MC LC

DANH MC VIT TT.....2 DANH MC BNG....3 DANH MC HNH ........................................................................4 M U..5 1. 2. Tnh cp thit ....................................................................................................... 5 Ni dung v phng php nghin cu ................................................................ 5 2.1 Ni dung nghin cu ...................................................................................... 5 2.2 Phng php nghin cu ................................................................................ 5 3. Cu trc tiu lun ................................................................................................. 6 CHNG 1 Tng quan v nc r rc ........................................................................... 7 1.1. S hnh thnh nc r rc ..................................................................................... 7 1.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc r rc ..................................................................... 7 1.2.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc r rc .............................................................. 7 1.2.2. Cc yu t nh hng n thnh phn tnh cht nc r r ......................... 10 1.2.3. Lu lng nc r rc ca bi chn lp cht thi rn .................................. 13 CHNG 2 Cc cng ngh x l nc r rc .............................................................. 14 2.1. Cc phng php x l nc r rc .................................................................... 15 2.1.1. X l c hc ................................................................................................ 15 2.1.2. X l sinh hc.............................................................................................. 15 2.1.3. X l ha l .............................................................................................. 16 2.1.4. S dng thc vt trong x l nc r rc ..................................................... 18 2.2. cc cng ngh x l nc r rc .......................................................................... 28 2.2.1. Cng ngh AEROTANK ............................................................................. 28 2.2.2. Cng ngh UASB ........................................................................................ 29 2.2.3. Cng ngh UNITANK ................................................................................ 30 2.2.4. Cng ngh MBR .......................................................................................... 32 2.2.5. Cng ngh MBBR ....................................................................................... 35 2.3. Cc m hnh x l ang c p dng ti mt s bi chn lp cht thi rn trn th gii v Vit Nam.................................................................................................. 36 2.3.1. Th gii ........................................................................................................ 36 2.3.2. Vit Nam...................................................................................................... 37 CHNG 3 Kt lun .................................................................................................... 49 TI LIU THAM KHO .50

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

DANH MC VIT TT CTR BCL BOD COD TP.HCM : Cht thi rn : Bi chn lp : Biochemical oxygen Demand - nhu cu oxy sinh ho : Chemical Oxygen Demand - nhu cu oxy ha hc : Thnh ph H Ch Minh

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

DANH MC BNG Bng 1.1 Cc s liu tiu biu v thnh phn v tnh cht nc rc ca cc bi chn lp mi v lu nm. Bng 2.1: Cc qu trnh sinh hc, ha hc, v vt l x l nc r rc Bng 2.2 c trng xem xt khi thit k cnh ng lc

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

DANH MC HNH Hnh 2.1 S di chuyn ca nc thi trong cnh ng lc chm Hnh 2.2 M hnh x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc chm Hnh 2.3 M hnh x l nc thi bng cch lc nhanh Hnh 2.4 S cnh ng lc dng chy ngm Hnh 2.5 Cnh ng lc vi dng chy ng (VF) Hnh 2.6 Cnh ng lc vi dng chy ngang (HF) Hnh 2.7 Mt s loi thy sinh thc vt tiu biu Hnh 2.8: Nguyn tc hot ng b Aerotank Hnh 2.9: Nguyn tc hot ng b UASB Hnh 2.10 S hot ng b Unitank Hnh 2.11: Hiu qu x l nc qua cc b trong cng ngh MBR Hnh 2.12 S dy chuyn cng ngh MBR Hnh 2.13 Lm sch mng lc bng thi kh Hnh 2.14: Lm sch mng lc bng dung dch ha cht Hnh2.15 : Nguyn tc hot ng b MBBR Hnh 2.16: S hot ng b ABR Hnh 2.17 : Cng ngh x l nc r rc ca c Hnh 2.18 Rc c gom v thnh ng. Hnh 2.19 Mng ru xanh xut hin h nc nc sau giai on x l k kh Hnh 2.20 Nc k kh qua lc vi sinh v sc kh Hnh 2.21: Mng ru xanh ti h sc kh Hnh 2.23: Qu trnh lng Hnh 2.24 S cng ngh nh my x l nc r rc Song Nguyn Hnh 2.25 :S tng th h thng t ngp nc ti bi rc th trn Hng Quc- huyn Tr Lnh tnh Cao Bng

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

M U 1. Tnh cp thit Cht thi rn th l mt vn nng bng ti nhiu thnh ph. Vi tc gia tng dn s v mc sng, lng rc thi sinh hot u ngi ngy cng tng, c bit l ti cc thnh ph ln nh TP. H Ch Minh. Hin nay, mi ngy thnh ph thi ra khong 6.600 tn rc thi sinh hot, trong t l thu gom ch t 50 -60% khu vc ngoi thnh v 80-95% khu vc ni thnh. Cng tc thu gom vn chuyn v x l rc thi sinh hot trn a bn TP.HCM tuy c quan tm v u t tuy nhin cng ngh ch yu hin nay vn l chn lp ti cc bi chn lp hp v sinh. Theo Cc Cnh st Phng chng ti phm v mi trng, hin mc nhim trong lnh vc thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn din bin rt phc tp. Khng ch ti TP.HCM m trn phm vi c nc ny sinh tnh trng mt an ninh trt t ti cc bi chn lp do ngi dn ngn cn hot ng vn chuyn cht thi v cc bi chn lp. L do chnh l do quy hoch cc bi chn lp gn khu dn c, gy nhim mi trng v tc ng khng nh n i sng sinh hot ca ngi dn. Mt trong nhng vn mi trng pht sinh ti cc bi chn lp l mi hi v nc r rc pht sinh trong qu trnh tn lu v chn lp rc. Vi c im m cao v lng ma ln, lng nc r rc pht sinh l mt vn ln ti cc bi chn lp. Chnh v vy, trong khun kh tiu lun ny, nhm chng ti mun tm hiu cc cng ngh dng x l nc r rc hin nay. 2. Ni dung v phng php nghin cu 2.1 Ni dung nghin cu ti thc hin cc ni dung nghin cu sau: (1) Tng quan ngun gc, thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc r rc (2) Cc cng ngh c s dng x l nc r rc. i tng nghin cu: nc r rc ti cc bi chn lp. 2.2 Phng php nghin cu ti s dng phng php nghin cu v tng hp ti liu v nc r rc v cc cng ngh x l nc r rc.

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

3. Cu trc tiu lun Tiu lun gm cc phn sau: (1) Ngun gc v c im nc r rc: Phn ny trnh by ngun gc, qu trnh hnh thnh, tnh cht v thnh phn nc r rc. (2) Cng ngh x l nc r rc: Phn ny trnh by cng ngh x l nc r rc bng cng ngh ha l v cng ngh sinh hc (cnh ng lc, cnh ng ti). u v nhc im ca tng loi cng ngh.

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

CHNG 1 Tng quan v nc r rc

1.1. S hnh thnh nc r rc Nc r r t bi rc l nc bn thm qua lp rc, ko theo cc cht nhim t rc thi chy vo tng t di bi chn lp. Trong giai on hot ng ca bi chn lp, nc r rc c hnh thnh ch yu do nc ma v nc p t cc l rng ca cht thi do cc thit b m nn gy ra. Cc ngun chnh to ra nc r r bao gm nc pha trn bi chn lp, m ca rc, nc t vt liu ph, nc t bn nu vic chn bn c cho php. Vic mt i ca nc c tch tr trong bi rc, hi nc bo ha bc hi theo kh v nc thot ra t y bi chn lp. iu kin kh tng, thy vn, a hnh, a cht ca bi rc, nht l kh hu, lng ma nh hng ng k n lng nc r r sinh ra. Tc pht sinh nc rc dao ng ln theo cc giai on hot ng khc nhau ca bi rc. Trong sut nhng nm u tin, phn ln lng nc ma thm nhp vo c hp th v tch tr trong cc khe h v l hng ca cht thi chn lp. Lu lng nc r r s tng ln dn trong sut thi gian hot ng v gim dn sau khi ng ca bi chn lp do lp ph cui cng v lp thc vt trng ln b mt gi nc, lm gim m thm vo. 1.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc r rc 1.2.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc r rc Thnh phn nc rc thay i rt nhiu, ph thuc vo tui ca bi chn lp, loi rc, kh hu. Mt khc, dy, nn v lp nguyn liu ph trn cng ca bi rc cng tc ng n thnh phn nc rc Song , v c bn nc r rc gm 2 thnh phn chnh: l cc hp cht hu c v cc hp cht v c. Cc cht hu c: Axit humic, axit fulvic, cc hp cht tananh, cc loi hp cht Cc cht v c: l cc hp cht ca nito, lu hunh, photpho. hu c c ngun gc nhn to. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc r r cn ph thuc vo cc phn ng l, ha, sinh hc xy ra trong bi chn lp. Cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong bi chn lp ch yu l do hot ng ca cc vi sinh vy s dng cc cht hu c t cht thi rn lm ngun dinh dng cho hot ng sng ca chng.

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

Cc vi sinh vt tham gia vo qu trnh phn gii trong bi chn lp c chia thnh cc nhm ch yu sau: Cc vi sinh vt a m: pht trin mnh nhit 0 200C Cc vi sinh vt a m: pht trin mnh nhit 20 - 400C Cc vi sinh vt a nng: pht trin mnh nhit 40 - 700C Giai on 1 giai on thch nghi ban u Ch sau mt thi gian ngn t khi cht thi rn c chn lp th cc qu trnh phn hy hiu kh s din ra, bi v trong bi rc cn mt lng khng kh nht nh no c gi li. Giai on ny c th ko mt vi ngy n vi thng, ph thuc vo tc phn hy, ngun vi sinh vt gm c cc loi vi sinh hiu kh v k kh. Giai on 2 giai on chuyn tip Oxy b cn kit dn v s phn hy chuyn sang giai on k kh. Khi , nitrat v sulphat l cht nhn in t cho cc phn ng chuyn ha sinh hc v chuyn thnh kh nito v hydro sulfit. Khi th oxy ha gim, cng ng vi khun chu trch nhim phn hy cht hu c trong rc thi thnh CH4, CO2 s bt u qu trnh 3 bc (thy phn, ln men axit v ln men metan) chuyn ha cht hu c thnh axit hu c v cc sn phm trung gian khc. Trong giai on ny, pH ca nc r r s gim xung do s hnh thnh cc loi axit hu c v nh hng ca nng CO2 tng ln trong bi rc. Giai on 3 giai on ln men axit Cc vi sinh vt trong giai on 2 c kch hot do vic tng nng cc axit hu c v lng H2 t hn. Bc u tin trong qu trnh 3 bc lin quan n s chuyn ha cc enzim trung gian (s thy phn) ca cc hp cht cao phn t (lipit, polysacarit, protein) thnh cc cht n gin cho vi sinh vt s dng. Tip theo l qu trnh ln men axit. Trong bc ny xy ra qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hnh thnh bc trn thnh cc cht trung gian phn t lng thp hn nh l axit acetic v nng nh axit fulvic, cc axit hu c khc. Kh cacbonic c to ra nhiu nht trong giai on ny, mt lng nh H2S cng c hnh thnh. Gi tr pH ca nc r r gim xung nh hn 5 do s c mt ca cc axit hu c v kh CO2 c trong bi rc. Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5), nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) v dn in tng ln ng k trong sut giai on 3 do s ha tan cc axit hu c vo nc r r. Do pH thp, nn mt s cht v c,ch yu l cc kim loi nng GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 8

S phn hy cht thi rn trong bi chn lp bao gm cc giai on sau:

s c ha tan trong giai on ny. Nu nc r r khng c tun hon th nhiu thnh phn dinh dng c bn cng b loi b theo nc rc ra khi bi chn lp. Giai on 4 giai on ln men metan Trong giai on ny nhm vi sinh vt th hai chu trch nhim chuyn ha axit acetic v kh hydro hnh thnh t giai on trc thnh CH4 v CO2 s chim u th. y l nhm vi sinh vt k kh nghim ngt, c gi l vi khun metan. Trong giai on ny, s hnh thnh metan v cc axit hu c xy ra ng thi mc d s hnh thnh axit gim nhiu. Do cc axit hu c v H 2 b chuyn tha thnh metan v cacbonic nn pH ca n r r tng ln ng k trong khong t 6,8 8,0. Gi tr BOD5, COD, nng kim loi nng v dn in ca n r r gim xung trong giai on ny. Giai on 5 giai on n nh: Giai on n nh ny xy ra khi cc vt liu hu c d phn hy sinh hc c chuyn ha thnh CH4 , CO2 trong giai on 4. Nc s tip tc di chuyn trong bi chn lp lm cc cht c kh nng phn hy sinh hc trc cha c phn hy s tip tc c chuyn ha. Tc pht sinh kh trong giai on ny gim ng k, kh sinh ra ch yu l CH4 v CO2. Trong giai on n nh, nc r r ch yu axit humic v axit fulvic rt kh cho qu trnh phn hy sinh hc din ra tip na. Tuy nhin, khi bi chn lp cng lu nm th hm lng axit humic v fulvic cng gim xung.

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

Bng 1.1 Cc s liu tiu biu v thnh phn v tnh cht nc rc ca cc bi chn lp mi v lu nm. Thnh phn Khong BOD5 TOC COD Cht rn ha tan Tng cht rn l lng Nito hu c Amoniac Nitrat Tng lng photpho Othophotpho kim theo CaCO3 pH cng theo CaCO3 Canxi Magie Clorua Sulfat Tng st 50 7.200 50 1.500 200 5.000 50 1.825 50 5.000 1.000 250 500 300 60 100 400 50 200 100 400 20 50 20 200 4,5 7,5 300 25.000 6 3.500 6,6 9 200 500 4 80 1.000 20.900 20 3.000 48 200 1.000 10 800 10 800 5 40 5 100 200 200 25 30 80 120 20 40 5 10 5 10 2.000 55.000 1.500 20.000 3.000 90.000 10.000 55.000 200 2.000 Gi tr, mg/l Bi mi (di 2 nm) Trung bnh 10.000 6.000 18.000 10.000 500 Bi lu nm (trn 10 nm) 100 200 80 160 100 500 1.200 100 400

1.2.2. Cc yu t nh hng n thnh phn tnh cht nc r r Rc c chn trong bi chn lp chu hng lot cc bin i l, ha, sinh hc cng lc xy ra. Khi nc chy qua s mang theo cc cht ha hc c phn hy t rc. Thnh phn cht nhim trong nc r rc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 10

thnh phn cht thi rn, m, thi gian chn lp, nn, loi v dy ca nguyn liu ph trn cng, tc di chuyn ca nc trong bi rc, pha long vi nc mt v nc ngm, s c mt ca cc cht c ch, cc cht dinh dng a lng v vi lng, vic thit k v hot ng ca bi rc, vic chn lp cht thi rn, cht thi c hi, bn t trm x l. 1.2.2.1. Thi gian chn lp Tnh cht nc r r thay i theo thi gian chn lp. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy rng nng cc cht nhim trong nc rc gim dn. Thnh phn ca nc r r thay i ty thuc vo cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc ang din ra. Sau giai on hiu kh ngn (vi tun hoc vi thng), th giai on phn hy ym kh to ra axit xy ra v cui cng l qu trnh to ra kh metan. Trong giai on axit, cc hp cht n gin c hnh thnh nh cc axit d bay hi, amino axit v mt phn fulvic vi nng nh. Trong giai on ny, kh rc mi c chn hoc c th ko di vi nm, nc r r c nhng c im sau: Nng cc axit bo d bay hi (VFA) cao pH nghing v tnh axit BOD cao T l BOD/COD cao Nng NH4+ v nito hu c cao Vi sinh vt c s lng ln Nng cc cht v c ha tan v kim loi nng cao Khi rc c chn cng lu, qu trnh metan ha xy ra. Khi cht thi rn trong bi chn lp c n nh dn, nng nhim cng gim dn theo thi gian. Giai on to thnh kh metan c th ko di n 100 nm hoc lu hn na. c im nc thi giai on ny: Nng cc axit bo d bay hi thp pH trung tnh hoc km BOD thp T l BOD/COD thp Nng NH4+ Vi sinh vt c s lng nh Nng cc cht v c ha tan v kim loi nng thp 11

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

Theo thi gian chn lp t th cc cht hu c trong nc r r cng c s thay i. Ban u, khi mi chn lp, nc r r ch yu l axit bo bay hi. Cc axit thng l acetic, propionic, butyric. Tip theo l axit fulvic vi nhiu cacboxyl v nhn vng thm. C axit bo bay hi v axit fulvic lm cho pH ca nc rc nghing v tnh axit. Rc chn lp lu th thnh phn cht hu c trong nc r r c s bin i th hin s gim xung ca cc axit bo bay hi v s tng ln ca cc axit fulvic v humic. Khi bi rc ng ca trong thi gian di th hu nh nc r r ch cha mt phn nh cc cht hu c, m thng l cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc. 1.2.2.2. Thnh phn v cc bin php x l s b cht thi rn R rng thnh ph cht thi rn l yu t quan trng tc ng n tnh cht nc r r. Khi cc phn ng trong bi chn lp din ra th cht thi rn s b phn hy. Do , cht thi rn c nhng c tnh g th nc r r cng c cc c tnh tng t. Chng hn nh, cht thi c cha nhiu cht c hi th nc rc cng cha nhiu thnh phn c hi 1.2.2.3. Chiu su bi chn lp Nhiu nghin cu cho thy rng bi chn lp c chiu su chn lp cng ln th nng cht nhim cng cao so vi cc bi chn lp khc trong cng iu kin v lng ma v qu trnh thm. Bi rc cng su th cn nhiu nc t trng thi bo ha, cn nhiu thi gian phn hy. Do vy, bi chn lp cng su th thi gian tip xc gia nc v rc s ln hn v khong cch di chuyn ca nc s tng. T qu trnh phn hy s xy ra hon ton hn nn nc r r cha mt hm lng ln cc cht nhim. 1.2.2.4. Cc qu trnh thm, chy trn, bay hi dy v kh nng chng thm ca vt liu ph c vai tr rt quan trng trong ngn nga nc thm vo bi chn lp lm tng nhanh thi gian to ra nc r r cng nh tng lu lng v pha long cc cht nhim t rc vo trong nc. Khi qu trnh thm xy ra nhanh th nc r r s c lu lng ln v nng cc cht nhim nh. Qu trnh bay hi lm c c nc rc v tng nng nhim. Nhn chung cc qu trnh thm, chy trn, bay hi din ra rt phc tp v ph thuc vo cc iu kin thi tit, a hnh, vt liu ph, thc vt ph 1.2.2.5. m rc v nhit GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 12

 m thch hp cc phn ng sinh hc xy ra tt. Khi bi chn lp t trng thi bo ha, t ti kh nng gi nc, th m trong rc l khng thay i nhiu. m l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh thi gian nc r r c hnh thnh l nhanh hay chm sau khi rc c chn lp. m trong rc cao th nc r r s hnh thnh nhanh hn. Nhit c nh hng rt nhiu n tnh cht nc r r. Khi nhit mi trng cao th qu trnh bay hi s xy ra tt hn l m gim lu lng nc rc. ng thi, nhit cng cao th cc phn ng phn hy cht thi rn trong bi chn lp cng din ra nhanh hn lm cho nc r r c nng nhim cao hn. 1.2.2.6. nh hng t bn cng rnh v cht thi c hi Vic chn lp nc thi sinh hot c nh hng ln n tnh cht nc r r. Bn s lm tng m ca rc v do tng kh nng to thnh nc r r. ng thi cht dinh dng v vi sinh vt t bn c chn lp s lm tng kh nng phn hy v n nh cht thi rn. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy rng, vic chn lp cht thi rn cng vi bn lm hot tnh metan tng ln, nc r r c pH thp v BOD5 cao hn. Vic chn lp cht thi rn th vi cht thi c hi lm nh hng n cc qu trnh phn hy cht thi rn trong bi chn lp do cc cht c ch nh kim loi nng, cc cht c i vi vi sinh vtng thi, theo thi gian cc cht c hi s b phn hy, theo nc r r v kh thot ra ngoi nh hng n mi trng cng nh cc cng trnh sinh hc x l nc rc. 1.2.3. Lu lng nc r rc ca bi chn lp cht thi rn 1.2.3.1. Lu lng nc chy vo bi chn lp Nc c sn v t hnh thnh khi phn hy cht hu c c trong bi chn lp. Nc ngm c th dng ln v chy vo bi chn lp. Nc ma ri xung khu vc bi chn lp. 1.2.3.2. Lu lng nc i ra khi bi chn lp Bc hi t b mt bi chn lp. Ngm xung tng t ngm. To thnh dng chy, chy vo cc dng nc mt.gm xung tng t ngm. To thnh dng chy, chy vo cc dng nc mt ngm xung tng t ngm. To thnh dng chy, chy vo cc dng nc mt.

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

13

CHNG 2 Cc cng ngh x l nc r rc

Ty theo c im: Lu lng, thnh phn, tnh cht ca mi loi nc r rc m la chn bin php x l khc nhau. x l nc rc c th p dng nhng phng php sau: X l c hc X l sinh hc X l ha hc H thng lc t nhin V thng thng, x l nc r rc ngi ta thng p dng phng php c hc, kt hp vi phng php x l sinh hc v ha hc v qu trnh c hc c chi ph thp v thch hp vi s thay i thnh phn tnh cht ca nc r rc. Tuy nhin, nc r rc t cc bi rc mi chn lp thng c thnh phn hu c phn hy sinh hc cao nn s s dng cc qu trnh sinh hc s mang li hiu qu cao hn. Qu trnh x l ha hc thch hp vi vic s l nc r rc cc bi chn lp lu nm. Cc vn phi xem xt khi x l nc r rc l: Mc nhim ca nc r rc. S thay i c tnh ca nc r rc lm cho cng ngh x l nc r rc trm trung chuyn ny khng th p dng trc tip cho trm trung chuyn khc. Cn c nhiu iu tra k cng xc nh cng ngh x l thch hp i vi tng trm trung chuyn. S dao ng ca tnh cht l lu lng nc rc l kh ln, cn xem xt v nghin cu k khi thit k h thng x l. Lu lng v tnh cht ca nc r rc ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t, bin ng trong thi gian lm vic ca trm trung chuyn. Do ,vic thit k h thng thu gom v h thng x l cn m bo cho nhng bin ng v lu lng v tnh cht nc rc. H thng x l phi c tnh k tha. Ngha l h thng x l phi c kh nng thay i ph hp khi cng xut ca trm p rc tng ln hay c nhng bin ng v thnh phn ca nc thi trong tng lai. Cng ngh x l m bo kh nng x l khi nc r rc c nhng bin i theo thi gian. Vic la chon v xy dng h thng x l ban u phi xem xt n

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

14

vic ci tin, sa i mt cch d dng v thun tin cho cng ngh x l tip theo. 2.1. Cc phng php x l nc r rc 2.1.1. X l c hc X l c hc l qu trnh x l s b, bao gm cc cng trnh v thit b nh song chn rc. Li chn rc, li lc b lng, b lc vi vt liu l ct thch anh tch cc cht khng ha tan ra khi nc rc, nhiu khi ngi ta cn dng b tuyn ni tch cc cht l lng khng tan v du m. u im: X l c hc thng n gin, r tin, hiu qu x l cht l lng cao. Thng thng x l c hc ch l bc trc khi x l sinh hc. Nhc im: X l c hc ch hiu qu i vi cc cht khng tan, khng to c kt ta i vi cc cht l lng. 2.1.2. X l sinh hc Cng nh hu ht cc loi nc thi khc, nc r rc cng c th p dng phng php x l sinh hc. Mc ch ca phng php ny l keo t v tch cc ht keo khng lng v phn hy cc hp cht hu c nh hot ng ca VSV hiu kh hoc k kh nhm lm gim nng ca cht hu c COD, BOD, gim cht dinh dng nh Nito, Photpho. Trong x l sinh hc c 5 nhm chnh: qu trnh hiu kh (aerobic process), qu trnh ym kh ( anoxic process), qu trnh k kh (anaerobic process), qu trnh hiu kh ym kh k kh kt hp, qu trnh ng h sinh hc. Cc cng trnh thng s dng l : b aerotank, h thi kh, b lc sinh hc, a lc sinh hc Phng php ny x l ng thi BOD v N-NH4+, P. u im: Hiu qu cao, n nh v tnh sinh hc; Ngun nguyn liu d kim, hu nh l c sn trong t nhin; Thn thin vi mi trng; Chi ph x l thp; t tn in nng v ha cht; Thng khng gy nhim th cp; C kh nng tn dng cc sn phm ph lm phn bn ( bn hot ha) hoc ti sinh nng lng ( kh methane) . Nhc im: Thi gian x l lu v phi hot ng lin tc, 15

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

Chu nh hng nhiu ca iu kin thi tit: nhit , nh sng, pH, DO v hm lng cc cht dinh dng, cc cht c hi khc; Hiu qu x l khng cao khi trong nc thi cha nhiu thnh phn khc nhau; Yu cu din tch kh ln xy dng cc cng trnh; Phng php ny hn ch i vi nc thi c c tnh i vi VSV. 2.1.3. X l ha l Nc r rc thng cha mt lng ng k cc hp cht hu c kh phn hy v

mt s kim loi nng mang c tnh cao, kh phn gii nn sau khi x l sinh hc v c hc vn cha gii quyt trit . Do vy, ngi ta phi s dng cc ha cht to ra cc phn ng ha hc, ng thi kt hp vi cng trnh x l c hc, ha rn, lng, hp ph cacbon hot tnh, ozon ha kh COD, mu, cn l lng v nht l kim loi nng c trong nc r rc. u im: Hiu qu x l cao. Khng gian x l khng ln. D s dng v qun l.

Nhc im: chi ph ha cht cao v thng to ra cc sn phm ph c hi ( ch yu l do s c mt ca mt s ha cht) Trn thc t, thnh phn nc r rc rt phc tp. Nu trc khi chn lp, rc khng c phn loi th x l nc r rc gp khng t kh khn. a s cc trng hp phi p dng kt hp nhiu phng php mi c th x l m bo tiu chun x ra ngun tip nhn. Bng 2.1: Cc qu trnh sinh hc, ha hc, v vt l x l nc r rc

Qu trnh x l
Qu trnh x l sinh hc Bn hot tnh

p dng

Ch dn
C th cn thit phi kh bt, cn phn loi ring r Ging nh bn hot tnh nhng khng cn phn loi ring, p dng cho dng thi tng i thp

Loi b cht hu c

B hot ng gin on (SBR)

Loi b cht hu c

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

16

B n nh( n nh hiu kh, k kh, ty Loi b cht hu c nghi) i hi din tch rng Thng dng cho dng thi cng nghip tng t nh nc rc, nhng khng th nghim trn nc bi rc c th Yu cu in nng thp hn v sinh ra bn, cn hn l h

Mng sinh hc

(Phng php php lc Loi b cht hu c v da sinh hc)

H k kh v b tip xc

Loi b cht hu c

thng hiu kh; i hi nhit, tim nng ln hn cho tnh bt n nh ca qu trnh; chm hn h thng hiu kh Nitrat ha/ Kh nitrat c th

Nitrat ha/ Kh nitrat

Loi b Nitrogen

tin hnh nh thi vi vic loi b cht thi hu c.

Qu trnh x l ha hc Phng php trung ha Lng, kt ta Kim sot pH ng dng hn ch i vi hu ht nc r rc phi x l loi b nh CTNH Lm vic tt nht trn dng nc rc pha long, c th dng Cl to thnh

Loi b kim loi v Sinh bn cn, c th yu cu mt s anion Loi b cht hu c,

Oxy ha

phn gii c t ca mt s loi v c

Chlorinated hydro - cacbon Chi ph cao, lm vic tt nht i vi cht hu c tr Ch p dng hn ch, c th

Oxy ha kh m

Loi b cht hu c

Qu trnh x l vt l Lng/ tch i Loi b cht l lng dng kt hp vi cc qu trnh x l khc

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

17

Lc

Loi b cht l lng Loi b cht

C ch ch khi dng cho vic lm trong nc Cn thit b chng nhim khng kh Chi ph nng lng cao, ngng hoi nc, i hi x l tip Cng ngh c chng minh, chi ph dao ng ty thuc tng nc r rc Chi ph c ch cho vic lm trong nc Hi bn, ng dng hn ch vi nc r rc Chi ph cao, cn tng cng x l s b Bn cn sinh ra c th c hi, c th chi ph cao tr vng kh cn.

Phun kh ( air stripping) Phun hi nc ( steam shipping)

ammonia hoc cht hu c d bay hi Loi b cht hu c d bay hi

Hp th

Loi b cht hu c Loi b cht v c ha tan Loi b vi khun v cht hu c cao phn t Lc dung dch v c Ni khng c x nc r rc

Trao i ion Siu lc

(Ultrafiltration) Thm lc

Bay hi

2.1.4. S dng thc vt trong x l nc r rc 2.1.4.1. Cnh ng ti Mc ch: Ti bn cy, x l nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip cha nhiu cht hu c khng cha cht c v vi sinh vt gy bnh. Phn loi: Cnh ng ti cng cng: l nhng mnh t c san phng hoc to dc khng ng k v c ngn cch to thnh cc v b t. Nc thi c phn b vo cc bng mng li phn phi gm: mng chnh, mng phn phi v h thng ti trong cc . Cnh ng ti nng nghip: nc thi c x l s b qua song chn rc, b lng ct, b lng c s dng nh ngun phn bn ti ln cc cnh ng nng GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 18

nghip. Nguyn l: X l nc thi bng cnh ng ti l vic ti nc thi ln b mt ca mt cnh ng vi lu lng tnh ton t c mt mc x l no thng qua qu trnh l, ha v sinh hc t nhin ca h t nc thc vt ca h thng. Nguyn tc hot ng: Vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng ti da trn kh nng gi cc cn nc trn mt t, nc thm qua t nh i qua cc khe lc, nh c oxy trong cc l hng v mao qun ca lp t mt, cc vi sinh vt hiu kh hot ng phn hy cc cht hu c nhim bn. Cng su xung, lng oxy t v qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c gim dn. Cui cng n su gii hn, ch xy ra qu trnh kh nitrat. Qu trnh oxy ha nc thi ch xy ra lp t mt su ti 1,5m. V vy cc cnh ng ti thng c xy dng nhng ni no c mc ngun nc thp hn 1,5m so vi mt t. Nguyn tc xy dng: Cnh ng ti thng xy dng nhng ni c dc t nhin, cui dng nc ngm, cch cng trnh thu nc cp khng di 200m i vi t st, 300m vi ct v 500m vi ct, cui hng gi v cch xa khu dn c ty thuc vo lo i cnh ng v lng nc thi. Phi xem xt nhu cu nc ca cy trng theo cc yu t loi cy trng, thi v, loi t v giai on sinh trng m s dng nc thi ti. Kch thc cc ti khng nh hn 3ha, nu hnh ch nht th b tr t l chiu rng/chiu di khong 1:4 n 1:8, chiu di ca khong 300-1.500m thun li cho vic c gii ha. dc khu ti chn khong 0,02 v khu ti nn xa khu dn c. Da vo tc lc m chia 3 hnh thc x l bng cnh ng ti l: Lc chm (slow rate) Thm nhanh (rapid infiltration) Chy trn mt (overland flow) a) X l nc thi bng cch lc chm qua t Cnh ng lc chm l h thng x l nc thi thng qua t v h thc vt lu lng nc thi np cho h thng khong vi cm/tun. Cc c ch x l din ra khi nc thi di chuyn trong t v thc vt, mt phn nc thi c th i vo nc ngm, mt phn s dng bi thc vt, mt phn bc hi thng qua qu trnh bc hi nc v GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 19

h hp ca thc vt. Vic chy trn ra khi h thng c khng ch hon ton nu c thit k chnh xc.

Hnh 2.1 S di chuyn ca nc thi trong cnh ng lc chm

Lu lng np cho h thng bin thin t 1,5-10 cm/tun ty theo loi t v thc vt. Trong trng hp cy trng c s dng lm thc phm cho con ngi nn GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 20

kh trng nc thi trc khi a vo h thng hoc ngng ti nc thi 1 tun trc khi thu hoch bo m an ton cho sn phm. thit k h thng ny ta cn cc cng thc tnh ton sau: Lh + Pp = ET + W + R Trong : Lh: lu lng nc thi np cho h thng (cm/tun) Pp: lng nc ma (cm/tun) ET: lng hi nc bay hi do qu trnh bc hi nc v h hp ca thc vt (cm/tun) W: lng nc thm qua t (cm/tun) R: lng nc chy trn (cm/tun) (= 0 nu thit k chnh xc)

Hnh 2.2 M hnh x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc chm b) X l nc thi bng cch thm nhanh qua t X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc nhanh l vic a nc thi vo cc knh o khu vc t c thm lc cao (mn pha ct, ct) vi mt lu lng np ln. Cc iu kin a l nh thm lc ca t, mc thy cp rt quan trng i vi vic ng dng phng php ny. Nc thi sau khi thm lc qua t c thu li bng cc ng thu nc t ngm trong t hoc cc ging khoan. Mc tiu ca phng php x l ny l: Np li nc cho cc ti nc ngm, hoc nc mt; Ti s dng cc cht dinh dng v tr nc thi li s dng cho cc v ma. Phng php ny gip x l trit cc loi nc thi v ngn chn s xm nhp mn ca nc bin vo cc ti nc ngm. Tuy nhin cc dng m hu c c th chuyn ha thnh m nitrat v i vo nc ngm. Nu vt qu tiu chun 10mg/L GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 21

khi s dng chng lm nc sinh hot s gy bnh methemoglobinenia tr em. Nu khu vc x l nm trong tnh trng ym kh, H2S s sinh ra lm nc ngm c mi hi. xc nh kh nng thm lc ca t ngi ta thng khoan cc l ng knh 100-300 cm. y ca l nm ngang mc vi tng t cn cho thit k, y nc, thm lc c xc nh theo hai cch: su ca lp nc rt i trong mt khong thi gian nht nh hay l thi gian cn thit nc trong l rt xung mt mc no .

Hnh 2.3 M hnh x l nc thi bng cch lc nhanh c) X l nc thi trn tin trnh nc chy trn mt L phng php x l nc thi trong nc thi c cho chy trn ln b mt cnh ng c dc nht nh xuyn qua cc cy trng, sau tp trung li trong cc knh thu nc. Mc ch: X l nc thi n mc ca cc qu trnh x l cp II, cp III; Ti s dng cht dinh dng trng cc thm c hoc to cc vnh ai xanh. Hiu sut x l SS, BOD5 ca h thng t 95 - 99%, hiu sut kh nit khong 70 - 90%, phospho khong 50 - 60%. Cc im cn lu cho qu trnh thit k: t t thm nc st hoc st pha ct ; Lu lng np nc thi th l 10 cm/tun; Lu lng np nc thi sau x l cp I l 15 - 20 cm/tun; Lu lng np nc thi sau x l cp II l 25 - 40 cm/tun. Bng 2.2 c trng xem xt khi thit k cnh ng lc c trng xem xt Tnh thm ca t GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch Kiu cng trnh Chy trn mt Ghi Ch Ph hp vi vng t c tnh thm 22

Thm nhanh Lc chm nhim tng nc Thm nhanh ngm tim nng Lc chm

cao. Tc c ti thy vc gia tng theo tnh thm ca t. B nh hng bi (1) mc gn st vi cc tng nc mt; (2) s hin din ca cc cng trnh thy ngm; (3) hng chy ca nc ngm; (4) mc khi phc lp nc ngm do ging nc hoc h thng tiu ngm.

S hi phc v tr ca Thm nhanh nc ngm

Kh nng tr li nc qua lc v hi phc bi ging v h thng tiu ngm da trn c s su cc tng nc mt, tnh thm ca t, tnh lin tc ca cc cng trnh ngm, chiu su x l hiu ch v kh nng ngm nc trong khu vc cng trnh.

S s dng t hin ti

Tt c cc tin trnh

C th lien quan n cc s c t nhin v mt no c th mu thun n vic s dng t

S s dng t tng Tt c cc tin trnh lai Quy m ca tuyn cng Tt c cc tin trnh trnh c cht do l mang i dc Tt c cc tin trnh Tt c cc tin trnh Thm nhanh

Vic pht trin th tng lai c th b nh hng do s m rng h thng C th gp kh khn khi mua hoc thu t cn thit xy dng cng trnh. i khi phi loi bt hoc gii hn li quy m ca tuyn cng trnh dc ln c th (1) gia tng chi ph cho cng trnh t (2) gia tng

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

23

Chy trn mt

him nguy xi mn trong ma ma dc ln c th nh hng tnh cht dng chy ngm dc ln c th gim thi gian chy trn vng t x l v nh hng hiu qu xa l dc nh th li yu cu tng chi ph cng tc t to dc ln hn.

2.1.4.2. Cnh ng lc Phn loi C th phn loi bi lc trng cy thnh 2 nhm chnh: Cnh ng lc trng cy ngp nc. Cnh ng lc trng cy dng chy ngm vi dng chy ngang hoc ng. Thc vt trng trong cc cnh ng thng l cc loi thc vt thy sinh vi cc c im: thn tho, thn xp, r chm, ni ln mt nc, ngp hn

Hnh 2.4 S cnh ng lc dng chy ngm

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

24

Hnh 2.5 Cnh ng lc vi dng chy ng (VF)

Hnh 2.6 Cnh ng lc vi dng chy ngang (HF) H thng x l nc thi bng thy sinh thc vt da trn nguyn tc sinh hc. Nc thi c dn cho chy vo mt b ct trng cy. Nc bn s c thm qua r, ti y, h vi khun trong b r cy s hot ng v tiu ha hoc phn hy cc to cht trong nc thi. Sau , nc tip tc thm qua cc lp vt liu lc ri chy xung nhng ng thot nm pha di t b v thi ra t nhin. H thng x l nc thi bng thc vt bao gm b ct v mt bn c ph mt lp nha chng thm chng nc thi r r xung h thng nc ngm. Bn ngoi b ct c hng ro bao quanh chng s xm nhp ca ngi v cc loi ng vt khc. GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 25

2.1.4.3. Mt s loi thy sinh thc vt Cc loi thy sinh vt thng s dng trong x l nc thi bao gm: (1). Thy thc vt sng chm Loi thy thc vt ny pht trin di mt nc v ch pht trin c cc ngun nc c nh sng. Chng gy nn cc tc hi nh lm tng c ca ngun nc, ngn cn s khuych tn ca nh sng vo nc. Do cc loi thy sinh thc vt ny khng hiu qu trong vic lm sch cc cht thi. (2). Thy thc vt sng tri ni R ca loi thc vt ny khng bm vo t m l lng trn mt nc, thn v l ca n pht trin trn mt nc. N tri ni trn mt nc theo gi v dng nc. R ca chng to iu kin cho vi khun bm vo phn hy cc cht thi. (3). Thy thc vt sng ni Loi thy thc vt ny c r bm vo t nhng thn v l pht trin trn mt nc. Loi ny thng sng nhng ni c ch thy triu n nh.

Hnh 2.7 Mt s loi thy sinh thc vt tiu biu Chc nng ca thy sinh vt trong vic lm sch nc: GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 26

R v /hoc thn: Lm gi bm cho vi khun pht trin; lc v hp thu cht rn. Thn v /hoc l mt nc hoc pha trn mt nc: Hp thu nh mt tri , do ngn cn s pht trin ca to; lm gim nh hng ca gi ln b mt x l; lm gim s trao i gia nc v kh quyn; chuyn oxy t l xung r.

a) Cy sy Loi sy c chn x l nc thi c tn khoa hc l Phragmites comminis. Sy l loi cy c th sng trong nhng iu kin thi tit khc nghip nht. H sinh vt xung quanh r ca chng v cng phong ph, c th phn hy cht hu c v hp th kim loi nng trong nhiu loi nc thi khc nhau. Cc cnh ng sy c th x l c nhiu loi nc thi c c cht c hi khc nhau v nng nhim ln. Cy sy c thn dy v c th cao 4m sau 5 nm. R cy sy c kh nng lm tng lng oxy trong b ct v bo m kh nng chy qua ct. b) C Vetiver C vetiver pht trin c mc nhit trung bnh l 18-250C, nhit thng lnh nht trung bnh l 50C, nhit ti thiu tuyt i l -150C. Khi mt t ng bng, c s cht. Nhit ma h nng 250C s kch thch c pht trin nhanh, s sinh trng thng thng bt u nhit hn 120C. C vetiver c sc chu ng i vi s bin ng kh hu cc k ln nh hn hn ko di, l lt, ngp ng. Kh nng chu ngp ng ko di n 45 ngy lung nc su 0,6-0,8m v chu c bin nhit t -100C n 480C. Lng ma ph hp khong 300 mm, nhng trn 700 mm c l thch hp hn c tn ti sut thi gian kh hn. Pht trin tt iu kin m hoc ngp nc hon ton trn ba thng. Tuy nhin, chng cng sinh trng tt iu kin kh hn nh h thng r m n su vo t nn c vetiver c th chu ng c kh hn v trn cc trin dc. Thch hp trong vng c lng nh sng cao. C vetiver mc tt nht t ct su. Tuy nhin, c cng pht trin c phn ln cc loi t, t t vertisol nt -en n t alfisol . C cn mc trn vn, t cn v c t trng ngp nc. Chu ng c pH c bin ln t 3,0 n 11 hoc 3-12,5 Ngoi ra, loi c ny cng c kh nng chu ng c mn v cc kim loi nng nng cao nh Arsenic (100-250 ppm), ng (50-100 ppm), Cadminium (20-60 ppm), thu ngn (5 ppm) (Chomchalow, 2000). GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 27

c) Lc bnh Bo ty (Eichhrnia crassipes Solms) cn c gi l lc bnh hay bo Nht Bn l loi thc vt thy sinh, thn tho, sng ni theo dng nc. Tng trng nhanh trong nhit nc t 28 -300C v ngng tng trng khi nhit nc ln ti 400C hoc di 100C. C th sinh sn v tnh v hu tnh d) Ng Ng l cy thn tho, mc b, thn rng gin, di 20-30cm, c nhiu lng, mi thm, l nhn, mc i, khng cun, hi m thn. Rau ng thch hp trn vng t nhiu nc nh rung ly, ao h. 2.2. Cc cng ngh x l nc r rc 2.2.1. Cng ngh AEROTANK Nguyn tc hot ng: Cng ngh Aerotank truyn thng l cng ngh c s dng nhiu nht v lu i nht bi tnh hiu qu ca n. Aerotank truyn thng l qui trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nhn to, cc cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc c vi sinh vt hiu kh s dng nh mt cht dinh dng sinh trng v pht trin. Qua th sinh khi vi sinh ngy cng gia tng v nng nhim ca nc thi gim xung. Khng kh trong b Aerotank c tng cng bng cc thit b cp kh: my sc kh b mt, my thi kh Qui trnh phn hy c m t nh sau: Vi sinh vt + cht hu c + O2 -> CO2 + H2O +Vi sinh vt mi Trong qui trnh ny, b thiu kh (Anoxic) c b sung nhm x l trit hm lng nit trong nc thi, m bo nc sau x l t tiu chun x thi.

Hnh 2.8: Nguyn tc hot ng b Aerotank

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

28

u im ni bt Hiu sut x l BOD ln n 90%; Loi b c Nito trong nc thi; Vn hnh n gin, an ton; Thch hp vi nhiu loi nc thi; Thun li khi nng cp cng sut n 20% m khng phi gia tng th tch b. 2.2.2. Cng ngh UASB Nguyn tc hot ng UASB l vit tc ca cm t Upflow Anearobic Sludge Blanket, tm dch l b x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua tng bn k kh. UASB c thit k cho nc thi c nng nhim cht hu c cao v thnh phn cht rn thp. Nng COD u vo c gii hn mc nh nht l 100mg/l, nu SS>3000mg/l khng thch hp x l bng UASB. UASB l qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh, trong nc thi s c phn phi t di ln v c khng ch vn tc ph hp (v<1m/h). Cu to ca b UASB thng thng bao gm: h thng phn phi nc y b, tng x l v h thng tch pha. Nc thi c phn phi t di ln, qua lp bn k kh , ti y s din ra qu trnh phn hy cht hu c bi cc vi sinh vt, hiu qu x l ca b c quyt nh bi tng vi sinh ny. H thng tch pha pha trn b lm nhim v tch cc pha rn lng v kh, qua th cc cht kh s bay ln v c thu hi, bn s ri xung y b v nc sau x l s theo mng lng chy qua cng trnh x l tip theo. Hiu sut ca b UASB b ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: nhit , pH, cc cht c hi trong nc thi...

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

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Hnh 2.9: Nguyn tc hot ng b UASB u im ni bt: X l cc loi cht thi c nng nhim hu c cao, COD -15000mg/L; Hiu sut x l BOD c th n 80%; C th thu hi ngun kh sinh hc sinh ra t h thng.

2.2.3. Cng ngh UNITANK

Nguyn tc hot ng Unitank l mt quy trnh x l nc thi bng phng php hiu kh nhn to gm 3 b hot ng vi 2 chu k chnh v 2 chu k trung gian. V c ch phn hy cht hu c th hon ton nh cng ngh Aerotank truyn thng. cc giai on chnh, nc thi s c phn phi ln lt vo b 1 hoc b 3, b 2 s lun lun sc kh. Trong khi b 1 v 2 sc kh th b 3 s ng vai tr l b lng v ngc li, b 2 v b 3 sc kh th b 1 s l b lng. Nhim v chnh ca cc giai on trung gian l chuyn hng dng chy. Ty thuc vo lu lng, tnh cht nc thi ban u v yu cu mc x l c th la chn mt trong nhng h Unitank ph hp nh: Unitank n, i, mt bc hiu kh, hai bc hiu kh, hai bc ym kh hiu kh. Hot ng cng ging nh h thng bn hot tnh truyn thng, hot ng ca h thng Unitank l lin tc. Ngoi ra, Unitank cn lm vic theo mt chu trnh tun hon bao gm hai pha chnh v hai pha trung gian ni tip nhau cho php x l c lin tc m khng cn b lng ring v hi lu bn vo b sc kh. Qu trnh hot ng ny c t ng ha hon ton. GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 30

M t chu trnh + Pha chnh th nht : Nc thi c np vo ngn A. Lc ny, ngn A ang sc kh. Nc thi vo s c ha trn vi bn hot tnh. Cc hp cht hu c c hp th v phn hu mt phn. Qu trnh ny gi l s tch lu. T ngn A, hn hp bn lng (nc + bn) chy qua ngn B v tip tc c sc kh. Bn s phn hy nt cc cht hu c c hp th ngn A. Chng ta gi qu trnh ny l s ti sinh. Cui cng, hn hp bn lng ti ngn C. y khng sc kh v khng khuy trn. Trong iu kin tnh lng, cc ht bn lng xung do trng lc, cn nc trong c thu ra bng mng trn. Bn sinh hc d c loi b ti ngn C. trnh s li cun bn t A, B v tch lu C, hng dng chy s c thay i sau 120 180 pht (s chuyn pha). + Pha trung gian th nht Mi pha chnh c tip ni bng mt pha trung gian. Chc nng ca pha ny l chuyn i ngn sc kh thnh ngn lng. Nc thi c np vo ngn B v c hai ngn A, C u ang trong qu trnh lng. Trong thi gian ny, pha chnh tip theo (vi hng dng chy ngc li) c chun b, bo m cho s phn tch tt, dng ra sch. + Pha chnh th hai Pha ny tng t nh pha chnh th nht vi dng chy ngc li. Nc thi c np vo ngn C, chy qua B ti A. Ngn A by gi ng vai tr l ngn lng (khng sc kh, khng khuy trn). + Pha trung gian th hai Pha ny i nghch vi pha trung gian th nht. Ngn sc kh C by gi s chuyn thnh ngn lng trong khi ngn A ang phn cui ca qu trnh lng v ngn B sc kh. Pha ny chn b cho h thng bc vo pha chnh th nht v bt u mt chu trnh mi.

GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch

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Hnh 2.10 S hot ng b Unitank u im ni bc: Cng ngh ny tch hp ccc cng on Anoxic, hiu kh v lng vo 1 cng trnh x l tit kim c din tch xy dng v khi lng betong. Khng cn h thng bm bn hi lu. C th s dng c h thng phn phi kh theo kiu ni hoc chm. Cng to ra cc iu kin hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh trong cng mt chu k cho php x l tt nht cc hp cht nito trong nc thi. 2.2.4. Cng ngh MBR Nguyn tc hot ng: Cng ngh x l nc thi s dng mng lc MBR ( Membrane bio reactor ) l cng ngh hin i c s dng kh ph bin hin nay. Cng ngh MBR l s kt hp ca c phng php sinh hc v vt l. Mi n v MBR c cu to gm nhiu si rng lin kt vi nhau, mi si rng li c cu to ging nh mt mng lc vi cc l lc rt nh m mt s vi sinh khng c kh nng xuyn qua. Cc n v MBR ny s lin kt vi nhau thnh nhng module ln hn v t vo cc b x l.

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B cn bng...|...B sc kh...|...B lc tch bng mng...|...B nc u ra Hnh 2.11: Hiu qu x l nc qua cc b trong cng ngh MBR C ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong cng ngh MBR cng tng t nh b bn hot tnh hiu kh nhng thay v tch bn sinh hc bng cng ngh lng th cng ngh MBR li tch bng mng. V kch thc l mng MBR rt nh (0,01-0,2) nn bn sinh hc s c gi li trong b, mt vi sinh vt cao v hiu sut x l tng. Nc sch s bm ht sang b cha v thot ra ngoi m khng cn qua b lng, lc kh trng.

Hnh 2.12 S dy chuyn cng ngh MBR Ch thch: Influent u vo; Anaerobic reactor b k kh; Dynamic state bioreactor b sinh hc th ng; Membrane separation tank b lc tch bng mng; KMS hollow fiber membrane mng si rng KMS; OER (oxygen GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 33

exhausted reactor) b ym kh; Suction pump (permeate) bm ht (nc sau x l); Effluent u ra My thi kh ngoi cung cp kh cho vi sinh vt hot ng cn lm nhim v thi bung cc mng ny hn ch b nght mng. Lm sch mng: ko di tui th cho mng, cn lm sch mng vo cui hn dng. Chn cch ra mng ti u ty thuc vo loi nc u vo. Thi im ra mng xc nh da theo ng h o p lc. (1) Lm sch bng thi kh: Cch n gin l dng kh thi t di ln sao cho bt kh i vo trong rut mng chui theo l rng ra ngoi, y cn bm ra khi mng.

Hnh 2.13 Lm sch mng lc bng thi kh (2) Lm sch bng cch ngm trong dung dch ha cht: Nu tn tht p qua mng tng ln 25~30 cmHg so vi bnh thng, ngay c khi dng cch ra mng bng thi kh, th cn lm sch mng bng cch ngm vo thng ha cht ring khong 2~4 gi. (Dng chlorine vi liu lng 3~5g/L, thc hin 6~12 thng mt ln).

Hnh 2.14: Lm sch mng lc bng dung dch ha cht

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u im ni bt: Tng hiu qu x l sinh hc 10-30% so viAerotank truyn thng. Tit kim din tch xy dng v thay th cho ton cm b Aerotank lng lc kh trng. H thng tinh gon, d qun l do c t cng trnh n v. 2.2.5. Cng ngh MBBR Nguyn tc hot ng: MBBR l t vit tc ca cm Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor, c m t mt cch d hiu l qu trnh x l nhn to, trong cc vt lm gi th cho vi sinh vt dnh bm vo sinh trng v pht trin, l s kt hp gia Aerotank truyn thng v lc sinh hc hiu kh.

Hnh2.15 : Nguyn tc hot ng b MBBR Cng ngh MBBR l cng ngh mi pht hin nay trong lnh vc x l nc thi v tit kim c din tch v hiu qu ca l cao. Vt liu lm gi th phi c t trng nh hn nc m bo iu kin l lng c. cc gi th ny lun chuyn dng khng ngng trong ton b th tch b nh cc thit b thi kh v cnh khuy. Qua th mt vi sinh vt ngy cng gia tng, hiu qu x l cng cao. Tng t b Aerotank truyn thng, b MBBR hiu kh cng cn mt MBBR thiu kh (anoxic) m bo kh nng x l nito trong nc thi( B ABR). Th tch mng MBBR so vi din tch b c iu chnh theo t l ph hp, thng l <50% th tch b.

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Hnh 2.16: S hot ng b ABR u im ni bt: Chu c ti trng hu c cao, 2000-10000g BOD/m3 ngy. Hiu sut x l ln n 90%. Loi b c nito trong nc thi. Tit kim din tch.

2.3. Cc m hnh x l ang c p dng ti mt s bi chn lp cht thi rn trn th gii v Vit Nam 2.3.1. Th gii Mt trong nhng cng ngh x l nc r rc ca c c tham kho l cng ngh kt hp gia 3 qu trnh: sinh hc, c hc v ha hc. Bc u tin trong cng ngh x l l p dng cc qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat loi b nit, bn cnh b lng c p dng vi mc ch lng cc bng cn t qu trnh sinh hc v gim nh hng ca cht rn l lng n qu trnh oxy ha bng ozone b lc c p dng loi b mt phn mu ca nc r rc v x l trit cn l lng. Phn cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc cn li sau qu trnh kh nit c oxy ha vi ozone nhm ct mch cc cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc thnh cc cht c kh nng phn hy sinh hc lm tng hiu qu x l cho qu trnh sinh hc pha sau v khong ha mt phn cht hu c to thnh CO2v H2O. Sau b oxy ha bng ozone cc thnh phn hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc c tip tc loi b trong b tip xc sinh hc quay. B lc l bc cui cng ca dy chuyn x l vi mc ch loi b cc cn l lng t b tip xc sinh hc quay, s cng ngh x l nc r rc min Bc nc c c trnh by trong hnh di y.

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Hnh 2.17 : Cng ngh x l nc r rc ca c 2.3.2. Vit Nam 2.3.2.1. Bi chn lp rc ng Thnh ( X ng Thnh, huyn Hc mn) y l bi rc qu ti vi trn 8 triu tn rc v hng trm nghn mt khi nc r rc. Bn cnh , lng rc mi ngy ca TP HCM v y ngy cng cht chng. Vi lng cht thi cao nh vy nn khi ma ma n, ngi dn khu vc ng Thnh li cng i mt vi tnh trng nhim nng hn. Vo thi im nay, thnh ph cha c mt cng trnh x l rc no theo tiu chun, cng ngh tin tin, cng cha c s chun b v con ngi cng nh phng tin k thut, vt cht cho vic x l rc trc s gia tng v khi lng. ng Thnh l ni duy nht rc sinh hot ca TP HCM.

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Hnh 2.18 Rc c gom v thnh ng. Trung tm t vn CTA l mt trong cc n v tham gia x l nc r rc. Nguyn tc x l ca CTA l s dng ch phm sinh hc GEM vo quy trnh x l, kt hp b sung vi sinh v hot ha ti ch bng chnh ngun nc cn x l. y chnh l iu bt ng vi cc n v tham gia v: vi thc trng nhim nh vy, vic dng ch phm sinh hc l iu khng kh thi. Tuy nhin, quy trnh x l c vn hnh v t nhng kt qu ngoi mong i. Quy trnh cng ngh: Nc rc c bm t h cha nc ban u vo h k kh ty nghi c th tch khong 30.000m3. Mc nhim trung bnh: COD: 3.000mg/l/ ; N-NH4: 2.500mg/l X l k kh ty nghi c b sung ch phm sinh hc GEM, GEM P, GEM K. Sau thi gian x l (t 50 n 70 ngy), to ra mi trng thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt hu ch pht trin. Lc ny, mi hi gim khong 80% , trn mt nc xut hin mng ru xanh lam, chng t mi trng nc c phc hi, mc nhim gim, c bit ch s N-NH4 gim l iu hu nh cha xy ra trong qu trnh x l k kh thng thng.

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Hnh 2.19 Mng ru xanh xut hin h nc nc sau giai on x l k kh Mc nhim ch cn: COD ~800 1.200 mg/l. N-NH4 ~300 Giai on x l sinh hc hiu kh: Nc t h k kh c bm qua gin lc vi sinh vo h hiu kh c th tch khong 5.000m3. 500 mg/l.

Hnh 2.20 Nc k kh qua lc vi sinh v sc kh Sau khi sc kh, c b sung ch phm sinh hc GEM, GEM K, GEM P..., mu nc tip tc chuyn i theo chiu hng tt hn: nc trong v c mu nht. Trn mt h, mng ru mu xanh l cy cng tr nn m hn, chng t mi trng

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nc phc hi tt hn. Giai on ny lm gim hn COD, N-NH4, SS...v thch hp chuyn sang giai on x l bng ha hc. Nng nhim gim xung ng k: COD : 400 600mg/l; N NH4 : 30 - 90 mg/l

Hnh 2.21: Mng ru xanh ti h sc kh Giai on x l ha l:

Hnh 2.22: Qu trnh keo t. Sau keo t, nhim cn: COD: 120 220 mg/l; N NH4: 0 60 mg/l.

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Hnh 2.23: Qu trnh lng Nc sau giai on keo t c bm qua h oxy ha bng H2O2 xc tc. Sau giai on ny, nhim gim cn: COD : 20 90 mg/l; N NH4 : 0 45 mg/l. Vi ch tiu ny, nc x l t tiu chun x thi loi B TCVN 5945 -1945. 2.3.2.2. Bi chn lp rc Song Nguyn Bi rc Song Nguyn chn lp nhiu loi rc thi sinh hot - cng nghip khng c phn loi trc nn c tnh nc thi ca bi chn lp rc Song Nguyn rt khc so vi nc thi r rc ca cc nc tin tin. Do , khng th p dng mt cch my mc cng ngh nc ngoi cho bi rc ny c. Dy chuyn x l nc thi c thit k p ng c c tnh rt ring ca nc thi bi rc Song Nguyn, c bit l hm lng N cao, COD cao v kh x l. Dy chuyn cng linh hot p ng c s bin ng ln theo ma: ma ma ma kh vi tnh cht nc thi u vo khc nhau. Vi mi loi nc thi nht nh cc bc x l v trnh t cc bc x l c th thay i 1 cch linh hot cho ph hp. Bn cnh cc thit b cng c thit k d phng cao:my thi kh d phng 32% (2my hot ng 100% cng sut, 1 my d phng); bm nc thi chnh d phng 100%.

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Quy trnh cng ngh c th hin nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.24 S cng ngh nh my x l nc r rc Song Nguyn

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*Quy trnh x l nc r rc c din ra nh sau: a. X l s b Nc rc t bi chn lp c thu gom v h cha nc rc. Ti h cha nc rc c b tr h thng sc kh dng treo nhm iu ha lu lng v nng nc r rc. Bn cnh th h cha nc r rc cn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc. - Nc r rc t h cha c bm n my tch rc loi b rc c kch thc ln hn 2 mm v chy vo b trn vi c b tr h thng my khuy vi (hoc h thng sc kh). - B trn vi A-02 c cp vi v sc kh gin on trnh lng cn vi v lm tng hiu qu nng pH. B c vai tr kh 1 s ion kim loi nng trong nc r rc v kh mu cho nc r rc - Nc thi sau b trn c tip tc c dn vo b iu ha (A-03). Ti b iu ha c b tr h thng sc kh nhm tng kh nng ha trn,ng thi gi m mi pht sinh do qu trnh ym kh xy ra. Nc thi t b iu ha c bm ln b lng vi (A-04) tch cn vi trc khi vo cng on tip theo. - Lu lng nc thi c o t ng, tn hiu thu c sau s c truyn vo h thng iu khin PLC-SCADA t iu khin li bm nc thi vn hnh ng lu lng yu cu. b. X l Nito v kh Canxi: loi b ( N-NH3) bng h thng Stripping v kh Canxi + tin x l ha l. Nc thi sau khi lng vi c dn vo h bm (A-05).Nc thi c tip tc bm ln thp Stripping (A-06) loi b N-NH3 t >1000 mg/l xung 10 mg/l. Ti y nc thi c b sung thm ha cht l dung dch NaOH duy tr gi tr pH =10-11 cho qu trnh x l ti thp Stripping bng bm nh lng ha cht. Qu trnh chm NaOH trn ng ng bm ln thp Stripping c iu khin t ng qua thit b o pH c lp trn ng ng. Nc thi trong b s c bm t ng ln thp Stripping theo mc nc o c trong b. Cc thit b thp Stripping c hot ng hoc dng t ng theo s hot ng ca bm cp nc t b thu nc. Kh c cp cho 2 thp Stripping hot ng theo nguyn tc ni tip: Nc thi sau thp Stripping 1 s c thu vo h bm ri c bm tip ln thp stripping 2, c qu trnh hot ng nh thp Stripping 1. GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 43

Sau khi qua thp Stripping 2 nc thi s c a qua b x l Canxi (B -01) nhm loi b ion Ca2+ trc khi i vo giai on x l sinh hc. Ti y nc thi c trn vi ha cht trn ng ng phn Ca2+ kt ta s lng ti ngn lng, nc s trn theo mng thu sang b x l sinh hc. Trn ng ng dn nc thi t b Stripping 2 sang b B-01 c b tr thm h thng chm ha cht (FeCl3,H2SO4,polymer). Lc ny b B-01 ng vai trn l b tin x l ha l (keo t to bng- lng) nhm tng iu kin n nh v tng hiu sut x l cho h thng x l sinh hc MBBR. Nc r rc sau qu trnh tin x l ha l c gi tr pH thp nn ng ng dn sang b sinh hc selector (B-02) c chm dung dch NaOH nng pH = 7-7,5 l iu kin thun li cho x l sinh hc hiu kh. c. X l sinh hc (cng ngh MBBR) Nc thi t b kh canxi c dn sang ngn Selector (B-02) ri chy sang b MBBR (B-03). Ngn u tin ca b Selector c nhim v tip nhn v ha trn ngun nc thi a vo h thng cng lng hi bn v hi lu lp t trong b MBBR, m bo iu kin ti u nht cho qu trnh x l b MBBR. Lu lng nc thi s c tnh ton thng qua lp trnh cn c v th tch rt nc trong b MBBR, thi gian hot ng ca mi chu k x l. u im ni bt ca cng ngh MBBR l ton b qu trnh x l sinh hc ch din ra trong 1 b, khng cn s dng b lng v chu k x l ngn 4h/1 m. Cng ngh MBBR c p dng hn 100 cng trnh trn th gii v c cp chng nhn c quyn ti M. Chu trnh x l ti b MBBR c m t nh sau: + Gi 1-2h u: Fill and Aeration ( cung cp v sc kh) + Gi th 3: setting + Gi th 4: decanting( gn lc) y cc cht nhim trong nc thi c x l bi cc tc nhn l vsv (bn hot tnh) v c cp kh t my thi kh thng qua h thng phn phi kh dng bt mn c lp t di y b. Qu trnh cp kh din ra trong thi gian u ca chu k nhm cung cp lng Oxy cn thit cho qu trnh cng nh khuy trn, tng kh nng tip xc gia vsv vi cht nhim. H thng o lng v iu khin s gip ngi vn hnh nm bt c nhu cu s dng oxy ca h thng, t quyt nh mc hot ng ca my thi kh sao cho vn t hiu qu x l ng thi tit kim chi GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 44

ph in nng cho qu trnh x l. Sau thi gian sc kh va , ngng cung cp khng kh vo b MBBR v b lng, thi gian ny s din ra mnh lit qu trnh kh Nito. Cui chu k x l, nc c a sang b trung gian bng thit b dacentor. d. X l ha l Nc thi sau khi x l sinh hc s c bm sang b x l ha l B-05 loi b cc cn l lng trong nc r rc v 1 phn t mu. Lu lng nc thi bm ln b x l ha l c iu khin t ng nh thit b o lu lng lp trn ng ng. B x l ha l gm 3 ngn ng vai tr l cm thit b keo t + to bng + lng. Ti ngn u ca b x l ha l ng vai tr l b to bng, dung dch phn FeCl 3 v H2SO4 c chm vo ngn ny. Ngn to bng c b sung polymer nhm lin kt cc bng cn li vi nhau to thnh bng cn c kch thc to hn v d lng hn trc khi chy sang ngn th 3 l ngn lng. Qu trnh keo t, to bng vi phn Fe2+ din ra pH=3-3,5 e. Oxy ha fenton 2 bc Sau qu trnh x l ha l nc thi s c dn sang cm x l fenton 2 bc (C-01> C-02>C-04>C-05>C-03) tip tc x l mu v cc cht khng c kh nng phn hy sinh hc trong nc r rc.Ti cm oxy ha fenton 2 bc, ha cht Fe2+, H2O2 v H2SO4 c chm vo cc ngn C-01(fenton bc 1) v C-04 (fenton bc 2) H tc nhn fenton l 1 hn hp gm cc ion Fe2+ v H2O2 chng tc dng vi nhau to thnh cc gc t do hydroxyl * OH,cn ion Fe2+ b oxy ha thnh Fe3+ Chnh cc gc *OH sinh ra trong qu trnh phn ng s phn ng vi cc gc hu c mang mu theo phn ng *OH + RH > R* + H2O Cc gc hu c sau qu trnh phn ng s tr nn linh ng v d dng to thnh cc phn ng ct thnh cc mch ngn, m sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O Phn ng fenton i vi nc r rc din ra mnh gi tr pH thch hp. Sau qu trnh phn ng fenton 2 bc, dung dch NaOH c chm vo b C-03 nhm nng pH =7-8 kh Fe v hm lng H2O2 d. Qu trnh sau khi phn ng, nc c bm ln thit b lng gm 3 ngn C-06. Ti y ha cht polymer c chm vo ngn 1 nhm lin kt to thnh cc bng cn c kch thc ln v NaOCl s c chm vo ngn 2 tng cng qu trnh oxy ha cc cht nhim cn li trong nc r rc. Sau ti ngn lng, bn c lng xung y, nc trong chy qua mng trn vo b lc C-08 GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 45

f. Lc v kh trng nc B lc C-08 vi lp vt liu lc l ct thch anh c chc nng loi b cc cn cn li sau b lng th cp. Nc r rc sau khi qua b lc c dn sang b kh trng C-07. Ti ngn u tin ca b kh trng, bm nh lng s cp dung dch ha cht kh trng nc thi. Sau 1 thi gian phn ng trong b kh trng, nc thi t theo tiu chun yu cu v chy vo h sinh thi. g. X l bn Bn lng t cc b A-04,B-01,B-04 v bn sinh hc d t b B-03 c x v b nn bn B-04. Ti b nn bn, lp t h thng phn phi kh cp kh trong qu trnh phn hy bn (bn sinh hc).Trong b phn hy bn duy tr bn trng thi hiu kh lm tng qu trnh phn hy vsv v trnh cc mi hi thi sinh ra nu bn trng thi ym kh. Bn t qu trnh x l ha l, bn sinh hc c t ng thu gom v b cha bn. Bn t b cha s c xe bn ht thu gom v vn chuyn vo cc chn rc ca bi rc. Nc sau khi x l m bo lun t chun loi A TCVN trc khi thi b ra ngun tip nhn. 2.3.2.3. Bi chn lp cht rc ti th trn Hng Quc Tr Lnh M hnh c xy dng cho bi rc th trn Hng Quc Huyn Tr Lnh. Th trn Hng Quc l th trn huyn l min ni, xut pht t iu kin t nhin l tng, v th thun li, vng pha ng Bc ca tnh Cao Bng. Ni y thnh lp khu kinh t ca khu quc gia Tr Lnh Long Bang (Trung Quc). Do lng cht thi rn trong tng lai s l vn ln i vi th trn Hng Quc. Trong khi , hin ny rc thi sinh hot c thu gom v vn chuyn n bi chn lp rc thi ca th trn cha c x l t tiu chun. Khi lng rc c d bo trong tng li s tng cao, ko theo l lng ln nc r rc khng c x l. Trong khi nc r rc l nc thi c nng COD, BOD, NH3-H,.. cao, vt qu kh nng chu ng ca thc vt (in hnh nh la), cc thnh phn mi trng v sc khe ca con ngi. Vy, cn phi x l nc r rc ti bi rc th trn Hng Quc. Thc vt thy sinh c la chn l c Vetiver (c hng bi) Da trn thit k bi rc ca th trn cng vi qu t cn li trong bi rc v GVHD: TS. Trn Minh Ch 46

lng nc rc to ra mi ngy l 110 m3 nc rc xy dng h thng t ngp nc. Ti bi rc xy ng b thu nc rc v nc ma chy trn vi S = 36m2, cc thng s nh BOD, COD, gim ng k sau khong thi gian lu ti b cha. Chnh v vy, trc khi a nc rc vo cc t ngp nc th thu nc vo b ym kh S= 122m2 (c m rng v ci to t b thu nc r rc v nc ma chy trn). Kt qu in hnh khi nghin cu mt s h thng t ngp nc x l nc r rc: Vi h thng HF-VF l h thng dng chy ngang kt hp vi t lc sinh hc dng thng ng (S=75m2 ) trng sy v c nn: loi b NH3-N (Gi tr trung bnh dng vo = 211 mg/L, dng thi = 3,4 mg/L) v pht pho (Gi tr TB dng vo = 0,4 mg/L, dng ra = khng pht hin). Hiu qu x l kh tt, iu kin s dng nc cho ti tiu. Vi h thng HF l h thng dng chy ngang khi trng sy v c nn (S=215m2): loi b NH3-N (Gi tr trung bnh dng vo = 275 mg / L, dng ra = 151 mg/L) v pht pho (Gi tr TB dng vo = 6,9mg/L, dng ra = 2,6). Cc thng s cha t tiu chun dng trong ti tiu, vy nn cn kt hp giai on x l vi h thng VF t hiu qu tt hn. Nhu cu nc u ra yu cu qu trnh nitrat ha xy ra hon ton nhng h thng dng chy ngang x l th cp khng th lm iu ny v kh nng vn chuyn oxy hn ch. H thng dng chy thng ng c kh nng vn chuyn oxy ln hn nhiu, v do , to iu kin cho qu trnh nitrat ha tt hn. Tuy nhin, trong h thng thng ng s kh nitrat xy ra rt hn ch. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng, h thng t ngp nc dng chy ngang c hiu qu x l thp vi nng cao. Trong khi , h thng kt hp li th hin u th hn. H thng kt hp dng chy ngang v dng thng ng, s dng C Vetiver vi tng din tch l 186 m2. Trong , mt h chy ngang t u, bao gm: 3 h thng dng chy ngang nh vi kch thc (19m1,9m2m) v mt h thng ng, bao gm: 2 h chy thng ng kch thc (19m1,9m2m) giai on th hai.

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Hnh 2.25 :S tng th h thng t ngp nc ti bi rc th trn Hng Quc- huyn Tr Lnh tnh Cao Bng

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CHNG 3 Kt lun
Tm li tuy thnh phn cht thi rn v cng ngh vn hnh bi chn lp khc nhau mi nc nhng nc r rc pht sinh t cc BCL nhn chung u c tnh cht ging nhau l c nng COD, BOD5 cao i vi nc r rc mi, v nng COD, BOD thp i vi BCL vn hnh trong thi gian di. Kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca nc r rc thay i theo thi gian, s thay i ny c th c gim st bng vic kim tra t l BOD5/COD. Vo thi gian u, t l ny s nm khong 0,5 hoc ln hn. T s BOD5/COD ln hn 0,4 chng t thnh phn hu c trong nc r rc d b phn hy sinh hc. Trong cc BCL vn hnh lu, t l ny rt thp, nm trong khong 0,050,2. T l thp nh vy l do nc r rc c cha lignin, acid humic v acid fulvic, l nhng cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc. Theo thi gian vn hnh BCL, gi tr pH ca nc r rc tng theo thi gian th nng NH3 trong nc r rc tng ln rt cao ( 2.000mg/L). Vi thnh phn phc tp v thay i nhanh ca nc r rc, cng ngh x l nc r rc ca cc nc trn th gii u kt hp cc qu trnh sinh hc, ha hc, v ha l. Hu ht cng ngh x l u bt u vi x l nito bng phng php c in (Nitrat ha v kh nitrat), vi nng ammonia nh hn 1.000mg/L. Phng php ny cho hiu qu kh cao nhng vi nng nito ln hn 1.000mg/L th phng php ny b hn ch ( v d BCL G Ct, Phc Hip). Ph thuc vo iu kin tiu chun x thi ca mi nc , cc bc x l tip theo sau qu trnh sinh hc x l cc hp cht hu c kh/khng c kh nng phn hy thng c p dng l phng php ha l (keo t/ to bng, tha hot tnh), oxy ha nng cao ( fenton, ozone), mng lc

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TI LIU THAM KHO Ti liu Ting Vit 1. Nguyn Vit Anh (2006), X l nc thi sinh hot bng bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy thng ng trong iu kin Vit Nam, www.nea.gov.vn H Cng Danh, Kha lun Nghin cu x l nc r rc ca bi chn lp Phc Hip bng phng php keo t 2. C Huy Du, Trn Th Hng, 2009, Qun l cht thi rn th, NXB xy dng 3. Nguyn Th Loan (2009), Nghin cu s dng h thng t ngp nc nhn to x l nc sng T Lch cho mc ch sn xut nng nghip 4. Nguyn Ngc Nam (2009), Kh nng x l nc thi sinh hot ca c Vetiver v bo Lc bnh bng t ngp nc. 5. Nguyn Vn Phc, 2012, Qun l v x l cht thi rn. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh 6. Nguyn Vn Phc, 2008, Gio trnh qun l v x l cht thi rn. Nh xut bn Xy dng H Ni. 7. Trung tm Nghin cu ng dng Cng ngh v Qun l Mi trng CENTEMA, 1999, Bo co ti nghin cu Kho st, Qui hoch bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot v cng nghip, S Ti nguyn v Mi trng Thnh Ph H Ch Minh nm 1999. 8. Ng Hong Vn (2009) - Hi Nc v mi trng nc thuc Lin hip cc Hi khoa hc k thut TPHCM, Nghin cu x l nc r rc bng cng ngh cnh ng ti v cnh ng lc. Ti liu ting Anh 1. IPPC, 2007, Guidance for the treatment ogg landfill leachate, Sector guidance note IPPC S5.03, thng 2/2007 2. R. Stegmann, K. U. Heyer, 2005, Leachate treatment, Hi tho v qun l cht thi v bi chn lp quc t thng 10 nm 2005 Cagliari, Ytaly.

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Trang web 1. X l rc thi bng ozon http://moitruong.xaydung.gov.vn/moitruong/module/news/viewcontent.asp?ID=25 07&langid=1 2. C s hc ca qu trnh x l nhim http://www.voer.edu.vn/module/co-so-sinh-hoc-cua-qua-trinh-xu-ly-o-nhiem-moitruong 3. X l nc thi bng thy sinh thc vt http://www.khoahoc.com.vn/doisong/ung-dung/665_Xu-ly-nuoc-thai-bang-thuysinh-thuc-vat.aspx

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