CHNG 3

V T R T R O NG MT V HT
V tr c nhiu lch s, mi mt lch s c xc nh bng mt ht t hon.

Trang 67

T R

T R O N G

Trang 68

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

Ta c th ti b giam trong mt v ht V t coi mnh l cha t ca khong khng v tn...

Hamlet, hi 2, cnh 2
- Shakespeare,

I could be bounded in a nutshell And count myself a king of innitive space...)

(nguyn vn:

amlet mun ni rng, v mt vt l, loi ngi chng ta b gii hn, nhng tr c ca chng ta t do khm ph ton b v tr v to bo i n nhng ni m ngay c Star Trek cng s khng dm t chn ni m ch c php n trong nhng cn c mng. V tr l v tn hay ch l rt ln? V v tr l vnh cu hay ch l trng th? Lm th no m tr c hu hn ca chng ta c th hiu mt v tr v hn? C phi chng ta qu liu lnh khi th tr li cc cu hi ? Chng ta s khng may ging Prometheus, ngi ly cp la ca thn Zeus cho con ngi s dng v b trng pht v s liu lnh bng mt si dy xch tri vo ni mt con i bng n l gan ca mnh hay khng? Mc d c cu chuyn cnh bo trn, ti vn tin chng ta c th v nn c gng hiu v tr ny. Loi ngi c nhng bc tin b ng k trong vic nhn thc v tr, c bit l ch trong mt vi nm qua. Chng ta vn cha c mt bc tranh hon chnh, nhng chng ta tin rt gn n n. iu r rng nht v khng gian l chng lin tc v lin tc. iu ny c khng nh bng cc dng c rt hin i nh l knh thin vn Hubble, cho php chng ta thm d nhng ni su thm ca khng gian. Nhng iu m chng ta nhn thy l hng t t cc thin h vi nhng hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau (hnh 3.1), mi thin h gm nhiu t ngi sao, trong , rt nhiu ngi sao c cc hnh tinh quay xung quanh. Chng ta ang sng trn mt hnh tinh ang quay xung quanh mt ngi sao nm trn mt cnh tay bn
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

(Hnh trn) Prometheus:

hnh v trn mt chic bnh Etruscan vo th k th su trc cng nguyn.

(Hnh trang trc) Mt phi

thuyn con thoi ang nng cp ng knh v gng ca i thin vn v tr Hubble. Pha di l lc a c.

Trang 69

T R

T R O N G

Thin h xoy c NGC 4414

Thin h thang xoy 4314

Thin h e-lp NGC 147

(Hnh 3.1) Khi chng ta nhn su vo trong v tr, chng ta s thy hng t t thin h. Cc thin h c th c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau; chng c th c hnh e-lp hoc hnh xoy c ging nh di ngn h ca chng ta. Trang 70
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

ngoi ca di Ngn h hnh xon c. Bi trong cc cnh tay xon c gii hn tm nhn ca chng ta vo vng v tr nm trong mt phng ca thin h. Nhng chng ta c th nhn rt r vng khng gian nm trong mt nn c trc vung gc vi mt phng . V ta c th v s v tr ca cc thin h xa xi (hnh 3.2). Ta thy rng cc thin h phn b tng i ng nht trong khng gian vi mt s ni c mt dy c hn v c cc khong khng trng rng. Mt cc thin h gim i nhng khong cch ln, ta thy chng c v nh th v cc thin h qu xa v qu yu n ni chng ta khng th nhn ra chng. Vi tm quan st ca con ngi by gi, ta c th ni v tr l v tn trong khng gian (hnh 3.3). Mc d ti mi v tr trong khng gian, v tr c v nh khng thay i, nhng chc chn n thay i theo thi gian. iu ny ch c bit vo nhng nm u ca th k 20. Trc , ngi ta cho rng v tr khng thay i theo thi gian. V tr c th tn ti trong mt thi gian v hn, nhng iu s dn n cc kt lun v l. Nu cc ngi sao bc x trong mt thi gian v tn th chng s nung nng v tr cho n nhit ca chng. Thm ch ngay c
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

(Hnh 3.2) Tri t ca chng ta (E) quay xung quanh mt tri, mt tri nm trong mt cnh tay ngoi ra ca di ngn h. Bi sao ca cnh tay cn tr tm nhn ca chng ta theo mt phng ca ngn h nhng khng cn tr tm nhn v hai pha ca mt phng .

Trang 71

T R

T R O N G

(Hnh 3.3) Ngoi tr mt s ni c mt cao, chng ta thy rng cc thin h c phn b kh ng nht trong khng gian.

ban m, ton b bu tri ca chng ta cng s sng nh mt tri bi v mi mt ng ngm s i n mt ngi sao hay mt m my bi b cc ngi sao nung nng cho n bng nhit ca cc ngi sao (hnh 3.4). Vic chng ta thy ban m bu tri ti l rt quan trng. iu cho thy rng v tr khng th tn ti mi mi trng thi m chng ta thy ngy hm nay. Phi c ci g xy ra trong qu kh cc ngi sao ta sng ch trong mt thi gian hu hn trc y. iu ny ni rng nh sng t cc ngi sao rt xa xi vn cha kp n ch chng ta. N s gii thch ti sao bu tri ban m khng sng theo tt c cc hng.

Trang 72

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

Nu t trc n nay cc ngi sao vn v tr th ti sao cch y vi t nm chng li t nhin ta sng? ng h no ni vi chng rng n lc cn chiu sng? Nh chng ta thy, iu ny lm cc nh trit hc nh Immanuel Kant bi ri v ng tin rng v tr tn ti mi mi. Nhng vi phn ng mi ngi, tng cho rng v tr c sng to ging nh ngy nay ch cch y vi ngn nm l hp l. Tuy vy, vo thp nin 20 ca th k 20, cc tng khc n t cc quan st ca Vesto Slipher v Edwin Hubble bt u xut hin. Nm 1923, Hubble pht hin ra rng thc ra rt nhiu vng sng c gi l tinh vn (nebulae) chnh l cc thin h, mt tp hp khng l cc ngi sao nh mt tri nhng khong cch rt xa.
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

(Hnh 3.4) Nu v tr l tnh ti v v hn theo tt c cc hng, mi mt ng ngm s kt thc mt ngi sao, iu ny lm bu tri m s sng nh mt tri.

Trang 73

T R

T R O N G

HIU NG DOPPLER Hiu ng Doppler ni ln mi quan h gia tc v bc sng, mt kinh nghim ta thy hng ngy. Hy lng nghe mt chic my bay i ngang qua u chng ta; khi n tin li gn chng ta ta nghe thy ting ng c chi tai hn, cn khi n i ra xa chng ta th ting ng s trm hn. Ting ng chi tai tng ng vi bc

sng (khong cch gia hai nh sng k tip nhau) ngn hn v tn s (s sng trong mt giy) cao hn. l do khi my bay tin li gn chng ta th khong cch gia hai nh sng m do my bay pht i n chng ta s gn nhau hn. Ngc li, khi my bay i ra xa cc bc sng s tng ln v m tn s thp i.

Trang 74

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

chng xut hin rt nh v yu th khong cch cn phi ln n ni nh sng t phi mt hng triu thm ch hng t nm mi n c chng ta. iu ch ra rng im bt u ca v tr khng th ch vi ngn nm trc y. Nhng iu th hai m Hubble quan st c cn quan trng hn. Bng vic phn tch nh sng t cc thin h khc, cc nh thin vn c th bit cc thin h ang tin li gn chng ta hay i ra xa chng ta (hnh 3.5). H cc k ngc nhin khi pht hin ra rng gn nh hu ht cc thin h ang i ra xa chng ta. Chnh Hubble nhn thy hm y kch tnh ca pht hin ny: ti cc khong cch ln, mi thin h iu chuyn ng ra xa khi cc thin h khc. V tr ang gin n (hnh 3.6).
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

(Hnh 3.5) Hiu ng Doppler cng ng i vi sng nh sng. Nu khong cch t mt thin h ti tri t m khng i th cc vch c trng trong quang ph s xut hin ti v tr bnh thng hay cn gi l v tr chun. Tuy nhin nu thin h ang chuyn ng ra xa chng ta th cch sng s b ko di ra v vch c trng s b dch chuyn v pha (phi). Nu thin h ang chuyn ng li gn chng ta th cc bc sng s b p li v cc vch s b dch v pha xanh (tri). Trang 75

T R

T R O N G

nh chp thin h lng ging Andromeda do Hubble v Slipher chp.

CC KHM PH CA SLIPHER V HUBBLE VO NHNG NM 1910 1930 1912 Slipher o nh sng t bn tinh vn v thy rng ba tinh vn b dch v pha cn Andromeda b dch v pha xanh. ng gii thch rng Andromeda ang chuyn ng li gn chng ta cn ba tinh vn kia th chuyn ng ra xa chng ta. 1912-1914 Slipher o 12 tinh vn. Tt c tr mt tinh vn u dch v pha . 1914 Slipher bo co pht hin ca ng trc Hi thin vn Hoa K. Hubble nghe bo co ny. 1918 Hubble bt u nghin cu cc tinh vn. 1923 Hubble xc nh cc tinh vn c hnh xoy c l cc thin h. 1914-1925 Slipher v nhng ngi khc tip tc o dch chuyn Doppler. Nm 1925, h ghi nhn c 43 dch chuyn v 2 dch chuyn xanh. 1929 Hubble v Milton Humason sau khi tip tc o dch chuyn Doppler v thy rng tm v m cc thin h ang li ra xa nhau cng b khm ph ca h v v tr ang gin n.

Pht hin v s gin n ca v tr l mt trong nhng cch mng tr tu v i nht ca th k 20. Tt c mi ngi rt ngc nhin v pht hin ny v n thay i hon ton tranh ci v ngun gc ca v tr. Nu cc thin h chuyn ng ra xa nhau th trong qu kh chng cn phi gn nhau hn. T tc gin n hin thi, chng ta c th c on rng cc thin h cn phi rt gn nhau cc y mi n mi lm t nm. Nh ni trong chng trc, Roger Penrose v ti c th chng minh rng thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein cho bit v tr v bn thn thi gian c sinh ra trong mt v n d di. chnh l li gii thch cho cu hi ti sao ban m bu tri li ti: khng mt ngi sao no c th pht sng lu hn
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 76

T R

T R O N G

Edwin Hubble trn i thin vn Mount Wilson 100 inch nm 1930.

(Hnh 3.6) NH LUT HUBBLE T phn tch tia sng t cc thin h khc, vo nhng nm 1920, Edwin Hubble pht hin ra rng hu ht cc thin h ang chuyn ng ra xa khi chng ta vi vn tc V t l vi khong cch R t chng n tri t, do V = H*R. nh lut ny c gi l nh lut Hubble, n cho thy v tr ang gin n vi hng s Hubble H xc nh tc gin n. th bn di th hin cc quan st rt mi v dch chuyn ca cc thin h khng nh nh lut Hubble ng vi khong cch rt xa chng ta. S cong ln vng c khong cch rt ln trn th cho thy rng s gin n ang c tng tc, iu ny c th do nng lng chn khng.

Khong cch t cc thin h ti chng ta Vn tc m cc thin h chuyn ng ra xa chng ta

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 77

T R

T R O N G

K d v n ln K nguyn Plank, cc nh lut vt l khng th p dng

K nguyn ca L thuyt thng nht ln (GUT). Vt cht nhiu hn phn vt cht

Thi k in yu thng tr bi cc quark v phn quark

K nguyn lepton v hadron. Cc quark to thnh proton, neutron, meson v baryon

Proton v neutron kt hp to thnh hydrom hellium, lithium v deuterium

Vt cht v bc x kt hp vi nhau hnh thnh ht nhn bn u tin

Vt cht v bc x tch ri. V quang hc, v tr m c tr nn trong sut i vi bc x phng v tr

Cc m vt cht hnh thnh cc quasar, ngi sao v tin thin h. Cc ngi sao bt u tng hp cc ht nhn nng hn

10-43 s

10-35 s

10-10 s

1s

3 pht

0.3 triu nm 1 t nm

15 t nm

Cc thin h mi hnh thnh cng cc h mt tri c c quanh cc ngi sao. Cc nguyn t kt hp to nn cc phn t phc tp cho s sng

V N LN NNG BNG i s thuyt tng i rng ng, th v tr s khi u vi mt v nhit v hn ca im k d v n ln. V v tr ang gin n ln nhit ca bc x b gim i. Khong mt phn trm giy sau v n ln, nhit vo khong 100 t v v tr ch yu gm cc photon, in t v neutrino (nhng ht cc nh) v cc phn ht ca chng cng vi mt s proton v neutron. Ba giy tip theo, v tr lnh xung cn 1 t , proton, neutron bt u kt hp to ra ht nhn nguyn t helium, hydro v cc nguyn t nh khc. Hng trm ngn nm sau, nhit xung cn vi ngn , cc in t chuyn ng chm dn v ht

nhn cc nguyn t nh bt in t to thnh nguyn t. Tuy nhin, cc nguyn t nng to nn chng ta nh carbon v oxygen ch c hnh thnh hng t nm sau t vic t helium tm cc ngi sao. Bc tranh v trng thi c nng vo thi k s khai ca v tr c nh khoa hc George Gamow a ra vo nm 1948 trong mt bi bo ng vit cng vi Ralph Alpher. Bi bo a ra mt tin on quan trng l bc x t giai on s khai nng bng vn cn tn ti cho n ngy nay. Tin on ca h c nh vt l Arno Penzias v Robert Wilson kim chng vo nm 1965 da vo quan st bc x phng vi sng.

Trang 78

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

mi n mi lm t nm, khong thi gian tnh t v n ln. Chng ta quen thuc vi quan nim cho rng cc s kin l h qu ca cc s kin trc , v n lt cc s kin trc li l h qu ca cc s kin trc na. C mt chui nhn qu ko di mi v qu kh. Nhng by gi hy gi s rng chui nhn qu c mt im khi u. Hy gi s rng c mt s kin u tin. Ci g gy ra n? y khng phi l mt cu hi m nhiu nh khoa hc mun cp. H c gng trnh cu hi bng cch cho rng v tr khng c im khi u nh ngi X Vit hoc nu ko rng ngun gc ca v tr khng nm trong a ht ca khoa hc m thuc v siu hnh hc (metaphysics) hoc tn gio. Theo ti, mt nh khoa hc chn chnh s khng lm nh th. Nu cc nh lut khoa hc khng ng ti thi im bt u ca v tr th chng c th khng ng ti cc thi im khc hay khng? Mt nh lut s khng l mt nh lut nu thnh thong n mi ng. Chng ta cn phi c gng hiu im khi u ca v tr da trn c s khoa hc. C th n vt qua kh nng ca chng ta, nhng t nht chng ta nn c gng th lm iu . Mc d cc nh l do Penrose v ti chng minh cho thy rng v tr phi c im bt u, nhng chng khng cho bit nhiu thng tin v bn cht ca s khi u . Chng ch ra rng v tr bt u bng mt v n ln, mt im m ton b v tr v tt c mi th trong b nn vo mt im c mt v hn. Ti im ny, thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein khng cn ng, do , khng th dng n tin on v tr bt u nh th no. Con ngi vn cha hiu ngun gc ca v tr v hin nhin l n nm ngoi phm vi ca khoa hc. Cc nh khoa hc khng hi lng vi kt lun ny. Nh chng 1 v chng 2 ch r, l do thuyt tng i khng ng ti gn v n ln l do n khng tch hp vi nguyn l bt nh, yu t ngu nhin ca thuyt lng t m Einstein phn i da trn Cha khng chi tr xc xc. Tuy vy tt c cc bng chng u cho thy Cha l mt tay chi bc. Ngi ta c th ngh v v tr nh mt sng bc khng l vi cc con xc xc c gieo v cc vng
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 79

T R

T R O N G

s c quay mi khi c dp (hnh 3.7). Bn c th ngh rng iu khin mt sng bc nh vy l mt v lm n rt may ri bi bn rt c kh nng mt ht tin khi xc xc gieo hay vng s quay. Nhng vi mt s ln cc v nh cc, s ln thng v thua trung bnh c th on c, mc d kt qu ca mt ln c th khng on trc c (hnh 3.8). Nhng ch sng bc bit chc t l trung bnh c li cho h. iu gii thch ti sao ch sng bc rt giu. C hi duy nht bn c th thng h l c cc tt c s tin ca bn vo mt s t ln gieo xc xc hoc quay s. V tr cng ging nh vy. Khi v tr ln nh ngy nay, c mt s ln ln gieo xc xc, v kt qu trung bnh c th on trc c. V th cc nh lut c in ng i vi cc h ln. Nhng khi v tr rt nh, ging nh gn thi im v n ln, ch c mt s t ln gieo xc xc, v nguyn l bt nh tr ln quan trng. V v tr c gieo xc xc hoi xem ci g s xy ra nn v tr khng c mt lch s duy nht nh ngi ta c th ngh. Thay vo , v tr c tt c cc lch s kh d, mi mt lch s c mt xc xut ca ring n. Phi c mt lch s v tr trong Belize t huy chng vng ti cc k Olympic mc d xc xut ca v tr thp. tng v v tr c nhiu lch s nghe c v nh chuyn khoa hc vin tng, nhng ngy nay khoa hc chp nhn n. tng c mt nh vt l v i, mt ngi y c tnh l Richard Feynman xut. By gi chng ta kt hp thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein v tng v tr c nhiu lch s ca Feynman thnh mt l thuyt thng nht hon ton m t mi th xy ra trong v tr. L thuyt thng nht ny s cho php ta tnh c v tr s pht trin th no nu ta bit cc lch s bt u nh th no. Nhng bn thn l thuyt khng ni cho chng ta bit v tr bt u th no hay trng thi ban u ca v tr l g. bit c iu chng ta cn mt ci gi l iu kin bin hay l quy tc bin. Cc iu kin bin ni cho chng ta bit ci g xy ra ra ca v tr, bin ca khng thi gian. Nu ra ca v tr ch l nhng im bnh thng ca khng thi gian, chng ta c th i qua n v tuyn b lnh th bn ngoi ra v tr l mt phn ca v tr. Mt khc, nu bin ca v tr nm trn
Trang 80
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

(Hnh 3.7 v hnh 3.8, trang k) Nu mt ngi chi bc t cc cho rt nhiu ln quay th ta c th on kh chnh xc kt qu cho anh ta v kt qu ca cc ln quay s c ly trung bnh. Ngc li, ta khng th on c kt qu ca bt k ln nh cc no.

T R

T R O N G

kt qu 1 ln t cc 10 ln t cc

kt qu

100 ln t cc

kt qu

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 81

T R

T R O N G

Nu bin ca v tr l mt im ca khng thi gian, chng ta c th gi cho bin gin ra.

mt ng lm chm trong khng thi gian m khng thi gian b cun li v mt ln v cng th s rt kh xc nh cc iu kin bin c ngha. Tuy vy, mt ng nghip ca ti l Jim Hartle v ti nhn ra rng c mt kh nng th ba. V tr c th khng c bin trong khng thi gian. Thot nhn, iu ny c v mu thun trc tip vi cc nh l m Perose v ti chng minh, chng cho thy v tr cn phi c mt im khi u, mt ci bin thi gian. Tuy vy, nh c gii thch trong chng 2, c mt loi thi gian c gi l thi gian o vung gc vi thi gian thc bnh thng m chng ta ang tri nghim. Lch s v tr theo thi gian thc s xc nh lch s ca n theo thi gian o v ngc li, nhng hai loi lch s ny c th rt khc nhau. c bit l v tr cn c khi u v kt

Trang 82

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

Chic bng en ti Caltech khi Feynman mt nm 1988 CU CHUYN V FEYNMAN Sinh ra ti Brooklyn, New York nm 1918, Richard Feynman bo v tin s ti i hc Princeton di s hng dn ca John Wheeler vo nm 1942. Ngay sau , ng b li ko v d n Mahattan. , ng ni ting v tnh cch ci m v hi hc ti phng th nghim Los Alamos, ng rt thch ph cc h thng bo mt v tr thnh mt nh vt l khc thng: ng tr thnh ngi ng gp ch yu cho l thuyt bom nguyn t. Thi quen lin tc tm ti khm ph ca Feynman v th gii chnh l gc r ca con ngi ng. N khng ch l ci my lm nn cc thnh cng khoa hc m cn dt ng n rt nhiu khm ph k th v nh gii m nhng ch tng hnh ca ngi Maya. Vo nhng nm sau th chin hai, Feynman tm ra mt phng php mi rt hiu qu trong vic nhn thc c hc lng t. V chnh iu mang gii Nobel nm 1965 n vi ng. ng thch thc gi thuyt c in c bn l mi ht c

Richard Feynman

mt lch s c bit. Thay vo , ng cho rng cc ht di chuyn t ni ny n ni khc theo tt c cc l trnh kh d trong khng thi gian. Vi mi l trnh Feynman lin h vi hai con s, con s th nht l kch thc bin ca sng v con s th hai l pha cho bit l nh hoc hm sng. Xc sut ca mt ht i t A n B cho bi tng cc sng lin quan n l trnh kh d i qua A v B. Tuy vy trong cuc sng hng ngy, chng ta thy dng nh cc vt th i theo mt l trnh duy nht t im u n im cui. iu ny ph hp vi tng a lch s (hoc tng theo cc lch s), v i vi cc vt th ln th qui tc ca ng v gn cc con s cho mi l trnh m bo tt c cc l trnh (tr mt l trnh duy nht) phi trit tiu ln nhau khi ng gp ca chng c kt hp li. Ch c mt trong s v hn cc l trnh c ngha i vi chuyn ng ca cc vt th v m l c xem xt v chnh l l trnh c c t cc nh lut chuyn ng c in ca Newton.

thc trong thi gian o. Thi gian o hnh x nh ging ht mt trc khc ca khng gian. Cho nn cc lch s ca v tr trong thi gian o c th c coi nh cc mt cong ging nh mt qu bng, mt mt phng, hoc mt hnh yn nga nhng c bn chiu thay v hai chiu (hnh 3.9). Nu lch s ca v tr tin n v hn ging nh hnh yn nga hay mt phng th ngi ta gp vn trong vic ch r cc iu kin bin v hn l g. Nhng ngi ta c th trnh khng cn ch ra iu kin bin nu cc lch s ca v tr nm trong thi gian o l cc mt ng, ging nh b mt tri t. B mt tri t khng c bin hoc ra. Khng c bo co ng tin no v vic con ngi b ri ra khi tri t!

Trong tch phn l trnh Feynman, mt ht c th ly tt c cc l trnh kh d Trang 83

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

(Hnh 3.9) CC LCH S CA V TR Nu cc lch s ca v tr tin n v hn nh hnh chic yn nga, ta s gp kh khn trong vic tm iu kin bin v lc n l v hn. Nu cc lch s ca v tr trong thi gian o l cc mt ng ging nh b mt tri t th ta cng khng th ch ra iu kin bin c.

CC NH LUT TIN HA V CC IU KIN BAN U Cc nh lut vt l bt buc mt trng thi ban u phi tin ha theo thi gian. V d, nu ta nm mt hn vo trong khng kh th cc nh lut hp dn s quyt nh chnh xc chuyn ng sau ca hn . Nhng chng ta khng th on c hn s ri chnh xc ti u t cc nh lut . lm c iu chng ta cn phi bit tc v hng ban u khi hn ri khi tay chng ta. Ni cch khc l chng ta cn phi bit iu kin ban u hay iu kin bin ca chuyn ng ca hn .

V tr hc cng c gng m t tin ha ca ton b v tr bng cc nh lut vt l. Do , chng ta cn phi hi iu kin ban u ca v tr l g p dng n vo cc nh lut trn. Trng thi ban u c th c nh hng rt quan trng ln cc c im ca v tr, c l quan trng nh tnh cht ca cc ht v lc c bn i vi cuc sng sinh vt. C mt xut v iu kin khng bin, xut ny cho rng khng gian v thi gian l hu hn, to thnh mt mt ng nhng khng c bin, n ging nh b mt tri t l hu hn nhng khng c bin. Gi thit khng bin da trn tng ly tng theo cc lch s ca Feynman nhng lch s ca

ht trong tng Feynman c thay bng ton b khng thi gian biu din cho lch s ca ton b v tr. Ni mt cch chnh xc, iu kin khng bin l s hn ch cc lch s kh d ca v tr vo cc khng thi gian khng c bin trong thi gian o. Hay ni cch khc, iu kin khng bin ca v tr l v tr khng c bin. Hin nay cc nh v tr hc ang nghin cu cc cu hnh ban u cu hnh c c t gi thit iu kin khng bin, v c th cng vi nguyn l v nhn yu (xem nguyn l v nhn trang 86 - ND) lm cho v tr tin ha n trng thi ging nh ta quan st hin nay.

Trang 84

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

Nu cc lch s ca v tr trong thi gian o thc s l cc mt ng nh Hartle v ti xut th iu c ngha quan trng v trit hc v hnh dung ca chng ta v ni chng ta sinh ra. V tr l hon ton t thn (self-contained); n khng cn bt k ci g bn ngoi ln giy ct cho ng h v tr v lm cho n hot ng. Thay vo , tt c mi th trong v tr u c xc nh bng cc nh lut khoa hc v bng cc ln gieo xc xc trong v tr. iu ny nghe c v xa x nhng l iu m ti v nhiu nh khoa hc khc tin. Hn na, nu v tr khng c cc iu kin bin nh th th v tr s khng c mt lch s duy nht. V tr s c nhiu lch s nh Feynman xut. S c mt lch s trong thi gian o tng ng vi mi mt ng kh d, v mi lch s trong thi gian o s xc nh mt lch s trong thi gian thc. Vy nn chng ta c rt nhiu trng thi kh d cho v tr. Ci g chn mt v tr c bit m chng ta ang sng ra khi ra khi mt tp hp tt c cc v tr kh d? Mt im m chng ta cn ch l rt nhiu lch s kh d ca v tr s khng tri qua mt chui s kin hnh thnh cc thin h v cc v sao, trong khi chui s kin li rt quan trng i vi s pht trin ca ring chng ta. Trong khi cc sinh vt c tr tu c v nh kh c th tin ha nu khng c cc thin h v cc ngi th vic chng ta tn ti nh l mt sinh vt c kh nng t cu hi Ti sao v tr li nh ngy nay? l mt gii hn ca lch s ca chng ta. iu ng v tr ny l mt trong mt thiu s cc lch s bao gm cc thin h v v sao. y l v d ca mt nguyn l gi l nguyn l v nhn (anthropic principle). Nguyn l v nhn ni rng v tr cn phi gn ging nh chng ta thy v nu v tr ny khc i th s khng c ai y quan st n (hnh 3.10). Rt nhiu nh khoa hc khng thch nguyn l v nhn v n c v m h v hnh nh khng c nhiu kh nng tin on. Nhng nguyn l v nhn c th c rt ra t
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

B mt tri t khng c bin hoc ra. Cc bo co v chuyn c ngi b ri ra khi tri t ch l s khuych i.

Trang 85

T R

T R O N G

Thi gian Kch thc gin n

NGUYN L V NHN Ni mt cch nm na, nguyn l v nhn cho rng chng ta thy v tr, hoc ch t mt phn ca v tr, nh ngy nay l bi v chng ta tn ti. C mt vin cnh l v tr hon ton tri ngc vi mt gic m v mt l thuyt thng nht v c th d on chnh xc, trong , cc nh lut ca t nhin l hon thin v th gii l nh vy v n khng th khc i c. C nhiu phin bn ca nguyn l v nhn: t nguyn l rt yu (v tr khng lin quan n con ngi) cho n rt mnh (s lin h ca con ngi vi v tr mnh n mc v l). Mc d mt s cc nh khoa hc min cng chp nhn nguyn l v nhn mnh th mt s ngi li tranh ci v tnh thit thc trong mt s quan im ca nguyn l v nhn yu. Chung qui l nguyn l v nhn yu gii thch v cc thi k hoc cc phn v tr kh d khc nhau m chng ta c th sng c. V d, l do ti sao v n ln li xy ra cch y khong

mi t nm l v tr cn phi tn ti lu mt s ngi sao kt thc qu trnh tin ha to ra cc nguyn t nh l oxygen hoc carbon, khng c chng, con ngi khng th c mt c, v tui v tr cng phi ngn mt s ngi sao vn tip tc cung cp nng lng duy tr s sng. Trn c s iu kin khng bin, chng ta c th s dng qui tc ca Feynman xc nh cc con s cho mi lch s v tr nhm tm ra tnh cht c th c ca cc v tr. Trong bi cnh ny, ta c th dng nguyn l v nhn nh l mt i hi cho cc lch s c cuc sng tr tu. Tt nhin l vi nguyn l v nhn, con ngi s cm thy hnh phc hn nu con ngi c th chng minh rng mt s cc cu hnh ban u cho v tr c v nh l s tin ha c mt v tr ging nh chng ta ang quan st. iu ny ng rng trng thi ban u ca phn v tr chng ta ang sng khng nht thit phi c chn mt cch k lng.

Trang 86

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

(Hnh 3.10, trang trc) Hnh tn cng pha tri (a) minh ha cc v tr ang co li, tr thnh cc v tr ng. Hnh tn cng pha phi (b) l cc v tr m tip tc gin n mi mi. Cc v tr ti hn cn bng gia vic co li v gin n (c1) hoc v tr lm pht hai ln (c2) c th c sinh vt c tr tu. V tr ca chng ta (d) hin nay ang th tip tc gin n.

Lm pht nhanh kp s khng to ra cuc sng tr tu

Hin nay lm pht ca v tr ca chng ta vn tip tc gin n

mt cng thc chnh xc v dng nh n rt quan trng khi gii quyt vn ngun gc v tr. Nh ni chng 2, thuyt-M cho php mt s ln cc lch s kh d ca v tr. Phn ln trong s khng ph hp cho s pht trin ca i sng tr tu; chng hoc l trng rng, tn ti trong mt thi gian ngn v b un cong qu nhiu hoc khng n v mt s kha cnh no . ng nh theo tng ca Feynman v v tr c nhiu lch s, xc sut ca cc lch s khng c s hin din ca sinh vt tr tu c th rt cao (xem trang 84). Thc ra vic c bao nhiu lch s m khng c s c mt ca sinh vt c tr tu khng quan trng. Chng ta ch quan tm n mt nhm cc lch s c cuc sng c tr tu pht trin. Cuc sng tr tu ny khng nht thit phi c ci g ging nh con ngi. Chng c th l cc sinh vt l mu xanh nh b. Thc ra chng cn thng minh hn con ngi. Loi ngi khng phi l sinh vt tr tu nht trong v tr. Mt v d v sc mnh ca nguyn l v nhn khi xt s chiu trong khng gian. Kinh nghim chung cho thy chng ta ang trong mt khng gian ba chiu. iu mun ni rng chng ta biu din v tr ca mt im trong khng gian bng ba con s, v d, v , kinh v cao trn mc nc bin. Nhng ti sao li l mt khng gian ba chiu? Ti sao khng phi l hai chiu, bn chiu hay mt s chiu khc nh khoa hc vin tng? Trong thuyt-M,
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 87

T R

T R O N G

khng gian c chn hoc mi chiu, nhng ngi ta cho rng c su hoc by chiu b cun li rt nh, ch cn li ba chiu ln v gn nh phng m thi (hnh 3.11). Ti sao chng ta khng sng trong mt lch s trong tm chiu b cun nh li ch li hai chiu ln cho chng ta nhn bit? Mt sinh vt hai chiu s rt kh c th tiu ha thc n. Nu n c mt ci rut chy sut c th chng th ci rut s chia sinh vt lm i v hai mnh s ri khi nhau. Do , hai chiu phng khng cho bt k sinh vt phc tp nh cuc sng c tr tu. Mt khc nu s chiu gn phng nhiu hn ba th lc hp dn gia hai vt th tng rt nhanh khi chng tin n gn nhau. iu ny c ngha l cc hnh tinh s khng c qu o bn vng quanh mt tri. Cc hnh tinh hoc l s ri vo mt tri (hnh 3.12A), hoc l s thot vo khong khng ti tm v lnh lo (hnh 3.12B). Tng t nh vy, cc qu o ca in t cng s khng bn, v vt
Trang 88
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

(Hnh 3.11) Nhn t xa, mt ng ung nc ging nh mt ng mt chiu.

T R

T R O N G

(Hnh 3.12A)

(Hnh 3.12B)

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 89

T R

T R O N G

Lch s thi gian o

Lch s thi gian thc

(Hnh 3.13) Lch s thi gian o khng bin n gin nht l mt hnh cu. Lch s trong thi gian o ny xc nh lch s trong thi gian thc (gin n theo kiu lm pht).

cht nh chng ta bit s khng tn ti. Vy nn, tng v tr c nhiu lch s cho php bt k s chiu gn phng, nhng ch c cc lch s vi ba chiu phng mi c sinh vt c tr tu. Ch c trong cc lch s nh vy th cu hi Ti sao khng gian c ba chiu? mi c t ra. Lch s n gin nht ca v tr trong thi gian o l mt hnh cu, ging nh b mt ca tri t, nhng c nhiu hn hai chiu (hnh 3.13). N xc nh lch s ca v tr trong thi gian thc m chng ta ang tri nghim, trong v tr l nh nhau theo cc im trong khng gian v gin n theo thi gian. Theo cc kha cnh ny, n ging nh v tr chng ta ang sng. Nhng tc gin n rt nhanh, v n vn cn gin n nhanh hn na. Vic gia tc s gin n nh vy c gi l lm pht (ination), v n ging nh vic gi c leo thang vi mt tc cha tng thy. Ni chung s lm pht gi c b coi l khng tt, nhng trong trng

Trang 90

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

(Hnh 3.14)

Nng lng vt cht

Nng lng hp dn

hp ca v tr th lm pht li c li. Lm pht lm trn bt k ch tri st no c th xut hin trong thi gian u ca v tr. V v tr gin n, nn v tr s vay mn nng lng t trng hp dn to thm vt cht. Nng lng vt cht dng s c cn bng mt cch chnh xc vi nng lng hp dn m, do , nng lng ton phn bng khng. Khi kch thc ca v tr tng gp i, nng lng vt cht v nng lng hp dn cng tng gp i nhng hai ln khng vn l khng. Gi m gii ngn hng cng n gin nh th nh (hnh 3.14)! Nu lch s v tr trong thi gian o l mt hnh cu hon ho th lch s tng ng trong thi gian thc s l mt v tr tip tc gin n mi mi theo kiu lm pht. Khi v tr ang lm pht th vt cht khng th ri vo nhau hnh thnh cc thin h v cc v sao, v cuc sng, ch cha ni n cuc sng tr tu nh chng
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 91

T R

T R O N G

Kch thc v tr

Kch thc v tr Thi gian thc Thi gian thc mt tc cha tng c sau gim tc gin n n nh ngy nay. Mt pha lm pht nh vy c th gii thch cu hi ti sao v tr li ging nhau theo tt c cc hng v c thi gian nh sng truyn t vng ny n vng khc trong v tr s khai. Lch s tng ng trong thi gian o ca mt v tr tip tc gin n theo kiu lm pht mi mi l mt hnh cu hon ho. Nhng vi v tr ca chng ta, qu trnh gin n lm pht b chm li sau mt phn nh ca mt giy v do cc thin h c th c hnh thnh. Trong thi gian o, iu c ngha l v tr tr ca chng ta l mt hnh cu b bt cc nam.
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

(Hnh 3.15) V TR LM PHT Trong m hnh v n ln nng bng, vo nhng giai on s khai, v tr khng c thi gian nhit truyn t ni ny n ni khc. D vy, chng ta quan st thy rng nhit ca bc x phng vi sng l nh nhau theo cc hng. iu ny c ngha l trng thi ban u ca v tr c nhit nh nhau ti mi ni. tm c mt m hnh, trong , rt nhiu cu hnh ban u khc nhau c th tin ha n mt ci g ging nh v tr hin nay, ngi ta gi thit rng vo giai on s khai, v tr tri qua mt thi k gin n rt nhanh. S gin n ny c gi l lm pht, tc l n xy ra vi

Trang 92

T R

T R O N G

CH S GI C - LM PHT V SIU LM PHT Thng 7 nm 1914 Thng 1 nm 1919 Thng 7 nm 1919 Thng 1 nm 1920 Thng 1 nm 1921 Thng 7 nm 1921 Thng 1 nm 1922 Thng 7 nm 1922 Thng 1 nm 1923 Thng 7 nm 1923 Thng 11 nm 1923 1,0 2,6 3,4 12,6 14,4 14,3 36,7 100,6 2 785.0 194 000.0 726 000 000 000,0 Hai triu mc c nm 1914 Mi ngn mc c nm 1914 Mt mc c nm 1914

Mi triu mc c nm 1914

Mt t mc c nm 1914

ta, khng th pht trin. Do , mc d gi thit v v tr c nhiu lch s dn n cc lch s ca v tr trong thi gian o l cc hnh cu hon ho, nhng khng c g th v c. Tuy nhin, cc lch s trong thi gian o l cc hnh cu c cc nam hi bt th thch ng hn (hnh 3.15). Trong trng hp ny, lch s tng ng trong thi gian thc s gin n trc tin theo kiu c gia tc v lm pht. Nhng sau qu trnh gin n s chm dn v cc thin h c th c hnh thnh. cuc sng tr tu c th pht trin th bt cc nam phi rt nh. iu ni rng ban u v tr gin n rt nhanh. Mc k lc v lm pht tin t xut hin c gia hai cuc i chin th gii, khi gi c tng n hng t ln nhng mc lm pht xut hin trong v tr t nht l mt t t t ln hn th (hnh 3.16). Do nguyn l bt nh nn s khng ch c mt lch s v tr c
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

(Hnh 3.16) LM PHT C TH L MT QUI LUT CA T NHIN Lm pht c tng sau ha bnh cho n thng 2 nm 1920, gi c lc cao hn nm 1918 nm ln. Sau thng 7 nm 1922, thi k siu lm pht bt u. Tt c nim tin vo gi tr ng tin bin mt v ch s gi c tng cc nhanh trong mi lm thng, gia tng tc in tin ht cng sut v s mt gi cng nhanh nh th. Vo cui nm 1923, 300 nh my giy lm vic ht tc v 150 cng ty n lot vi 2000 my in lm vic sut ngy m in tin. Trang 93

T R

T R O N G

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Hnh 3.17) CC LCH S KH D V KHNG KH D Cc lch s trn nhn ging hnh (a) l nhng lch s kh d nht, nhng ch c mt s cc lch s nh th. Mc d cc lch s hi bt bnh thng (b) v (c) km kh d hn, nhng c rt nhiu cc lch s ging nh vy, khc bit so vi lch s trn nhn cht t.

cuc sng c tr tu. Thay vo , cc lch s trong thi gian o s l mt h gm nhng hnh cu hi bin dng, mi hnh cu s tng ng vi mt lch s trong thi gian thc m , v tr lm pht trong mt thi gian di nhng khng phi l v hn. Chng ta c th hi vy th lch s no l lch s kh d nht trong cc lch s c php. Ha ra l cc lch s kh d nht hon ton khng trn tru m c nhng ni hi tri st (hnh 3.17). S gn sng cc lch s kh d nht rt nh, so vi lch s trn tru, s gn sng ny ch bng vi phn trm ngn. Tuy chng rt nh nhng chng ta c th o c chng. Chng l nhng thng ging nh trong min vi sng ti chng ta t cc hng trong khng gian. V tinh thm d phng v tr (Cosmic Background Explorer) COBE c phng vo nm 1989 v lp c bn bc x vi sng ca v tr. Trn bn vi sng v tr, cc mu khc nhau cho bit cc nhit khc nhau, nhng ton b di nhit t mu n mu xanh ch c gi tr bng mt phn vn K. Cui cng th s thay i gia cc vng khc nhau ca v tr s khai cng lc ht do hp

Trang 94

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

dn b sung trong cc vng v tr c hn lm cho vng ngng gin n v suy sp di lc hp dn ca bn thn chng hnh thnh cc thin h v cc v sao. Do , v nguyn l, t nht bn bc x vi sng v tr c mu xanh cho ton b cu trc ca v tr. Tnh cht ca cc lch s kh d nht ca v tr m thch hp cho s xut hin ca cc sinh vt c tr tu s nh th no? Xem ra c rt nhiu kh nng ph thuc vo lng vt cht ca v tr. Nu vt cht trong v tr ln hn mt lng ti hn th lc ht hp dn gia cc thin h s lm chm cc thin h v thm ch cn dng khng cho chng bay ra xa nhau. Sau cc thin h s bt u ri vo nhau v tt c s cng i ti mt v co ln (big crunch). V co ln s kt thc lch s ca v tr trong thi gian thc (hnh 3.18). Nu mt v tr thp hn gi tr ti hn, lc hp dn qu yu ngn cn cc thin h ri xa nhau mi mi. Tt c cc ngi sao s t chy ht nhin liu, v dn dn v tr s tr ln long v lnh hn. Cho nn, mt ln na, mi s s n hi kt nhng theo mt
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Bn ton b bu tri do v tinh COBE chp cho thy cc np nhn theo thi gian.

Trang 95

T R

T R O N G

(Hnh 3.18) Tt c vt cht s b nut vo mt ci ging hp dn mnh khng khip trong mt v co ln, c th l mt trong nhng kt cc ca v tr. (Hnh 3.19, trang k) Mt v tr lnh lo v trng tri trong tt c mi th u kit sc v cc ngi sao cui cng cng ang chp chn trc khi tt v cn kit nhin liu.

cch km kch tnh hn. Nhng d kt cc th no th v tr cng s tn ti thm vi t nm na (hnh 3.19). V tr c th c mt th ging nh vt cht c gi l nng lng chn khng (vacuum energy), nng lng chn khng hin din ngay c trong khng gian trng rng. T phng trnh ni ting ca Einstein, E=mc2, nng lng chn khng ny c mt khi lng. iu ni rng nng lng chn khng gy ra mt hiu ng hp dn ln s gin n ca v tr. Nhng iu ng ni l hiu ng hp dn do nng lng chn khng gy ra li ngc li vi hiu ng hp dn do vt cht gy ra. Vt cht lm qu trnh gin n chm li v c th lm dng v o ngc qu trnh . Ngc li, nng lng chn khng li gia tc qu trnh gin n ging nh trong giai on lm pht. Thc ra, nng lng chn khng c tc ng nh hng s v tr c nhc n chng 1 m Einstein b sung vo cc phng trnh ca ng vo nm 1917 khi ng nhn thy cc phng trnh ny khng a n mt nghim biu din cho mt v tr tnh.
Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 96

T R

T R O N G

Sau khi Hubble pht hin v tr gin n, ngi ta khng thy cn phi a hng s v tr vo cc phng trnh na, v Einstein cng cho rng hng s v tr l mt sai lm. Tuy vy, hng s v tr li hon ton khng phi l mt sai lm. Nh ni trong chng 2, ngy nay chng ta nhn thy rng l thuyt lng t ni rng khng thi gian c lp y bi cc thng ging lng t. Trong l thuyt siu i xng, cc nng lng dng v m v hn ca cc thng ging trng thi c bn ny trit tiu gia cc ht c spin khc nhau. Nhng chng ta khng trng i cc nng lng m v dng ny trit tiu hon ton n ni khng cn st li mt nng lng chn khng nh b, hu hn no, bi v v tr khng nm trong mt trng thi siu i xng. iu ngc nhin duy nht l nng lng chn khng nh n ni cch y t lu ngi ta mi nhn ra n. C th y l mt v d na ca nguyn l v nhn. Mt lch s c nng lng chn khng ln s khng hnh

C NG L HNG S V TR L SAI LM LN NHT TRONG I TI?

Albert Einstein

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 97

T R

T R O N G

Cc thin h khng th hnh thnh t vng ny

Gii hn nguyn l v nhn

Sao siu mi

NNG LNG CHN KHNG

Phng vi sng

MT VT CHT

(Hnh 3.20) Kt hp cc quan st t cc v n siu sao xa xi vi bc x phng vi sng v phn b vt cht trong v tr, ta c th c on c nng lng chn khng v mt vt cht trong v tr.

thnh cc thin h, do , s khng c cc sinh vt c th hi cu hi Ti sao nng lng chn khng li c gi tr bng gi tr m chng ta ang thy? Chng ta c gng th xc nh lng vt cht v nng lng chn khng trong v tr t cc quan st khc nhau. Ta c th biu din cc kt qu trong mt gin c trc honh l mt nng lng v trc tung l nng lng chn khng. ng chm l bin gii ca vng m trong sinh vt tr tu c th pht trin (hnh 3.20). Mi quan st v sao siu mi, cc m thin h v phng bc x vi sng u vch ra gii hn trn gin ny. May mn thay, c ba

Trang 98

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

T R

T R O N G

Ta c th ti b giam trong mt v ht V t coi mnh l cha t ca khong khng v tn...

- Shakespeare, Hamlet, hi 2, cnh 2

vng ny c mt khu vc giao nhau. Nu mt vt cht v nng lng chn khng nm trong khu vc giao nhau ny th qu trnh gin n ca v tr s ban u s rt nhanh v sau chm dn. Hnh nh l lm pht l mt qui lut ca t nhin. Trong chng ny, chng ta thy qu trnh tm hiu tnh cht ca v tr rng ln bng khi nim lch s ca v tr trong thi gian o din ra nh th no. Ci v tr trong thi gian o l mt hnh cu nh b v hi bt, n ging nh ci v ht ca Hamlet, tuy nhin, ci ht ny li gii m c tt c mi th xy ra trong thi gian thc. Do vy, Hamlet hon ton ng. Chng ta b gii hn trong mt v ht nhng vn coi mnh l cha t ca khong khng v tn.

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com

Trang 99

T R

T R O N G

Trang 100

Ngi dch: da_trch@yahoo.com; http://datrach.blogspot.com