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HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS

© 2021 Hitachi Power Grids. All rights reserved
Slide
 Symmetrical Component Fundamentals
• Mike Kockott

POWERING GOOD FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS

2021-08-12 © Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved
To be covered

▪ General theory
▪ Formulae
▪ Sequence network connections
▪ Transformer considerations

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 3

Basic principle

▪ Any unbalanced three-phase system can be completely represented by three separate three-
phase systems, known as
▪ the POSITIVE phase-sequence
▪ the NEGATIVE phase-sequence
▪ the ZERO phase-sequence
▪ Positive-sequence quantities
▪ are suffixed with 1 (IA1, Z1) C1

▪ have normal phase-sequence rotation - A, B, C

▪ A, B, C have equal magnitude, and are
A1
symmetrically spaced 120° apart

B1
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 4
Basic principle

▪ Negative-sequence quantities
B2
▪ are suffixed with 2 (IA2, Z2)
▪ have reverse phase-sequence rotation - A, C, B A2
▪ A, B, C have equal magnitude, and are
symmetrically spaced 120° apart
C2
▪ Zero-sequence quantities
▪ are suffixed with 0 (IA0, Z0)
A0
▪ A, B, C have equal magnitude, and are in phase B0
C0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 5

Basic principle

▪ The three phasors of the unbalanced three-phase system are each obtained by adding the three
corresponding sequence component phasors
▪ Example: unbalanced three-phase voltage

VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0

VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB0
VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC0
VC0
VC VC2
VC1 VC1

VA1 VC2 VA0 VA

+ VA2 VB2
+ VB0 = VA0
VA1
VA2
VC0

VB1 VB1
VB2
VB VB0
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 6
Formulae

▪ The ‘a’ operator

▪ multiplying a phasor by 1120° turns it 120° in the anti-clockwise direction
▪ multiplying a phasor by 1240° turns it 240° in the anti-clockwise direction
▪ 1120° is called the ‘a’ operator
▪ 1240° = 1120° * 1120° = (1*1)120°+120° = a * a = a2
▪ The ‘a’ operator can be used to simplify the equations so that VB and VC may be expressed in terms of
the A-phase components

VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0 VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0

VB = VB1 + VB2 + VB0 VB = a2VA1 + aVA2 + VA0
VC = VC1 + VC2 + VC0 VC = aVA1 + a2VA2 + VA0
VC1
VB2
VA1 VA2 VA0
VB0
VC0
VC2
VB1 © Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 7
Formulae

▪ Omitting the phase-A subscript because it is understood gives simply

VA = VA1 + VA2 + VA0 VA = V1 + V2 + V0
VB = a2VA1 + aVA2 + VA0 VB = a2V1 + aV2 + V0
VC = aVA1 + a2VA2 + VA0 VC = aV1 + a2V2 + V0
▪ The above relationship between phase values and sequence component values is equally
applicable to current phasors, i.e.

IA = I1 + I2 + I0
IB = a2I1 + aI2 + I0
IC = aI1 + a2I2 + I0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 8

Formulae

▪ Sequence component values in terms of phase values

▪ to bear in mind: 1 + a + a2 = 0; a3 = 1; a4 = a

VA = V1 + V2 + V0 VA = V1 + V2 + V0 VA = V1 + V2 + V0
VB = a2V1 + aV2 + V0 aVB = V1 + a2V2 + aV0 a2VB = aV1 + V2 + a2V0
VC = aV1 + a2V2 + V0 a2VC = V1 + aV2 + a2V0 aVC = a2V1 + V2 + aV0
adding VA + VB + VC gives adding VA + aVB + a2VC gives adding VA + a2VB + aVC gives

VA + VB + VC = 3V0 VA + aVB + a2VC = 3V1 VA + a2VB + aVC = 3V2

V1 = ⅓(VA + aVB + a2VC) I1 = ⅓(IA + aIB + a2IC)

V2 = ⅓(VA + a2VB + aVC) and similarly I2 = ⅓(IA + a2IB + aIC)
V0 = ⅓(VA + VB + VC) I0 = ⅓(IA + IB + IC)

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 9

Sequence network independence

▪ The voltage-drop produced by a current of any given phase-sequence will be of that same
phase-sequence only
▪ the flow of positive-sequence currents will produce, in the three phases, positive-sequence voltage-
drops only, negative-sequence currents negative-sequence voltage-drops only, and zero-sequence
currents zero-sequence voltage-drops only, each being quite independent of the presence of currents of
any other phase-sequence in the circuit
▪ The vector ratio of the phase-sequence voltage-drop to the phase-sequence current producing
it (e.g. VI11 for positive-sequence) is the same in all three phases A, B and C, and is termed the
phase-sequence impedance of the circuit concerned
▪ there are thus three phase-sequence impedances for any given three-phase circuit, namely
▪ the positive-sequence impedance Z1,
▪ the negative-sequence impedance Z2,
▪ and the zero-sequence impedance Z0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 10

Sequence network independence

▪ The sequence voltage-drops as a result of the sequence currents flowing through the sequence
impedances can thus be expressed as

VA1 = IA1Z1 VA2 = IA2Z2 VA0 = IA0Z0

VB1 = IB1Z1 VB2 = IB2Z2 VB0 = IB0Z0
VC1 = IC1Z1 VC2 = IC2Z2 VC0 = IC0Z0

▪ Again, omitting the phase-A subscript because it is understood gives simply

V1 = I1Z1 V2 = I2Z2 V0 = I0Z0

▪ As a result, the three sequence networks may be represented independently, with the currents of each
sequence flowing only in its network

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 11

Sequence network independence

▪ Each sequence network will consist of the appropriate interconnection of its impedances
▪ Only the positive-sequence network has driving voltage, as only positive-sequence voltages are
generated, there being no generated negative- or zero-sequence voltages in the power system
▪ the positive-sequence currents are determined solely by the positive-sequence driving voltages, the
positive-sequence voltage at the point of fault, and the system positive-sequence impedances
▪ the negative-sequence currents are determined solely by the negative-sequence voltage at the point of
fault, and the system negative-sequence impedances
▪ the zero-sequence currents are determined solely by the zero-sequence voltage at the point of fault,
and the system zero-sequence impedances

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 12

Sequence network independence

▪ Since each of the phase-sequence systems is, by definition, balanced, the three sequence
networks may be treated as single-phase systems

equivalent lumped equivalent lumped equivalent lumped

Z1 F1 Z2 F2 Z0 F0

I1 I2 I0
E V1 = E - I1Z1 V2 = -I2Z2 V0 = -I0Z0

▪ When making a fault calculation, E in the positive-sequence network equals the pre-fault
voltage to ground at the point of fault F (i.e. the open-circuit Thevenin voltage at the point of
fault F) – the Thevenin voltages in the negative- and zero-sequence networks are zero because
the negative- and zero-sequence pre-fault voltages at the point of fault are zero in the balanced
pre-fault system
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 13
Fault calculations

▪ To perform a fault calculation, calculate first the sequence quantities, whereafter the phase
quantities can be determined by adding the sequence quantities together
VA = V1 + V2 + V0 IA = I1 + I2 + I0
VB = a2V1 + aV2 + V0 IB = a2I1 + aI2 + I0
VC = aV1 + a2V2 + V0 IC = aI1 + a2I2 + I0

Z1 F1
I1

V1 = E - I1Z1
E

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 14

Fault calculations

▪ To perform a fault calculation, calculate first the sequence quantities, whereafter the phase
quantities can be determined by adding the sequence quantities together
▪ In order to determine the phase values for any branch in the network, the sequence values must
first be determined for the branch in question, whereafter the phase values can be calculated
from the sequence values in the normal way

ZSR1 ZLR1

F1
ZSL1 I1_relay ZLL1 I1

V1_relay
V1 = E - I1Z1
E

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 15

Fault calculations

▪ The short-circuit is represented by connecting the sequence networks together, the manner of
connection being determined by the type of fault
Z1 F1

Z2 F2

Z0 F0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 16

Sequence network connections

▪ Three-phase fault

Z ▪ VA = VB = VC = 0
EA
▪ IA + I B + IC = 0
EB
V1 = ⅓(VA + aVB + a2VC)
EC V2 = ⅓(VA + a2VB + aVC)
V0 = ⅓(VA + VB + VC)

V 1 = V2 = V 0 = 0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 17

Sequence network connections

▪ Three-phase fault

Z ▪ VA = VB = VC = 0
EA
▪ IA + I B + IC = 0
EB
I1 = ⅓(IA + aIB + a2IC)
EC I2 = ⅓(IA + a2IB + aIC)
I0 = ⅓(IA + IB + IC)

I0 = 0
a2 I B
I2 = 0 aIC IC
IA IA

I1 = I A IA aIB a2I C IB

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 18

Sequence network connections

▪ Three-phase fault

Z1 F1
▪ V1 = V2 = V0 = 0
I1
E V1 ▪ I2 = I 0 = 0
▪ V1 = 0 = E - I1Z1
Z2 F2 I1 = E
Z1
I2
V2

Z0 F0

I0
V0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 19

Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-phase fault

Z ▪ VC = VB
EA
▪ IA = 0
EB
▪ IC = -IB
EC V1 = ⅓(VA + aVB + a2VB)
V2 = ⅓(VA + a2VB + aVB)

V1 = V2

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 20

Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-phase fault

Z ▪ VC = VB
EA
▪ IA = 0
EB
▪ IC = -IB
EC I1 = ⅓(0 + aIB - a2IB)
I2 = ⅓(0 + a2IB - aIB)
I0 = ⅓(0 + IB - IB)

I0 = 0

I1 = ⅓*(a - a2)IB
I2 = ⅓*(a2 - a)IB (a2 - a) = -(a - a2)

I2 = -I1
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 21
Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-phase fault

Z1 F1
▪ I0 = 0
I1
E V1 ▪ I2 = -I1 and V1 = V2
▪ V1 - V2 = 0 = E - I1Z1 - (-I2Z2)
Z2 F2 = E - I1Z1 - I1Z2
I2 = E - I1(Z1 + Z2)
V2
I1 = E
Z1 + Z 2

Z0 F0

I0
V0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 22

Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-ground fault

Z ▪ VA = 0
EA
▪ IB = I C = 0
EB
VA = V1 + V2 + V0
EC
V1 + V2 + V0 = 0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 23

Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-ground fault

Z ▪ VA = 0
EA
▪ IB = I C = 0
EB
I1 = ⅓(IA + 0 + 0)
EC I2 = ⅓(IA + 0 + 0)
I0 = ⅓(IA + 0 + 0)

I1 = I2 = I0 = ⅓IA

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 24

Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-ground fault

Z1 F1
▪ I1 = I 2 = I 0
I1
E V1 ▪ V 1 + V2 + V 0 = 0
▪ V1 + V2 + V0 = 0 = E - I1Z1 + -I2Z2 + -I0Z0
Z2 F2 = E - I1Z1 - I2Z2 - I0Z0
I2 = E - I1Z1 - I1Z2 - I1Z0
V2
= E - I1(Z1 + Z2 + Z0)
I1 = E
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0
Z0 F0

I0
V0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 25

Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-phase-ground fault

Z ▪ VB = VC = 0
EA
▪ IA = 0
EB
V1 = ⅓(VA + 0 + 0)
EC V2 = ⅓(VA + 0 + 0)
V2 = ⅓(VA + 0 + 0)

V1 = V2 = V0 = ⅓VA

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 26

Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-phase-ground fault

Z ▪ VB = VC = 0
EA
▪ IA = 0
EB
I1 = ⅓(0 + aIB + a2IC)
EC I2 = ⅓(0 + a2IB + aIC)
I0 = ⅓(0 + IB + IC) a2 + a +1 = 0

I1 + I 2 + I 0 = 0

I1 = ⅓(aIB + a2IC)
I2 + I0 = ⅓((a2+1)IB + (a+1)IC)) a2 + 1 = -a
= ⅓(-aIB + -a2IC) a + 1 = -a2

I1 = -(I2 + I0)
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 27
Sequence network connections

▪ Phase-phase-ground fault

Z1 F1
▪ V1 = V2 = V0
I1
E V1 ▪ I1 = -(I2 + I0)
▪ I1 + I 2 + I 0 = 0
Z2 F2 ▪ E = I1(Z1 + Z2||Z0)
I2
V2 = I1(Z1 + Z2Z0 )
Z2+Z0

E
I1 =
Z0 F0 ZZ
Z1 + 2 0
Z2+Z0
I0
V0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 28

Examples

ZSourse IRelay ZLine F

VRelay
E

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 29

Examples

▪ Three-phase fault

VRelay
VC

VA

VB

IRelay IC
IB

IA
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 30
Examples

▪ Phase-phase fault
VC VA
VRelay
VB

V1 V2

IRelay IC
IB

I1 I2
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 31
Examples
VC

▪ Phase-ground fault
VA

VRelay

VB

V1 V2 V0

IRelay

IA

I1 I2 I0
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 32
Examples

▪ Phase-phase-ground fault
VC VA
VRelay
VB

V1 V2 V0

IC
IRelay IB

I1 I2 I0
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 33
Transformer zero-sequence network considerations
ZTransformer ZT0
ZSourse ZLine F
E

Phase-ground fault at F Phase-phase-ground fault at F

ZS1 ZT1 ZL1 F1 ZS1 ZT1 ZL1 F1
E E

ZS2 ZT2 ZL2 F2 ZS2 ZT2 ZL2 F2

ZS0 ZT0 ZL0 F0 ZS0 ZT0 ZL0 F0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 34

Transformer zero-sequence network considerations
ZTransformer ZT0
ZSourse ZLine F
E

Phase-ground fault at F Phase-phase-ground fault at F

ZS1 ZT1 ZL1 F1 ZS1 ZT1 ZL1 F1
E E

ZS2 ZT2 ZL2 F2 ZS2 ZT2 ZL2 F2

ZS0 ZT0 ZL0 F0 ZS0 ZT0 ZL0 F0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 35

Transformer zero-sequence network considerations

▪ Other transformer connection types

ZT0 ZT0

ZT0 ZT0

ZT0 ZT0

ZT0

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 36

Transformer phase angle shift considerations

▪ Strict rules only exist for the phase angle shift between the sequence components

W1_V1 W2_V1 W2_V2 W1_V2 W1_V0 W2_V0

Θ -Θ

W1_I1 W2_I1 W2_I2 W1_I2 W1_I0 W2_I0

Θ -Θ

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 37

Transformer phase angle shift considerations

▪ Example: DABY (= Dyn1) transformer

▪ Balanced rated load flow

W2_IC

W1_IC

W1_IA -30°
W1_IB W2_IB
W2_IA

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 38

Transformer phase angle shift considerations

▪ Example: DABY (= Dyn1) transformer

▪ External phase-phase (BC) fault on W2-side

W1_IB W1_IA W2_IB

W1_IC W2_IC

© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 39

 Transformer phase angle shift considerations

▪ Example: DABY (= Dyn1) transformer

▪ External phase-phase (BC) fault on W2-side

W1 W1_IC1 W1_IA2

W1_IB W1_IA
W1_IC = W1_IB1
+ W1_IB2

W1_IA1 W1_IC2

W2 W2_IA2

W2_IB1
W2_IC1
W2_IB
W2_IC = + W2_IB2 W2_IC2

W2_IA1
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 40
Transformer phase angle shift considerations

▪ Example: DABY (= Dyn1) transformer W1 W2

▪ External phase-phase (BC) fault on W2-side
W2_IB1
W1_IC1
W2_IC1
Positive- W1_IB1
sequence
W1_IA1

-30°
W2_IA1

W2_IA2
30°

W1_IA2

Negative- W1_IB2
sequence
W2_IB2 W2_IC2
W1_IC2
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2021. All rights reserved 41
HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS42
© Hitachi ABB Power Grids 2020. All rights reserved