Tm hiu v si quang n mode v si quang a mode

1. Si quang l nhng dy nh v do truyn cc nh sng nhn thy c v cc tia hng ngoi. Chng c 3 lp: li (core), o (cladding) v v bc (coating). nh sng c th phn x mt cch hon ton trong li th chit sut ca li ln hn chit sut ca o mt cht. V bc pha ngoi o bo v si quang khi b m v n mn, ng thi chng xuyn m vi cc si i bn cnh. Li v o c lm bng thu tinh hay cht do (Silica), cht do, kim loi, fluor, si quang kt tinh. Thnh phn li v v c chic sut khc nhau. Chit sut ca nhng lp ny nh th ny s quyt nh tnh cht ca si quang. Chng c phn loi thnh cc loi si quang n mode (Single Mode - SM) v a mode (Multi Mode -MM) tng ng vi s lng mode ca nh sng truyn qua si quang. Mode sng l mt trng thi truyn n nh ca sng nh sng (cng c th hiu mt mode l mt tia). Si quang n mode (single mode) hay si quang a mode (multi mode) u ch truyn mt tn hiu (l d liu m ta cn truyn). Mun truyn nhiu d liu t cc knh khc nhau, ta phi dng n cng ngh WDM (truyn nhiu bc sng trn cng mt si quang). Si a mode (multi mode) c th truyn cng lc nhiu nh sng vi gc anpha khc nhau, cn si n mode (single mode) ch c th truyn 1 nh sng vi 1 bc sng nht nh. Do si quang l vt liu truyn thng tin da trn nh lut phn x nh sng. Tia sng khi i t mi trng c chit sut cao qua mi trng chit sut thp th khng i thng (hay cn gi l tn x) m s phn x li. Do , khi nh sng mang thng tin, s c truyn i m khng b suy hao g c (v n c chy lng vng trong , phn x bn ny, ri phn x bn kia. Si quang n mode (single mode) th li c chit sut l mt hng s v chit sut ca v cng l 1 hng s. Khi nh sng s truyn i theo ng ziczac trong si quang ( lch pha ca tn hiu khi s ng k). Si a mode (multi mode) l cng ngh tin tin hn, chit sut t li ra n v s gim t t (nhng vn m bo mt t s chit sut nh sng ch phn x ch khng tn x), khi th nh sng s i theo ng cong, lch pha s t hn nhiu so vi hnh ziczac ca loi n mode (single mode). a mode (multi mode) cn chia lm 2 loi, l step mode v grade mode. Step mode th chit sut t li n v gim dn, nhng theo tng nc, cn grade mode th gim lin tc v d nhin l grade mode s tt hn step mode. D nhin l vic dng a mode (multi mode) th cn ph thuc nhiu yu t na nh l gi thnh, cc thit b u cui (thit b ghp knh quang). Si n

mode (single mode) ch truyn c mt mode sng do ng knh li rt nh (khong 10 micromet). Do ch truyn mt mode sng nn n mode (single mode) khng b nh hng bi hin tng tn sc v thc t n mode (single mode) thng c s dng hn so vi a mode (multi mode). Si a mode (multi mode) c ng knh li ln hn n mode (single mode) (khong 6-8 ln), c th truyn c nhiu mode sng trong li. Thng s vt l ca hai loi cp ny: ng knh li si (phn truyn tin): Core. n mode (single mode): 9/125; a mode (multi mode): 50/125 v 62.5/125. ng knh v phn x: Cladding th c n mode (single mode) v a mode (multi mode) u nh nhau l 125um. Hin nay, cp quang n mode (single mode) ch dng cho ng trc, ngoi vic gi thnh ra, cng ngh ca cp n mode (single mode) rt kht khe, v rt kh trong vic thi cng cng nh s dng. L do chnh l do lp li ca cp n mode (single mode) rt nh (khoang 27 Micromet) cn ca a mode (multi mode) thi ln hn rt nhiu (khong 130 Micromet). Ngoi ra, do kt cu li n mode (single mode) cho nh sng i theo ng thng, m gi thnh ch to, cng nh chnh xc trong thi cng, thit b cng ngh cao... lm cho cp n mode (single mode) kh thc hin trong cc cng trnh dn s. V Coating th ty thuc vo dc tnh cn bo v m ngi ta lm lp ny, tuy nhin thng thng i vi cp out door th n l 250, vi cp indoor th n l 900, iu ny khng ph thuc vo cp n mode (single mode) hay cp a mode (multi mode). V s dng th ty thuc vo cng sut pht, nhy thu, khong cch truyn dn, tc yu cu v gi thnh m ngi ta quyt nh dng cp n mode (single mode) hay cp a mode (multi mode). Minh ha hnh ng i ca nh sng truyn trong li (m nguyn nhn l do kt cu ca li Single Mode, Multi Mode): =================== - - - - - - >- - - - - - - - >- - - ng nh sng =================== n mode (Single Mode) ===================

/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ng nh sng \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/ =================== a mode (Multi mode) Tip cn theo quang hc tia (ray optic), mode ca si quang c hiu l mt tia sng nh sng n sc. Si quang a mode (multi mode) l si quang truyn nhiu tia sng cng mt lc, trong khi si quang n mode (single mode) ch truyn duy nht mt mode dc trc. Tip cn theo quang hc lng t, nh sng l mt loi sng in t (hai thnh phn E, H) v truyn dn ca n trong si quang phi tun th cc phng trnh ca nh lut Maxoen. Ngi ta nhn thy rng thnh phn in (vc t E) v thnh phn t (vc t H) ti li v v ca si quang khng c lp vi nhau m c mi lin h thng qua iu kin bin li-v. Bt c cp nghim no ca h phng trnh Maxoen li v v tho mn iu kin bin c gi l mt mode truyn sng. 2. Ti sao si quang n mode (single mode) c kh nng truyn tt hn si a mode (multi mode)? Si n mode (single mode) truyn xa v tt hn si a mode (multi mode).Trong si n mode (Single mode), nh sng i theo gn nh mt ng thng trng vi trc cp, cn trong si a mode (Multi Mode), nh sng i theo mt chm tia sng c dng hnh sin ng trc (v th m ta c th ghp thm nhiu nh sng c cc bc sng khc nhau). Si quang a mode (Multi Mode) s gp hin tng tn sc trong si quang gia cc mode truyn dn. y l yu im chnh ca a mode (Multi Mode) so vi n mode (single mode). Do m tn hiu trong si quang a mode (multi mode) d b tn x hn, tc truyn km hn v khong cch truyn gn hn. Si quang c ch s bc v ch s lp tu theo hnh dng v chit sut ca cc phn ca li si. Si quang n mode hay a mode (multi mode) ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng truyn trong . Cng mt si quang nhng n c th l si n mode (single mode) vi bc sng ny v l si a mode (multi mode) vi bc sng khc. Tuy nhin trong si quang, ngi ta ch truyn mt s bc sng nht nh. Nhng bc sng ny gi l cc ca s quang. Ba bc sng l 850nm, 1330nm, 1550nm. Thng th bc sng 850nm t c dng. Si a mode (multi mode) c cc bc sng chun l: 780, 850 v 1300. Hin nay cc thit b t dng bc sng 780. Si n mode (single mode)

c cc bc sng: 1310, 1550, 1627. Cc thit b single mode dng cng ngh DWM th cn c th s dng nhiu bc sng khc na. Do khi nim si a mode (multi mode) v n mode (single mode) phi gn lin vi bc sng truyn. Khong cch truyn (theo khuyn co) ca cp a mode (multi mode) l 500m. Khong cch truyn (theo khuyn co) ca cp n mode (single mode) l 3000m. Si quang n mode (single mode) c dng ch yu do khng c hin tng tn sc gia cc mode l nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhiu si quang. Si n mode (single mode) c dng lm mng backbone cn si a mode (multi mode) ch dng truyn gia cc mng trong vng. Thm na c n mode (single mode) v a mode (multi mode) u dng nh sng laser hoc led c, cn s dng ci no l tu vo tng trng hp c th do nhu cu v yu cu ca mng. Khi truyn trong si quang, sng nh sng b chi phi bi mt s hin tng sau: (*) Suy gim (attenuation): Suy gim trong si quang do hai nguyn nhn chnh, l hp th ca vt liu v tn x ReyLeng. Hp th vt liu nh hn tn x ReyLeng nn c th b qua. Tn x ReyLeng do cc thng ging vi sai trong cu trc vt liu, v gim khi bc sng tng. th tng hp ca cc nguyn nhn suy gim gip tm ra ba ca s truyn sng s dng rng ri ngy nay (800nm, 1300nm v 1550nm) (*) Tn sc (dispersion): Tn sc l hin tng cc thnh phn khc nhau ca tn hiu cn truyn truyn i vi cc tc khc nhau trong si quang. Tn sc do gy ra hin tng gin xung nh sng u ra, gy ra nhiu chng ph v l nguyn nhn chnh dn n hn ch ca khong cch truyn trong si quang ngy nay. C mt s loi tn sc khc nhau, gm tn sc mode (si quang a mode mi c), tn sc phn cc v tn sc n sc (gm tn sc vt liu + tn sc ng dn sng), mi loi c mt nh hng khc nhau n qu trnh truyn ca tn hiu. Cc loi si quang dch tn sc hn ch c mt phn vn ny nn c khong cch truyn xa (longhaul). (*) Cc hiu ng phi tuyn: Khi truyn nhiu mode trong si quang, hin tng phi tuyn gy ra hin tng sinh ra cc hi t cc mode truyn c bn, dn n nhiu ti u thu v gim cng sut tn hiu truyn. Cc hin tng ny c nh hng cng r rt khong cch cng ln, v khong cch cng khng phi l tham s duy nht. Chng lm nh hng tiu cc n bin , tn s, cc tham s khc v xung truyn, v do nh hng n kh nng nhn dng ca u thu. Hn na, cc nh hng ny li khng

ging nhau, v d b khuych i c th dng hn ch vn attenuation, nhng v hiu vi gin xung, v cc b ti to xung khng th m bo cng sut ngng ca u thu...gy ra nhiu kh khn trong khc phc Trong s cc nh hng th tn sc l nghim trng nht, v trong s cc loi tn sc th tn sc mode l ng k nht. Hy tng tng hai mode sng li v ngoi nht. Khong cch v thi gian khi n ch ca chng l yu t quyt nh n khong cch truyn. Thng thng khong cch ny khng c vt qu 1/2 chu k xung cn truyn b thu c kh nng hi phc tn hiu nh c. l l do chnh si n mode (single mode) truyn tt hn si a mode (multi mode) trn cc tham s k thut chung. Ngoi ra, cn rt nhiu vn nu mun thc s hiu c vn mode v phn bit gia chng. Truyn dn quang vi power budget l bi ton cn phi cn thn khi tnh ton thit k. Ngy nay, cng ngh WDM v cc pht hin mi trong k thut quang v ang hng th h mng n mt k nguyn mi, k nguyn ca Optical Internet. ng knh li ca si quang n mode nh hn ng knh li ca si quang a mode. iu ny xut pht t iu kin m bo tnh n mode ca si quang cho bi cng thc sau: (2*PI/lamda)*a*sqr(n1*n1-n2*n2) <2.405 Trong lamda l bc sng, a l ng knh li si quang v n1, n2 ln lt l chit sut li v. Trn th biu din s mode v diameter, bn cn ko di a c thm s mode truyn sng. R rng vi mt bc sng n mode ti hn lamda, chit sut li v xc nh, th ng knh si quang b hn ch bi cng thc trn. Thc t nh sng c lng tnh sng ht, v tr thnh mt cuc tranh ci ln nht trong lch s Vt l nhng nm cui th k 19. Tip cn theo quang hc tia v quang hc lng t u cn thit l gii cc hin tng truyn sng nh sng trong si quang, tuy nhin, bn cht in t ca sng nh sng gip gii quyt cc vn sng t v d hiu hn nhiu so vi cc l gii trong quang hc tia. n c vi mode sng, tip cn theo quang hc lng t gip bn c th hiu c vn tn sc phn cc (trong ch n mode v bn cht vt l vn l dn xut ca hai nghim c lp nhng cng hng s truyn sng, tc vn "a mode"), vn tn sc ng dn sng (phn b nng lng ca mode khi truyn trong si quang li v v, phn b ny khng ging nhau vi cc mode khc nhau, dn n nng lng ca sng i trong cc vng c chit sut n thay i, v l nguyn nhn ca tn sc). Chng ta khng cn hiu su sc n h Maxoen gii nh th no, nhng nm c phng php tip cn ny

gip chng ta hiu tt hn v si quang v cc vn truyn dn trn si quang. Ngoi ra, a 2 si quang trn th khng th phn bit c n mode (single mode) hay a mode (multi mode). phn bit c th bn phi c Microscope hoc Fusion Splicer.