( 12.2).
1

2 Polling, token passing

3 Contention




ALOHA. .
,
. ()
. 1
.
2 ALOHA
.
ALOHA3
4.
CSMA5 ( o )
.
() j ().
, . .
,
. ()
()6
.
CSMA/CD7 (o , )
.
MAC8.
12.1.

12.1 CSMA/CD

.
2 18%.
3 Slotterd ALOHA
4 37%.
5 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
6 Vulnerable time
7 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collission Detection
8 -Medium Access Control.
1



:
1. , , 2. ;
2. ,
;
3. ,
1;
4.
2. ..

12.2 CSMA/CD

12.2 .
.
. t0

1
2

Jamming
Backoff


D. t1 .
( ) .
. ,
t2, .
t3 .
, 4.
1.
.
.
.
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, () .
.
2 .
: .
.
100%
. 12.3 :
1. : 24- T3 1 0 (
); ;
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2. : ;
D ; 6.
3. ;
7.
4. D: ;
; .
5. : ;
(=1)

Binary exponential backoff

Token passing
3 Busy status -
4 DA (Destination Address), SA (Source Address)
5 Transmit mode
6 Listen mode
7 Bypass mode
1
2


(=1); ;
1 (); .

12.3
1, 16Mb/s,
. , .
.
.
,
().


. a
(CSMA/CD) 2
.

.
, .
12.4 ( ) .
1
2

Token ring
verhead


,
. 1:1.
45.
.

100 %

50 %

0%

0%

CSMA/CD

50 %

100 %

(%)

12.4 CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD ,
.
60% ,
. ,
o .
.
, 100%
. ( )
CSMA/CD . .
12.4 .

()
, ,
.
.


, ( 12.5),
().
.
, .

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1 ( 12.6) ,
.
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Broadcast

12.6.

? .
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.


.

.
1
( 12.7). /
().
.

Bus

12.7
1
( 12.8).
, .
( )
,
. .

12.8.
2

1
2

Ring
Star

10


( 12.9).
1, 2,
MAU3.

12.9
, .
, (. ) ,
.

.

.
.

4.
(
5) .
.
3 4m, .
6 , () .

Switch
Hub
3 Multiple Access Unit
4 MAC Medium Access Control
5 Access point
6 Cell
1
2

11


MACA1
.
,
, . MACA 12.13.
B. RTS2
B ( . 12.10(). (30 )
. B CTS3 .
CTS ( RTS). CTS,
.
RTS CTS ? RTS
CTS
. CTS B
, CTS.

RTS

CTS

12.10 MACA . () A RTS B. () B CTS A.

12.10 C . ,
RTS A CTS . CTS,
. D
. RTS CTS. CTS
, .
, D
.
. C
RTS . ().
RTS ( - CTS

Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

Request To Send
3 Clear To Send
1
2

12


)
. 1.
MACAW2 .
,
.
ACK . je
CSMA RTS
.
12.2 IEEE 802
I 8023
.

. 4 ,
, . , .

Ca 12.11 LAN&MAN/R5 OSI/RM6.

I802 OSI .
I802 ( ) OSI
IEEE 802.3
MACW - MACA for Wireless
3 I 802 .
4 AN - Metropolitan Area Network
5 Local Area Network & Metropolitan Area Network /Reference Model
6 Open System Interconnection /Reference Model
1
2

13


.
.
I802 OSI
. I802 ,
MAC . 12.11
LAN&MAN/R OSI/RM. I
1 I802.
:

I802.1Q -
2.

I802.2 - 3.

I802.3 - CSMA/CD
.

I802.4 - 4
.

I802.5 - 5
.

I802.11 -
.

I802.15 -
6 .

I802.16 -
7.

12.3
I 802.3 ,
802.3. .
CSMA/CD.
:

: CSMA/CD,

: (),

: , .

12.3
Virtual Bridged Local Area Network
3 Logical Link Control
4 Token Bus
5 Token Ring
6 Bluetooth
7 Standard Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems
1
2

14


802.3 . ALOHA
.
100 1Km
CSMA/CD 2,94b/s. 1.

.
XRX Ethernet XEROX, DEC, INTEL
10b/s I.
1982. II.
802.3 ( 12.12)
CSMA/CD 1 100b/s
. , (802.3
).
10b/s 50 .
.

12.12 IEEE 802.3

II :

8
,

( 6 ) MAC .
ROM .
IEEE.
,

1Ethernet

15

.
IPX/SPX1 ,
813716 TCP/IP ,
080016. IEEE.
.

()
, . 46
1500 ,

FCS2 .
(32) CRC3, ,
.
,
. .
32 31
100% .

12.4 IEEE 802.3

IEEE 802.3 12.13.
4 10101010.
10Hz
5.6s .
5, 10101011 .
, 6 7.
, 10b/s
. 0 1
. .
8. 1
9.
.

Novell
Frame Check Sequence
3 Cicluce Redundancy Code
4 Preamble
5 Start of frame
6 Destination
7 Source
8 Multicast - .
9Broadcast-
1
2

16

12.13 IEEE 802.3

46. (
) .
.
I .
461 7x1013 .
46- .
.
a2 , 0
1500. 0 ,
, ,
.
, 802.3
64 .
46 3
.
.
12.14:
) ;
) 4 ( )
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) ;
)
.
2
. 2.

48-2 = 46
Length
3 (ad)
4
1
2

17

12.14
( )
.
2500m 1Gb/s,
6400 . 640
250m.
.
802.3 1. 32-
. ( ),
, .
12.5 IEEE 802.3
()
12.1.

10Base5

(50)

(50)

10Base2

1
2

Checksum
(backbone)

18

500m

100

200m

30


10Base
10BaseF

100m

1024

2000m

1024

12.1 IEEE 802.3

, 10Base5 , 1
. .
. 10Base5
10b/s, 100
500m.
je 10Base2 .
BNC .
BNC .
200m 30 .
, ,
.
. ( 12.15).
- ()2. ,
, .
() 10Base.
10Base ()
. ( )
.
.
3. ()
. 10Base
100m.

Thick Ethernet
Hub.
3 (ultiport repeater)
1
2

19

12.15 -

. ( 12.16).
- 1.

12.16. a
- 10BaseF .
.

(switch). 14.

20


12.6 I 802.3u
( ). 1992.
. I 802.3
. I802.3
, .
I 1995. I802.3u. 1
100BaseT.
(. ).
I802.122
O I802.3u : ,
.
. 100ms 10ns.
10Base .
(
).

. 10Mb/s 100Mb/s.

( 12.17).
- MAC
100BaseT4

100BaseTX

100BaseSX

12.17.
100BaseTX 100BaseFX ( 100BaseX)
FDDI3
. :
. 12.2 .

100BaseT4

100BaseTX

100BaseSX

4 UTP
3, 4 5
8B/6T, NRZ
100Mb/s

2 : UTP 5
STP
MLT-3
100Mb/s

4B/5B, NRZI
100Mb/s

Fast Ethernet, IEEE 802.3u

100VG-AnyLAN. 100Mb/s 3
(Voice Grade). 802.3 802.5 (Any).
3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface. ANSI X3-T9. : ,
802.5. 100Mb/s. 200km
.
1
2

21

100m

100m

100m

200m

200m

400m

12.2 I802.3u
3.
: 4 3
100m. , 3
.
3 200Bd1
100m (
10Base).
. .
: 33,3Mb/s. .
8B/6B: 8 6
.
100BaseFX .
.
. 4B/5BNRZI: 4 5
NRZI .
4B/5B-NRZI
. 100BaseX
MLT-32.
12. 7 1Gb/s
1Gb/s ( )
3, IEEE 1998. . :
IEEE802.3z STP IEEE802.3ab UTP e 5.
:

1000BaseSX ,
850nm4. .
(62,5 50) 200m
500m.

1000BaseLX ,
1310nm5. (10)

100b/s
MLT-3, 4B/5B 8B/6B [Tanenbaum], [Stallings], [Sajt]
3 Fast Ethernet 100Mb/s
4 S (Short)
5 L (Long)
1
2

22


(50 62,5).
1 2. 5000m.

1000BaseCX
() 25m.
.
1000BaseT 1000BaseCX.

1000BaseT UTP 5.
100m.

12.18
100b/s 1Gb/s. 1Gb/s
3 100b/s.
1Gb/s
100b/s .

12.18
- backbone

3
1
2

23


.
CSMA/CD IEEE802.3
10b/s 100b/s. 10BaseT 100BaseT .
CSMA/CD :

4096 1,

2 ( )
CSMA/CD

8B/10B .
10 . 10243
:

(
).

.
.
UTP 5 (1000BaseT)
4D/PAM5. 4
250Mb/s. 5 : +1, -1, 0, +0,5, -0,5V.
4.
12.8 10Gb/s

10Gb/s. IEEE 2002. . IEEE 802.3
: MAC , ,
802.3 .
10Gb/s
( 12.18).
ISP ,
MAN WAN ( 12.19).
5
.

1 10 100 512 64 .
1Gb/s.
2 Frame bursting
3 210 28 .
4 4 Dimension 8 State Trellis Forward Error Correction
5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode

24


10Gb/s 300m
40km.
(SONET, SDH) ( 2.20).
.
:

10GBaseS -
850nm. 300m.

10GBaseL -
1310nm. 10km.

10GBaseE -
1550nm. 40km.

10GBaseLX4 -
1310nm. 10km. WDM1
.

2.19 10Gb/s MAN

Wavelength division Multiplexing - (8. )

25

2.20 10Gb/s WAN

12.9 I 802.4 -
I 802.4 :

: ,

: ,

: , .

I802.3 , I802

.
. I802.3
, 1,
.
. n
,
n . 2, I802 ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, I802.3 .

1
2

Real time
General motors 802.4.

26

12.21
o je IEEE 802.4 1.
( 12.21),
( - ).
.
- . ,
.
.
.
.
. ,
,
. 75 .
,
. 12.22.

Token bus

27

12.22 I802.4
12.10 I 802.5 -

. :

: ,

: ,

: , .

(- ) : ,
. ,
I802.3 .
. , IBM
I
I 802.5. 12.23.
I802.5
( 12.24).

.
.
,
. 0,

. , ,
0 1 .

1 I802.5 . ,
.
1,
.

28

12.23.
.
.
.

RIF1
2. I802.5
.
I802.2 I 802.3.
I802.2 SNAP I 802.5.
.

.
10ms 4500 4b/s
16000 18000 16Mb/s.
FCS3 32 ( o 802.3).

Routing Information Field

Sourrce Routing Bridge
3 Frame Check Sequence
1
2

29


24

1 . 1

1 .

IEEE 802.2 LLC

RIF*

.
18 DSAP SSAP
1
1
1 2

FCS
4

1
1
1
2
1

12.24 IEEE 802.5

.

.

30



. 1
1.
2 1. .
IEEE802.5 1997. .
: DTR3.
.
.
,
12.3.

[Mb/s]

16

100

100

1000

UTP, STP,

UTP, STP,

UTP, STP

MLT-3

4B/5B,
NRZI

8B/10B

4550

18200

18200

18200

18200

TP4 DTR

TP5 DTR

DTR

DTR

DTR

12.3 IEEE802.5
12.12 IEEE802.2
11.6.
HDLC . aj
( ) (
).

. IEEE 802.3, 4, 5... IP
6 .

. IEEE
LLC
802 ( 12.13). , HDLC
. LLC :
Adress recognized
Frame Copied
3 Dedicated Token Ring
4 Token passing
5 Token passing
6 Best effort
1
2

31


LLC LLC . LLC
802 .
( 12.25).

12.25 LLC
LLC : ,
. 12.26
LLC .

12.22 LLC

32



- DSAP1 SSAP2.
3 . SAP- ,
IEEE. , SAP 0 Novell,
06 TCP/IP .
Netware4 Netware 802.2 (I802.2
I802.3).
IEEE,
SNAP5. SNAP, IEEE802.2
.

IEEE 802.1

IEEE 802.1D
IEEE 802.1Q
IEEE 802.1X
IEEE 802.1
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.4
IEEE 802.5
IEEE 802.6
IEEE 802.7
IEEE 802.8
IEEE 802.9
IEEE 802.10
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.12
IEEE 802.13
IEEE 802.14
IEEE 802.15

, , ,
(Internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs, link security, network mangement ,
protocol layers above the MAC& LLC layers)
(MAC Bridges)
(Virtual LANs)
(Port Based Network Access Control)
6 (Station and Media Access Control
Connectivity Discovery)
(Logical link control)
(CSMA/CD)
(Token bus) -
(Token ring)
(Metropolitan Area Network) -

(Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cabel ) -
e e (Fibre optic Technical Advisory Group) -
(Integrated Service LAN) -

(Interoperalbe LAN Security) -
7 (Wireless LAN)
(Demand priority)

(Cable modems)
(Wireless PAN)

Destination Service Access Point

Source Service Access Point
3 Type
4 Novell
5 Subnetwork Access Protocol
6 LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol)
.
7 WI Fi .
1
2

33


IEEE 802.15.1
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.17
IEEE 802.18
IEEE 802.19
IEEE 802.20
IEEE 802.21
IEEE 802.22

Bluetooth1
2 (Broadband Wireless Access)
(Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)
(Resilient packet ring)
EEE 802 (Radio Regulatory Technical
Advisory Group)
EEE 802 (Coexistence TAG)
(Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)
(Media Independent Handoff)
(Wireless Regional Area Network)

12. 4 IEEE

1
2

Bluetooth .
WiMAX .

34