Chng 3:

NGN NG NH NGHA V THAO TC DL

I. I S QUAN H

Php chn (Selection) Php chiu (Projection) Tch cc (Cartesian product) Php kt ni (Join) Php chia (Division) Php hp (Union) Php giao (Intersect) Php tr (Difference)

II. I S H V CC TNH CHT CA I S QUAN H III. NGN NG SQL

Ngn ng nh ngha d liu Truy vn d liu Cc php ton tp hp (Set Operations) Gi tr NULL v cc hm tng hp ca SQL Cc hm tng hp vi vic nhm d liu Truy vn lng (Nested Subqueries) Khung nhn (Views) Cc lnh cp nht d liu

IV. NGN NG QBE

I. I S QUAN H
1.1. Php chn (Selection)
Cho quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U), E l biu thc chn pht biu trn U. Php chn trn quan h r theo iu kin E, k hiu

E(r) cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh U v cc b l E(r) = {t | tr v E(t)=ng}

cc b ca r tho mn iu kin E. Ta vit:

Trong E(t) l gi tr ca biu thc E khi thay mi thuc tnh Ai trong E ca t bi t[Ai].

I. I S QUAN H
1.1. Php chn (tip)

I. I S QUAN H
1.1. Php chn (tip)
V d 1: Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:

a. a ra danh sch khch hng tn 'L Thanh Tm' c a ch ti 'H Ni'?

(TenKH='L Thanh Tm' ) (DiaChiKH='H Ni') (KHACHHANG)

I. I S QUAN H
1.1. Php chn (tip)
V d 1: Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:

b. a ra danh sch khch hng c a ch ti 'H Ni' hoc 'Ngh An'?

(DiaChiKH='H Ni') (DiaChiKH='Ngh An') (KHACHHANG)

I. I S QUAN H
1.2. Php chiu (projection)
Cho quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) vi U={A1, ..., An} v tp thuc tnh X U. Php chiu quan h r ln tp thuc tnh X, k hiu X(r) cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh X v cc b l hn ch trn X ca cc b t r. Ta vit X(r) = {t[X] | t r }.

I. I S QUAN H
1.2. Php chiu (tip)
V d 2: Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:

{MaKH, TenKH}(KHACHHANG)

a. a ra m, tn khch hng ?

{MaKH, TenKH}(KHACHHANG)

I. I S QUAN H
1.2. Php chiu (tip)
V d 2: Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:

{DiaChiKH}(KHACHHANG)

b. a ra a ch khch hng ?

{DiaChiKH}(KHACHHANG)

I. I S QUAN H
V d 3: Cho quan h KHACHHANG nh sau:

a ra tn khch hng c a ch H Ni?

{TenKH}(DiachiKH=H Ni(KHACHHANG))
DiachiKH=H Ni(KHACHHANG)
{TenKH}(DiachiKH=H Ni(KHACHHANG))

I. I S QUAN H
1.3. Tch cc (Cartesian product)
Cho hai quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) v s nh ngha trn lc quan h S(V) , vi U= {A1,A2, ..., An} , V= {B1,B2, ..., Bm}. Tch cc ca r v s, k hiu rs cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh U V v cc b c dng: t= (a1,a2,..., an,b1, b2, ..., bm) trong (a1 , ..., an ) r v (b1,b2, ..., bm ) s. Ta vit:
r s={t=(a1,a2...,an ,b1,b2, ...,bm ) | (a1,a2, ..., an) r v (b1,b2, ..., bm)s}.

I. I S QUAN H
1.3. Tch cc (tip)
V d 4:

I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (Join)
a, Php kt ni Cho hai quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) v s nh ngha trn lc quan h S(V) vi U={A1, ..., An}, V ={B1, ..., Bm}. Ai v Bj l cc thuc tnh tng ng thuc U v V sao cho Dom(Ai)=Dom(Bj). Gi l mt trong cc php ton {=, >, >=, <, <=, }. Php kt ni quan h r vi s theo biu thc Ai Bj , k hiu r s cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh U V v cc b c xc nh bi {(u,v) | u=(a1,a2, ..., an) r, v=(b1,b2, ..., bm)s v u[Ai] v[Bj]} = ng}. Ta vit: r s = {(u,v) |u=(a1,a2, ..., an)r, v=(b1,b2, ...,bm)s v u[Ai] v[Bj]}=ng}.

I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (tip)
a, Php kt ni V d 5:

I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (tip)
b, Php kt ni t nhin (Natural join) Cho hai quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) v s nh ngha trn lc quan h S(V) vi UV. Php kt ni t nhin gia quan h r vi s, k hiu r*s cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh U V v cc b c xc nh bi {t | t[U] r v t[V] s}. Ta vit: r*s = {t | t[U] r v t[V] s }.

I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (tip)
b, Php kt ni t nhin V d 6:

I. I S QUAN H
1.4. Php kt ni (tip)
V d 7:
SINHVIEN KHOA

SINHVIEN * KHOA

I. I S QUAN H
V d 8a:
SINHVIEN KHOA

Tnh gi tr ca biu thc Hoten, Tenkhoa(Tenkhoa=L(SINHVIEN * KHOA)) ?

SINHVIEN * KHOA

Tenkhoa=L( SINHVIEN * KHOA)

Hoten, Tenkhoa( Tenkhoa=L( SINHVIEN * KHOA))

I. I S QUAN H
V d 8b: Cho 2 quan h: SINHVIEN (MaSV, Hoten, QueQuan, Makhoa) KHOA(Makhoa, Tenkhoa) Hy vit biu thc i s quan h a ra h tn, tn khoa ca sinh vin khoa L? Gii

Hoten, Tenkhoa(Tenkhoa=L(SINHVIEN * KHOA))

I. I S QUAN H
Bi tp: Cho c s d liu: HOADON(SoHD, NgayHD, MaKH) K_HANG(MaKH, TenKH, DiaChiKH, DTKH) M_HANG(MaMH, TenMH, DVT, DonGia) HD_MH(SoHD, MaMH, SoLuong, ThanhTien) Hy tr li cc cu hi sau bng biu thc i s quan h:
a. b. c. d.

a ra m, tn cc mt hng c gi trn 100$? Cho bit tn nhng khch hng mua hng ngy 20/03/2009? a ra danh sch cc mt hng bn trong thng 4 nm 2009? a ra tn nhng mt hng bn trong qu 1 nm 2009?

I. I S QUAN H
1.5. Php chia
Cho hai quan h r nh ngha trn lc quan h R(U) v s nh ngha trn lc quan h S(V) vi VU v s . t X=U \ V. Thng ca php chia quan h r cho quan h s, k hiu r s cho ta quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh l X v cc b c xc nh bi: {u [X] | (u r v v s th (u[X] ,v) r } Ta vit: r s = { u [X] | (u r v v s th (u[X] , v ) r }.

I. I S QUAN H
1.5. Php chia (tip)
V d 9:

I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp
a, Quan h kh hp Hai quan h r v s c gi l kh hp (tng thch) nu chng c cng tp thuc tnh. b. Php hp (Union) Cho hai quan h kh hp r v s xc inh trn lc quan h R(U). Php hp 2 quan h r v s, k hiu r s cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh U v cc b l cc b thuc r hoc thuc s. Ta vit: r s = { t | t r hoc t s}.

I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
V d 10:

I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
c. Php giao (Intersect) Cho hai quan h kh hp r v s xc inh trn lc quan h R(U). Php giao 2 quan h r v s, k hiu rs cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh U v cc b l cc b thuc r v thuc s. Ta vit: r s = { t | t r v t s}.

I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
V d 11:

I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
d. Php tr (Difference) Cho hai quan h kh hp r v s xc inh trn lc quan h R(U). Php tr quan h r cho s, k hiu r-s cho ta mt quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh U v cc b l cc b thuc r nhng khng thuc s. Ta vit: r - s = { t | t r v t s}.

I. I S QUAN H
1.6. Cc php ton tp hp (tip)
V d 12:

I. I S QUAN H
Bi tp Cho c s d liu: HOADON(SoHD, NgayHD, MaKH) K_HANG(MaKH, TenKH, DiaChiKH, DTKH) M_HANG(MaMH, TenMH, DVT, DonGia) HD_MH(SoHD, MaMH, SoLuong, ThanhTien) Hy tr li cc cu hi sau bng biu thc i s quan h:
a. b. c.

a ra tn nhng mt hng khng bn c trong qu 1 nm 2009? Cho bit nhng mt hng cha c bn ln no? Cho bit nhng mt hng bn c trong thng 12/2008 nhng khng bn c trong thng 1/2009?

II. I S H V CC TNH CHT CA SQH

(T c gio trnh)

III. NGN NG SQL (STRUCTURED

3.1. Gii thiu

QUERY LANGUAGE )

SQL l sn phm ca cng ty IBM San jose California USA. Ngn ng SQL c pht trin t ngn ng SEQUEL (Strructured English Query Language) gii thiu nm 1976. Ngay sau khi ra i SQL c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc khai thc c s d liu quan h. Hin nay, hu ht cc h qun tr c s d liu u c phn ngn ng ny. Kh nng ca SQL gm:

nh ngha d liu : to c s d liu v cu trc bng ca n, Truy vn d liu (select). Sa i d liu: thm(insert) , xo (delete) v cp nht (update)

III. NGN NG SQL

III. NGN NG SQL

3.2. Ngn ng nh ngha d liu
a. To bng
C php: CREATE TABLE <Tn_bng> ( <Tn_ct_1> <Kiu_d_liu> [Not null] [unique] , <Tn_ct_2> <Kiu_d_liu> [Not null] [unique] , ... <Tn_ct_n> <Kiu_d_liu> [Not null] [unique], PRIMARY KEY (Kho_chnh), [UNIQUE (Kho), ...] [FOREIGN KEY (Kho_ngoi) REFERENCES <Bng_tham_chiu>[(kho)] [on update cascade] [on delete cascade | on delete restrict] ,..] [CHECK (<iu_kin_rng_buc>)] );

III. NGN NG SQL

3.2. Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (tip)

Integer: S nguyn t: - 2 147 483 648 n 2 147 483 647 Smallinteger: S nguyn t - 32768 n 32767 Decimal(n,p): S thc vi di ti a l n ch s trong c p ch s thp phn. Float: S thc dng du chm ng Char(n): Xu k t c di c nh n ( n <=255 ) Varchar(n): Xu k t c di bin i t 0 n n . di <= n. Date: Kiu ngy thng.

III. NGN NG SQL

3.2. Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (tip)
b. Xo bng
C php: DROP TABLE <Tn_bng>; V d 1: Xo bng HD_MH. DROP TABLE HD_MH;

III. NGN NG SQL

3.2. Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (tip)
c. Thm ct ca bng
C php: ALTER TABLE <Tn_bng> ADD <Tn_ct> <Kiu_d_liu> [not null]; V d 2: Thm ct MoTaMH (m t mt hng) vi kiu d liu Varchar(100) cho bng MatHang. ALTER TABLE MatHang ADD MoTaMH varchar(100);

III. NGN NG SQL

3.2. Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (tip)
d. Xo ct ca bng
C php: ALTER TABLE <Tn_bng> DROP <Tn_ct>; V d 3: Xo ct TKkhoanNCC ca bng NhaCungCap. ALTER TABLE NhaCungCap DROP TKhoanNCC;

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
a. Cu trc c bn ca cu lnh SELECT...
SELECT A1, A2,., An FROM r1, r2, , rm WHERE P; Trong : - Ai (i=1..n ) l tn cc thuc tnh c mt trong kt qu truy vn, - ri (i=1..m ) l tn cc quan h, - P l biu thc logic m cc b trong kt qu truy vn phi tho mn. Truy vn trn tng ng vi biu thc i s quan h sau:

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu (tip)
b, Mnh SELECT
Mnh SELECT lit k cc thuc tnh cn a ra trong kt qu truy vn. Mnh ny tng ng vi php chiu trong i s quan h. V d 3.5.5: a ra m, tn ca tt c cc mt hng c bn ti ca hng SELECT MaMH, TenMH FROM MATHANG; Ch : Cc tn (thuc tnh, quan h) trong SQL khng phn bit ch hoa v ch thng; ch bao gm ch ci, ch s v du gch di.

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
b, Mnh SELECT (tip)
- SQL cho php lp cc b trong kt qu truy vn. loi b cc b lp ta vit thm t kho DISTINCT vo sau SELECT. V d 3.5.6: a ra danh sch tn tnh/thnh ph c khch hng mua hng? SELECT DISTINCT DiaChiKH FROM KHACHHANG;

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
b, Mnh SELECT (tip)
- gi li cc b lp ta thm t kho ALL v sau SELECT. V d 3.5.7: SELECT ALL DiaChiKH FROM KHACHHANG;

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
b, Mnh SELECT (tip)
- Nu gia cc quan h trong mnh FROM c thuc tnh chung, th ta phi ch r thuc tnh l ca quan h no, bng cch vit tn quan h ngay trc tn thuc tnh, gia chng c ngn cch bi du chm (.). V d 3.5.8: SELECT KHACHHANG.MaKH,TenKH, SoDH, NgayHD FROM KHACHHANG, HOADON;

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
b, Mnh SELECT (tip)
- Trong trng hp ta mun a ra tt c cc thuc tnh ca cc quan h trong mnh FROM, ta ch cn dng du '*' thay cho vic lit k cc thuc tnh. V d 3.5.9: SELECT * FROM KHACHHANG, HOADON WHERE (KHACHHANG.MaKH=HOADON.MaKH);

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
b, Mnh SELECT (tip)
- Trong mnh SELECT c th cha biu thc ton hc gm cc php ton: +, -, *, / . V d 3.5.11: a ra danh sch cc mt hng vi n gi c gim 10% SELECT MaMH, TenMH,DonGia - DonGia*0.1 FROM MATHANG;

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu (tip)
c, Mnh FROM
Mnh FROM lit k cc quan h phi c trong truy vn. Tng ng vi tch Cc trong i s quan h.

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu (tip)
d, Mnh WHERE

Mnh WHERE xc nh iu kin m kt qu truy vn phi tho mn. Tng ng vi php chn ca i s quan h. Sau mnh WHERE l biu thc logic vi cc php so snh

(>, >=, <, <=, =, <>) v cc php: AND, OR v NOT.

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
d, Mnh WHERE (tip)
V d 3.5.12: a ra danh sch cc mt hng ca nh cung cp 'DELL' c gi thp hn 1000000. SELECT * FROM MATHANG, NHACUNGCAP WHERE (MATHANG.MaNCC=NHACUNGCAP.MaNCC) AND (TenNCC = 'DELL') AND (DonGia < 1000000); Ghi ch: Cc hng k t v ngy thng trong SQL c trong cp du nhy n ().

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
e, Mt s ton t khc
- Ton t so snh BETWEEN AND V d 3.5.13: Tm tt c cc mt hng c gi t 100000 n 200000. SELECT * FROM MATHANG WHERE (DonGia >=100000) AND (DonGia <=200000); Cu lnh trn c th vit li nh sau: SELECT * FROM MATHANG WHERE DonGia between 100000 and 200000;

III. NGN NG SQL

3.3. Truy vn d liu
e, Mt s ton t khc
- Ton t so snh xu k t like V d 3.5.14: a ra danh sch cc mt hng m tn mt hng cha cm t 'HP'. SELECT * FROM MATHANG WHERE TenMH like '%HP%'; Ta c th s dng 2 k t '%' hay '_ ' thay th cho mt xu hay mt k t bt k.

% : Thay cho mt chui k t bt k _: Thay cho mt k t bt k

III. NGN NG SQL

5.5. Sp xp kt qu truy vn
sp xp kt qu truy vn theo th t tng hay gim dn gi tr ca mt hay mt s ct no , ta vit mnh ORDER BY vo sau truy vn. Cch vit:
ORDER BY B1 [DESC | ASC ] [,B2 [DESC | ASC ]] [,Bk [DESC | ASC ]]

III. NGN NG SQL

5.6. Cc php ton tp hp (Set Operations)
thc hin php hp, giao v tr trong SQL ta dng cc php ton: union, intersect v except. Vi cc php trn, SQL s t ng loi b cc b trng nhau; gi li cc b trng nhau ta vit t kho all vo pha sau cc php ton, tc l: union all, intersect all v except all.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.7. Gi tr NULL v cc hm tng hp ca SQL (Aggregate Functions)
a, Gi tr NULL Trong mi dng ca bng, c th c mt s thuc tnh m gi tr ca chng l cha bit, hay khng tn ti. Trong SQL biu th gi tr cha bit hay khng tn ti ngi ta dng hng NULL. kim tra gi tr ca thuc tnh c l NULL hay khng ta dng ton t IS.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.7. Gi tr NULL v cc hm tng hp ca SQL
b, Cc php ton trn gi tr NULL: - Khi thc hin cc php ton s hc vi gi tr NULL, kt qu l mt gi tr NULL. V d 3..5.19: 6+ NULL =NULL - Khi thc hin php so snh (>,>=,<,<=,<>,=) vi gi tr NULL kt qu tr v l FALSE.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.7. Gi tr NULL v cc hm tng hp ca SQL
c, Cc hm tng hp Cc hm tng hp ca SQL gm: - SUM(Tn_ct): Tnh tng gi tr theo ct c tn l Tn_ct ca cc b. - MAX(Tn_ct): Cho gi tr ln nht trong ct c tn l Tn_ct. - MIN(Tn_ct): Cho gi tr nh nht trong ct c tn l Tn_ct. - AVG(Tn_ct): Tnh gi tr trung bnh theo ct c tn l Tn_ct ca cc b.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.7. Gi tr NULL v cc hm tng hp ca SQL
c, Cc hm tng hp - COUNT(*|Tn_ct |DISTINCT Tn_ct): m s bn ghi trong bng theo tu chn:

* : m tt c cc bn ghi trong bng Tn_ct: m cc bn ghi m gi tr ca ct Tn_ct khc NULL DISTINCT Tn_ct : m cc bn ghi m gi tr ca ct Tn_ct khc NULL v cc bn ghi ging nhau ch tnh mt.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.8. Cc hm tng hp vi vic nhm d liu
nhm d liu trn mt hay mt s ct, ta dng mnh GROUP BY c vit ngay sau mnh WHERE hay FROM (nu khng c WHERE). C php: GROUP BY <danh sch ct> [HAVING <iu kin>] Trong :
-

<danh sch ct> l danh sch cc ct lm c s nhm

Mnh HAVING xc nh iu kin m cc bn ghi sau khi nhm phi tho mn.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.8. Cc hm tng hp vi vic nhm d liu
V d 1: Cho bit s loi mt hng ca mi nh cung cp cung ng? SELECT NHACUNGCAP.MaNCC, TenNCC, COUNT(*) FROM NHACUNGCAP, MATHANG WHERE NHACUNGCAP.MaNCC= MATHANG.MaNCC GROUP BY NHACUNGCAP.MaNCC, TenNCC;

III. NGN NG SQL

5.8. Cc hm tng hp vi vic nhm d liu
V d 2: Cho bit cc s ho n m trn bn t 2 mt hng tr ln? SELECT HOADON.SoHD, COUNT(*) FROM HOADON, HD_MH WHERE HOADON.SoHD= HD_MH.SoHD GROUP BY HOADON.SoHD HAVING COUNT(*)>=2;

III. NGN NG SQL

5.8. Cc hm tng hp vi vic nhm d liu
Ghi ch:

Cc thuc tnh c trong mnh SELECT u phi c mt trong mnh GROUP BY Th t thc hin mt cu lnh truy vn nh sau:

FROM WHERE GROUP BYHAVING ORDER BYSELECT

III. NGN NG SQL

5.9. Truy vn lng (Nested Subqueries)
SQL cung cp mt c ch cho php cho php lng cc truy vn con trong mnh FROM v WHERE. Mi truy vn con l mt truy vn c dng SELECT FROMWHERE. Thng cc truy vn con c s dng kim tra mt phn t thuc tp hp (quan h), so snh tp hp.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.9. Truy vn lng (Nested Subqueries)
V d 1 a ra tn mt hng c gi cao nht? SELECT TenMH FROM MATHANG WHERE DonGia in (SELECT MAX(DonGia) FROM MATHANG);

III. NGN NG SQL

5.9. Truy vn lng (Nested Subqueries)
V d 2: a ra tn cc mt hng khng c bn trong ngy '05/06/2006' SELECT TenMH FROM MATHANG WHERE MaMH not in (SELECT MaMH FROM HD_MH, HOADON WHERE (HD_MH.SoHD= HOADON.SoHD) AND (NgayHD='05/06/2006'));

III. NGN NG SQL

5.10. Khung nhn (Views)
SQL cung cp mt c ch cho php che du i mt s d liu i vi ngi s dng bng vic s dng mt khung nhn. to khung nhn ta dng lnh: CREATE VIEW <tn khung nhn> AS <biu thc truy vn>

III. NGN NG SQL

5.10. Khung nhn (Views)
V d 1: To khung nhn cha danh sch cc mt hng c cung ng bi nh cung cp 'Sam sung'. CREATE VIEW HangSS AS SELECT MaMH, TenMH, DonGia FROM MATHANG, NHACUNGCAP WHERE (MATHANG.MaNCC= NHACUNGCAP.MaNCC) AND (TenNCC='Sum sung');

III. NGN NG SQL

5.10. Khung nhn (Views)
V d 2: Cho bit tn mt hng bn chy nht? (1) CREATE VIEW TH AS SELECT TenMH, SUM(Soluong) AS sl FROM MATHANG, HD_MH WHERE MATHANG.MaMH= HD_MH.MaMH GROUP BY TenMH; (2) SELECT * FROM TH WHERE sl IN (SELECT MAX(sl) FROM TH);

III. NGN NG SQL

5.11. Cc lnh cp nht d liu
a. Vo d liu cho bng chn thm mt bn ghi mi vo bng, ta dng lnh sau: INSERT INTO <Tn_bng>[(B1, B2,,Bk)] VALUES (C1, C2,., Ck); Trong : - Bi (i=1,..k, k<=n _ n l s thuc tnh ca <Tn_bng>) l cc thuc tnh ca <Tn_bng>. Nu khng c danh sch thuc tnh ny SQL s ly ton b thuc tnh. - Ci (i=1,..k) l gi tr tng ng vi cc thuc tnh Bi. Nu Ci l gi tr Null, ta dng hng NULL cho Ci.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.11. Cc lnh cp nht d liu
a. Vo d liu cho bng V d: Thm bn ghi (SO, 'Sony, Nht, NULL, '13.111.02.987') vo bng NHACUNGCAP. INSERT INTO NHACUNGCAP VALUES ('SO', 'Sony', 'Nht', NULL, '13.111.02.987');

III. NGN NG SQL

5.11. Cc lnh cp nht d liu
a. Vo d liu cho bng chn thm mt bn ghi mi vo bng, ta dng lnh sau: INSERT INTO <Tn_bng>[(B1, B2,,Bk)] VALUES (C1, C2,., Ck); Trong : - Bi (i=1,..k, k<=n _ n l s thuc tnh ca <Tn_bng>) l cc thuc tnh ca <Tn_bng>. Nu khng c danh sch thuc tnh ny SQL s ly ton b thuc tnh. - Ci (i=1,..k) l gi tr tng ng vi cc thuc tnh Bi. Nu Ci l gi tr Null, ta dng hng NULL cho Ci.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.11. Cc lnh cp nht d liu
b. Xo bn ghi trong bng DELETE FROM Tn_bng [WHERE iu_kin] V d: Loi b cc mt hng c cung ng bi nh cung cp c m 'HP' DELETE FROM MATHANG WHERE MaNCC=HP

III. NGN NG SQL

5.11. Cc lnh cp nht d liu
c. Sa ni dung cc bn ghi trong bng UPDATE Tn_bng SET <Tn_ct 1> = <Biu_thc 1>, .. <Tn_ct k> = <Biu_thc k> [WHERE iu_kin] Trong : - <Tn_bng> l bng c bn ghi cn thay i ni dung,
- <Tn_ct i> (i=1,..k) l cc ct cn thay i gi tr bi cc gi tr mi l <Biu_thci> tng ng.

III. NGN NG SQL

5.11. Cc lnh cp nht d liu
c. Sa ni dung cc bn ghi trong bng V d: Vit lnh thc hin vic gim gi 10% cho cc mt hng ca nh cung cp c m 'TO'. UPDATE MATHANG SET DonDia = DonGia - DonGia * 0.1 WHERE MaNCC=TO

III. NGN NG SQL

5.12. Kt ni cc quan h
Php kt ni cho php kt ni 2 quan h v kt qu tr v l mt quan h khc. SQL cung cp mt s loi kt ni sau:

r INNER JOIN s ON <iu kin> : Kt ni trong, r LEFT OUTER JOIN s ON <iu kin> : Kt ni ngoi tri r RIGHT OUTER JOIN s ON <iu kin> : Kt ni ngoi phi

Trong : r,s l tn quan h