International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05

134

Analysis of Spatial Effects of Two-row Pile Structure of Foundation Pit Based on Elastic Resistance Method
YUAN Mana; DING Jihuib; ZHANG Qinc
College of Civil Engineering Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P.R.China, 071002 a eyrommee@126.com; bdingjihui@126.com; cxaviervon@gmail.com Received **** 2011

Abstract
The two-row-pile retaining and protecting structure of deep foundation pit is a complex three dimension spatial problem, while the analysis and calculation in traditional design was based on two-dimensional plane strain theory; the spatial and time effects are not reflected. The concept of earth pressure utilization factor is proposed and calculation method is established based on elastic resistance method. Assumed that horizontal displacement of top beam has an approximate function with simple supported beam subjected uniform load, the utilization factor of earth pressure and deformation of two-row-pile bracing structure are calculated. Practical examples of two-row-pile bracing projects shows that calculation method of utilization factor of earth pressure in considering spatial effect proposed is feasible. Keywords: Spatial effect, Deep foundation pit, Utilization factor of earth pressure, Two-row pile structure

1. Introduction
With the development of foundation pit engineering, the double-row pile bracing structures are widely applied. Deep foundation pit is a complex three dimension spatial problem. Through monitoring for the soft soil pit of some high-rise building, Fook-Hou Lee thought stiffness effect of pit corner may greatly decrease the deformation of the bracing structure and settlement of soil layer. Based on soil plasticity upper bound theory and limit equilibrium analysis theory, Yang Xue-qiang discussed excavation ends shielding effect from soil pressure acted on supporting structure, and gave out soil pressure calculating formula combined with spatial effect. Considering spatial mutual interaction and deformations among ring beam, middle beams, row of piles, braces and foundation soil in the deep excavation structure, Lai Guan-zhou set up the 3-D finite element analysis model based on the mutual deformation theory; and settled specific method to calculate the equivalent foundation stiffness and earth pressure. Han Sen used three methods to calculate the coefficient and intensity of earth pressure, which include the method considering angle of internal friction can be suit a for over consolidated soil, normally consolidated soil and under consolidated soil. Ding Ji-hui and Zhang Qin gave calculation method of soil pressure utilization factor on cantilever supporting structure of deep Excavation and the conventional design method considered the spatial effect of deep foundation excava-

tion. Based on elastic resistance method, the concept and computation method of the soil pressure utilization factor for supporting structure of deep foundation are introduced, and the spatial distribution of the deformation

are given.

2. Earth Pressure Utilization Factor Computation

2.1. Earth Pressure As shown in Fig. 1, active earth pressure on the two-row pile supporting structure is computed as soil volume ratio method. According to the pile arrangement the earth pressure is computed as follow. plum arrangement pile paf = (1 + ) a , p ab = (1 ) a (1)
rectangle arrangement pile paf = a , pab = a a

= (1 ) a

(2) (3)

= 2 L / L0 ( L / L0 )

a = (q + z ) K a 2c K a (4) where, is the proportion coefficient, a is Rankines

active earth pressure, acted on the

paf is the active earth pressure

front-row-pile,

pab is the active

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05 earth pressure acted on the back-row-pile, the soil strength indexes.
L0 L y h

135

c and are

Using the M method, the stiffness coefficient of the soil body is k z = mz . Where m is the ratio as technical Specification to choose value.
M0 Q0 B hd Pa

A P af
B

D P ab E

/2 45-

SLIP-SURFACE

hd

P fh

P bho

h0

C
C z F

z
Fig. 2 M method computation diagram

(a) double-row pile

M0 y h Q0 A o y z E M0 Q0 D P ab

As shown in Fig.2, The part of the supporting structure under the slide plane of the foundation pit is satisfied the differential equation
h0

P af B

d4y + mb0 zy pa b0 = 0 dz 4 Where, pa = ( q + H ) K 'a 2c K 'a EI

5

(6)

hd

P fh

P bho

Let
C
z

mb0 , the equation (6) is simplified EI

EI

d4y + 5 zy [(q + H ) K 'a 2c K 'a ]b0 = 0 4 dx

(b) front-row-pile (c) back-row-pile Fig. 1 earth pressure computation diagram

Due to the spatial effect of foundation excavation, active earth pressure is given partly scope to. The real active earth pressure is K 'a = a K a (5) Where, a is active earth pressure utilization factor.

(7) Where, y is the lateral displacement of the pile. b0 is the calculation width of the pile. m is the ratio as technical Specification to choose value[4]. Using to Power Series to solve the equation (7), the solution form is

y = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + = an z n
n=0

(8)

Eqn. (8) substituting into Eon. (7) gives

2.2. Deformation Computation of Structure

Supporting

y = a0 f 0 ( z) + a1 f1 ( z) + a2 f 2 ( z ) + a3 f 3 ( z) + a4 f 4 ( z )
(9)
4 Where, f 0 ( z ) = 1 + (1) k E5 (k ) (z ) 5k k =1 (5k )!

As shown in Fig.1, the supporting structure of the foundation pit is divided into two parts to seek solution. The part of the supporting structure upper the slide plane of the foundation pit is taken as cantilever beam to solve, and the another part under the slide plane of the foundation pit is taken as beam with different supporting to solve using elastic resistance method (that is the M method).

3 E5 (k ) 1 (z ) 5 k +1 k =1 (5k + 1)! E 2 (k ) 1 f 2 ( z ) = z 2 + (1) k 5 (z ) 5 k + 2 2 ( 5 k 2 )! + k =1

f1 ( z ) = z + (1) k

f 3 ( z ) = z 3 + (1) k

1 E5 (k ) 1 (z ) 5 k + 3 3 + ( 5 k 3 )! k =1

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05

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f 4 ( z ) = z 4 + (1) k

0 E5 (k ) 1 (z ) 5 k + 4 4 k =1 (5k + 4)!

a4 =

The unknown constant ai (i = 0,1,2,3) is decided by boundary conditions. The boundary conditions of the excavation surface of the foundation pit are EI ( y ' ' ) z = 0 = M 0 , EI ( y ' ' ' ) z = 0 = H 0 (10) Eqn. (10 ) substituting into Eqn. (9) gives a3 = H 0 / 6 EI a2 = M 0 / 2 EI (11)

(q + h) K 'a 2c K 'a 24EI

Assuming that top beam applies axial force and bending moment to the pile top of front-row-pile and back-row-pile, as shown in Fig. 1 (b) and (c). The horizontal displacement and angle of rotation of the pile top of front-row-pile are equal to those of back-row-pile, the axial force and bending moment the pile top of front-row-pile and back-row-pile are obtained.

2.3. Earth Pressure Computation

Utilization Factor

Knowing the measured (allowed) displacement of the top of the retaining structure w0 , using condition

The unknown constant a0 and a1 are decided by boundary conditions of the pile bottom. The boundary condition of the pile bottom is simplified free end, fixed hinge and fixed end according to the depth buried under the soil. They are Free end EI ( y ' ' ) z = hd = 0 EI ( y ' ' ' ) z = hd = 0 (12)

w z =0 = w0

the

equation

of

utilization factor of earth pressure and than solved this equation,

can be obtained,

can be obtained.

Fixed hinge EI ( y ) z = hd = 0 EI ( y ' ' ) z = h = 0 (13) Fixed end EI ( y ) z = hd = 0 EI ( y ' ) z = h = 0 (14)

d

According to the real engineering, the boundary condition of the pile bottom is selected, and the deformation and internal force of the supporting structure under the slide plane of the foundation are solved as follow. The angle of rotation: dy = dz = a0 f '0 ( z ) + a1 f '1 ( z ) + a2 f ' 2 ( z ) + a3 f '3 ( z ) + a4 f ' 4 ( z ) (15) The bending moment:
M = EI d2y dz 2 = EI [a0 f ' '0 ( z ) + a1 f ' '1 ( z ) + a2 f ' '2 ( z ) + a3 f ' '3 ( z ) + a4 f ' '4 ( z )]

Knowing the measured(allowed) horizontal displacement curve of the top of the retaining structure, as the above method, the spatial distribution of earth pressure utilization factor can be obtained. If the measured (allowed) horizontal displacement curve of the top of the supporting structure are not haven, the spatial distribution of utilization factor of earth pressure is solved through assuming the simple supported top beam subjected horizontal uniform loads. The horizontal approximate displacement of the top beam has (19) Where, A is unknown constant which is decided as the measured (allowed) displacement of the middle beam. According eqn. (9) and part 2.3, the spatial distribution of earth pressure utilization factor can be solved.

y = Ax(l 3 2lx 2 + x 3 )

3. Engineering example
As shown in Fig.3, The building foundation pit in Handan Hebeipit depth is 8.3m, partly 10.2m, the supporting form is double-row piles. The pile radius is 600mm, pile length is 16.65m. The soil layers along pile length are: mixed fill soil: 1 =17.2N/m3, c1 =10kPa, 1 =10 h1 =0.8m; silt clay: 2 =19.6N/m3, c 2 = 20.5kPa, 2 = 23.4, h2 = 4.6m; sand clay: 3 =19.3N/m3 c3 = 17.1kPa, 3 = 29.6, h3 = 3.6m; silt clay: 4 =18.2N/m3, c 4 =20.3kPa, 4 = 8.6, h4 =4.2m clay: 5 =19.2 N/m3, c5 =55kPa, 5 = 14.6, h5 =2.1m fine sand: 6 =18.9 N/m3, c 6 = 25.5kPa, 6 =34, h6 =1.5m. The elastic modulus of the weighted mean value of soil layers is 8296.5kPa. pile: concrete is C25, reinforcing bar is 1225, top beam: widththick =200cm62cm, concrete C30, arrangement of piles and testing point are shown Fig. 2.. The pile length of the back-row-pile upper slide plane h0 =4.22 IJENS

(16) The shear force:

V = EI d y dz 3 = EI [a0 f ' ' '0 ( z ) + a1 f ' ' '1 ( z ) + a2 f ' ' '2 ( z ) + a3 f ' ' '3 ( z ) + a4 f ' ' '4 ( z )]
3

(17) Passive earth pressure

p = mbzy = mbz[a0 f 0 ( z ) + a1 f1 ( z ) + a2 f 2 ( z ) + a3 f 3 ( z ) + a4 f 4 ( z )]

(18) The deformation and internal force upper the slide plane of the foundation is made as cantilever beam under distribute loads. Using the superposition method the displacement curve of the top of supporting structure can be obtained.

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05 m, the volume proportion coefficient = 0.6135 equivalent stiffness EI =159148kN.m4, m = 4643 kN/m4. The bottom boundary condition of front-row-pile and back-row-pile are simplified fixed end. Computation results are shown in Fig.4~ Fig. 7.

137

back-row-pile. Computation displacement of the top of the front and back-row pile is greater 8.5mm than measuring results, and the bottom of the pit is less than range 0-5mm. As shown in Fig. 5 the computation deformations of the simple supported top beam along north side of foundation pit is larger than measuring deformation, but near the corner two results is very near.
-20 0.0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

x/m
0.5

1.0

Disp. of top beam Earth pressure case

1.5

Limited equilibrium method double-row pile _ M- method

[1]

Fig. 6

The spatial distribution

of the active earth

pressure utilization factor

Fig. 3
-5 0

a of north side Pit

12 14 16

Pile arrangement of Foundation Pit

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

10

y / mm

y / mm
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

18

z/m

Fig. 7 Middle Part Displacement of South Side Pit

Fig. 4 Middle Part Displacement of North Side Pit

-20 -15 -10 -5 0.00 0 5 10 15 20

x /m

0.02

0.04

y /m

Measuring M method

0.06

Fig. 5

Top Deformation of north side Pit

As shown in Fig. 4 the computation results are correspond to measuring law, the speed of deformation is faster than measuring results of the front-row-pile and

The spatial distribution of the active earth pressure utilization factor a of north side Pit is shown in Fig. 6. the active earth pressure utilization factors a given by reference[1], which two-row pile structure of foundation pit is simplified cantilever wall and the limited equilibrium method is adopted, are close to the papers results. According to the spatial distribution of the active earth pressure utilization factor, the two-row pile structure design of foundation pit is optimized. According to the measuring displacement of the middle part in the south of foundation pit, the utilization factor of active earth pressure is 0.586, and using this result the displacement of the middle part is computated shown in Fig. 7. The computation and measuring displacement are near under of the foundation pit surface, and the computation displacement of the top structure is larger 1 mm. There is a world of difference

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z/m

Front-row-pile -- M method Back-row-pile -- M method Front-row-pile -- measuring Back-row-pile -- measuring

Front-row-pile -- M method Back-row-pile -- M method Front-row-pile -- measuring Back-row-pile -- measuring

14 16

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05 between the computation and measuring displacement upper of the foundation excavation surface.

138

5. References
[1] Ding Ji-hui, Zhang Qin. Calculation Method of Soil Pressure Utilization Factor on Cantilever Supporting Structure of Deep Excavation. International Workshop on Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, ACEE(Wuhan, China), 2011.4. (in Chinese) Fook-Hou Lee,Kwet-YewYong Kevin C. N. Quan etc. Effect of Corners in Structted Excavations: Field Monitoring and Case Histories [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 1998, 339-349. Han Sen, Zheng Yi. Study on the Computation Methods for Coefficient of Earth Pressure in Foundation Pit Bracing [J]. Soil Engineering and Foundation. 2005, 19(3): 63-66. (in Chinese) JGJ 120-99 Technical Specification for Retaining and Protection of Building Foundation Excavations, Beijing: China Architecture Inndustry Press, 1999. (in Chinese) Lai Guan-zhou, Fang Ying-guang and Shi Huang-yan. Spatial mutual deformation analysis method for row of piles of deep excavation [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics. 2007,28(8): 1749-1752. (in Chinese) Nie Qing-ke, Liang Jin-guo. Design Theory and Application on Two-row pile suporting strcture of deep Foundation Excavation[M]. Beijing: China Architecture Inndustry Press, 2008. (in Chinese) Yang Xue-qiang, Liu Zu-de. Research about spatial effect of deep pit supporting[J]. Chinese Jounal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1998.3,20(2):74-78. (in Chinese)

4. Conclusion
Based on elastic resistance method of the two-dimensional plane strain problem, the concept and computation method of the soil pressure utilization factor for supporting structure of two-row-pile foundation pit are introduced, and the spatial distribution of the deformation are given. Assumed the horizontal displacement of the top beam has the same function form with the simple supported beam subjected to the uniform load, therefore, utilization factor of active earth pressure, retaining structure deformation and spatial distribution of inner force on double-row-pile retaining and protecting structure are calculated. The practical examples of double-row-pile supporting projects shows that the displacement function of the simple supported top beam is nearer to the measuring results, there is a little difference between the computation and measuring displacement upper of the foundation excavation surface.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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