BIN I KH HU

BKH Trong K T & S Tuyt Chng Ca Cc Loi Th Ln

GVHD: PGS.TS Nguyn Hiu Nhm : 05
H Th Bch Phng L Th Kim Anh V Th Thy Nguyn Dan Long

Ni Dung
I- Khi qut chung v k T II- S bin i v kh hu trn th gii trong k T

III- S bin i v kh hu Vit Nam trong k T

IV- S tuyt chng ca hng lot cc loi th ln

I- Khi qut chung v k T

- K t bt u vo khong 2,5880,005 triu nm trc. k ny bao gm 2 th :l th Pleistocen v th Holocen.

-K t ni tip sau k Tam v ko di ti ngy nay. K t gn nh trng kht vi khong thi gian ca cc bng h gn y, bao gm ln rt lui sng bng cui cng.
-Thi gian 1,8-1,6 triu nm ca k t l thi k m cc dng sinh vt ging nh con ngi tn ti

Cc thay i a l chnh trong thi k ny bao gm : s ni ln ca eo bin Bosphorus v Skagerrak trong cc thi k bng h S ngp lt do mc nc bin dng cao

S lp y c chu k ca eo bin La Manche, to thnh mt cu t ni lin qun o Anh vi chu u lc a

S ng li theo chu k ca eo bin Bering, to ra cu t ni lin chu v Bc M

Tip theo sau mi thi k bng h ca k t li l mt kiu khc bit ca h v vnh.

Kh hu l yu t chu nh hng ca s ng bng theo chu k vi cc sng bng trn cc i lc di chuyn i xa t a cc xung ti v khong 40. Trong k ny cng din ra s tuyt chng chnh ca cc ng vt c v ln ti cc khu vc phng Bc vo cui th Pleistocen nh mo rng kim hay h rng kim, voi ma mt voi rng mu th rng tr v.v

II-Bin i kh hu trn th gii trong k T

S xut hin con ngi v hnh thnh pht trin x hi loi ngi l bin i ln nht v mi trng a cht trong k t.

Trong k T kh hu tng bin i theo cc chu k nht nh. Cc t bin tin, bin thoi ni tip nhau v nhng qu trnh a cht ni sinh, ngoi sinh chnh l h qu ca bin i kh hu

Kh hu Pleistocene c nh du bi cc chu k bng gi lp i lp li. Trong thi k lnh gi nht c tnh 30% b mt Tri t b bao ph bi bng.
Bng h v gian bng, theo khng gian, s pht trin ca chng khng ng nht cc v khc nhau, cc a phng khc nhau c v s lng ln cng .

 Bc bn cu, rt nhiu sng bng hp nht thnh mt.

Cc di bng Cordilleran Bc M v pha ty bc; pha ng c bao ph bi cc Laurentide. Di bng Fenno-Scandian pha bc chu u, trong c Vng quc Anh; Di bng Alpine trn dy ni Alps. Mi vm ri rc tri di trn Siberia v thm lc a Bc Cc. Vng bin pha bc l bng bao ph.

Bn cu nam ni chung khng b bng ph m ch nhng di ni cao mi c du vt ca hot ng sng bng.

Ngun: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene

Nc ng bng trong khu vc cc Bc thi k Pleistocene.

 Trong Peistocen c bn k ng bng, trong k ng bng cc i din ra Pleistocen gia. Bc M l lc a b bng ph ln nht, y bng ph xung n v 40 v chim n 60% lnh th. Cc nh nghin cu xc nh 4 thi k ng bng v 3 thi k gian bng tng ng vi cc thi k bng v gian bng Ty u. Alpes xc lp 4 k ng bng l Gunz, Mindel, Riss v Wurm.
Bc M Ty u

K bng Wiscosin
Gian bng Sangamon K bng Lllinoi Gian bng Yarmouth K bng Kansan Gian bng Afton K bng Nebraskan

K bng Wurm
Gian bng Riss Wurm K bng Riss K bng Mindel Riss K bng Mindel Gian bng Gunz Mindel K bng Gunz
Ngun: Lch s tin ha Tri t_ Tng Duy Thanh.

 Hn 11 s kin bng ln c xc nh, nhng s kin ny c xc nh khc nhau cc vng khc nhau ca dy bng, ph thuc vo v , a hnh v kh hu.

K bng h c phn nh trong khng kh CO2, c lu tr trong bong bng t bng bng gi ca Nam Cc . (Ngun: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene)

 KhGiai hu on tng i Pleistocen n nh trong Holocen. Li Ice cho thy rng trc thi cui mun 5000 - 4000 TCN k Holocen c (18.000 nng ln ton cul bt uSau 14.000 nm trcnm v thi gian lm v Holocen nm TCN) mc nc bin h thp dn, gian bng v tng ng nm vi trc mtk t ngt t 10.000 8000 cng nguyn. n l t bin tin Flandrian dao ng v t n mc 0 Trong Holocen c mt giai on kh hu tonti cukhong m dn 1500-2000 ln t 1 2 C (bt u t 18.000 15.000 nm hin v ti kt thc 5000 - 4000 nm u kh hu (ti u Holocen). nm TCN. TCN.) S nng ln trong Holocen l mt thi k gian bng.

Thay i nhit trong Holocen (Ngun: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene)

S Nng Ln Hin ti
- Bng h Na Uy v dy An-p bt u rt ngay gia th k 19 - ng u, nhit trung bnh nm qua thi k 1881 - 1915 tng ln khong vi phn mi so vi thi k t 1846 -1880. Lningrat, nhit trung bnh nm t 1801 n 1850 l+3,5oC; cn t 1921 n 1936 l +4,6oC - Ty u, nhit trung bnh mi nm ca ma ng trc nm 1920 tng ln +2,5oC so vi cui th k 19, cn nhit trung bnh nm tng 0,5oC - Bc Bng Dng qu trnh nng ln cn r rt hn min n i. vng t Mi, nhit trung bnh nm vo nhng nm 1920-1935 ln hn vo nhng nm 1876-1919 gn 2oC. T nm 1910 n ht nm 1940 nhit trung bnh Bng o Grenlania tng ln 3oC cn Spitbecghen, min bc chu , Bc M tng ln hn +2oC.

III -Biu Hin Bin i Kh Hu Trong K T Vit Nam

Thay i trong thi k bin thoi

Thay i trong thi k bin tin

S nng ln hin ti

- Thi k bng h cui cng trong k T ( bng h Wurm) lnh nht cch y khong 18.000 nm

Nhit trung bnh hng nm ca Vit Namvo thi k lnh hn ngy ny t 5-7 C

Biu hin ca thi k bin thoi

- Bin li xa v pha ng

- Ton b vng Vnh Bc B v thm Sunda( ni lin nam Vit Nam vi Indonexia), vnh Thi Lan cn l t lin

- Bng bt u tan v mc nc bin bt u dng ln t khong 15.000 nm cch nay

- Bin ph ngp hu nh ton b ng bng Nam B. Sau , bin rt, li mt ng bng ph sa mu m vo khong 3800-3500 nm cch nay Bng chng thc vt ng Nam cho thy, nhit trung bnh m hn ngy nay 2C khong 8.000 nm trckhong 6.000-5.000 nm cch nay, bng ngng tan v nc bin dng cao 4-6 m so vi mc nc bin ngy nay (bin tin Flanri).

Biu hin trong thi k bin tin

Khong 3200 nm, cc nh kho c pht hin nhng chng c c dn ng thi ri chn ni ln c tr trn cc nh ni cao trong cc ng bng ven bin t Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Ninh Bnh ra n Qung Ninh. Thc n h li trn cc chm ni bao gm nhiu loi nhuyn th bin

. Du tch ng b bin ng thi xut l ngay st ra H Ni, n tn st chn cc dy ni vi thuc H Ty, Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ha v cc tnh min Trung.

S nng ln hin ti

- Trong 50 nm qua, nhit tb nm ca nc ta tng khong 0.5 C - Cui th k 21, nhit tng 2,3 C so vi nm 1980-1999 - Tng nhit ao ng t 1,6-2,8 C ; nhit pha Bc v Bc Trung B tng nhanh hn pha Nam

- Tng lng ma nm v lng ma ma ma tng khong 5% so vi nm 1980-1999 - Lng ma ma kh c xu ng gim cc vng kh hu pha

- L lt c bit ln xy ra thng xuyn hn Min Trng v Min Nam -Hn hn xy ra hng nm hu ht cc khu vc ca c nc

- Mc nc bin dng khong 30 cm ( 2050) v 75cm( 2100) so vi 19801999

Hnh: S c a l ng bng Bc B trc bin tin t bin cch nay4115 nm (Hong Ngc K, 2008)

Hnh: S c a l sau giai on bin tin t bin khi mc nc bin +3,5m v n nh n ti 1.015 nm, din tch ng bng ch cn 1/4 so vi trc v bng 1/10 so vi hin nay (Hong Ngc K, 2008)

Du hiu ca bin tin Plandrian ti chn cc ni vi Tam Cc- Ninh Bnh

Trm tch loang l v kt von ca h tng vnh phc c ngun gc bin

IV - S Tuyt Chng Ca Hng Lot Cc Loi Th Ln Trong K T

Cui cnh quan Pleistocen pha bc lc -u

1. Voi Mammuthus lng mn (h Elephantidae) -Sng thi k bng h bn cu Bc cch y 10.000 nm v trc, ch yu phn b o Wrangel pha bc Siberia. Tn ti th pleistocen. K bng h kt thc, loi voi ma-mt bin mt chu u v nam Siberia khong 12.000 nm trc y..

2.Megantereon(Mo rng kim hay H rng kim)

Mo rng kim sng Bc M, lc a -u v chu Phi. bin mt vo u th Pleistocen.

Smilodon (h rng kim) l mt chi tuyt chng ca mo rng kim , sng trong khong thi gian t 3triu n 10.000 nm trc ti Bc v Nam M.

3.voi rng mu (chi Mammut h Mammutidae)

Voi rng mu thuc chi Mammut , ng vt ch yu n qu thng v l cy n theo kiu bt l ging vi voi ngy nay, trong khi voi ma mt l ng vt gm c.

Phn b lc a -u, Bc M, ph bin nht trong cc cnh rng vn sam tha thi k bng h min ng Hoa K, cng nh trong cc mi trng m ly thp m hn.

Chng tuyt chng vo cui th pleistocen

4. Glyptodon spp v Megatherium spp (Th rng tr v li t ln) Loi th rng tr ny c tn khoa hc l Glyptodon Munizi, tng sng trn Tri t cch y 800.000 nm. Th rng tr l mt loi vt n c di hn 3 mt, nng hn 1 tn v c bao ph trn lng bi mt b mai khng l dy khong 5 cm. Loi ny sng trong sut thi k Th Peistocen, thuc K Neogen, ti cc vng m ly Nam M v b tuyt chng hon ton cch y 10.000 nm, tuyt chng vo cui thi k bng h. Li t ln tuyt chng th pleistocen Nam M, cch y 11 triu nm. Loi ny c kch c nh con voi, cn nng gn 8 tn, i bng 4 chn.

5.Ngi Neanderthal Ngi Neanderthal c tm thy trong th Pleistocene chu u v mt ni thuc v pha ty v trung . Ngi Neanderthal nguyn thy sng chu u sm nht cch y vo khong 350.000600.000 nm, v b tuyt chng trong thi k bng h.

Ti liu tham kho:

-Him ho ca bin i kh hu ton cu i vi Vit Nam v gc nhn t Vit Nam- Trn c Lng - Bi ging Bin i Kh Hu PGS.TS Nguyn Hiu - Bin i kh hu- Trn Cng Minh ( NXB i Hc Quc Gia H Ni 2007) - Hi tho chuyn : Kinh t xanh trong iu kin bin i kh hu ( s TN_MT) - Wikipedia.org - diavatly.com