G Model AAP-3311; No.

of Pages 15

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Accident Analysis and Prevention xxx (2013 xxx!xxx

"ontents lists availa#le at

ity .sra /as f%nction 0e(art'ent of 1nd%strial .ngineering2

-ec&nical 3niversity2 Mac,a2 34356 de(loy 1stan#%l 1stan#%l2 -%r,ey Accident 'ent Analysis and Prevention and

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1n t&is (a(er2 an integrate d 'et&odo logy for 9%ality :%nction 0e(loy' ent (9:0 and a 0! 1 ,na(sac , 'odel is (ro(ose d for occ%(ati onal safety and &ealt& as a syste's t&in,ing a((roac &. -&e ;o%se of 9%ality (;o9 in 9:0 'et&odo logy is a syste'a tic tool to consider t&e interrelations &i(s #et<een t<o factors. 1n t&is (a(er2 t&ree ;o9s are %sed to consider t&e interrelat ions&i(s #et<een tas,s and &a=ards2 &a=ards and events2 and events and (reventi ve*(rote ctive 'eas%re s. -&e final (riority <eig&ts of events are defined #y

c o

1 . A l 1 n

1
0 0

g * 1 0 . 1 0 1 5 * $ . a a ( . 2 0 1 3 . 1 0 . 0 0 5

( can #e introd%ced against t&e events2 so t&at tas,s can #e (erfor'ed in a safer environ'ent <it& t&e selected (reventive*(rote ctive 'eas%res. :or ill%stration of t&e (air<ise relations&i(s #et<een t&e afore'entioned (ara'eters2 t&e ;o9 tool of 9:0 'et&odology is (ro(osed to #e %sed2 and t&e 'ost effective (reventive*(rote ctive 'eas%res fo%nd in t&e last ;o9 are eval%ated #y ca(ital #%dgeting 'et&odology. -&en2 t&e tas,s can #e (erfor'ed in an environ'ent <it& t&e (reventive*(rote ctive 'eas%res selected %sing ca(ital #%dgeting 'et&odology. -&e syste's t&in,ing a((roac& (ro(osed in t&is (a(er can g%ide a 'ore caref%l selection of tas,s as a res%lt of tracing t&e interrelations&i(s a'ong t&e (ara'eters2 s%c& t&at t&e tas,s <it& a &ig& (ro#a#ility of leading to events t&at ca%se da'age to (eo(le and t&e co'(any 'ay even #e o'itted or a tas, design s%((orted #y (reventive*(rote ctive 'eas%res can #e (erfor'ed in a safer environ'ent. Moreover2 t&e

<it& (erfor t&e 'ed in (revent a safer ive*(rot enviro ective n'ent. 'eas%r Moreo es ver2 selecte t&e d %sing(ro(os ca(ital ed #%dgeti 'et&o ng dology 'et&od is ology. extend -&e ed to syste' involv s e t&in,in differe g nt a((roa (layer c& s in (ro(os t&e ed in<&ole t&is syste (a(er ' in a can co%ng%ide atry2 'ore <&ere caref%l t&e selecti feed#a on ofc, tas,s fro' as adiffere res%lt nt of co'(a tracing nies is t&e reflect inter- ed in relation co%ntr s&i(s y-<ide a'ong data#a t&e ses for (ara' differe eters2 nt s%c& ind%str t&at t&eies. tas,s 9: <it& a0 is a &ig& syste (ro#a#i 'atic lity oftec&ni leading +%e to to transla events te t&at c%sto ca%se 'er da'ag needs e to("N (eo(le into and t&et&e co'(a tec&ni ny 'aycal even c&arac #e teristic o'itted s (-" or aof a tas, (rod%c design t or s%((ort servic ed #ye. (revent 9:0 ive*(rot 'et&o ective dology 'eas%r &as es can#een #e a((lie

d in differe nt f%nctio nal fields2 s%c& as (rod%c t develo ('ent2 +%ality 'anag e'ent2 c%sto 'er needs analys is2 (rod%c t design 2 (lanni ng2 conc%r rent engine ering2 decision 'a,in g2 'anag e'ent2 tea' <or,2 ti'ing2 and costin g2 and in differe nt ind%str ies2 s%c& as trans( ortatio n and co'' %nicati on2 electro nics and electri cal %tilities 2 soft<a re syste 's2 'an%f act%ring2 servic es2 ed%cat ion and resear c&2

G Model AAP-3311; No. of Pages 15

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.. /as * Accident Analysis and Prevention xxx (2013) xxxxxx 3ncertainty consideration*Met&od ;o9 1ntegration <it& ot&er 'et&ods

2 Table 1 ?iterat%re revie< of 9:0 in safety.

7eference

@ector

Moores (2005

;ealt&care0iagnostic <it& radiology

No

;o9) /et<een radiation safety re+%ire'ents #y c%sto'ers and tec&nical*service re+%ire'ents ;o91 ) /et<een constr%ction ite's and &a=ard ty(es; ;o92 ) /et<een &a=ard ty(es and &a=ard ca%ses

No

?i% and -sai (2012

"onstr%ction

Aes*:%==y ris, assess'ent

Analytic Net<or, Proces

(ANP for calc%lating t&e

<eig&ts2 :ail%re Mode a

.ffect Analysis (:M.A f

calc%lating t&e ris, (riori n%'#er /raglia et al. (2006 No s(ecific sector No ;o91 ) /et<een severity and ca%ses of fail%re; ;o92 ) /et<een ca%ses of fail%re and engineering sol%tions :M.A2 cost analysis

design*#%ild %sing B%2 2002 . @o'e (a(ers &avefir's ill%strated t&e a((lica#ility of 9:09:0 'et&od'et&odology in t&e constr%ctionology. Mallon ind%stry. A#d%l-7a&'an et al.and M%lligan (1CCC analy=ed a lo<-cost(1CC3 &o%sing (ro$ect %sing 9:0 <it&addressed t&e res(ect to relia#ility2 cost2 andrelations&i( of <it& delivery. A#d%l-7a&'an et al.9:0 (1CCC devel-o(ed a conc%rrentot&er +%ality engineering 'et&odology fortools2 s%c& as +%ality designing*#%ilding (ro$ects as antotal extension of t&e so-called 0esign'anage'ent2 :%nction 0e(loy-'ent (0:0 and ill%strated 'et&odology. Ar'acost et al.t&e (1CC4 %sed 9:0 to integrate t&e a((lica#ility of c%sto'er re+%ire'ents for a9:0 for a 'an%fact%red exterior str%ct%ralrenovation <all (anel in an ind%striali=ed(ro$ect for a &o%sing (ro$ect. "ariaga et al.&y(ot&etical (2006 %sed 9:0 as a (art of(ersonal val%e analysis for eval%at-ingco'(%ter design alternatives in t&e<or,roo' constr%ction ind%stry. 0i,'en etfacility. P&eng Aea( al. (2005 (ro(osed to ada(t t&eand 'et&odology to 'ar,eting(2001 strategy of a constr%ctionanaly=ed t&e co'(any for a large &o%sing#enefits and co'(lex (ro$ect2 and eval%ateda((lica#ility of t&e res%lts for long-ter' strategic9:0 decisions. .ldin and ;i,le (2003 'et&odology i'(le'ented 9:0 for t&ein conce(t%al design of a largedesign*#%ild classroo' for college st%dents.(ro$ects. @yed ;%ovila and @eren (1CCD a((liedet al. (2003 9:0 as a (art of a conc%rrentada(ted 9:0 civil engineering (ractice for ra(idfor constr%ction (ro$ects. 8a'ara etengineering al. (1CCC2 2000 2 and 8a'ara andca(ital (ro$ect An%'#a (2000 (ro(osed a client(lanning. re+%ire'ents (rocessing 'odel in t&e constr%ction ind%stry as a (art -&e of t&e so-called conc%rrent life-integration of <it& cycle design. ?ee and Arditi9:0 (2005 (ro(osed to eval%ate t&eot&er total +%ality (erfor'ance oftec&ni+%es2

s%c& as linear (rogra''ing2 &as also a((eared in t&e literat%re (8arsa,2 2004; ?in et al.2 200D; Aa'as&ina et al.2 2002; Par, and 8i'2 1CCD; ;alog et al.2 2001; 8a&ra'an et al.2 2005 . ;o<ever2 t&e a((lication of 9:0 in safety science &as #een relatively rare. 1n t&is (a(er2 <e (ro(ose an integrated 9:0 'et&odology2 and a sc&ed%ling and ca(ital #%dgeting 'et&odology to syste'atically (re(are an action (lan for occ%(ational safety and &ealt&2 and a((ly t&e (ro(osed 'et&odology to a &y(ot&etical constr%ction (ro$ect. Be #elieve t&at 9:0 is a((ro(riate

for safety(re 'anage'e li' nt #eca%seina it isry (ossi#le to(ri assign orit <eig&ted y i'(ortance <e scores to ig& ris,s in a ts ste(-#yo#t ste( ain 'anner ed starting fro' t&efro ' tas,s (erfor'ed ;o #y 92 considering 2 t&e t&e relations&i( of eac&(ro (ara'eter #a <it& ot&er#ili (ara'eters ty 2 so t&at t&eof (ara'eters oc 2 forc%r exa'(le2 ren t&e ce2 &a=ards2 (& t&at areysi 'ore cal fre+%ently eff related toect ot&er s (ara'eters on 2 for t&e exa'(le2 tas,s2 <illvic ti' #e assigned 2 an 'ore <eig&t. -&ed 9:0 (art ofec on t&e 'et&odologo' y incl%desic t&ree eff ;o9s. 1nect ;o91 2 t&es tas,s andon t&e &a=ards are inter-co related; in'( ;o92 2 t&ean y. &a=ards and events:in ally are interrelated 2 ; and int&e ;o93 2 t&e(ri events andorit (reventive* y (rotective <e 'eas%res ig& are inter-ts related. 1nof ;o93 2 t&e(re final (riorityve <eig&ts ofnti events areve* o#tained #y(ro considering tec tiv t&eir e 'e as %re s o#t ain ed

fro ' ;o 93 are ev al% ate d %si ng a sc &e d%l ing an d ca (it al #% dg eti ng 'e t&o dol og y for t&e inv est 'e nt of (re ve ntiv e*( rot ect ive 'e as %re s. /e ca %s e oc c% (at ion al saf ety an d &e alt & is a nat ion al iss %e2 a gro %(#a se d 'e t&o

dology is also (ro(osed to (ro#a#ility incor(orate different vie<s into and nont&e 'et&odology and statisticaldetecta#ility infor'ation. to calc%late -&e (a(er is organi=ed in t&et&e 7is, follo<ing 'anner. 1n @ection 22 aPriority literat%re revie< of 9:0 in safetyN%'#er is given. 1n @ection 32 t&e details (7PN . As a of t&e integrated 'et&odology forres%lt of t&e t&e t&ree-ste( ;o9 and 0!1second ;o92 ,na(sac, 'odel are given. 1n t&ey also @ection 42 t&e (ro(osed(erfor'ed a integrated 'et&odology is a((lied cost analysis. to a &y(ot&etical constr%ctionAlt&o%g& t&e (ro$ect2 and in @ection 52 t&e a((roac& 'et&odology is a((lied to a(ro(osed in &y(ot&etical a((lication in a @'allt&is (a(er is and Medi%' .nter(rise (@M. . 1n si'ilar to t&e @ection 52 t&e li'itations of t&e a((roac& #y 'et&odology are disc%ssed/raglia et al. #riefly2 and a dyna'ic gro%(-(2006 2 t&e #ased f%==y 9:0 'et&odology isa((roac& in (ro(osed. :inally2 in @ection 62t&is (a(er concl%sions and (otentials for%ses a 'ore f%t%re researc& are dis-c%ssed. detailed ris, assess'ent and ca(ital 2. Literature review of QFD in #%dgeting safety and reliability analysis. -a#le 1 (rovides t&e (a(ers t&at a((ly 9:0 in safety and reli- 3. The a#ility. integrat As ill%strated in -a#le 12 9:0 ed a((lication in safety and relia#ilmethod ity &as #een relatively li'ited. ology of /raglia et al. (2006 (ro(osed a 9:0 a((roac& to relia#ility #ythe tracing t&e relations&i( #et<eenthreet&e severity and ca%ses of fail%re step in one ;o92 and t&e relation-s&i( oQ #et<een ca%ses of fail%re and and !"1 engineering sol%tions in anot&er#napsa ;o9. 1n t&e first ;o92 t&ey$# deter'ined a severity score2 and model '%lti-(lied t&e score #y t&e
'et&odol Please cite t&is article in ogy for (ress as) /as2 ..2 Anocc%(ati integrated +%alityonal f%nction de(loy'entsafety and ca(ital #%dgetingand

-&e integrated 'et&odology for t&e t&reeste( ;o9 and 0!1 ,na(sac, 'odel is o%tlined in :ig. 1. -&e #asic ass%'(tion of t&e 'et&odology is t&at t&ere is an additive and linear relations&i( #et<een t&e tas, and &a=ards2 &a=ards and events2 and events and (reventive*(ro tective 'eas%res. :or exa'(le2 t&e i'(ortance of &a=ard is deter'ined #y t&e <eig&ted average of t&e relations&i( scores <it& eac& tas,2 <&ere t&e <eig&ts are t&e i'(ortance <eig&ts of t&e tas,s. -&e 'et&odology is #ased on 9:0

&ealt& ascase of t&e constr%ction a ind%stry. Accid. Anal. syste's Prev. (2013 2 t&in,ing &tt()**dx.doi.org*10.101 a((roac& 5*$.aa(.2013.10.005 ) -&e

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.. /as * Accident Analysis and Prevention xxx (2013) xxxxxx 3

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nts is t&e follo<ing relations&i( &n <ill lead to event ei +%antifie scores) P7.H.N-1H.*P7E-."-1H. 3 if it is slig&tly %sing 0 if it is not (ossi#le t&at &a=ard rni I M.A@ d
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@";.03?1NG AN0 "AP1-A? article in (ress as) /as2'et&odology

(ossi#le t&at &a=ard &n <ill lead to

(ossi#le t&at &a=ard &n <ill lead to event ei

P7.H.N-1H.*P7E-."-1H. M.A@37.@

1. An integrated ;o9 and ca(ital #%dgeting Fig. 'et&odology for

occ%(ational safety and &ealt& as a syste's a((roac&.

fora((roac&) Please ..2 An integrated +%alityocc%(ational safety-&e case of cite f%nction de(loy'ent andand &ealt& as at&e t&is ca(ital #%dgetingsyste's t&in,ingconstr%ction M.A@37.@

ind%stry. rg*10.1015*$.aa(.2013.10.005 Accid. Anal. Prev. (2013 2 &tt()**dx.doi.o

2 t&e t2 2 ...follo<ing ' t'....2 tM}2relations et ; I {&1 2&i( &o &2 2 ...scores) do &n....2 &N}2 lo . I {e1 2 0 gy e2 2 ... 2 ei....2 e1}2 3 an N I {n1 2 r'n I d n C 2 2 ... in n,....2 n8}2 cl and / I %d {#1 2 es #2 2 ... so #r....2 #7} ' #e t&e of e sets tas,s2 sci &a=ards2 en events2 tifi nat%re of an in$%ry2 c and (arts ' of #ody

& e i ' ( o r t a n c e f a c t o r o f & a = a r d &

n

,s are re+ %ire d to acc o' (lis & t&e ove rall tas ,2 and t&e (rio rity <ei g&t of &a= ard &n is defi ned as J
B

&
n

et affected &o after an ds event. 2 -&en2 t&e s% ste(s of c& t&e as 'et&odol t& ogy <ill e #e as 1n$ descri#e %r y d #elo<.

3.2. ;o 92 1 n ;o

@e ve rit 3.1. y ;o91 @c or 1n e ;o9 2 1 (1 t&e tas,s @ a @ of an given d (ro$ect t& and t&e e (ossi#le @t &a=ards an t&at 'ay for arise d fro' Ac (erfor'in ci g t&ese de tas,s are nt listed. " -&en2 t&e os relations t &i( M #et<een atr t&e tas,s ix. and ? &a=ards et - is I +%antifie {t1 d %sing

92 2 t&e d eve e nts f t&at i n t&e e &a= d ard s a 'a s y ca% B&n I<J se are inv <& esti ere t&e gat (rio ed2 rity <ei and g&t t&e of tas rela , tion t' s&i is ass ( %' #et ed as <e <Jt en ' I t&e 1*M &a= #ec a%s ard e s all of and t&e eve tas

i s

Table G Model 2 -&e AAPA1@ (reli'inary 3311; No. of Pages score 15 i'(ortance (-ra%' 4 factor of a.org2 2012 . event ei is

A1@ score 1 2 3 4 5 5

1n$%ry Minor Moderate @erio%s @evere "ritical 3ns%rviva#le

glo#al infor'ation #ased on N 1n ;o93 2 t&e final i'(ortance national B e factors and (riority <eig&ts of eventsstatistics2 J I B &n x rni 2 i are defined. -&en2 a &ierarc&y of 'eaning t&at (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res ist&is nI1 val%e defined2 and t&e relations&i(s&o%ld not and t&e (reli'inary (riority <eig&t of event e #et<een t&e events andc&ange fro' (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res is Bei J co'(any to +%antified. -&e (riority <eig&ts of B I . co'(any %nder e 1 (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res t&e sa'e iI1 Bei o#tained in ;o93 are incor-(orated conditions. into a 0!1 ,na(sac, 'odel as t&e -&%s2 once .+. o#$ective f%nction (ara'eters. (5 <it&o%t .+. (4 is -&e final i'(ortance factors for t&e events are co'(%ted #ycalc%lated2 t&e considering t&e (ro#a#ility ofval%e <ill #e t&e occ%rrence and t&e ex(ected con-sa'e for all of se+%ences of events in addition to t&e co'(anies t&eir (reli'inary <eig&ts. -&e%nder t&e sa'e ex(ected conse+%ences are (&ysicalconditions. conse+%ences to t&e victi' and -&is econo'ic conse+%ences to t&e for'%lation co'(any. ?et <i #e t&e final considers t&e i'(ortance factor of event ei definednon-fatal and as fatal J conse+%ences <i I (o K s K c L o K s K of an event. i2nf i2nf i2f i2f -&e (ro#a#ility Bei i2nf <&ere of occ%rrence of an event s&o<s oi2nf) Pro#a#ility of occ%rrence of t&e li,eli&ood of an event to lead event ei t&at leads to a non-fatal to a fatal or occ%(ational in$%ry; si2nf) .x(ected (&ysical severity of non-fatal in$%ry. -&e (&ysical event ei t&at leads to a non-fatal severity of an occ%(ational in$%ry; event ci2nf) .x(ected econo'ic cost of c&aracteri=es event ei t&at leads to a non-fatal t&e (&ysical occ%(ational in$%ry; effect of an oi2f) Pro#a#ility of occ%rrence of event ei t&at leads to a fatal occ%- event on t&e victi'. -&e 1@@ (ational in$%ry; si2f) P&ysical severity of event ei t&at anato'ical leads to a fatal occ%(ational in$%ry; scoring syste' ci2f) .cono'ic cost of event ei t&at can #e %sed to t&e leads to a fatal occ%(ational in$%ry. eval%ate (&ysical severity of an -&en2 t&e final (riority <eig&t of event. An event ei is defined as A##revi-ated < 1n$%ry @cale <i (A1@ score2 as Ji given in -a#le I . 1 22 is assigned < iI1 i to t&e B&ile calc%lating t&e final i'(ortance factors for t&e events2 t&e ass%'(tion of linearity and additivity still &olds2 and as in t&e :M.A 'odel2 t&ree factors are '%lti(lied2 <&ic& are t&e (ro#a#ility of occ%rrence2 (&ysical severity2 and econo'ic cost in t&is (a(er. /asically2 t&e fatality or non-fatality of an event are treated as '%t%-ally excl%sive events and added to deter'ine t&e final factor in .+. (5 . Nota#ly2 .+. (5 <it&o%t .+. (4 is 3.3. ;o93
i

defined as

affected #odyconsidered. regions2 &eadAccordingly2 t&e and nec,2 face2ex(ected econo'ic cost c&est2 a#do'en2 of event ei t&at extre'-ity2 andleads to a nonexternal. -&en2fatal t&e &ig&estocc%(ational t&ree A1@in$%ry is defined scores areas s+%ared and added toget&er 8 to o#tain t&e ci2nf I c, (i2, 1@@ score ( ,I1 -ra%'a.org2 <&ere (i2, is t&e (ro#a#ility of 2012 . nat%re n, of /eca%se t&et&e t&e in$%ry after (art of #odyevent ei and c, t&e ex(ected affected afteris econo'ic cost an event is(er n, defined s%#$ect toas 7 c&ange2 t&e calc%lation ofc, I cr2, (,2r an ex(ected rI1 (&ysical cr2, is t&e severity score is<&ere econo'ic cost corres(onding (ro(osed as to #r and n, in t&e M@tanford 7 Accident "ost 2 and (,2r si2nf I sr (i2r 2 MatrixN2 is t&e (ro#a#ility of rI1 t&e #r to #e after <&ere sr is t&eaffected ex(ected A1@t&e n, of in$%ry. assigned to a -&e (art of t&e #ody of #r2 and (i2r is&ierarc&y t&e (ro#a#ility(reventive*(rote for t&at (art of t&e #ody #r toctive 'eas%res #e affectedin :ig. 2 gives after event ei. 1n t&e case of at&e 'eas%res in fatality2 t&e t&e order of ex(ected (&ysical and severity score is(riority not calc%lated2effectiveness. rat&er si2f I 651n t&is is ass%'ed ( -ra%'a.org2 2012 . -&e econo'ic cost of an event c&aracteri=es t&e econo'ic effect of an event on t&e co'(any. -&e M@tanford accident cost acco%nting syste'N can #e %sed to assess t&e econo'ic costs of events (?evitt and @a'elson2 1CC3; ?a'#ec, and .sc&e'%ller2 200C . 1n t&is sys-te'2 t&e nat%re of an in$%ry and t&e (art of t&e #ody affected after an event are

.931PM.NP7.H.N -1H.*P7 E-."-1 H. M.A@37 .?1M1NA-. A.@ @E37".

;1.7A7" ;A E:

G Model AAP3311;

No. of Pages 15

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ARTICLE IN PRESS
.. /as * Accident Analysis and Prevention xxx (2013) xxxxxx

Fig. 2. ;ierar @te( 1) 7an,ing t&e (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res c&y of /. "EN-7E? A@te( 2) /%ilding cl%sters of @E37". (reve ntive* (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res @te( 3) (rotec 0eter'ining &ierarc&y level sets in eac& tive cl%ster 'eas @te( 4) 0eter'ining direct financial invest'ent %res re+%ire'ent*no direct financial invest'ent ( re+%ire'ent sets in eac& cl%ster 200D M1N1M1G. -;. .::."-@ @te( 5) 0eter'ining final sets of (reventive*(rotective

Table 3 @te(s of 'et&odology for (lanning2 sc&ed%ling2 and ca(ital #%dgeting of (reven-tive*(rotective 'eas%res.

3.5. @te( 1 and ca(ital #%dgeting of ri$ I . (reventive*( 5 if t&ere is 'oderate contri#%tion of 'eas%re ($ rotective to (revent event ei 'eas%res
ei C if t&ere is strong contri#%tion of 'eas%re ($ to (revent event ei

3.

g Please ' cite t&ise article int & (ress as) /as2o ..2 And integrate ol d +%alityo f%nction g de(loy' y ent andf ca(ital o #%dgetin r o

'eas%res to #e considered for sc&ed%ling and ca(ital #%dgeting @te( 5) @c&ed%ling t&e (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res 0. P.7@ENA? P7E-."-1H. <it& no direct financial invest'ent re+%ire'ent cn s) -&e @te( 6) "a(ital rationing for (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res <it& direct financial invest'ent re+%ire'ent cd t case of

%& (e a al ti t o& na al s sa as f y e st ty e a'

&i t&e n constr%c ass%'e t&at Ai = {$ ri$ = C }2 /i = {$ r ,i tion &ierarc&y2 if (ossi#le2 a 'eas%re on a &ig&er level <ill set of organi=ational 'eas%res2 and 0 n ind%stry. #e introd%ced. -&e M.li'inate at so%rceN level g Accid. c&aracteri=es t&e eli'ination of a &a=ard so%rce2 s%c& a Anal. as t&e eli'ination of dangero%s 'aterials at t&e so%rce2 ( Prev. <&ile t&e M"ontrol at so%rceN level c&aracteri=es t&e ( (2013 2 reengineering of <or, (rocesses2 s%c& t&at t&e a'o%nt r &tt()**dx. or d%ra-tion of ex(os%re to t&e &a=ard so%rce <ill #e (ersonal (rotective e+%i('ent. -&e i'(ortance o doi.org*1 'ini'i=ed. B&en no 'eas%res at t&e M.li'inate at ventive*(rotective 'eas%re ( a 0.1015*$. so%rceN and M"ontrol at so%rceN levels are feasi#le2 t&en 1 c aa(.201 t&e organi=ational 'eas%res <ill #e in effect to & 3.10.005 MMini'i=e t&e .ffectsN. 3sing t&e MPersonal Protective B$ = <Ji ri$

?et Ai2 /i2 "i2 and 0i #e defined as t&e set of (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res on A2 /2 "2 and 0 levels of &ierarc&y for event ei. -&en2

-&e 'et&odology for sc&ed%ling and ca(ital #%dgeting of (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res is s%''ari=ed in -a#le 3. -&e details of t&e 'et&odology in -a#le 3 are given #elo<.

.+%i('entN is t&e last ste( of t&e &ierarc&y <&en none i=1 of t&e 'eas%res on t&e &ig&er levels can #e and t&e (riority <eig&t of i'(le'ented (Alli2 200D . (reventive*(rotective As t&e next ste( of t&e 'et&odology2 t&e (ossi#le (reven-tive*(rotective 'eas%res are investigated for 'eas%re ($ is defined as eac& event and &ierarc&y level. -&e sa'e B$ (reventive*(rotective 'eas%re li,ely can #e a((lied toJ .
B$ =

(revent different events. -&en2 PM I {(1 2 . . . ($ . . . 2 (O} is defined as t&e set of (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res o#tained #y eli'inating t&e red%ndancies. :or t&e sa,e of si'(licity2 t&e 'eas%res are ass%'ed to #e in t&e order of &ierarc&y given in :ig. 2.
$=1

B$

-o #%ild t&e relations&i( 'atrix of ;o93 2 t&e3.4. A 'et&odolog follo<ing relation-s&i( scores are %sed) y for 0 if t&ere is no contri#%tion of 'eas%re ($ to (revent event ei (lanning2 3 if t&ere is <ea, contri#%tion of 'eas%re ($ to (revent event sc&ed%ling2

= ",f (reventive*(rote ",nf ctive 'eas%resis deter are ran,ed in an'ine order $1 2 $2 2 . . .2d for eac& $O2 s%c& t&at cl%ste J J B $1 B $2r ",2 J s%c& . . .B $O . t&at 3.5. @te( 2 ",f is t&e "l%sters set of of (reve (reventive*(r ntive* otective (rote 'eas%res ctive "1 2 'eas "2 2 . . .2",2 -%res . . .2"8 are #%ilt <it& a involving t&e (reventive*(rote direct ctive 'eas%res2 s%c& t&at "1 finan {$1 2 $2 2 . . .2 $c1 }2cial "2 {$c1 +1 2 $c1invest +2 2 . . .2 $c2 }2 . . .2'ent ", {$c,P1 +1 2re+%ir $c,P1 +2 2 . . .2 $c, }2e'en . . .2 "8 {$c8 P1t2 and +1 2 $c8 P1 +2 2 . . .2 ",nf $O }2 <&ere t&e is t&e #rea,(oint set of (reventive*(rotect (reve ive 'eas%res can ntive* #e deter'ined according to a (rote ctive selected r%le. 'eas %res 3.6. @te( 3 <it& -&e no &ierarc&y level ofdirect eac& finan (reventive*(rote cial ctive 'eas%re isinvest deter'ined for 'ent eac& cl%ster2 re+%ir s%c& t&at eac& (reventive*(rote e'en ctive 'eas%re ist. -&e assigned to one of t&e &ierarc&y3.C. levels A2 /2 "2 or@te(s 3 and 02 and 4 ", I ",A ",/ "," ",0 is defined for eac& &e s% cl%ster <it& t&e set of #cl (reventive*(rote ctive 'eas%res %s te assigned to rs eac& &ierarc&y ", level.
f

for eting s&o%ld #e deter'ined for t&e c%rrent (ro$ect. 3.12. @te( 6 /2 <&ere , is defined as ea Accordingly2 "J = "J " t&e #rea,(oint cl%ster %( , ,f ,nf is t&e final set of c& -&e ca(ital is to <&ic& t&e (re&i (reventive*(rotective allocated to ventive*(rotective 'eas%res2 and t&e i'(le'entation of t&e 'eas%res in (reventive*(rotective er J 'eas%res in eac& s%#'eas%res assigned to ar {",f \" ,f } s&o%ld #e ens%red d%ring t&e c%rrent J J &ierarc&y levels A or / cl%ster " ,f " and " ,f 0 c& (ro$ect. are considered for an y for eac& cl%ster ",. 1 invest'ent decision. level l 3.11. @te( 5 A detailed invest'ent :o%r o(tions are analysis is re+%ired for t&e I -&e i'(le'entation of (reventive*(rotective(reven-tive*(rotective (ro(osed for t&e ca(ital A2/2" #%dgeting of t&e 'eas%res ",nf is sc&ed%led for eac& cl%ster ",2'eas%res in eac& s%#202 (reventive*(rotective considering t&e li'itations of non-financial reso%rces2cl%ster "J1f l 2 "J2f l 2 . . .2 s%c& s%c& as &%'an reso%rces. J 'eas%res in t&is set. " ,f l l I A2 t&at de(loy'ent and safety and &ealt&case of t&e constr%ction ind%stry. " =
Please cite t&is article in (ress as) /as2 ca(ital #%dgeting ..2 An integrated +%ality f%nction 'et&odology for A2/2"20 occ%(ational "

as a syste'sAccid. Anal. Prev. (2013 2 t&in,ing &tt()**dx.doi.org*10.1015*$.aa(.2013.10. a((roac&) -&e005

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3.10. @te( 5 @ o'e ca(it al 'ay &ave #een (revi o%sly assoc iated <it& so'e (reve ntive* (rote ctive 'eas %res in t&e ", f for ot&er (ro$e cts. -&e final set of 'eas %res to #e consi dered for sc&e d%lin g and ca(ital #%dg

3.D. @te( 4 -&e financial re+%ire'ent is assessed for eac& (reventive*(rotective 'eas%re2 and ",

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No. of Pages 15

A constr%ction (ro$ect for fo%r-story #%ildings <ill #e consid-ered for t&is st%dy. -&e (ro$ect is ass%'ed to #e in t&e #eginning (&ase2 and t&e c%rrent 'ain tas,s are excavation and for'<or,. -&e for'<or, is ass%'ed to #e ti'#er and la#or intensive.

4.1. ;o91 Table % ;o91 for t&e a((lication in constr%ction ;o91 of t&e 'et&odology is given in -a#le 42 and t&e lists of tas,s and (ossi#le &a=ards are given ind%stry. in -a#les A1 and A22 res(ec-tively. -&e list of tas,s &as #een (re(ared after disc%ssion <it& a civil ;o J engineer active in t&e field2 and consideration of McAda' and ?ee (1CC6 and lect%re notes fro' Milli < t' 91 &1 .giti' /a,anligi (2005 (re(ared for vocational sc&ool st%dents. 0.025 t1 t1.1 5 0 1n ;o91 2 t&e 'ain tas, t 3 is re(eated t&ree ti'es <it& t&e sa'e relations&i( scores #eca%se eac& 0.025 #%ilding &as fo%r stories. t1.2 5 C 0.025 t1.3 5 C 4.2. ;o92 0.025 t1.4 5 0 0.025 ;o92 of t&e 'et&odology is given in -a#le 52 and t&e list of t&e events is given in -a#le A3. t1.5 5 0 0.025 t2 t2.1 5 0 4.3. ;o93 0.025 t2.2 5 3 0.025 -&e final i'(ortance factors and (riority <eig&ts of events are given in -a#le 5. t2.3 5 C -&e statistical data given in /%rea% of ?a#or @tatistics (2011a are %sed to co'(%te (ro#a#ility of 0.025 occ%rrence and ex(ected conse-+%ences of events. 1n eac& case2 t&e 'edian val%e of t&e (ro#a#ility t2.4 5 0 0.025 t2.5 5 0 0.025 t2.5 5 0 0.025 t2.6 5 C 0.025 t2.D 5 0 0.025 t2.C 5 0 t2.1 0.025 C 0 5 val%es fro' 1CC5 to 200C is co'(%ted for t&e constr%ction ind%s-try2 exce(t for events leading to fatal occ%(ational in$%ries for t3.1 0.025 3 t3 <&ic& t&e data fro' 2003 to 200C are availa#le. 5 -&e val%es oi2nf and oi2f are #ased on t&e data fro' t&e /%rea% of ?a#or @tatistics (2011# 2 and t 3.2 0.025 0 3.12.1.1. E(tion 1) 0o not&ing no< 5 (2011c 2 res(ectively. :irst2 t&e (ro#-a#ility val%es for eac& event are co'(%ted for eac& year. -&en2 t&e J J J t3.3invested0.025 0 No ca(ital is in (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res in " 1f l val%e 2 " 2f l of 2.. .2 "(ro#a#ility 'edian t&e ,f l val%es is calc%lated2 and given in -a#le 5. 5 l I A2 / for t&e c%rrent (ro$ect2 and invest'ent Please cite t&is article in (ress as) /as2 and &ealt& a((roac&) -&eAnal. Prev. (2013 2 t3.4 0.025 0 analysis is deferred for f%t%re (ro$ects. 5 ..2 An integrated +%ality f%nctionas a case of t&e&tt()**dx.doi.org*10.1015*$.aa(.2013.10. t3.5 0.025 C de(loy'ent and ca(ital #%dgetingsyste's constr%ction 005 5 t 3.5 0.025 0 'et&odology for occ%(ational safetyt&in,ing ind%stry. Accid. 3.12.1.2. E(tion 2) "a(ital allocation to t&e (reventive*(rotective 5 'eas%res <it& t&e &ig&est cl%ster n%'#er t3.6 0.025 C 5 #e 'ade for ca(ital allocation to t&e (reven-&e decision can t3.D 'eas%res 0.025 <it& t&e C &ig&est cl%ster n%'#er (i.e.2 <it& t&e tive*(rotective 5 &ig&est effect2 given B t&at t&e long-ter' #enefit <ill (rove t&e (rofita#ility 3.53D &n of t&e invest'ent2 alt&o%g& t&e 5 i'(le'enting costs are li,ely to #e J 0.10D B &ig& . &n 0

(12)

3.12.1.3. E(tion 3) "a(ital allocation to t&e (reventive*(rotective %. & hypotheti$al appli$ation in the 'eas%res <it& t&e lo<est ex(ected i'(le'entation cost and $onstru$tion 'eas%res industry detailed analysis for t&e ot&er (reventive*(rotective -&e (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res <it& t&e lo<est ex(ected a B$ x$ x i'(le'entation costs can #e 'ade in effect for t&e c%rrent (ro$ect2 <&ile $ ",f ,=1222 invest'ent long-ter' detailed analysis is 'ade for t&e ot&er l 2l=A2/2 ...2, 'eas%res in t&e f%t%re. (reventive*(rotective
s . t 3.12.1.4. . cn$ x$ Mn n= ' J

E(tion 4) "a(ital #%dgeting for all of t&e (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res %sing a '%ltidi'ensional 0!1 $ ",f ,=1222...2, ,na(sac, 'odel A2/2 l 2l=
$" A 0!1 ,na(sac, 'odel is (ro(osed for all of t&e x$ '%ltidi'ensional 02 1

(reventive*(rotective 'eas%res in " 1f l 2 " 2f l 2 . . .2 " ,f l 2 l I A2 /)

.J .2 ,

<&ere cn$ is t&e cost of (reventive (rotective 'eas%re $ for ti'e (eriod n and Mn is t&e total #%dget allocated to (reven-tive*(rotective 'eas%res for ti'e (eriod n.

of t&e is given in -a#le 6. 4.4.2. @te(s 5!6 rat&er %sing t&e 0!10 nat%r None of t&e scales %sed for t&e (reventive*(rotective e of :M.A 'et&odology2 'eas%res <ere ass%'ed t&e 4.4. 1'(le'entation of 'et&odology for (lanning2 #y consideringto #e <&ere t&e increasing to &ave #een in effect in$%ry sc&ed%ling2 and ca(ital #%dgeting of t&e -a#les A4 anda (art n%'#ers re(resent a #efore. -&en2 t&e after (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res A5. 1n -a#le A42of t&e &ig&er (ro#a#ility2 effect2 i'(le'entation of all of an an ex(ected A1@foot2 and cost. t&e (reventive*(rotective event 4.4.1. @te(s 1!4 is assigned toalt&o 'eas%res in sets ",f " 2 Table are eac& ' #ody (art%g& 5.1. A &y(ot&etical -&e res%lts fro' @te(s 1 to 4 of t&e 'et&odology ",f 0 2 ",nf A 2 ",nf / 2 ass% ;o92int%ition. for t&e a((lication ind%stry. #y Eft&ein constr%ction a((lication for t&e 1o%tlined in -a#le 3 are (rovided in -a#le D. 'ed note2 t&e sa'eM@tan tea' in an @M. ",nf " 2 and ",nf 0 s&o%ld to #e J ford A1@ score &as #e (lanned and Table ( B ;o92 e1 inde( :inal i'(ortance factors and (riority <eig&ts of events. sc&ed%led. #een ass%'edAccid 1n t&is &y(ot&etical &1 eac& #ody 0.10D0 C ent ende Additionally2 , I 5 is exa'(le2 an 1- fir' is for "ost nt ass%'ed2 and a tea' of &2 0.0604 C ass%'ed; as a res%lt2 t&e (art co'(ared 1- s(ecialists is %sed as Matri fro' to&all (reven-tive*(rotective 0.0211 0 3 of t&e ot&er t&e foc%s gro%( to xN t&e #ody (arts. -&e 'eas%res ( 2 ( 2 ( 2 1 C 10 &4 0.0604 C ill%strate t&e assig ind%s (ro#a#ility of a (11 2 and (15 are 'et&odology. -&e lists of &5 0.05D6 C try. #ody (art #eingns an considered for ca(ital tas,s2 &a=ards2 events2 &5 C -&e affected after 0.1502 anadditi and (reven#%dgeting. E(tion 3 is val%e &6 0.0211 0 tive*(rotective 'eas%res event isonal ass%'ed to #e selected2 cost are (re(ared2 and t&e calc%lated %sing &D 0.15C0 C ci2f is and t&e relations&i(s are to t&e t&e data fro' also &C 0.140D C (reventive*(rotective toes. ill%strated in ;o9 1 2 t&e /%rea% of ass% 'eas%res (C 2 (10 2 and &10 0.11C6 C ?a#or @tatistics-&e ;o92 2 and ;o93 . 'ed (15 <it& t&e lo<est &11 0.0604 3 (ro#a (2011d for eac& -a#les C2 102 112 and 12 to #e D.1C6 ex(ected i'(le'entation #ility year2 and t&e Bei 2 inde( (rovide ;o91 2 ;o92 2 costs are invested in2 'edian val%e J ofof t&e ende t&e final i'(ortance <&ile long-ter' detailed 0.23D t&e (ro#a#ilityMc&es factors and (riority nt 3 Bei analysis is deferred for <eig&ts of events2 and val%es is givent and fro' '%t%ally excl%sive lo<er in -a#le A5. t&e ;o93 2 res(ectively2 invest'ent alternatives tr%n,N -&e val%e <&ereas t&e lists of ind%s #eing (1 and (11 . tas,s2 &a=ards2 events2 try ci2nf is calc%latedaffect and (reventive*(rotective and %sing t&e dataed is 'eas%res are given in '. & hypotheti$al event fro' t&e /%rea%ass% -a#les A102 A112 A122 appli$ation for an )*+ 2 and of ?a#or'ed and A132 res(ectively. is @tatistics to #e 1n t&is section2 ta,en (2011e 2 /%rea%t&e 5.2. @ensitivity analysis anot&er &y(ot&etical directl of ?a#or(ro#a a((lication <ill #e (rey @tatistics /eca%se so'e of t&e #ility sented <it& 'ore fro' (2011f 2 andof t&e relations&i( scores in (ractical feat%res. 1n t&is ?a'# accident costsMtotal eac& ;o9 are s%#-$ect to exa'(le2 t&e final ec, Q for lost days intr%n,N c&ange according to t&e i'(ortance factor of .sc& t&e M@tanford'in% decision 'a,er (0M 2 a events is not calc%lated e'%ll Accident "osts er %sing .+. (6 2 (D 2 and (C sensitivity MatrixN fro'(ro#a (200C fro' @ection 3.32 #%t ?a'#ec, and. occ%(ational safety and &ealt& as a .sc&e'%ller #ilitie e3 0.1D24 syste's t&in,ing a((roac&) -&e (200C . -&es of e 0.1050 D o :o e4 i2nf 0.0330 case of t&e constr%ction ind%stry. nat%re of ant&e J r t&e .ve eC 0.0C54 Accid. Anal. Prev. (2013 2 in$%ry to #e#ac,2 nt Bei e 0.1125 5 next considered innec,2 &tt()**dx.doi.org*10.1015*$.aa(.2013. 0.1C1 ste( e1 0.23D3 C e5 0.04D1 Ple t&e M@tanfordand 10.005 in t&e 0.06C 0.03D5 ase e6 cite t&is article Accident "osts&o%l 'et& e2 0.1455 4 MatrixN is givenders odolo in -a#le A5. -&e#eing gy2 'edian val%e ofaffect t&e &ierar t&e (ro#a#ilitiesed. c&y for t&e (art ofEf of t&e #odynote2 (reve affected after t&et&e nin$%ry is given in(ro#a tive*( -a#le A62 and#ility rotect t&e 'edianof ive val%e of t&e(art 'eas (ro#a#ilities ofof t&e %res t&e nat%re of#ody is in$%ry after an#eing (re(a red event is given inaffect and -a#le AD. 1ned given -a#le A62 t&eafter in (ro#a#ility of t&et&e -a#le ri#s #eingin$%ry AC2 affected cannotand <&ile #e derived fro't&e t&e t&e data2 and is(ro#a <&ole ignored. More-#ility ;o93 over2 t&e toes
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7es%lts of ste( 1!ste( 4 fro' 'et&odology for (lanning2 sc&ed%ling2 and ca(ital #%dgeting of (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res. 6 2 3
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analysis #een 'ade. Accordingly2 t&eTable relations&i( scores given <it& #oldface in -a#les C2 102 and 12 &ave #een c&anged2 and t&e res%lts &ave #een (rovided in -a#le 13. Alt&o%g& t&e (rioriti=ation of &a=ards and (reli'inary i'(ortance factors of events

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No. of Pages 15

Table . ;o91 for 1- tea' exa'(le. ;o91 <Jt' 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 1 * 1 2 &1 &2

5.1. 0eter'ination of a list of tas,s2 list Ne%rologic disorders s%c& as &eadac&es2 e 4 ) of (ossi#le Psyc&osocial disor-dersN for t<o cases. Perfor'ing a &a=ards2 and sensitivity analysis is strongly s%ggested to c&ec, &ierarc&y of <&et&er t&e 'ost critical ris, factors re'ain %nc&anged. (reventive*(rotectiv 1n t&is &y(ot&etical exa'(le2 t&ey re'ain %nc&anged. e 'eas%res -&e list of tas,s2 list of (ossi#le &a=ards2 and (. /e$ommendations for the limitations &ierarc&y of (revenand real life appli$ations tive*(rotective 'eas%res for t&e &y(ot&etical Alt&o%g& t&e 'et&odology (ro(osed in @ection 3 a((lication in @ection 4 and ill%s-trated <it& t<o &y(ot&etical exa'(les given in &ave #een deter'ined #y @ections 4 and 5 is ex(ected to clarify t&e syste'atic one ex(ert in t&e field. a((roac& fro' &a=ard identifica-tion to sc&ed%ling and Alt&o%g& t&is a((roac& is ca(ital rationing for (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res2 t&eacce(ta#le in (ractice2 'et&odology &as so'e li'itations. -&e list of tas,s2 t&e t&e vie<s fro' one list of (ossi#le &a=ards2 t&e &ierarc&y ofex(ert can-not yield (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res2 and t&e assign'ent ofro#%st res%lts for 'ost scores for eac& ;o9 are #ased on t&e (ersonal a((lications. Bit& t&is $%dg'ent and int%ition of one (erson2 and occ%(a-tional concern2 a gro%(-#ased safety and &ealt& decisions cannot #e confined to a a((roac& is inevita#le for co'(any. 1n t&is section2 a 'et&odology is (ro(osed to a ro#%st list of in(%ts. address t&ese iss%es. @o'e syste'atic a((roac&es are availa#le in t&e literat%re to gat&er Table 11 :inal i'(ortance factors and (riority <eig&ts of events for 1- tea' and str%ct%re vie<s fro' exa'(le. different ex(erts. -&e 0el(&i 'et&od is one
e2 e3 e6 0.1221 eD 0.1C4C 0.3405 eC 0.0450 0.0256

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t3

t4

s%c& 'et&od t&at relies on str%ct%ring vie<s fro' a (anel of ex(erts and can #e an a((ro(riate 'et&od for t&e 'et&odology (ro(osed in t&is (a(er. -&is 'et&od is #asically c&aracteri=ed #y gat&ering vie<s fro' different ex(erts <it& res(ect to a given s%#$ect2 <&ic& are t&en co'(iled #y a 'oderator and s%''ari=ed #ac, to t&e ex(erts for reeval%ation of t&eir o<n vie<s. -&en2 a final gat&ering and str%ct%ring of vie<s fro' t&e ex(erts is 'ade to reac& a final list of sol%tions (?instone and -%roff2 1C65 . ;on et al. (2010 a((lied a t<oro%nd 0el(&i 'et&od to gat&er and

t5

t5

t6

tD

0 .ve nt e1 J
Bei

e4
i2nf

tC

e5 10 e5

0.1C4C

Ple ase cite t&is article in (ress as) /as2 occ%(ational safety and &ealt& as a syste's t&in,ing a((roac&) -&e case of t&e constr%ction ind%stry. Accid. Anal. Prev. (2013 2 &tt()**dx.doi.org*10.1015*$.aa(.2013. 10.005

t10

t11

t12

B
&
n

3.25 00
J

1.5 00 0.0 C23

B
&n

0.20 00

Table 1! ;o92 for 1- tea' exa'(le. J

&n

;o92 &1 &2 &3 &4 &5 &5 &6 &D &C &10 &11

e1 C C 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0

0.2000 0.0C23 0.030D 0.0515 0.0515 0.1066 0.1D45 0.0154 0.065C 0.065C 0.0C23

0el(& i No. of Pages 15 str%ct%re ca%sesa((ro of accidents ofac& a (a(er re(air2 10 -and'aintenance2 Table alteration2 and(encil 12 addition <or,s.versi ;o9 3 for 1- tea' exa'(le. Ga'#atese eton2 al. (200D and ;o93 <Ji a((lied t&erefer to 0el(&i 'et&od t&e toe1 ex(lore t&e'et& 0.1352 as designRs role inod e2 0.055C a constr%ction e3 0.1CCD M0el( accident e4 0.3D61 &i ca%sality and e5 0.0C63 (revention. :%ngexerc 0.0153 ete5 al. (2012 iseN. e6 (ro(osed to-&ey 0.0141 a((ly t&e 0el(&icall eD 0.0150 'et&od tot&e eC 0.0665 ot&er gat&er a((ro B$ infor'ation a a#o%t t&eac& J as(ects of ris,M0elB$ assess'ent in(&i ;o93 <Ji confe t&e constr%ction rence ind%stry. in e11n t&is (a(er22N 0.1352 e2 0.055C t&e 0el(&i<&ic& 'et&od cant&e e3 0.1CCD %sed to gat&er ares%lt e4 0.3D61 list of tas,s2 lists e5 0.0C63 fro' of (ossi#le e5 0.0153 eac& &a=ards2 and ro%nd e 6 &ierarc&y of 0.0141 are eD 0.0150 (reventive*(rote ctive eC 'eas%res.co'( 0.0665 3sing t&e 0el(&iiled B$ 'et&od for#y a co'( gat&ering and J B str%ct%ring a list%ter. 1n of tas,s 'ay involve t&ree ortoday fo%r ro%nds inRs <&ic& t&e first#%sin t<o ro%nds areess %sed for a list of<orld tas,s and t&e2 t&e last t<o ro%nds0el(& are %sed toi finali=e t&eir'et& order. Aod traditional t<o-can ro%nd 0el(&i#e 'et&od <o%lda((li #e a((ro(riateed to gat&eronlin infor'ation for ae so list of (os-si#let&at &a=ards2 andt&ere &ierarc&y ofis no (reventive*(rote 'eeti ctive 'eas%res.ng -&e 0el(&iconst 'et&od can #eraint2 a((lied in t<oand for's for t&et&e res%lt 'et&odology (ro(osed in t&iss are (a(er. ?instoneco'( and -%roffiled (1C65 call t&e#y a co'( conven-tional %ter.
G Model AAP3311;
$

-&e relations&i( #et<een last c%sto'er re+%ire'ents 5.2. Gro%(-#ased f%==y 9:0 a((ro and engineering ac& :%==y logic and 'odeling is an a((roac& c&aracteristics2 <&ic& are can translated into a((ro(riate for sit-%ations in <&ic& vag%e infor'ation t&en #e triang%lar f%==y n%'#ers in&erent to t&e eval%ations s&o%ld #e 'at&e'atically (artic averaged to for'%lated. -&e details of t&e 'et&od-ology are #eyond and %larly deter'ine t&e final score. t&e sco(e of t&is (a(er. :%==y logic &as #een a((ro s%ccessf%lly ada(ted to t&e 9:0 'et&odology for t&e (riate @o'e (a(ers in t&e re(resen-tation of (riority and relations&i( scores in t&e for literat%re ill%strate t&e for' of ling%istic varia#les. -&e literat%re for f%==y 9:0 t&e a((lica#ility of f%==y 9:0 &as so'e co''on c&arac-teristics. Most of t&e (a(ers const in t&e constr%ction (ro(ose a gro%(-#ased a((roac&2 in <&ic& eac& r%ctio ind%stry. Aang et al. decision 'a,er %ses ling%istic varia#les2 s%c& as Mvery n (2003 (ro-(osed a i'(ortantN2 Mso'e i'(ortantN2 and M%ni'(ortant2N to ind%s 'et&odology for gro%(assign scores for t&e (riority <eig&t calc%lation or t&e try.
J
&n

#ased f%==y 9:0 a((lication to #%ilda#le designs in t&e constr%ction ind%stry. O%an et al. (200C (ro(osed a gro%(-#ased f%==y 9:0 a((roac& for #etter co''%ni-cation #et<een residents and ref%r#is&'ent contractors2 and for ran,ing ref%r#is&'ent contractors. Male,ly et al. (2010 a((lied a

Table 13 @ensiti vity analysi s res%lts for 1tea' exa'(l e.

Bei

0.12D2 0.153D 0.0000 0.065C 0.1025 0.16C5 0.1025 0.0255 0.12D2 0.0513 0.0513

0.135C 0.135C 0.2324 0.414C 0.0000 0.0363 0.00D3 0.00D3 0.024C

Please cite t&is article in (ress as) /as2 ..2 An integrated +%ality f%nction de(loy'ent and ca(ital #%dgeting 'et&odology for occ%(ational safety and &ealt& as a syste's t&in,ing a((roac&) -&e case of t&e constr%ction ind%stry. Accid. Anal. Prev. (2013 2 &tt()**dx.doi.org*10.1015*$.aa(.2013. 10.005

G Model AAP3311;

No. of Pages 15

11

"E3N-7AB10. @-A-1@-1"A? 1N:E7MA-1EN

"E3N-7A- NE B10. ;o912 ;o922 ;o93 0A-A/A@.@ :E7 01::.7.N1N03@-71.@ :3GGA 1N:E7MA-1EN 3@. E: ;o912 ;o922 ;o93 0A-A/A@.@ -;. "EMPANA

@";.03?1NG AN0 "AP1-A? /30G.-1NG E: P7.H.N-1H. *P7E-."-1H. M.A@37.@

P.7:E7MAN". 7.@3?-@

gro%(-#ased f%==y 9:0 a((roac& to translate (ro$ect re+%ire'ents into s%(erstr%ct%re #ridge design. 1n o%r a((roac&2 t&e follo<ing (ara'eters can #e ass%'ed to #e ling%istic varia#les) t&e relations&i( score #et<een t&e tas,s and &a=ards r'n2 t&e relations&i( score #et<een Fig. 3. t&e &a=ards and events rni2 t&e A relations&i( score #et<een t&e events dyna'i cand f%==y (reven-tive*(rotective 'eas%res 9:0 r i$2 and t&e ex(ected A1@ assigned to 'et&od ology eac& #ody (art. All of t&e ot&er for (ara'eters are #ased on statistical occ%(at data. -&e aggregation of ling%istic ional varia#les fro' '%lti(le ex(erts or safety and (artici(ants co%ld #e 'ade #y ta,ing &ealt&. t&e average of t&eir associ-ated triang%lar f%==y n%'#ers. -&en2 any def%==ification tec&ni+%e co%ld #e %sed to deter'ine t&e (reli'inary (riority <eig&t of events or i'(ortance factors of (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res. 5.3. 7eal life %se of t&e 'et&odology) a dyna'ic2 gro%(-#ased f%==y 9:0 'et&odology -&e 'et&odology (ro(osed in @ection 3 can #e ada(ted to real life a((lications. A dyna'ic gro%(-#ased f%==y 9:0 'et&odology is (ro(osed in :ig. 3 for t&e real life %se of t&e 'et&odology given in @ection 3. 1n t&is 'et&odology2 t&e 'ain str%ct%re of @ections 3.12 3.22 and 3.3 (i.e.2 ;o91 2 ;o92 2 and ;o93 2 s&o%ld not #e co'(any-s(ecific2 rat&er t&e detailed ind%stry-s(ecific analysis of t&ese sections for t&e selected 'ain tas,s s&o%ld #e $ointly (erfor'ed <it& t&e (ar-tici(ation of t&e re(resentatives fro' e'(loyers and e'(loyees of t&at ind%stry and

res(onsi#l data s&o%ld #e reflected e in t&e a%t&orities in a (artic%lar co%ntry. As #riefly o%tlined in @ection 5.22 different 'eans of %ncertaint y 'odeling2 s%c& as f%==y logic2 can #e %sed to reflect and aggregate vie<s fro' different so%rces for t&e t&ose (arts of t&e 'et&odology in <&ic& no statistical data exists2 s%c& as t&e relations&i ( score #et<een tas,s and &a=ards. B&ere availa#le2 co%ntryand ind%stry#ased statistical

'et&odology for 'ore acc%rate data analysis as is t&e case for t&e (ro#a#ility of events leading to a non-fatal in$%ry. ;o<ever2 once released to t&e co'(anies in t&e co%ntry2 ;o91 2 ;o92 2 and ;o93 s&o%ld #e a#le to #e ada(ta#le #y eac& co'(any for t&eir s(ecific needs. @o'e exa'(les of ada(tation are t&e co'#ination of differ-ent tas,s fro' different 'ain tas,s or a strongly different vie< of t&e co'(any regarding a score. B&ile t&e co'(any s&o%ld #e a#le to f%rt&er t&e analysis <it& t&e sc&ed%ling and ca(ital #%dgeting of (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res %sing t&e ada(ted ;o91 2 ;o92 2 and ;o93 data#ases2 t&e co'(any s&o%ld also #e a#le to %se t&e ada(tation feed#ac, for a #roader disc%ssion. @ection 3.4 <it& t&e ste(s of t&e 'et&odology o%tlined in -a#le 3 is (ro(osed to #e 'ore co'(any-s(ecific <it& fo%r o(tions to #e selected #y a co'(any. ;o<ever2 as o%tlined in @ection 3.4 and ill%strated in @ection 4.42 so'e (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res are 'andatory for all co'(a-nies2 <&ile ot&ers re+%ire long-ter' invest'ent decision

analysis of t&e co'(any . -&e (erfor'a nce res%lts s&o%ld #e disc%sse d <it& regards to t&e effective ness of t&e (reventiv e*(rotecti ve 'eas%re s <it&in t&e given context and sent #ac, as feed#ac, for a co%ntry<ide eval%atio n. -&e syste'at ic 'et&odol ogy (ro(osed in @ection 32 ill%strate d in @ections 4 and 52 and extended in @ection 5 for real life %se &as so'e 'ore #enefits <it& res(ect to ot&er ris, 'anage 'ent 'et&ods2
Plea se cite t&is articl e in (ress as) /as2 ..2 An integ an d ca (it al #% dg eti ng 'e t&o dol og y

sology2 %tracin cg t&e &ris, 'ana age'e snt (roce : ss afro' i t&e l tas, %analy r sis to e(reve ntive* M (rote octive d'eas e%res is a(ossi n#le2 d<&er eas . traditi f onal f ris, e'ana cge'e t nt A 'et& nods aare l 'ostl yy sconfi i ned sto ris, ( eval% : ation M in . ter's A of t&e (ro#a . #ility 1 of t&e nocc%r rence t of an &event i leadi sng to non' fatal eor t fatal &in$%ry oand dits

Table &' effect A G Model -&e (ro#a#ility of (art of #ody &1 . 1n its Table ' AAPaffected after an event. ?ist of tas,s for excavation and for'<or,. ( 'atri 3311; No. of Pages 15 ( % x t xxxxxx 12 .. /as * Accident Analysis and Prevention xxx (2013) a for'2 t i t t&e t1.1 .recting excavation rod i 1 2 (ro(o o t1.2 .xcavation n sed t1.3 Po%ring concrete for gro%nd leveling r e1 e2 e3 n t1.4 @'oot&ing concrete for gro%nd leveling 'et& # 2 0.15 0.10 0.00 t1.5 0eter'ining axe (oints odolo 1D 10 55 1 @ t t gy # 0.05 0.01 0.00 r t2.1 .recting steel rods 2 6C 25 03 a 2 ens%r t2.2 Placing t&e reinforcing steel of t&e gro%nd level i # 0.01 0.01 0.00 es n t2.3 Po%ring t&e gro%nd concrete 2 33 16 12 3 t2.4 Pre(aring col%'n for'<or, of t&e gro%nd level t&e # 0.0D 0.06 0.02 @ t 2.5 .recting sla#s as t&e &ori=ontal str%ct%re of col%'n for'<or, identif ( 55 DD 60 4 t2.5 .recting (egs as t&e vertical str%ct%re of col%'n for'<or, r icatio # 0.03 0.03 0.00 a t2.6 Po%ring t&e concrete t&ro%g& col%'n for'<or, of t&e gro%nd i n of 15 0C C2 5 level n # 0.02 0.01 0.00 all 2 t2.D Pre(aring #ea' for'<or, and floor sla#s of t&e gro%nd level 52 65 53 5 relat2.C .recting #ea' for'<or, and floor sla#s of t&e gro%nd level " # 0.41 0.44 0.6D r t2.1 tions& Po%ring t&e concrete t&ro%g& #ea' for'<or, and floor sla#s % 0 35 DC 65 6 s i(s of t&e gro%nd level 0.23 0.22 0.56 & # 23 51 43 2 D #et<e t t3.1 Placing t&e reinforcing steel of t&e first story 3 # 0.0C 0.0C 0.12 en M t3.2 Pre(aring col%'n for'<or, of t&e first story a 45 56 D4 C t<o t3.3 .recting sla#s as t&e &ori=ontal str%ct%re of col%'n for'<or, s # 0.02 0.02 0.01 & 1 t3.4 .recting (egs as t&e vertical str%ct%re of col%'n for'<or, factor 2 66 6D D5 0 t 3.5 Po%ring t&e concrete t&ro%g& col%'n for'<or, of t&e first s2 for # 0.26 0.33 0.15 @ 1 story ' 4D 33 41 exa' 1 a t3.5 Pre(aring #ea' for'<or, and floor sla#s of t&e first story # 0.03 0.10 0.02 (le s 1 t3.6 .recting #ea' for'<or, and floor sla#s of t&e first story & C0 5D 13 2 #et<e t3.D Po%ring t&e concrete t&ro%g& #ea' for'<or, and floor # sla#s 0.14 0.0C 0.06 n 1 en a of t&e first story 50 41 0C 3 3 tas, : and Table &2 r a assoc Table &( c t Nat%re of an in$%ry defined in iated % M@tanford Accident "ost MatrixN r &a=ar e (?evitt Q @a'elson2 1CC3; d2 n ?a'#ec, Q .sc&e'%ller2 4 t&ro% 200C . " g& % N t&e t a 2 (at& t l % to an a r c event e e r leadin a o g to t f i nono n a fatal n n or 5 i fatal n P in$%ry. % $ n % -&e c r t final y % r i'(or e n tance n5 /%rn 1 factor n6 /r%ise2 a#rasion ?ist of (ossi#le &a=ards. Table &, of an event %sed in

ARTICLE IN PRESS

;o93

for a syste's oc t&in,ing c% a((roac&) (at -&e case of ion t&e al constr%ctio saf n ind%stry. ety Accid. Anal. an Prev. d (2013 2 &e &tt()**dx.doi alt .org*10.101 & 5*$.aa(.201 as 3.10.005

&1 &2 &3 &4 &5 &5 &6 &D &C &10 &11

@ite ve&icles 35 ?egs; #136 An,les; #13D -&%'# "oncrete (%'( Grand &ole after excavation :res& concrete 7einforcing steel -ools and e+%i('ent ;oles on t&e gro%nd after (o%ring t&e gro%nd concrete ?ong and &eavy (egs 3ng%arded roof ;oles on roof Ever&ead (o<er lines

Table &3 ?ist of events (/%rea% of ?a#or @tatistics2 2011a . e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e5 e6 eD eC @tr%c, #y @tr%c, against "a%g&t in2 or2 #et<een :all do<n stairs or ste(s :all fro' roof :all fro' non'oving ve&icle :all on sa'e level Everexertion "ontact <it& over&ead (o<er lines

Table &% .x(ected A1@ assigned to eac& (art of #ody. Part of #ody #1 ;ead--otal #2 ;ead-.yes #3 Nec, #4 -r%n,-/ac, #5 -r%n,-@&o%lder #5 3((er extre'ities-:inger #6 3((er extre'ities-;and #D 3((er extre'ities-Brist #C ?o<er extre'ities-8nee # ?o<er extre'ities-:oot2 toe 10 #
11

/ody syste's (3 (arts of #ody M%lti(le #ody (arts (3 (arts of #ody All ot&er #ody (arts; #131 ;ead-:ace; #
1 3 2

#
12

#
13

A r ' s a n d e l # o < s ; #
1 3 3

" & e s t a n d l o < e r t r % n , ; #

1 3 4

7 i # s ; #
1 3 5

; i ( ; #
1

Pro#a#ility of (art of #ody affected (er nat%re.

n
,2r

n
2

n
3

'et&odology fort&in,ing occ%(ational safety anda((roac&) &ealt& as a syste's-&e case

of t&eind%stry. Accid.&tt()**dx.d constr%cti Anal. Prev.oi.org*10. on (2013 2 1015*$.aa

(.2013.10 .005

#131 #2 #3 2 #5 #132 #6 2 #D #5 2 #13D #4 #133 #134 #135 #C 2 #135 #10 2 #136 c,

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.00CD 0.C452 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.00D0 0.0000 0.0235 32.D13 1

0.0005 0.0001 0.1242 0.0000 0.03C5 0.0105 0.445D 0.0460 0.0000 0.1014 0.1062 0.0141 23.452 1

0.0351 0.0000 0.0264 0.0000 0.1423 0.1451 0.025D 0.0642 0.0000 0.1636 0.0322 0.2005 32.6D4 5

Table &Pro#a#ility of nat%re of in$%ry after an event.

i2,

n1 0.006C 0.00C0 0.0D66 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

n2 0.0D 51 0.15 5C 0.06 5C 0.3D 45 0.1C 55 0.35 2D 0.33 D5 0.6D 65

e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e5 e6 eD

n3 0.1 24 6 0.0 62 5 0.1 51 1 0.1 51 1 0.4 04 3 0.2 0D 0 0.1 54 5 0.0 01 C

co'(rises of not only t&e cost of t&e accident to t&e e'(loyee in t&e for' of (&ysical severity #%t also t&e cost to t&e co'(any. /eca%se occ%(ational safety and &ealt& is a 'acro-level iss%e to #e disc%ssed <it& t&e (artici(ation and agree'ent of t&ree (arties (i.e.2 t&e e'(loyees2 e'(loyers2 and res(onsi#le a%t&orities 2 a gro%(-#ased (re(aration of &o%ses of +%ality is reco''ended. -&e disc%ssion regarding t&e 'et&od to assign relations&i( scores2 t&e %se of sta-tistical data and accident cost calc%lations can #e co%ntrys(ecific. ;o<ever2 in t&e end2 t&e 'et&odology can #e a standardi=ed tool for all co'(anies in t&e co%ntry2 regardless of <&at s(ecific 'et&ods
a Please s cite t&is) article / in (ressa s n it 2 inte y .grat f .2ed % A+%al n c e(loy' ti ent and oca(ital n#%dgeti dng

to &a=ards and relating t&e &a=ards to events are %sed to #%ild t&e &o%ses of +%ality2 and t&e No. of Pages 15 &as #een eval%ated as a 'et&odology can #e contin%o%sly revie<ed and good 'et&odology for i'(roved as ill%strated in :ig. 3. ris, assess'ent at a site. Be also o#tained t&e vie<s of an ex(ert active in t&e ;o<ever2 t&e ex(ert also Table constr%c-tion ind%stry. Alt&o%g& &e finds t&e &. t&in,s t&at as a res%lt of 'et&odology too detailed <it& all of t&e cost long lists of tas,s2 long -&e &ierarc&y of (reventive*(rotective 'eas%res. calc%lations2 &e t&in,s t&at t&e general 'et&odol-ogy of lists of &a=ards and tracing t&e ris,s starting fro' tas, allocation is events <ill #e (ossi#le2 (1 A "&anging t&e ty(e of for'<or, fro' la#or intensive to accidents 'ac&ine intensive a((ro(riate. /eca%se 'ost occ%(ational in and a ris, assess'ent t&e constr%ction ind%stry d%ring t&e (erfor'ance (2 @e(arating t&e (edestrian ro%tesocc%r fro' ve&icle ro%tes tea' <ill #e needed to of a tas,2 t&e idea of relating t&e tas,s (3 3sing roof g%ards #%ild ;o9s. -&e ex(ert (4 "overing t&e &oles <&ile <or,ing on roof lives in -%r,ey. ;e says
G Model AAP3311; (5 (5 (6 (D (C (10 / (11 (12 (13 (14 (15 " (15 (16 (1D (1C (20 (21 (22 (23 (24 (25 (25 (26 (2D 0 (2C (30 (31 (32 :%ll a%to'ation #y %sing cranes and ot&er 'ac&ines to carry &eavy de(loy'ent and o#$ects safety and &ealt&case

#eca%se t&e co'(anies are legally o#ligated to (erfor' a ris, assess'ent in tea's <it& selected 'e'#ers2 t&e assess'ent is not ex(ected to #e tedio%s <&en a((lying t&e (ro(osed 'et&odology.

of t&e constr%ction ind%stry. a syste'sAccid. Anal. Prev. (2013 2 'et&odology for'ac&ines t&in,ing &tt()**dx.doi.org*10.1015*$.aa(.2013.10. ..2 An integrated +%ality f%nction ?ifting t&e 'aterials fro' t&e side of t&e #%ilding str%ct%re #y %sing occ%(ational a((roac&) -&e005 ca(ital fro' #%dgeting as :%ll a%to'ation #y %sing 'ac&ines toas) %nload 'aterials loading d%c,s Please cite t&is article in (ress /as2
"overing t&e &oles on gro%nd after (o%ring gro%nd concrete Placing a (o<erf%l ins%lator on (arts of &eavy ve&icle t&at are li,ely to contact <it& over&ead (o<er lines ( 3sing a <ireless re'ote control #ox for o(eration of &eavy ve&icles fro' distance ( "&anging t&e ty(e of for'<or, fro' &ig& la#or intensive to lo< la#or intensive Partial a%to'ation #y %sing cranes and ot&er 'ac&ines to carry &eavy o#$ects Partial a%to'ation #y %sing 'ac&ines to %nload 'aterials fro' loading d%c,s 3sing lig&t and s&ort (egs .+%i((ing t&e driverRs ca#in of a &eavy ve&icle <it& an ins%lation 'attress ( .d%cating <or,ers for avoiding to t&ro< tools and e+%i('ent .d%cating drivers and all <or,ers for t&e danger of over&ead (o<er lines ( Arranging <or,ing &o%rs to 'ini'i=e (&ysical and 'ental load .d%cating and training <or,ers a#o%t for'<or,2 concrete (%'(ing2 and concrete #e&avior .d%cating and training <or,ers a#o%t carrying and lifting 'aterials ergono'ically Pro(er selection of <or,ers to assign rig&t <or,er to rig&t <or, 3sing <arning lines to <arn grand &ole after excavation 1nstalling &ig& voltage (roxi'ity alar' device in eac& &eavy ve&icle ( 1nfor'ing t&e <or,ers of legal safety distances fro' danger =ones ( Pro(er and safe storage of 'aterials2 tools and e+%i('ent on site @'oot&ing t&e gro%nd on site G%arding t&e sides of stairs "&arging a <or,er for 'onitoring t&e environ'ent to infor' a#o%t (otential &a=ards ( Bearing &ard &at Bearing safety dresses Bearing fall arrest syste' 3sing safety net

Table &1! -&e list of tas,s for 1- tea' exa'(le. t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t5 t6 tD tC t10 t11 t12 @<itc&ing on &is*&er co'(%ter "&ec,ing t&e (revio%s (rogra''ing codes ((ossi#ly re(eated d%ring t&e day "orrecting t&e fa%lty codes if any2 or reflecting several c&anges to (rogra''ing codes ((ossi#ly re(eated d%ring t&e day Perfor'ing so'e tests ((ossi#ly re(eated d%ring t&e day Bor,ing on ne< codes ((ossi#ly re(eated d%ring t&e day 0isc%ssing <it& t&e colleag%es for coordination of individ%al (rogra''ing codes in one (ro$ect or in different (ro$ects ((ossi#ly re(eated d%ring t&e day 0isc%ssing <it& t&e #%siness analysts to %nderstand t&e re+%ire'ents of t&e c%sto'ers or re+%ire'ent c&anges ((ossi#ly re(eated d%ring t&e day Et&er (ossi#le activities s%c& as cons%'ing &ot #everages d%ring <or, Et&er (ossi#le activities s%c& as c&ec,ing e-'ails and ot&er (ersonal acco%nts Et&er (ossi#le actions s%c& as &aving so'e #rea,s o%t of office Et&er (ossi#le actions s%c& as &aving l%nc& #rea, o%t of office @<itc&ing off &is*&er co'(%ter

Table &11 ?ist of (ossi#le &a=ards for 1- tea' exa'(le. &1 &2 &3 &4 &5 &5 &6 &D &C &10 &11 ?ong &o%rs of <or, in front of a co'(%ter Possi#le over<or, so as to 'eet deadlines Mac&ines2 tools and e+%i('ent s%c& as co'(%ters2 server 'ac&ines2 t&eir ca#les and ot&er accessories ;ot #everages cons%'ed d%ring <or, Bor,-related stress so%rces) Possi#le stress as a res%lt of <or,ing in different (ro$ects Bor,-related stress so%rces) Possi#le stress as a res%lt of c&anges in re+%ire'ents Bor,-related stress so%rces) Possi#le stress as a res%lt of coordination (ro#le's of individ%al (rogra''ing codes Bor,-related stress so%rces) Possi#le stress as a res%lt of s&aring an office <it& ot&er colleag%es Bor,-related stress so%rces) Possi#le stress as a res%lt of (rogra''ing test related (ro#le's Bor,-related stress so%rces) Possi#le stress for not #eing a#le to 'eet deadlines @everal (ossi#le &a=ard on t&e <ay to <or,

oi1.&t' /%rea% of ?a#or @tatistics2 2011d. 1n$%ries2 illnesses No. of Pages 15 As ex(lained in @ection 52 t&e first t&ree ste(s of t&e A#d%l-7a&'an2 ;.2 8<an2 and fatalities2 case and ".?.2 Boods2 P.".2 1CCC. de'ogra(&ic (ro-(osed 'et&odology s&o%ld #e (re(ared at t&e 14 9%ality f%nction c&aracteristics for <or,national level <it& t&e (artici(ation of t&ree (arties (i.e.2 de(loy'ent in related in$%ries and constr%ction design) t&e e'(loyees2 e'(loyers2 and res(onsi#le a%t&orities . Table &12 illnesses involving days a((lication in lo<-cost ?ist of events for 1- tea' exa'(le. a<ay fro' <or,. Accordingly2 a dyna'ic2 gro%(-#ased f%==y 9:0 &o%sing design. 1nt. O. @%((le'ental -a#les2 732. 'et&odology &as #een (ro(osed to co'#ine t&e e1 Everexertion) M%sc%los,eletal disorders (M@0 0etailed event or ex(os%re 9%ality 7eli- a#ility Manag. (ersonal $%dg'ent #y selected (arts of #ody e2 Everexertion) .ye-related disorders fro' different so%rces. -&en2 15 (5 2 5C1!505. affected. Availa#le fro') e3 Everexertion) ind%stry-s(ecific Ne%rologic disorders ;o9s s%c& ass&o%ld &eadac&es#e released to &tt()**<<<.#ls.gov*iif*os&cd e4 Everexertion) Psyc&osocial disorders co'(anies for t&eir eval%ation and %se. -&is Alli2 /.E.2 200D. :%nda'ental ne<.&t' Princi(les of Ecc%(ational e5 .lectrical contact 'et&odology fosters contin%-o%s i'(rove'ent as a /%rea% of ?a#or @tatistics2 ;ealt& and @afety2 second e5 /%rning 2011e. 1n$%ries2 illnesses res%lt of co''%nication #et<een t&e national and ed. 1nternational ?a#or e6 :all do<n stairs or ste(s and fatalities2 case and Effice2 Geneva. co'(any eD :all on sa'e level levels. Ene iss%e t&at <as not covered in t&e de'o-gra(&ic Ar'acost2 7.?.2 "o'(onation2 'et&odology is t&e correlation 'atrix for t&e (reveneC -raffic accidents c&aracteristics for <or,P.O.2 M%llens2 M.A.2 @<art2 related in$%ries and tive*(rotective 'eas%res2 <&ic& can #e addressed in t&e B.B.2 1CC4. An A;P illnesses involving days next st%dy. Table &13 a<ay fro' <or,2 <or, for -&e &ierarc&y of (reventive*(rotective @%((le'ental -a#les2 731. 'eas%res for 1- tea' exa'(le. (rioriti=ing c%sto'er N%'#er of nonfatal re+%ire'ents in 9:0) an occ%(ational in$%ries and (1 A ;iring 'ore 1- s(ecialists ind%striali=ed &o%sing illnesses involving days (2 Not acce(ting too 'any (ro$ects t&at are ex(ected to ca%se overload a((lication. 11. -rans. 25 a<ay fro' <or, #y event &ppendi1 &. s%c& as tools and e+%i('ent on t&e floor to (revent falls (4 2 62!6C. (3 or ex(os%re lead-ing to Ergani=ing environ'ent /%rea% of ?a#or @tatistics2 in$%ry or illness and (4 Not allo<ing to cons%'e &ot #everages d%ring <or, 2011a. 1n$%ries2 1llnesses selected nat%res of in$%ry (5 Not allo<ing 1- s(ecialists to fix 'ac&ine2 tools and e+%i('ent related (ro#le's @ee -a#les A1!A13. and :atalities2 "ase and or illness. Availa#le fro') / (5 .ffective coordination of (ro$ects 0e'o-gra(&ic &tt()**<<<.#ls.gov*iif*os&cd (6 ne<.&t' .ffective allocation of 1- s(ecialists to (ro$ects according to t&eir co'(etences "&aracteristics for Bor,related 1n$%ries and of 'anner ?a#or @tatistics2 (D .ffective relations&i(s <it& c%sto'ers to %nderstand t&eir re+%ire'ents and (ossi#le c&anges to t&eir re+%ire'ents/%rea% in a ti'ely 1llnesses 1nvolving 0ays 2011f. 1n$%ries2 illnesses (C " Ergani=ing reg%lar #rea,s A<ay fro' Bor,. Availa#le and fatalities2 case and (10 .d%cation for effective ti'e 'anage'ent fro' de'o-gra(&ic &tt()**<<<.#ls.gov*iif*os&cd (11 .d%cation &o< to (revent M@02 eye-related disorders and ne%rologic disorders d%ring <or, c&aracteristics for <or,ne<.&t' related in$%ries and (12 7eg%lar 'edical controls to detect M@02 eye-related disorders and ne%rologic disorders of of?a#or @tatistics2 illnesses involving days (13 1'(le'enting co'(%ter screen related ergono'ic r%les s%c& as ad$%sting t&e/%rea% #rig&tness t&e co'(%ter screen 2011#. 1n$%ries2 illnesses a<ay fro' <or,. 0 (14 Providing eye glasses to decrease t&e ex(os%re to co'(%ter screen and fatalities2 case and @%((le'ental -a#les) de'o-gra(&ic -a#le 713. N%'#er of event #e c&aracteristics for <or,nonfatal occ%(a-tional s t&at o#vio related in$%ries and in$%ries and illnesses ,. 0on$lusions 'ay %s illnesses involving days involving days a<ay fro' a<ay fro' <or,2 <or, #y nat%re of in$%ry or res%lt <&ile @%((le'ental -a#les2 illness and selected (arts 1n t&is (a(er2fro' (erfor -a#le 754. N%'#er of of #ody affected #y in$%ry an integratedt&e 'ing nonfatal occ%-(ational or illness. Availa#le fro') 'et&odology foravaila differ in$%ries and illnesses &tt()**<<<.#ls.gov*iif*os&cd 9:02 and#le ent involving days a<ay fro' ne<.&t' <or, #y event or ex(os%re sc&ed-%ling and&a=ar /raglia2 M.2 :antoni2 G.2 tas,s2 leading to in$%ry or illness ca(ital ds a :rosolini2 M.2 2006. -&e and ind%stry sector2 #%dgeting forand &a=ar Availa#le fro') &o%se of relia#ility. 1nt. (reventive*(rote relati d can &tt()**<<<.#ls.gov*iif*os&cd ctive 'eas%resons&i ne<.&t' lead 9%ality 7elia#ility Manag. /%rea% of ?a#or @tatistics2 &as #een( to 24 (4 2 420!440. 2011c. 1n$%ries2 illnesses (ro(osed forscore '%lti "ariaga2 1.2 .l-0ira#y2 -.2 and fatalities2 "ens%s of occ%(ational Es'an2 ;.2 2006. s (le fatal occ%(ational in$%ries 1ntegrating val%e analysis safety as a#et< event (":E1 Sc%rrent and revised 0ata2 :atal syste's t&in,-een s2 and +%ality - tion occ%(ational in$%ries #y ing a((roac&t&e and a de(loy'ent for eval%ating event or ex(os%re for all and a((lied to a&a=ar design alternatives. O. (reve fatalities and 'a$or (rivate "onstr%ct. .ng. Manag. &y(ot&etical ds ntive* ind%stry sector2 all 3nited constr%ction and (rote @tates2 -a#le A-C. :atal 133 (10 2 651!660. occ%(ational in$%ries #y (ro$ect. -&eevent ctive "&an2 ?.-8.2 B%2 M.-?.2 2002. event or ex(os%re for all ;o9 tool in as are 'eas 9%ality f%nction fatalities and 'a$or (rivate 9:0 de(loy'ent) a literat%re defin %re ind%stry sector. Availa#le 'et&odology ed. 1n can fro') revie<. .%r. O. E(erat. can &tt()**<<<.#ls.gov*iif*os&cf #e ;o93 7es. 1432 453!4C6. G Model AAP3311;

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