Industrial Power Systems

Salvador Acevedo, 2000

ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
67
Symmetrical Components
Fortescues Theorem
o 3 unbalanced phasors of a 3-phase system can be
resolved into 3 balanced systems of phasors.
The balanced sets of components are:
Positive-sequence components
+ 3 balanced phasors
equal in magnitude
displaced from each other by 120
same phase sequence as the original phasors
(for example a-b-c)
Negative-sequence components
+ 3 balanced phasors
equal in magnitude
displaced from each other by 120
opposite phase sequence to the original
phasors (for example a-c-b)
Zero-sequence components
+ 3 equal phasors
equal in magnitude
zero phase displacement from each other
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
68
Symmetrical Components
Original voltages:
Va Vb Vc
Positive-sequence components:
Va1 Vb1 Vc1
or
Va+ Vb+ Vc+
Negative-sequence components:
Va2 Vb2 Vc2
or
Va- Vb- Vc-
Zero-sequence components:
Va0 Vb0 Vc0
ORIGINAL PHASORS ARE THE SUM OF
THEIR COMPONENTS:
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
Vb = Vb0 + Vb1 + Vb2
Vc = Vc0 + Vc1 + Vc2
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
69
Va1
Vb1
Vc1
POSITIVE-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Va2
Vb2
Vc2
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
ZERO-SEQUENCE
COMPONENTS
Va1
Vb1
Vc1
Vc2
Vc0
Va2
Va0
Vb2
Vb0
Va
Vb
Vc
Example 1
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
70
Va1
Vb1
Vc1
Va2
Vb2
Vc2
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
Va
Vb
Vc
Example 2
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
71
Va1
Vb1
Vc1
Va2
Vb2
Vc2
Va0=Vb0=Vc0=0
Va=Vc
Vb
Example 3
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
72
120
a
3
= 1
a
2
= 1 -120
a = 1 120
Operators
Lets define a phasor:
a = 1 120 = -0.5 + j 0.8666
The following relations are true:
a2 = (1120)(1120) = 1 240= 1 -120
a3 = 1 360= 1 0
1 + a + a2 = 0
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
73
Va1
Vc1
Vb1
The positive-sequence components can be written as:
V
b1
= (1 120) V
a1
= a
2
V
a1
V
c1
= (1 120) V
a1
= a V
a1
For the negative-sequence, we have:
V
b2
= (1 120) V
a2
= a V
a2
V
c2
= (1 120) V
a2
= a
2
V
a2
And for the zero-sequence:
V
a0
= V
b0
= V
c0
The totals are:
Va= V
a0
+ V
a1
+ V
a2
= V
a0
+ V
a1
+ V
a2
Vb=V
b0
+ V
b1
+ V
b2
= V
a0
+ a
2
V
a1
+ a V
a2
Vc=V
c0
+ V
c1
+ V
c2
= V
a0
+ a V
a1
+ a
2
V
a2
Va2
Vb2
Vc2
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
Symmetrical Components Relations
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
74
I n m a t r i x f o r m :
V a
V b
V c
T h i s d e f i n e s t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m a t r i x :
A =
I t s i n v e r s e i s :
A =
1
3
T h e r e f o r e :
V
V
V
1
3
- 1
a 0
a 1
a 2

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
2
2
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a a
a a
V
V
V
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a
a
a
( )
( )
( )
1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
+ +
+ +
+ +
V a
V b
V c
V a V b V c
V a a V b a V c
V a a V b a V c
o r :
V =
1
3
V =
1
3
V =
1
3
a 0
a 1
a 2
2
2
Symmetrical Components Relations
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
75
Ia=10 A.
Ib=-Ia
Ic=0
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
Ia =10 0 A. Ib =10 180 A. Ic = 0 A.
Ia0 =
1
3
10 0 10 180
Ia1 =
1
3
10 0 10 180
Ia2 =
1
3
10 0 10 180
Ib0 = Ia0 = 0
Ib1=
Ib2 =
Ic0 = Ia0 = 0
Ic1 =

+ +
+ +
+ +

+ + +
+
0 0
1 120 0 578 30
1 120 0 578 30
578 30 120 578 150
578 30 120 578 150
578 30
( )( ) .
( )( ) .
. .
. .
. 120 578 90
578 30 120 578 90
+
+
.
. . Ic2 =
Example
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
76
a
b
c
n
Ea
Eb
Ec
+
+
+
-
-
-
Internal voltages are balanced.
Find the symmetrical components for the internal voltages.
Ea0
Ea1
Ea2
Ea
Eb
Ec
Ea
Ea
Ea
Ea0
Ea1
Ea2
0
Ea
0

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
3
1 1 1
1
1
1
3
1 1 1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
a a
a a
a a
a a
a
a
Only positive-sequence voltage exists!!!
jXn
Generator is grounded through a grounding reactor
Unloaded Generator
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
77
jX1
+
Ea1
-
Positive-sequence
jX2
Negative-sequence
jX0
j3Xn
Zero-sequence
Xn=Impedance from
neutral to ground
The current in the neutral of the generator is:
In = Ia + Ib + Ic = ( Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1) + (Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 ) + Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0
The positive and negative sequence components add to zero:
Ia1 + Ib1 + Ic1 = 0
Ia2 + Ib2 + Ic2 = 0
This means that the neutral does not carry positive or negative sequence
components.
However, the zero-sequence components are in phase, and their sum is:
In = Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0 = 3 Ia0
Therefore the zero sequence equivalent has a grounding impedance of
value: Zg = 3 j Xn
Generator Equivalent
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
78
Unloaded generator (with balanced internal voltages)
a
b
c
G
Generator is Y-connected
grounded using a grounding reactor
If
Ia = If Va = 0
Ib = 0 Vb=?
Ic = 0 Vc=?
Ia
Ia
Ia
a a
a a
Ia
Ib
Ic
a a
a a
I f
Ia
Ia
Ia
I f
I f
I f
Ia Ib Ic
I f
0
1
2
1
3
1 1 1
1
1
1
3
1 1 1
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
3
3
0 0 0
3
2
2
2
2

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

/
/
/
jXn
Single-line to ground fault
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
79
jX1
+
Ea1
-
jX2
jX0
j3Xn
Ia1=Ia2=Ia0
Ia2
Ia0
+
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = 0
-
+
Va1
-
+
Va2
-
+
Va0
-
We have Ia1=Ia2=Ia0 and Va=0.
This situation can be represented in the following way:
Fr om t he c ircuit:
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 =
Ea1
j X1 + j X2 + j X0 + j 3Xn
Va1 = Ea1 - (j X1)(Ia1)
Va2 = 0 - (j X2)(Ia2)
Va0 = 0 - j ( X0 + 3Xn) ( I a0)
With this term
we include the
value of the
grounding
reactor
Single-line to ground fault
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
80
Assume:
X1 = X2 = 0.12 p. u. X0 = 0. 06 p. u. , Xn = 0 Ea1 = 1 p. u.
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 =
1
p. u.
Ia = If = 3Ia1 = -j10 p. u.
Ib = 0
Ic = 0
Va0 = -j X0(Ia0) = -j0.06(-j3. 33) = -0.2
Va1 = Ea1 - j X1(Ia1) = 1- j0. 12(-j3.33) = 1 - j0.4 = 0.6
Va2 = -j X2(Ia2) = -j0.12(-j3 . 33) = -0.4
Va
Vb
Vc
Va0
Va1
Va2

+ +

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

0
0 12 0 12 0 06
3 33
1 1 1
1
1
2
2
j
j
a a
a a
( . . . )
.
1
]
1
1
1

+
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = -0.2 + 0.6 - 0.4 = 0
Vb Va0 + Va1 + Va2
Vb = -0.2 + 0.6 - 0.4 = -0.2 + 0.6 - 120 -0.4 120
Vb
Vc Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = -0.2 + 0.6 120 -0.4 - 120
Vc
a a
a a
a a
2
2
2
0 9165 109 1
0 9165 109 1
. .
. .
Example: Line-to-ground fault in an unloaded generator
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
81
a
b
c
G
Unloaded generator
If
Ia = 0 Va = ?
Ib = If Vb=Vc
Ic = -If
Ia
Ia
Ia
a a
a a
Ia
Ib
Ic
a a
a a
I f
I f
Ia
Ia
Ia
I f
a a
a a
Ia
Ia j
I f
Ia j
0
1
2
1
3
1 1 1
1
1
1
3
1 1 1
1
1
0
0
1
2
3
1 1
0 0
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

_
,

I f
3

_
,

-If
0
jXn
Line-to-line fault
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
82
+
Va1
-
+
Va2
-
+
Va0
-
jX1
+
Ea1
-
jX2
jX0
j3Xn
Ia1
Ia2=-Ia1
Ia0=0
We have Ia1=-Ia2, Ia0=0.
This situation can be represented in the following way:
Fr om t he c ircuit:
Ia1 = -Ia2 =
Ea1
j X1 + j X2
Va1 = Ea1 - (j X1)(Ia1)
Va2 = Va1
Va0 = 0
Line-to-line fault
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
83
As s u me :
X 1 = X2 = 0 . 1 2 p . u . X 0 = 0 . 0 6 p . u . , X n = 0 Ea 1 = 1 p . u.
I a 1 = - I a2 =
1
p . u .
I a 0 = 0
Ph a s e c u r rent s dur i n g t he f a ult a r e :
I a = 0
I b = If = -j 3 I a1 = - 7. 22 p. u.
I c = - I f = 7 . 2 2 p . u.
Va 0 = - j X0 ( I a 0 ) = 0
Va 1 = Ea 1 - j X1( I a 1) = 1 - j 0. 12( - j 4.1 7 ) = 1 - 0. 5 = 0. 5
Va 2 = - j X2( I a 2) = - j 0. 12( j 4.1 7 ) = 0. 5
Pha s e vol t a ge s dur i n g t he f a ul t ar e:
V a = Va 0 + Va 1 + Va 2
V a = 0 + 0. 5 + 0. 5 = 1 . 0 p . u . Di d n o t c ha nge ! ! !
V b Va 0 + Va 1 + Va 2

+

0
0 12 0 12
4 1 7
2
j
j
a a
( . . )
.
V b = 0 + 0. 5 + 0. 5 = . 5(
V b p. u.
V c Va 0 + Va 1 + Va 2
V c = 0 . 5 (
V c p . u .
a a a a
a a
a a
2 2
2
2
0 0 5 1
0 5
0 5
0 5
+

+

) . ( )
.
) .
.
Example: Line-to-line fault in an unloaded generator
Industrial Power Systems
Salvador Acevedo, 2000
ELEC 371
Short Circuit Studies
84
time
current
Protection in Industrial Electric Networks
Objective: Isolation of the problem with the
minimum service disruption
Based on the protective device Time-Current
characteristics
Information needed for a protection study:
o Protective device manufacturer and type
o Protective device ratings
o Trip settings and ratings
o Short circuit current at each bus
o Full load current of all loads
o Voltage level at each bus
o Power transformers data
o Instrumentation transformers ratios