MN HC

(physical chemistry 1)

HA L 1

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

NI DUNG
Chng 1. Nhit ha hc Chng 2. Chiu v gii hn ca qu trnh Chng 3. Cn bng ha hc Chng 4. L thuyt cn bng pha Chng 5. Cn bng pha trong h mt cu t Chng 6. Dung dch, cn bng lng - hi Chng 7. Cn bng lng rn Chng 8. Ha keo

30 tit

CHNG 1

NHIT HA HC
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

MC TIU CA NHIT NG HC
Nghin cu cc quy lut v s bin chuyn tng h ca ha nng v cc dng nng lng khc trong cc qu trnh ha hc. Nghin cu cc iu kin t din bin (phn ng ha hc) v cc iu kin bn vng (trng thi cn bng) ca cc h ha hc.

1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
Systems and Surroundings (H thng v mi trng) System (H): part of the universe we are interested in. Surroundings(mi trng ): the rest of the universe.

1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
a. H: l lng nht nh ca mt hay nhiu cht iu kin nhit , p sut v nng nht nh - H m - h kn - h c lp - h on nhit - H ng th, d th,
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1. MT S KHI NIM C BN

b. Trng thi tp hp tt c cc tnh cht v m ca h - Thng s trng thi: T, P, V, m, C, d, Cp, - Thng s cng : T, P, C, d,.. - Thng s dung : V, m, U,.. - Hm trng thi U = f(T,P,n,)
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1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
c. Qu trnh Con ng m h chuyn t TT ny sang TT khc - Qu trnh m - Qu trnh kn (chu trnh) - Qu trnh c V, P, T, q = const - Hm qu trnh d. Pha tp hp nhng phn ng th ca h c cng tnh cht l ha
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2. NHIT V CNG
Nng lng l thc o vn ng ca vt cht. ng vi nhng hnh thi vn ng khc nhau ca vt cht chng ta c nhng hnh thi nng lng khc nhau nh th nng, ng nng, ni nng Hai dng th hin ca nng lng ha hc l: NHIT (Q) v CNG (W) Lu : khng c gi tr nng lng bng 0 tuyt i m ch c nng lng bng 0 ng vi mt h quy chiu chun no .
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Nhit
Nhit (q) l thc o s chuyn ng hn lon (chuyn ng nhit) ca cc tiu phn to nn cht hay h.

Cng
Cng (w) l thc o s chuyn ng c trt t v c hng ca cc tiu phn theo hng ca trng lc

Ni nng (U)
Ni nng (U) l nng lng c sn, n du bn trong h

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Quy c v du
Theo qui c v du ca nhit ng hc: Nu h ta nhit th nhit c tr s m, q < 0. Nu h thu nhit th nhit c tr s dng, q > 0. Nu h nhn cng th cng c tr s m, W < 0. Nu h sinh cng th cng c tr s dng, W > 0.

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3. NGUYN L I NHIT NG HC
BIU THC TON HC Nu qi v wi l nhit v cng trao i gia h vi mi trng ngoi theo ng qu trnh i th qi v wi ring r thay i theo ng qu trnh nhng tng s qi + wi lun lun l mt hng s khng ty thuc ng qu trnh m ch ty thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui ca h m thi

U = Q+ A

Do quy c v du nn biu thc nguyn l 1 c vit li nh sau:

U = Q - A
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NHIT NG CA MT S QU TRNH a. Qu trnh ng tch V= hng s, dV=0 QV = U b. Qu trnh ng p P = hng s, dP=0 Qp = H Nu h l kh l tng th pV=nRT

Wp = nRT Up = Qp nRT
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NHIT NG CA MT S QU TRNH c. Qu trnh gin n ng nhit KLT nh lut Joule: ni nng ca kh l tng ch ph thuc vo nhit UT = 0

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4. NH LUT HESS
Ni dung nh lut Hess Trong qu trnh ng p hay ng tch, nhit phn ng ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui m khng ph thuc vo trng thi trung gian ca qu trnh QV = U v Qp = H i vi cc qu trnh ca kh l tng: H = U + RTn. H = U + PV ( enthalpy) hm trng thi
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4. NH LUT HESS
H qu nh lut Hess

Hnghch = - Hthun Hphn ng = Hssp Hphn ng = Hctc Hstc Hcsp

Hs : nhit sinh, nhit to thnh Hc : nhit chy, thiu nhit

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H1 = H2 + H3
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MI QUAN H GIA ENTANPI V NI NNG

i vi nhng qu trnh c cht phn ng hay sn phm phn ng th kh th H v U c th khc xa nhau. Vi cht kh: PV = nRT Trong n l hiu s phn t gam ca cc sn phm kh vi s phn t gam ca cc cht kh tham gia phn ng. Nh vy: = U + nRT Khi n = 0 th H = U , nhng khi n 0 th H U
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5. NHIT DUNG (C)

Nhit dung: Nhit dung ring ca mt cht bt k l nhit lng cn cung cp cho mt n v khi lng cht lm tng nhit thm 1o - Nhit dung ring - Nhit dung ng tch - Nhit dung ng p
c=
cv =

Q dT
Qv dT

cp =

Qp dT

nh hng ca nhit n nhit dung Cp = ao + a1.T + a2.T2 + ..

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6. NHIT CHUYN PHA (cp)

Nhit chuyn pha l nhit lng cn thit cn cung cp cho mt n v khi lng cht thc hin qu trnh chuyn pha Qu trnh chuyn pha cc cht nguyn cht l ng nhit - Nhit ha hi v nhit ngng t:

hh = - nt
- Nhit nng chy v nhit ng t:

nc = -
- Nhit thng hoa

th = nc + hh
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7. nh hng ca nhit n hiu ng nhit phn ng

nh lut Kirchhoff

HT = Ho + CpdT
Cng thc gn ng (trong khong nhit hp)

HT2 = H1 + Cp(T2 T1)

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CHNG 2

NGUYN L II CHIU V GII HN CA QU TRNH

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1. S bin i t nhin (spontaneous change)

L mt bin i xy ra c mt cch t nhin m khng cn tc ng ca yu t bn ngoi. Mt bin i t nhin khng nht thit phi xy ra nhanh. Chiu ca bin i t nhin c th ph thuc vo nhit . Xt v mt nng lng cc qu trnh ha hc c xu hng t din ra khi c s gim enthalpy.

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1. S bin i t nhin (spontaneous change)

Tuy nhin, mt s qu trnh vn din ra khi enthalpy bng 0 hoc ln hn 0. Do , ch da vo s bin i ni nng (hay Enthalpy H) th khng th tin on c chiu phn ng. tin on chnh xc chiu hng ca phn ng ta cn phi xem xt mt yu t na l MT TRT T ca h (c th hin qua gi tr ENTROPY k hiu l S)

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Cc qu trnh thun nghch Reversible Processes

Trong mt qu trnh thun nghch h thng thay i theo cch h thng v mi trng xung quanh c th tr li trng thi ban u bi qu trnh thun nghch (In a reversible process the system changes in such a way that the system and surroundings can be put back in their original states by exactly reversing the process) S thay i l rt nh qu trnh thun nghch (Changes are infinitesimally small in a reversible process.)
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Qu trnh bt thun nghch Irreversible Processes

Qu trnh bt thun nghch khng th thc hin qu trnh ngc li khi h thng thay i (Irreversible processes cannot be undone by exactly reversing the change to the system) Tt c cc qu trnh t pht u l bt thun nghch (All Spontaneous processes are irreversible) Tt c cc qu trnh xy ra thc t l bt thun nghch (All Real processes are irreversible )
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2. Entropy
Entropi (S) l thc o hn lon ca trng thi ca h thng. Cc bin i xy ra t nhin th i km vi s tng entropy Entropy l mt hm trng thi Cho 1 h thng: S = Scui - Su Nu S > 0 h thng mt trt t hn S < 0 h thng trt t hn

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Tnh cht ca entropi

Mi cht c gi tr entropi ring ca mnh , phn t cng phc tp th entropi cng ln. Entropi ca mi cht 0K u bng 0 v chng ch cn mt trng thi sp xp duy nht (W=1). Entropi ca cc cht tng theo s tng ca nhit . Entropi l mt hm trng thi do s tng entropi ca mt qu trnh tnh theo cng thc: Sor = nSsn phm - nStc cht
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Entropy tiu chun

0 S

298

L gi tr Entropy ca 1 mol cht o iu kin iu kin tiu chun c p sut 1 atm (760 mm Hg), v nhit bng 25oC (298.15K) n v tnh ca S0298 l cal/mol.K hoc J/mol.K

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S bin i entropy Entropy Changes

Nhn chung, entropy tng khi : +Kh c to ra t dng lng v rn + Dung dch hoc cht ha tan c to ra t cht rn + S lng phn t kh tng + S lng phn t tng In general, entropy increases when Gases are formed from liquids and solids. Liquids or solutions are formed from solids. The number of gas molecules increases. The number of moles increases.
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nh lut 3 nhit ng hc
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy ca cht kt tinh hon ton nhit khng tuyt i l bng khng (The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero is 0).

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Mt s quy tc dnh gi s bin thin ca entropy S trong cc qu trnh ha hc:

So tng (So>0) khi cc cht chuyn t trng thi rn sang lng hay kh. V d: H2O (r) H2O (l) So>0 So tng (So>0) khi mt cht rn hay lng ha tan vo nc hay dung mi. So gim (So<0) khi mt cht kh ha tan vo nc hay dung mi. So tng khi M (khi lng phn t) tng. V d: So(O2) < So(O3)
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Mt s quy tc dnh gi s bin thin ca entropy S trong cc qu trnh ha hc:

So gim cht rn mng lin kt cng ha tr, So tng khi lin kt c mt phn tnh kim loi. V d: So C(diamond) < So C(graphite) So tng t l vi yu v mm ca lin kt gia cc nguyn t. So tng theo phc tp ca phn t.

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3. Nguyn l II
Nguyn l II Khng th c qu trnh t chuyn nng lng t vt th c cc tiu phn chuyn ng trt t sang vt th c cc tiu phn chuyn ng km trt t hn. Hay Trong iu kin nng lng khng i, h c khuynh hng chuyn t trng thi c mt trt t thp sang trng thi c mt trt t cao hn. Nu h l c lp v qu trnh l TN: Nu h l c lp v qu trnh l BTN:
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Entropy l tiu chun xt chiu trong h c lp

Nu: dS > 0 Qu trnh t xy ra dS = 0 Qu trnh t cn bng Nu xt chiu h khng c lp, ta c th c lp h bng cch ghp thm mi trng vo h

Stc = Sh + Smi trng

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3. Nguyn l II
Entropy h c lp chiu hng ca qu trnh H c lp = h kho st + ngun nhit bn ngoi

Sh c lp = (Sh kho st + Sngun nhit) 0

Nu qu trnh din ra l thun nghch (CB) th entropy ca h c lp l khng i:

Sh c lp = 0
Trong h c lp din ra qu trnh khng thun nghch th nhng qu trnh ny lm cho entropy ca h c lp tng ln:

Sh c lp > 0
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2. Entropy mt s qu trnh
Nu qu trnh thun nghch (TN) mt nhit xc nh Khi h chuyn t TT1 sang TT2 Nu qu trnh l bt thun nghch (BTN) hay t xy ra
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Q dS = T TN

Entropy ca mt s qu trnh thun nghch

Qu trnh ng p hoc ng tch

dS = C.(dT/T)
Qu trnh ng nhit

ST = QT/T
Nu h l KLT:

ST = nR.ln(V2/V1) = nR.ln(P1/P2)

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nh hng ca mi trng
Stng cng = Sh + Smi trng Smi trng t l thun vi lng nhit ta ra t h thng (-H) v t l nghch vi nhit T. Ti p sut khng i, ta c th vit : Smi trng = -H/ T Stng cng = Sh - H/ T

tc l:

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nh hng ca mi trng
V d: Phn ng 2 Mg (r) + O2 (k) 2 MgO(r) c Sor = -217 J.K-1.mol-1 <0 Tuy nhin phn ng vn xy ra v: (Hor=-1202 kJ.mol-1). Hor<<0 Ta c: Stng cng = Sh thng - H/ T = -217 J.K-1.mol-1+ 1202.103 J.mol-1/298 K = 3.81.103 J.K-1.mol-1>0

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S bin i Entropi ca qu trnh chuyn pha

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4. Nng lng t do G (Free Energy)

Hay: Stng cng = Sh - H/ T -T.Stng cng = H T.Sh

Biu din khi nim bin i ca entropy tng bng mt i lng gi l nng lng t do Gibbs: G = -TStng cng Ta c: G = H - TS Nh vy, thay v xem xt s bin i ca entropy tng cng cu c h thng v mi trng xung quanh, nay ta ch xt s bin i ca nng lng t do G ca bn thn h thng d on mt bin i c xy ra t nhin hay khng.
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4. Nng lng t do G (Free Energy)

= Gibbs Free Energy

Cn bng ny tng t (Make this equation nicer)

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4. Nng lng t do G (Free Energy)

Nu dG s m, phn ng l t pht (If DG is negative, the forward reaction is spontaneous). Nu dG bng 0 , h thng cn bng If DG is 0, the system is at equilibrium. 3. Nu dG l s dng, phn ng l t pht hng ngc li (If G is positive, the reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction). 1.
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Nng lng t do tiu chun Go298

L bin thin nng lng t do ca qu trnh to thnh 1 mol cht iu kin tiu chun (250C, 1 atm) xut pht t cc n cht bn.

n v ca G0 l Kcal/mol hoc KJ/mol Cc n cht bn iu kin tiu chun c G0 = 0 Gi tr G0 ca cc cht c xc nh bng thc nghim. C th tra cu cc i lng G0 trong cc s tay ha hc.

Nng lng t do ca phn ng ha hc G = Gsn phm - Gtc cht

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4. Nng lng t do G (Free Energy)

Nng lng t do tiu chun Go chnh l thc o bn tng i ca mt hp cht so vi cc nguyn t to thnh n. Nu Go <0 ti mt nhit xc nh th c ngha l cc nguyn t c khuynh hng t nhin to thnh hp cht ti nhit tc ti iu kin chun hp cht ny l bn hn cc nguyn t to thnh nn n. Cn nu Go >0 th iu ngc li s xy ra, hp cht c khuynh hng t nhin l phn hy tr li thnh cc nguyn t.
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Mi quan h gia th ng p v HSCB K

iu kin bnh thng, Chng ta c th s dng DG thay cho DG. Under non-standard conditions, we need to use DG instead of DG.

Q is the reaction quotiant from chapter 15.

Note: at equilibrium: G = 0. away from equil, sign of G tells which way rxn goes spontaneously.
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Mi quan h gia th ng p v HSCB K

Ta c: Gr = Gor + RT lnK Ti cn bng: 0 = Gor + RT lnK hay Gor= RT lnK V d: Tnh Kp ti 25oC cho cn bng sau N2O4 (k) 2 NO2 (k) Ta c: Gor = 2 Gor (NO2,k) - Gor(N2O4,k) = 2 51.31 97.89 kJ.mol-1 = +4.73 kJ.mol-1 M ln Kp = -Gor / RT = -(4.73 kJ.mol-1/ 2.4790 kJ.mol-1) = -1.91 Suy ra Kp = 0.15
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Chuyn i n v o lng
1J 1 erg 1 cal 1 eV L.atm cm-1 1 Pa 1 bar 1 atm 1 atm 1 psi = 1 N.m= 1 Pa.m3 = 1 kg. m2. s-2 = 10-7 J = 4,184 J = 1,6021892 x 10-19 J = 101,325 J = 1,986477 x 10-23 J = 1 N.m-2 = 1 kg. m-1. s-1 = 105 Pa = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr = 6897, 7572 Pa R = 8,31441 J.K-1mol-1 = 1,987 cal. K-1mol-1 = 0,0831441 L.bar. K-1.mol-1 = 0,0820568 L.atm.K-1.mol-1

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CN BNG HO HC
http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chemeq/

1. Khi nim v cn bng ha hc

Phn ng thun nghch
G

N2O4(g)

2NO2(g)
dG=0

Cn bng ha hc Cn bng (K ) L trng thi m ti nng cc cht trong phn ng khng i theo thi gian
cb

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1. Khi nim v cn bng ha hc

dC =0 dt
Vcb

Vt

Vn

t 0 tcb

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1. Khi nim v cn bng ha hc

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1. Khi nim v cn bng ha hc

Tom lai: Can bang co tnh chat ong, ngha la luc can bang ve mat thc te thanh phan cac hp chat khong thay oi nhng thc te phan ng van xay ra vi vthuan = vnghch . Khuynh hng t nhien cua mot phan ng hoa hoc la luon hng ti can bang. Can bang se at c khi G=0, luc nay can bang hoa hoc la s can bang gia hai yeu to anh hng len phan ng la nhiet va entropy.
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2. Hng s cn bng ha hc
Xt phn ng H2 + I2 2HI a) Nu ta bt u bng mt hn hp I2 v H2 (t l bt k), phn ng s t ti cn bng tng ng vi nng khng i ca H2, I2 v HI. b) Tuy nhin nu ban u ta ch c HI v khng I2 hay H2, phn ng vn xy ra. I2 v H2 c to thnh cho ti khi cc nng t ti cn bng
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2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

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2. Hng s cn bng ha hc
D thnh phn tc cht ban u v thnh phn sn phm ra sao, cc nng lun t ti mt t l nh nhau ti cn bng Cho mt phn ng bt k

aA + bB(g)

pP + qQ

Biu thc ca hng s cn bng l

Kc =
8

p q [P] [Q] a b [A] [B]

vi Kc l hng s cn bng

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2. Hng s cn bng ha hc
Cc dng hng s cn bng

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2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

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2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

Mi quan h gia HSCB v nng lng nhit ng Gor= RT lnKcb iu kin

V= const ,T= const

P= const ,T= const

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2. Hng s cn bng ha hc
ln ca hng s cn bng
Hng s cn bng, K, l t l ca sn phm trn tc cht. Do : K cng ln th ti cn bng nng sn phm cng ln. Ngc li, K cng nh th ti cn bng nng tc cht cng ln Nu K >> 1, cc sn phm chim u th ti cn bng v cn bng chuyn sang phi Nu K << 1, cc tc cht chim u th ti cn bng v cn bng chuyn sang tri

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2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

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ng dung cua hang so can bang trong hoa hoc Xt chiu ca phn ng
We define Q, the reaction quotient, for a general reaction as

aA + bB(g)

pP + qQ

[ P ] p [Q]q Q= [A]a [B]b

where [A], [B], [P], and [Q] are molarities at any time. Q = K only at equilibrium.
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ng dung cua hang so can bang trong hoa hoc

Predicting the Direction of Reaction If Q > K then the reverse reaction must occur to reach equilibrium (i.e., products are consumed, reactants are formed, the numerator in the equilibrium constant expression decreases and Q decreases until it equals K). If Q < K then the forward reaction must occur to reach equilibrium.

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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier

Contents of this page What is the le Chtelier Principle and why is it important? How do changes in temperature affect equilibria? How do changes in pressure affect equilibria? The le Chtelier Principle and physiology
Henri le Chtelier (1850-1936)

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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Xt phn ng

N2(g) + 3H2(g)

2NH3(g)

As the pressure increases, the amount of ammonia present at equilibrium increases. As the temperature decreases, the amount of ammonia at equilibrium increases. Can this be predicted? Nguyn l Le Chatelier: Trong mt phn ng cn bng, nu thay i mt yu t lm xo trn mc cn bng s lm cn bng di i theo chiu chng li s thay i y.
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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier

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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations
The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled with the new N2 and H2 feed gas. The equilibrium amount of ammonia is optimized because the product (NH3) is continually removed and the reactants (N2 and H2) are continually being added.

Effects of Volume and Pressure

As volume is decreased pressure increases. Le Chateliers Principle: if pressure is increased the system will shift to counteract the increase.

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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effects of Volume and Pressure
That is, the system shifts to remove gases and decrease pressure. An increase in pressure favors the direction that has fewer moles of gas. In a reaction with the same number of product and reactant moles of gas, pressure has no effect. Consider

N2O4(g)
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2NO2(g)
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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effects of Volume and Pressure An increase in pressure (by decreasing the volume) favors the formation of colorless N2O4. The instant the pressure increases, the system is not at equilibrium and the concentration of both gases has increased. The system moves to reduce the number moles of gas (i.e. the forward reaction is favored). A new equilibrium is established in which the mixture is lighter because colorless N2O4 is favored.

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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effect of Temperature Changes The equilibrium constant is temperature dependent. For an endothermic reaction, H > 0 and heat can be considered as a reactant. For an exothermic reaction, H < 0 and heat can be considered as a product. Adding heat (i.e. heating the vessel) favors away from the increase:
if H > 0, adding heat favors the forward reaction, if H < 0, adding heat favors the reverse reaction.

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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effect of Temperature Changes Removing heat (i.e. cooling the vessel), favors towards the decrease: if H > 0, cooling favors the reverse reaction, if H < 0, cooling favors the forward reaction. Consider
Cr(H2O)6(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) CoCl42-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

for which DH > 0. Co(H2O)62+ is pale pink and CoCl42- is blue.

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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effect of Temperature Changes

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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effect of Temperature Changes

Cr(H2O)6(aq) + 4Cl-(aq)

CoCl42-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

If a light purple room temperature equilibrium mixture is placed in a beaker of warm water, the mixture turns deep blue. Since H > 0 (endothermic), adding heat favors the forward reaction, i.e. the formation of blue CoCl42-. If the room temperature equilibrium mixture is placed in a beaker of ice water, the mixture turns bright pink. Since H > 0, removing heat favors the reverse reaction which is the formation of pink Co(H2O)62+.
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3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
The Effect of Catalysts A catalyst lowers the activation energy barrier for the reaction. Therefore, a catalyst will decrease the time taken to reach equilibrium. A catalyst does not effect the composition of the equilibrium mixture.

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CHNG 4

C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH CN BNG PHA

1. MT S KHI NiM C BN

Pha

L tp hp cc phn ng th tn ti ca h. Chng phi c thnh phn ha hc, tnh cht ha l mi im l nh nhau. Pha thng k hiu l f. Hay cn gi l hp phn l tng s cc cht c mt trong h. K hiu l r. L s ti thiu hp phn to ra h. K hiu l k

S hp phn

S cu t

1. MT S KHI NiM C BN

S cu t

Trong mt h c th tn ti nhiu cu t (hp phn) tuy nhin to thnh h khng nht thit phi c mt y cc cu t m ch cn mt trong s cu t l c th to nn h. Vy k = r q. Trong q l s cc phng trnh quan h v nng ca cc cu t ti im cn bng Hay cn gi l bc t do, l s thng s nhit ng c lp xc nh h ti in cn bng. K hiu l c.

t do

H c c = 0 gi l h v bin. H c c = 1 gi l h nht bin. H c c = 2 gi l h nh bin.

2. iU KiN CN BNG PHA

H d th bao gm k cu t v f pha nm cn bng nhau. 3 iu kin cn bng pha nh sau:

Nhit p sut Ha hc

T =T =...=T

P =P =...=P

= =...= 1 1 1 = =...= 2 2 2 = =...= 3 3 3 --------- = =...= k k k

3. QUI TC PHA GIBBS

Vi n thng s bn ngoi tc ng v h c=kf+n Nu T v P l hng s c=kf Nu T l hng s hoc P l hng s c=kf+1

V d: Tnh t do cho h gm nc lng cn bng vi hi nc. H2O (l) = H2O (h).

4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.1. Cch biu din cc thng s nhit ng trn gin pha.

i vi cc thng s nhit , th tch hay p sut

Biu din trn trc s Bin ln

Nghch o logarit

Biu din thnh phn ca h 2 cu t

4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

Biu din thnh phn ca h 3 cu t

xA + xB + xC = 1 hay yA + yB + yC = 100%.

h h A B %A = ,%B = v%C = C h h h h

4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

Vi cch biu din nh trn, ta c nhn xt

Nhng im nm trn cng mt ng thng song song vi cnh ca tam gic th tt c im y u c cng thnh phn ca cu t i din vi cnh . Nhng im nm trn ng thng i qua mt nh ca tan gic th biu din nhng h c cng t l thnh phn ca 2 cu t ng vi hai nh kia. Khi tng lng tng i ca mt cu t th im h chung s di chuyn v gn vi cu t trn ng thng i qua nh .

4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.2. Cc qui tc ca gin pha Qui tc lin tc cc ng hoc cc mt trn gin pha biu din s ph thuc gia cc thng s nhit ng ca h s lin tc nu trong h khng xy s thay i s pha hoc dng cc pha

4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.2. Cc qui tc ca gin pha Qui tc n by Nu c ba im h lin hp M, N v H th lng tng i ca chng c tnh theo qui tc n by nh sau

4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.2. Cc qui tc ca gin pha Qui tc khi tm nu mt h gm n h con th im biu din ca n phi nm khi tm vt l ca a gic c nh l cc im biu din ca n h con
V d: H H gm ba h con l H1, H2 v H3 vy H phi nm khi tm vt l ca tam gic H1H2H3.

4. GIN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.2. Cc qui tc ca gin pha Qui tc khi tm
V d: H H gm ba h con l H1, H2 v H3 vy H phi nm khi tm vt l ca tam gic H1H2H3.

Gin pha ca nc

Chng 5

CN BNG PHA TRONG H MT CU T

1. c im ca qu trnh chuyn pha trong h mt cu t

Trong cc h mt cu t, cc pha ring bit u l cng mt cht cc trng thi tp hp khc nhau nh rn, lng v kh trng thi rn th c nhiu dng th hnh khc nhau th mi dng th hnh l mt pha C hai phng php kho st cc h, nhit ng:
Phng

php gii tch phng php gin trng thi

2. Phng trnh Clapeyron

A () A ()

dp L = dT VT
L: l nhit qu trnh pha hoc nhit chuyn pha V = V() - V()

3. p dng phng trnh Clapeyron cho cc trng hp chuyn pha 3.1. H rn - lng

dT T(Vl Vr ) = dp L nc
Qu trnh nng chy hu ht cc cht u km theo tng th tch ca chng, c ngha l Vl - Vr >0

dT dp

>0

3. p dng phng trnh Clapeyron cho cc trng hp chuyn pha 3.2. H rn -hi
Phng trnh Clapeyron

dT L = dp TV
H th = H nc + H hh

Phng trnh Clausius

dp L = dT TV h
dlnp H = dT RT 2

4. Mt s gin pha c bn
4.1. Gin pha ca nc
ng OK: ng ha hi nhng nhit T > TK s chuyn pha t lng sang hi l lin tc khng c gii hn phn chia pha ng OA l ng thng hoa ng OB l ng nng chy ng OC l ng qu lnh

4. Mt s gin pha c bn
4.2. Gin pha ca Lu hunh
im O l im ba khng bn ng vi cn bng khng bn ca lu hunh lng qu lnh, tinh th qu nng v hi lu hunh qu bo ha trn tinh th rn

4. Mt s gin pha c bn
4.3. Gin pha ca Cacbon

Chng 6

DUNG DCH V CN BNG LNG - HI

1. MT S KHI NiM
1.1. Dung dch
Dung dch l 1 hn hp ng nht ca mt hay nhiu cht, cc cht phn tn u nhau, dung dch l h 1 pha

1.2. Dung mi & Cht tan

Dung mi Cht tan

1.3. S to thnh dung dch

Dung dch l 1 h vt l va l h ha hc Dung dch bo ha

2. CCH BiU DiN THNH PHN

Nng % Nng phn t gam (CM) Nng ng lng gam (CN) Nng Molan (Cm) Nng phn mol (Ni)

3. PHN LOI DUNG DCH

3.1. Dung dch l tng
Dung dch m ha th ca mi cu t i mi nng u tun theo phng trnh:

=0 (T,P)+RTlnxi Lc tng tc gia cc phn t cng loi v khc loi ging nhau
Tnh cht ca dung dch ch ph thuc vo thnh phn ca cc cht Khi to thnh dung dch khng km theo hiu ng nhit v s thay i th tch (U=0, H=0, V=0)

3. PHN LOI DUNG DCH

3.2. Dung dch v cng long
Xem nh dd l tng

3.3. Dung dch thc

Lc tng tc gia cc phn t khc nhau Lun km theo cc hiu ng khi ha tan

4. S HA TAN KH TRONG LNG

L qu trnh hp th ha tan ca cht kh trong cht lng ph thuc vo Bn cht ca dung mi v cht tan Cc tp cht c trong dung mi (cht in ly) Nhit nh hng ca p sut nh lut Henry (kh l tng):
Xi = KH. Pi

4. S HA TAN KH TRONG LNG

nh hng ca nhit
p dng phng trnh ng nhit VantHoff cho cn bng
H lnK x = 2 T p RT

Qu trnh ha tan ca kh vo trong lng = ngng t v pha long

Hht = nt + Hpl

4. S HA TAN KH TRONG LNG

nh hng ca nhit
Phng trnh Sreder: dung dch l tng th Hpl =0
i lnx i = 2 T p RT
Trong : xi: l tan ca kh trong dung dch. T0: nhit ngng t hay nhit si ca kh khi nguyn cht.

i 1 1 lnxi = - - 0 RT T

5. CN BNG LNG-HI 5.1. Dung dch l tng tan ln v hn a) p sut hi L Raoult Pi = kR.xli
p sut hi dung mi ca dd v cng long Pi = Poi.xli

b) Gin p sut thnh phn

5. CN BNG LNG-HI
b) Gin p sut thnh phn
Trong trng hp ny ta ch xt h gm 2 cht lng tan ln v hn vo nhau

5. CN BNG LNG-HI
c) Thnh phn pha hi
nh lut Konovalop 1
Xt dung dch gm 2 cu t A - B cn bng nhau vi pha hi ca chng. Theo nh lut Dalton
h h xB nB PB = = xh nh PA A A

p dng nh lut Raoult ta c

h 0 l xB PB xB xl B = 0 . l = l h xA x A PA xA

0 PB = 0 PA

5. CN BNG LNG-HI
d) Gin thnh phn lng - hi

h 0 l xB PB xB xl B = 0 . l = l h x A PA xA xA

l .x h B xB = l 1+ ( -1) xB

5. CN BNG LNG-HI
e) Gin nhit - thnh phn
nh lut Konovalop 2

1. ng TSAlTSB l ng si hay gi l ng lng. 2. ng TSAhTSB l ng hi hay cn gi l ng sng.

CHNG 7

CN BNG LNG RN

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG nh hng ca nng cht tan (khng bay hi) i vi tnh cht ca dung dch
Gim p sut hi Tng nhit si v gim nhit kt tinh Xut hin p sut thm thu

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG 1.1. S gim p sut hi p sut hi ca dung dch cha cht tan khng bay hi P = P1 = P01 . x1 = P01. (1-x). Suy ra
P = P0 P0 x 1 1 P0 P P 1 = =x P0 P0 1 1
ThS. NGUYN HU SN

1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG

1.2. S tng im si & h im ng

T = K . Cm
T = T0 T . Cm l nng mplan ca dung dch. K l hng s nghim ng K hoc hng s nghim si Ks.

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG

1.2. S tng im si & h im ng Solvent acetic acid chloroform naphthalene water camphor carbon tetrachloride ethanol n-octane Tb(oC)
118.2 61.2

Kb
2.93 3.63

Tf(oC)
17

Kf
3.90

80 100 0.52 0 179 76.6 78.6 125.7 5.03 1.22 4.02

6.8 1.86 40

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG

1.3. p sut thm thu

= CRT

: l p sut thm thu.

C: l nng , mol/l. R: hng s kh l tng. T: nhit tuyt i.

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

2. NH HNG CA NHIT N S HA TAN Phng trnh Sreder i(rn) = i (dung dch, xi) + Hht
xi (d ) Kx = xi (r )

H ht = nc + H phl = nc = i

d ln K x i = dT RT 2

xi = k .e

i RT 2

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

3. S KT TINH DUNG DCH HAI CU T

3.1. Gin nhit - thnh phn

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

3. S KT TINH DUNG DCH HAI CU T

3.2. Gin a nhit
Tnh ton lng tng i ca cc pha trong h H Q2 = lng l2 + rn r2

mrB l2Q2 = ml 2 Q2 r2
H H = pha lng e + h rn chung Rc

me HRC = mRC eH

mR A mRB

RB RC = RA RC
ThS. NGUYN HU SN

3. S KT TINH DUNG DCH HAI CU T

3.3. Hn hp Eutecti
p sut khng i, hn hp eutecti s kt tinh nhit khng i theo ng thnh phn ca n (ph hp vi t do c = 0) Khi c s tc ng ca c nhit v p sut bn ngoi: c=k-f+2=2-3+2=1 iu ny chng t rng nu thay i p sut th khng nhng nhit kt tinh ca dung dch eutecti thay i m c thnh phn ca hn hp eutecti cng thay i theo

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

3. S KT TINH DUNG DCH HAI CU T

3.4. Qu trnh kt tinh ng nhit

mr lm = ml mr

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

4. H HAI CU T TO THNH DUNG RN TAN LN V HN Gin nhit - thnh phn (T-X)

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

5. H HAI CU T TO THNH DUNG RN TAN LN GII HN Gin nhit - thnh phn (T-X) c Eutecti
C cc h nh NaNO3-KNO3, Pb-Sn, Cu-Ag

P l dung dch rn ca Sn tan trong Pb v S l dung dch rn ca Pb tan trong Sn ng aeb l ng lng, biu din nhit bt u kt tinh ca cc dung dch rn P v S nm cn bng vi nhau
ThS. NGUYN HU SN

5. H HAI CU T TO THNH DUNG RN TAN LN GII HN Gin nhit - thnh phn (T-X) c Peritecti
P l dung dch rn ca Ag tan trong Pt v A l dung dch rn ca Pt tan trong Ag ng apb l ng lng ng ar1 v br2 l nhng ng rn ng r1x v r2y l nhng ng rn

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

CHNG 8

HA KEO

ThS. NGUYEN HUU SON

1. MT S KHI NiM 1.1. H phn tn

Cht phn tn Mi trng phn tn

Ngi ta chia h phn tn lm 2 loi

H ng th H vi d th

phn tn

1 D= a

1. MT S KHI NiM 1.2. Phn loi h phn tn

a. Phn loi da trn trng thi tp hp ca cc pha Nu mi trng phn tn l rn: Xerosol
R/R: b tng L/R: t bo, tri cy K/R :bng gn

Nu mi trng phn tn l lng (L): Liosol

R/L huyn ph L/L nh tng K/L soda,nc ngt

1. MT S KHI NiM 1.2. Phn loi h phn tn

a. Phn loi da trn trng thi tp hp ca cc pha Nu mi trng phn tn l kh ( K): Aserosol
R/K bi L/K sng m K/K khi, hng thm trong khng kh

b. Phn loi da trn mc lin kt gia pha phn tn v mi trng phn tn H keo u lu: fA-S > fA-A, fS-S H keo ght lu: fA-S < fA-A, fS-S

1. MT S KHI NiM 1.2. Phn loi h phn tn

c. Phn loi da trn trng thi tp hp ca cc pha H phn tn th: > 10-5 cm H keo:10-5n 10-7 cm Dung dch: < 10-7 cm d. Phn loi theo s ng nht H n phn tn: ng u H a phn tn: khng ng u

2. H KEO
2.1. Khi nim
Cc ht c kch thc ln hn phn t v ion nhng khng ln c th quan st c bng knh hin vi quang hc c gi l cc ht keo Ht keo l mt h phc tp to nn bi mt s lng ln khong t 103 n 105 nguyn t, c khi lng khong 104-109 vC Mt h keo lun lun bao gm cc ht keo gi l cht phn tn v mt cht lm mi trng phn tn

2. H KEO 2.2. Phn loi h keo

Da trn trng thi vt l ca ht keo v mi trng phn tn
H Sng m Khi Sa Sn Hp kim Kem Mi trng phn tn Kh Kh Lng Lng Rn Lng Cht phn tn Lng Rn Lng Rn Rn Kh Loi h aerosol lng aerosol rn Nh tng Dung dch keo Dung dch keo rn Bt

Da vo hnh dng ca ht keo: dng khng gian 3 chiu ging nh qu bng, dng khng gian hai chiu ging nh tm phim, dng khng gian mt chiu nh si ch

2. H KEO 2.3. Cu to ht keo

Nhn keo: l tinh th ion rt nh, hoc mt nhm phn t, hoc ch c th l mt phn t kch thc ln Lp ion to th: lp ion hp ph trn nhn keo Lp ion hp ph: lp ion nghch Lp ion khuch tn

2. H KEO 2.3. Cu to ht keo

m (1) (2) (3) (4)

(1): nhan (2): lp ion quyet nh the hieu (3): lp ion nghch hap phu (4): lp ion nghch khuech tan

2. H KEO 2.3. Cu to ht keo

Kho st qu trnh hnh thnh keo AgI bng cch ngi ta cho t t KI vo dung dch AgNO3: AgNO3 + KI KNO3 + Ag I

Khi thiu KI: Lc ny ht keo tch in dng.

2. H KEO 2.3. Cu to ht keo

Khi tha KI: Lc ny ht keo tch in m

m (1)

I. (2) (3)

K+

K+ (4)

(1): nhan (2): lp ion quyet nh the hieu (3): lp ion nghch hap phu (4): lp ion nghch khuech tan

3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

iu kin hnh thnh h keo:
- Cht phn tn v mi trng phn tn khng tan vo nhau hay tan rt t - Ht keo phi c mt lp hp ph v c cht n nh gi cho h keo khng b tch pha gy nn s keo t. Cht n nh thng s dng l cht hot ng b mt hay bng phn ng ha hc to ra cht n nh Cc phng php iu ch: Phng php phn tn Phng php ngng t

3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

3.1. Phng php phn tn
Phng php c hc Phng php siu m: Ngi dng nhng bc sng cc ngn c tn s 20.000 50.000 Hz bn b nhng ht to thnh nhng ht nh hn Phng php h quang: Dng mt dng in c hiu in th ln ha hi cht phn tn Phng php keo tn: y l mt qu trnh ngc vi qu trnh keo t, tc l ngi ta dng mt nhn t no phn tn khi keo t tr li mi trng phn tn Bin php ra gii Bng cht in ly

3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

3.2. Phng php ngng t
L qu trnh ngng t h keo l qu trnh kt tinh t dung dch qu bo ha. Qu trnh ny gm 2 giai on: - Giai on to mm tinh th - Giai on pht trin mm

V1 = k1x

Cq Cb Cb

DS = V2 (Cq C b )

Nu V1 > V2: H n phn tn. Nu V1 < V2 : H a phn tn.

3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

3.2. Phng php ngng t
a. Phng php vt l - Ngng t trc tip: khi thay i cc thng s trng thi ca h - S thay th dung mi: Cng nh trn khi thay i thng s trng thi b. Phng php ha hc Nhm phng php ha hc ny cng da trn nguyn tc to tng mi bng cch ngng t cc cht t dung dch qu bo ha AgNO3 + KI AgI + KNO3

3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

3.3. Tinh ch h keo
a. Phng php thm tch

b. Phng php in thm tch Phng php in thm tch dng mt phng tin thc y qu trnh trao i cht nhanh hn bng in trng c. Phng php siu lc

4. S KEO T
4.1. Keo t bi yu t vt l
Tc ng c hc S thay i nhit

4.2. Keo t bi cht in ly

-Ngng keo t: l nng ti thiu ca cht in ly cn thit gy ra s keo t vi mt tc n nh, n v ca n l mMol/l - Ion cht in ly gy ra s keo t l ion tri du vi ion quy nh th hiu - Trong cng mt in tch ion no c bn knh cng ln tit din b mt cng cao th s tng tc vi ion quy nh th hiu cng mnh

5. TNH CHT H KEO

5.1. Tnh cht in hc
Tnh cht in di Tnh in thm Tnh sa lng Tnh chy

5.2. Tnh cht quang hc

a. Tnh phn tn nh sng Trng hp phn x nh sng Trng hp tn x nh sng b. Tnh hp th nh sng IL=I0.e-kd

5. TNH CHT H KEO

5.3. Tnh cht ng hc

Tnh chuyn ng nhit Tnh khuch tn Tnh thm thu