ti: S phn b du kh Du kh Vit Nam

CHNG I: S PHN B DU KHI

I.1 Khai quat chung v s phn b du khi trn th gii va khu vc
I.1.1 S phn b ia tng, ia ly cua du khi theo tng khu vc (ia Trung
Hai, u, Uc, A, My, Canada)
Du kh khng c phn b u trn ton th gii. Hn mt na tr lng du c
chng minh trn th gii ti Trung ng (bao gm c Iran nhng khng phi Bc Phi);
l ni, Trung ng c du nhiu hn phn cn li ca th gii cng li. Sau Trung
ng l Canada v Hoa K, Chu M La tinh, chu Phi v cc khu vc chim ng ca
Lin X c. Mi vng cha t hn 15 phn trm tr lng c chng minh trn th
gii.
M:
Mt trong nhng nc ng u v du m, chim khong 27% sn lng th gii t cc
bn trm tch vi din tch khong 5,6 triu km2, i din cho khong 15% cc bn th
gii.
Tr lng ban u ca th gii chnh l ca M, t nh cao trong nhiu nm,
sau khng tng thm. Nhiu khong sng gi ci, pht hin mi him, gi thnh khai
thc du khng ngng gia tng.
Sn lng hin nay ca M hn 9/10 xut pht t tnh du ln Mid Continent,
Gulf Costa, California, Rocky. Sn lng ca Mid 39%, Gulf 33%, Cali 11%, Rocky
10%.
Hai tnh Mid and Gulf thuc 2 tiu bang Texas v Louisiana. M ng u tr
lng kh thin nhin. sn lng tng dn: 1950-178 t m3/nm, 1965-450 t m3/nm.
Tnh chnh cng thuc 2 bang trn.

Tnh du chnh ca M sp xp theo th t quan trng Mid, Gulf, Cali, Rock,

Illinois, Appalachian, Michign.

Tnh du Mid Continent (39%) thuc bang Texas

Tng ng h thng gm cc bn Pz ph gn 1 triu km2 trung tm nc M. Pht hin

gn 6,2 triu m3 du. Kiu bn gia nn v loi a tng tng i nh b ct ngang bi
nhng bt chnh hp ng vai tr chnh trong hot ng tr du.
Tng sn phm ca Pz tri t Cambri n Permi vi cc bn ln Mac Elest,
Chero Kee nm pha ng Bc vi sn phm nm trong ct v nm vt v pha ng da
vo dy ni thp Ozark.
Cc np un Nemaha vi khong sng gi ci tng ng vi np li ni cng cc
bt chnh hp. Khong sng quan trng nht l Oklahoma City.
Bn Pecmi (Ty Texas) din tch khong 300.000 km2 cung cp sn lng ca
nc M. L bn bt chnh hp b phn chia phn trung tm bi nn trung tm tui Pz
di, chia ct bn thnh 2 phn: Midland pha ng v Dalaware pha Ty. i cao
trung tm h Pecmi nm trn lot Pz c hn b xi mn ra Bc v ng hnh thnh vng
y nng pht trin tui Pecmi di. Nhng thnh h m tiu dy b un np thnh nhng
np li rng to mt trong nhng tng cha quan trng nht ca tnh du ny. Tng cha
ny b ph bi lot mui cch nc .

Tnh du Gulf Costa (33%) Bang Louisiana

Sn xut v cha 1/3 du m ca M, tng ng vi mt bn n nghing rng ln tui

Mz v Tam.
C nhng vm mui che ph 3,5 triu km2 chm dn pha Nam v ng Nam,
ko di v pha Vnh Mehic. Tng chaa s l trm tch vn nm ri rc trong ton b
lot a tng t Jura trn ra bn n Pliocen trong cc khu vc bin v b bin. Trong
mt vng t chu tc ng ca kin to, by to nn do cc vm mui, phay v nhng un
np nh cng nh nhn t a tng.
2

Khong sn quan trng nht Ty Texas l mt by a tng trong thng K trn.

T 1946, cng tc tm kim tip tc trn bin trn din tch khong 355.000km2. Xp x
150 va sn phm ngoi khi ca bang Louisiana vi 400 t m3 kh v 300-400 t m3
du.

Tnh du Rocky Mountain (10%)

Tng ng mt lot cc bn bt chnh hp Pz nh Williston (pha Bc) hoc cc bn

gia ni Mz (Big Horn, Powfer River, Wind River, Green River, Denver, San Jaoquin)
By ch yu l by kin to, sn phm trong ct kt v vi CarbonPermi

Tnh du California (11%)

c to thnh bi nhng bn Neogen nh nm trong s cc tnh du giu nht th gii.

Trong vng thung lng San Joaquin pht hin khong sn Midway Sunset, Los Angeles
din tch 3.000 km2 vi khong sn Williston, Long Beach, bn Hustinton Beach, bn
Santa Febring tt c u c sn phm nm trong ct Pliocen b un np thnh vm hoc
nhng np li.
Canada:
ng th 9 trong cc nc sn xut du vi sn lng tng dn 1964- 37,5 triu tn du
th (Ty Canada)

Tnh du min Ty Canada

L mt tnh du rng ln, hn 1 triu km2 ng vi mt bn Pz v Mz. Kiu bn a mng

hoc lm su chn dy ni Rocky nng cao u v pha ng nm trn v xut hin
tin Cambri.
Du phn b khong 1/2 trong h Devon v 40% nm trong K trn, pht trin
tng trong K h, bc Mississipi.
Khong sng Devon ch yu nm thnh hng theo dy Bc Nam tng ng vi
np li nh ca nn trn c cc m tiu pht trin.
3

Va u tin pht hin 1947 Ty Canada, thuc mt hng thng m tiu bao
gm 4 khong sn, sn lng hng nm 2,5 triu m3.
Khong sng K pht hin 1953, l mt by a tng rt rng tri ra 1.250 km2 vi
3 tng ct K trn.
Ngoi du v kh thin nhin, Canada cn cha ngun quan trng Asphalt.
Venezuela (M Latin)
Sn lng khai thc pht trin ng k sau CTTG2, kh thin nhin c nh gi khong
1.000 t m3 vi 3/5 sn lng ny c s dng, cn li b t b.
Cc khong sn i din cho 85% sn lng Nam M v 12% sn lng Th
gii.
Venezuela cng c nhng tr lng ct asphalt quan trng (tar sand).
Din tch cc bn trm tch khong 1,1 triu km2 vi hn du c pht hin
thuc bn Maracaibo, phn ln cn li thuc pha ng.
Bn Maracaibo l mt bn trng vng a mng tri rng khong
560.000 km2 t pha Ty Bc Venezuela xung quanh h Maracaibo, c lp y bi cc
trm tch K v Tam tng ven bin. Du ch yu gp trong ct kt bin tin Eocen.
Gn y pht hin du trong ct kt K.
Bn pha ng: thuc a mng ph 128.000 km2, sn lng ch yu t ct
Oligocen trn sn pha Nam v Neogen pha Bc. Trn ra pha Nam tng s chm
xung ca phn nn Giana. By a s to nn bi hai h thng phay lm cnh pha Nam
thp xung.
I.1.2 Du khi ng Nam A
I.1.2.1 c im kin to khu vc

Cu trc ng Nam A gm nhiu vi mng nm kp gia 3 mng ln: mng u - A, nUc v Thi Bnh Dng. Cng hot ng ca cc mng ny kh mnh.
I.1.2.2 Cac bn trung Tam ng Nam A
Bn ni ia (craton)
B khng ch bi cc t gy thng song song vi lc a. Cc giai ng kin

to nh sau:
u tin l giai on tch gin vi cc t gy to nn i ny v sp ln. Vt

liu i nng cung cp cho cc a ho trm tch sng h, delta c lin quan n lc a.
Vt cht hu c c ngun gc thc vt cp cao (Kerogen III). vng h do iu kin
lng ng yn tinh to ra Kerogen I. ngun vt liu set lin quan va than. Cc vt liu
sapropentit to nn du kh xen ke nhau nhng kh l c bn, c lin quan n tui Eocen
Oligocen.
Giai on sp ln tng i ng u (giai on on vong) hot ng cc t

gy yu hn lin quan Miocen to hot ng bin tin. Cc trm tch t delta chuyn tip
n trm tch bin nng hnh thnh phong ph trm tch cacbonat. Giai on ny xut
hin cc by cu to tch t du Miocen l ph bin. Kt thc Miocen l s nng ln to
b mt bc mn.
Giai on to thm lc a vi hot ng bin tin, bn lc a c xu hng

chm dn v pha bin, th nm tng i thoi. Trong giai on ny khng c s nng

ln v hot ng t gy.
Cc bn tiu biu: bn Bc B, Sng Hng, Cu Long, Vnh Thi Lan, o
Kalimantan.
Bn ven bin
Nm mt phn trn lc a, mt phn v i Dng, nhng ranh gii ny

khng r rng. Vt liu c bn l trm tch lc nguyn, cng v bin cng tng dn vai tr
carbonat.
+
o

Bn Bin ng (bn i dng) vi 2 ranh gii:

Pha Ty: ranh gii th ng nm gia mng.
5

Pha ng: ranh gii tch cc thng km theo cc h i dng. Thng l

ranh gii kiu Thi Bnh Dng.

C s chuyn tip t ranh gii lc a sang v i dng c ngun cung cp vt

liu t lc a, khng c hng ngc li. Vai tr ca carbonat tng dn v bin:

+

Pha Ty: vt liu c bn l lc nguyn.

Pha ng: vt liu c bn l carbonat.

Cc bn tiu biu: Bn Chu Giang (TQ), Ct Hi, Hong Sa, Hi Nam, Ph

Khnh, Nam Cn Sn, Brunei, Balanan.

+

Trong khu vc:

Bn pha Ty vn cha pht hin hydrocarbon.

Bn pha ng cho pht hin du trong carbonat (Blanan: cung cp du kh c

yu cho Philippin). Thuc khu vc ny cng pht hin cc bn bin ven tng t.

Hinh 1. Cc bn ven bin

Bn trc cung.
-

Thng gn lin vi vng trc cung nh ni cung ca h thng cung ni la.

c im ca chng l cc b dng di keo di dc theo h thng cung ni la. V vy,

vt liu trm tch l a dng bao gm lc a, bin, vt liu ni la xen ke. Cc kiu b
ny thng lin quan vi a ho khu vc.
Cc bn tiu biu: Bn Mindoro, S.E. Luzon, Lloilo, Visayan sea (thuc cung
o ni la Philippin).
Bn sau cung.

L cc bn phn b ngay st pha sau cc h thng cung o. c im ca

chng l cng c dng ko di dc theo h thng cung o v mang c im ca vng

ra lc a hot ng tch cc nh cc b dng trc cung v gia cung. ng thi chng
thng lin quan ti cc t gy khu vc v a phng.
Cc bn tiu biu: mt lot b trm tch phn b dc theo t gy Flores v
Sumatra ca Indonesia nh Bc Sumatra, Trung Tm Sumatra, Nam Sumatra, Ty Bc
Java
I.2 Cc bn du kh
I.2.1 Bn trng trm tch
Cc lp trm tch nm trn b mt tri t, nm trn cc ni la bn cht phc tp
thuc vng lc a. Phn nn (Ni la v bin cht) gi l mng.
Bn trm tch l ni trng xut hin trn b mt b nn p ca mng. Cc nh
a cht thng dng t bn trng. Bn trng bao gm phn b st ln vi nhng lp
trm tch nm trong n (kch thc dy, a hnh m).
Nn hoc thm l nhng lp trm tch mng nm trn mng khng b trng.
Cung ch phn nng ln ca mng trong vng v nhn t khch quan (chiu
dy nh, a hnh dng) ni ln. Ch nc su i dng khng phi l bn trm tch
do ni y ch ph mt lp mng trm tch trn nn mng.
Cc bn trng thng tin trin theo thi gian tri qua mt s giai on khc
nhau, tin trin t bn trng ny sang bn trng khc. Pht trin t bn trng sang cung
hoc ngc li.
I.2.1.1 Hnh dng ca bn trm tch
-

Bn trng tin trin rng ri v kch thc v hnh dng, bao ph din tch ti

thiu 1.000 km2. Mt s bn trng c din tch vi triu km2.

-

Chiu dy trm tch ln nht ti trung tm tch t ca bn trng thng khng

vt qu 2-3 km, i khi t 10 km.

-

Khng phi ni su nht c b dy ln nht, vt liu trm tch ln dn ra theo mt

8

dc b mt cn bng v trt xung

Mt s bn trng c dng trn, elip. Mt s khc hnh ch nht. Mt s bt u

l vng, vnh, sau m rng ra thnh bn trm tch ln hn v khng c s khp kn.
-

Mt s bn nhn trm tch lc a (v d: Delta chu). Trung tm thu ca bn tip

cn vi ra bn, chiu dy trm tch mng dn khi ra ti bin. Theo thi gian, trung tm
tch t dch chuyn theo chiu ngang v tin ra xa ra bn, tin n ni thp nht ca bn.
-

Trung tm thu ca bn v v tr c s st ln ca mng ln nht c th khng

trng nhau.
V d: Trong bn trng cacbonat, a s trung tm tch t ra bn (Sinh vt
v vi thng sng thm lc a, bin nng).
-

Nhm trm tch cha cacbonat c th tin ra bin su hn trong cc tng bn vi.

I.2.1.2 Qua trinh lp y trm tch

C cc loi: trm tch lc nguyn (mang ra t lc a), trm tch bin nng v bin su.
Ty thuc chiu dy v mi quan h gia tc trm tch v tc sp ln.
a s qu trnh sp ln v tch t xy ra cng lc.

Nu qu trnh trm tch theo kp qu trnh sp ln th khng c ch cn trng

khng c lp y. Nh vy, bn trng c lp y theo kiu trm tch bin nng.

Nu qu trnh sp ln u tin to ra vng trng su, sau mi c lp

y se to ra s sp ln ng tinh. Nhiu bn trng pht trin xa ngun trm tch lc

nguyn hoc b c lp bi nhng knh chn a hnh ti eo.

I.2.1.3 Thi gian v qu trnh kin to

Bn cht v thi gian ca qu trnh kin to l tc nhn quan trng . Cc kiu un np v
t gy pht trin trong bn trng do s bin dng v thnh phn trm tch gy ra. Do
nn p to ra np un v t gy chm nghch. S m rng dn n s hnh thnh t
gy khi v thng thng. Cn c s hin din chm mui (dome mui) km theo t
gy ph thuc vo chiu dy trm tch trong bn trng. Khi xem xet qu trnh sinh, dch
chuyn v tch t du cn xt thi gian pht trin cu trc bn v n rt quan trng ( lch
s pht trin vng suy ra lch s pht trin bn). Nh vy, do cc tch t du kh thng
thch hp vi bin dng cu trc trong sut qu trnh tch t dn n s pht trin nhanh
v tng v chiu dy tch t. V d: phin st giu vtcht hu c tch t vng cu
trc thp, trong khi tng cha c ht th hn, s hnh thnh by kt hp pht trin
vng cao hn.
10

11

Ranh gii bt chnh hp hoc t gy thng to ra qu trnh dch chuyn. S bin dng
v cu trc xy ra trong giai on mun ca qu trnh tch t trong bn trm tch gip ch
trong vic sinh du do to ra dng nhit cao hn bnh thng.
Giai on sau khi hnh thnh tch t du trong bn, qu trnh kin to gy ra hiu
ng ngc, nghia l ph hy. V d: nng tng cha ln b mt, s xm nhp ca nc
ngm hoc s bo mn, s ph hy v tht thot du kh c th xy ra.
i khi kin to to ra dng nhit cao, tng cha b chn vi su, gy ra bin cht
du (du c th chn i vi nhng loi cha nhit ).
Theo thi gian, bn pht trin dn nlp trm tch tin trin v cu trc
I.2.1.4 C ch hnh thnh bn
Cc bn hnh thnh l do nhng qu trnh dch chuyn ngang v ng theo quy m ln
ca nhng lp b mt tri t.
Nguyn nhn: kin to mng.
Lp ngoi ca v tri t l lp cng rn (thch quyn) gm lp v v manti
trn. Vng a hnh thp hnh thnh trn b mt tri t ni lp v mng l loi bazan,
to thnh lp v i dng . V lc a dy, cu to bi nhng loi nh, hn a
hnh cao hn . Bn trm tch hnh thnh ranh gii v i dng v lc a v nm trn
v lc a.
Lp thch quyn cng nm trn quyn mm t nht hn, to s dch chuyn. Do
cc dng i lu trong quyn mm gy s gy v cc mnh cng.
C 8 mng chnh v mt s mng nh chia 2 phn: Ni mng thng n nh v
ra mng c hot ng kin to. Ph v mng sng ni i dng lm cho bazan tri
ln, y bin tch ra. Cc lc lin quan m rng v tc ng ln v lc a.
Mi giai on nh du s sinh ra, ln ln v tiu hy ca bn.
I.2.1.5 Tui bn
Bn sinh ra khi bt u b st ln, thnh to trm tch cha ln, chuyn ng m lm
xung se m rng din ln cn theo s dch chuyn ly tm theo np on ven ra.
Thi k trng thnh ca bn: Phn ni trn b mt trc c xu hng h thp,
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i trung tm chm di nc c xu hng nng ln, qu trnh ny din ra song song lm

gim hot ng sp ln lm bn m rng ti a. y l pha cng gin mnh.
Sau , hot ng sp ln tr li vi tc nht nh, tng nhanh nhng din
tch nh bng s di chuyn hng tm ca cc np on ven ra.
Giai on gi ca bn: thnh to trm tch mnh me, lp y nhanh.
I.2.1.6 Phn loi bn
Da theo tng hp biu Huff (1978-1980) v Klemme (1980), c 10 kiu bn trng,
trong c:
-

2 loi lin quan mng lc a bnh n min nn, trc ni.

2 loi lin quan mng phn k dng rift, ko toc.

4 loi lin quan mng hi t trc cung, sau cung, khng cung va mng.

2 loi lin quan s ln xung ca cc i dng nh (s hnh thnh v c trng

du kh ring)
Ngoi ra cn c tam gic chu Tam ph ln bn trm tch.
I.2.2 Bn trng min nn (ni mang)
-

V tr: Nm trn v lc a bnh n, hnh thnh vng trung tm ca lc a.

Gi l bn trng min nn, ni mng hoc vng hnh thnh do s ln xung, nn

p, khng c vng ni cao k cn.

-

Tnh cht: Chng c dng trn, elip (m rng theo cc chiu), kch thc thay

i ln. Trong mt ct ngang, bn c tnh cht xc nh, nng, i khi gn ging nh

phng.
-

Ngun gc: t c nghin cu.

mng b t gy khi, trm tch u n khng b gin on, v b suy gim,

lin quan n qu trnh m rng -> chiu rng ln hn nhiu so vi chiu su.
-

c trng: trong vng c qu trnh to rift khng pht trin, vt liu nng c

a vo lp v nh hn, lm gim kh nng ni ca lp v.

-

Mt s bn trng ln trn th gii thuc loi ny.

V d: Bn Williston (M, Canada), Illinois, Michigan, Paris (Php).
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I.2.3
-

Bn trng ra min nn (Trc ni foreland)

Vi tr: Pht trin gn ra lc a (cn gi l bn trng trc ni)
Pht trin trong 2 giai on t kiu bn trng ni mng: Chu k hi t u tin b

gin on bi qu trnh nng ln, thng trong Pz mun hoc trong Mz. Chu k th 2 bt
u theo hng khc, c nh du bi mt bt chnh hp.
Bn trng c bt u bng mt qu trnh m rng, nhng trong chu k th 2
ch yu l giai on nen ep lin quan n vic nng ln v chuyn ng to ni
-

Tnh cht: Thng c dng elip hoc keo di, c s thay i chiu rng, trc din

i xng.
-

Mt s bn trng ln: Bn trng min trc ni ang khai thc thuc vng Bc

M (bn Alberta, Anadarko, Permian, Appalachian) v a s cc bn trng nh thuc

Rocky mount v ng Nam M, mt s bn thuc Angieri.
I.2.4 Bn trng dng rift
-

V tr: Thuc min ra v lc a.

Min trng dng rift khc trc ni l t gy do ko toc, sp xung, hp b

ngang v ko di chiu rng v chiu su, 2 b vch thng ng.

Min trng dng rift khc min nn bi cc rift c th lin kt khp kn theo
thnh bn trong qu trnh phn k (do tch gin y bin), v bn c hnh thnh cnh
khng pht trin, b keo cng v khng tch ra hon ton.
-

Tnh cht: Dng tuyn nh-va, nng va-su. Cc a ho a ly to nn trc

din khng quy lut.

-

Mt s bn trng ln: Bn Sirte (Libi), Rhine (Chu u), vnh Siam, Suez (Ai

Cp), a ho Vi King (North Sea)

I.2.5 Bn trng ko toc (pull-apart)
-

Tnh cht c dng khng i xng, thuc ra lc a. Dng tuyn ko di, c mt

pha l ngun gc lc a, mt ch yu ngoi khi, nm trn lp v chuyn tip.

a s c nh v ra i Ty Dng v n Dng.
-

Mt s bn trng ln Bn trng Gabon v Angola Cabinda (ngoi khi pha Ty

14

Chu Phi), bn trng pha Bc nc Uc, ngoi khi ng Nam Newfoundland.

I.2.6 Bn hi t trc cung v sau cung
-

V tr: hnh thnh ra lc a vi i dng, ni nhng mng i dng cm

xung bn di mng lc a.
-

Tnh cht kch thc nh, dng tuyn ko di, hnh thnh trn lp v chuyn

tip; tui Kreta v Tam; c lp y phin set, phin st; pht trin nhanh chng
v ng thi ph hy nhanh do cc qu trnh va mng xy ra lin tc bi qu trnh kin
to phc tp.
-

C ch kin to: s nen ep, c t gy khi v t gy trt ngang.

a s bn trng ra hi t trn th gii lin quan n ra Thi Bnh Dng hoc

nhng i Sutu hnh thnh ni Chu Phi chm ln mng u . 2 kiu bn trng khng
tm thy gn i ht chm m pht trin gn cc cung o .
Bn sau cung nm trong cung o v lc a nhn ch yu trm tch mi trng
bin nng, dng nhit o c trng sau cung t cao n rt cao do s nng chy v
hot ng ni la cung o.
Bn trc cung nm trong cung o v mng i dng, cc trm tch pht trin
kh nhiu, c th l 1 di trm tch nng n qut bin su, tng phn vi bn sau cung,
bn trc cung c dng trm tch thp d thng do s dch chuyn ca mng i dng
lnh. 1 v d v bn trng thuc i ht chm l Indonesia, 1 s bn trng sau cng c
pht trin sau cung o nm k cn thm lc a bnh n Sunda.
Bn trng Sumatra (sau cung) v Mentawai (trc cung) mng Thi Bnh Dng
chi xung di mng n c.
Trm tch ct Miocen mi trng bin nng c ngun gc t lc a . Hot ng
kin to lm chuyn sang mi trng bin su hn, tng st v cc thu knh ct (do cc
dng nc mnh theo ma) nm mi trng bin nng gn b.
-

Bn trc cung c kch thc nh hn, vt liu t cung o, c cc m tiu san

h bm xung quanh cung o, b dy trm tch ln hn 4.000 m, a phn l m du.

Bn trc cung nh hn c tm thy pha trc cung o.C hai loi chy
song song vi h thng mng v cung ni mng n-c di chuyn v pha Bc v b chm
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ln bi mng u- .
Mt mt ct xuyn qua bn trng trc cung Mentawai v sau cung Sumatra
minh ho tng.
Bn trng Sumatra c lp y trn 5km trm tch ht vn Tam mun v
mt t vi nm ra cung o.
Tuy nhin do dng nhit rt cao nn cc trm tch tr c th to ra du
su nh hn 1 km. Tng sn phm ch yu nm trong ct kt Miocen mun v Pliocen
c by trong cu trc nn a hnh khng bng phng ca mng v cao hn na l
trong cc np li.
I.2.7 Bn trng khng cung v va mang

Bn trng khng cung

Hnh thnh dc theo ra hi t ni mng di chuyn bi qu trnh t gy chuyn dng

ngang to nhng bn trng khng cung, i khi cn gi l bn trng trt hoc bn trng
kiu California do hu ht hnh thnh dc b bin pha ty ca M.
Bn trng khng cung l nhng bn trng nh hnh thnh do s kt hp ca qu
trnh dch chuyn lin quan t gy chuyn dng ngang v t gy khi cc b.
Ngoi cc bn trng California cn c bn trng Ventura tiu biu cho bn trng
kiu California.

Bn trng va mng

Bn trng gia cc ni, k tip l cc bn trng nh hnh thnh trong giai on un np

ra, nm dc theo i Sutu ni hoc hai lc a hoc cc b bin lc a v mng va
mng. y l mt kiu ca bn sau cung nhng mt h thng mng v cung c xc
nh tt thng khng tn ti lu di.
Cc bn trng va mng hnh thnh do s kt hp gia qu trnh m rng vi s
trt ngang cc b trong mi trng nen ep, gradient a nhit thng cao, cht trm tch
lp y thng l ht vn.

16

Bn do v i dng va v
lc a i khi c xem l
bn trc cung

c im: hp v su, tch cht nhuyn c hnh thnh 4 kiu bn trng cho
mt s c trng du kh.
cha: Sn phm ch yu trong tng ct kt su nng khng dy hoc
trong a tng sn phm.
Cc by c kch thc bnh thng, hu nh l cc np li c nng ln dng
khi v mt s by kt hp.
m bn trng ny thng tr, cha chn mui, nhng gradient a nhit cao
to trin vng tt trong bn sau cung, khng cung v va mng ni c tng cha dy v a
tng sn phm phin.
Bn trng trc cung thng trin vng km do phn ln Kerogen cha chn
mui, gradient a nhit thp, rng ngho ca trm tch ht vn ni la.
Ri ro trong khai thc: Qu trnh bin dng qu mnh, hot ng ni la v tnh
cht tng cha km (cu trc giu set) cha trng thnh l nhng vn trong bt k
bn trng hi t no dn n ging kh.
I.2.8 Bn trng sp ln (downwarp basin)
Hnh thnh do s sp ln i dng nh to mt kiu bn trng ring bit do trm tch
v c tnh du kh thng rt khc bit lin quan v ngun gc so vi cc bn hi t
khc.
Kch thc t ln n trung bnh, dng tuyn khng xc nh , tm thy dc ra
ca nhng i dng nh trong qu kh v hin nay. Mt s tc gi cho rng cc bn
trng sp ln l mt kiu ring. Mt s bn trng ny lin quan n vic m ra cc bn
17

trng i dng nh m khng tip tc tch gin (m ra theo mt hng nhng khng
thc ko di).
Mt s khc cho rng bn trng c xem l mt loi ca bn trng keo toc.
Bn trng sp ln hnh thnh trong cc i dng ang khep kn, mt s phn
loi khc bn trng li c xem l va mng, sau cung, trc ni.
Bn trng sp ln khp kn tm thy dc a Trung Hi v mt s vng khc
bin Tethyan v hu ht cc bn trng giu du kh trn th gii (vd: Arabian Iran).
Cc trm tch v cu trc tng t trong mi bn trng sp ln d i dng
ang m hoc ng.
M vn cn tin trin theo thi gian, sau tr thnh bn trng sp ln do hi t
cc mng lc a, qu trnh va mng tng cng c th lm cho bn ny tr thnh bn
sp ln nh Bc Phi, Ploiesti- Rumani.
I.2.9 Bn Delta Tam
Gn lin vi k Tam.
Mt s tc gi khng cho y l mt kiu bn trng do chng c th hnh thnh
bt k mi trng no v c hi tm thy bt k ra hi t v phn k l nh nhau.
Do s c mt ca n l mt trung tm tch t dc theo ch ni gia b ba cc
mng c hoc ti ranh gii gia lc a v i dng. iu kin nhit do cc h thng
dn lu lc a ln vi cc dng chy xung cc vng rift vi cc cnh khng pht trin.
khu vc, delta c kch thc t nh n trung bnh nhng c tch t dy. Ton
b vt liu l ht vn ngun gc lc a vi mt t l gia khi lng trm tch v din
tch l rt cao do qu trnh tch t rt nhanh v ln dn ra bin cng vi qu trnh nn cht
dn n hnh thnh t gy, np li.
Gradient a nhit thp, to nn do b dy trm tch qu nng

18

CHNG II: DU KH VIT NAM

II.1 c im du kh Vit Nam
H thng du kh cc b trm tch Tam ca Vit Nam nh: Sng Hng, Ph Khnh,
Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn, Malay- Th Chu, T Chnh-Vng My, nhm b Trng sa v
Hong Sa vi tim nng du kh ca chng khong 4,3- 6,0 t tn du quy i. Do c
im hnh thnh v pht trin ring ca tng b trm tch nn chng c c im cu trc,
a tng trm tch cng nh cc iu kin v sinh, dch chuyn v hnh thnh cc tch t
du kh ca mi b c khc nhau vi cc c trng chnh v du kh pht hin ca cc
b nh sau:

B Cu Long: ch yu pht hin du, trong c 5 m ang khai thc v nhiu

m khc ang chun b pht trin. y l b cha du ch yu thm lc a Vit Nam.

B Nam Cn Sn: pht hin c du v kh trong c m ang khai thc l m

du i Hng v m kh Lan Ty- Lan , ngoi ra cn c mt s m kh ang pht

trin.

B Sng Hng: ch yu pht hin kh, trong m kh Tin Hi C ng bng

Sng Hng ang c khai thc.

B Malay Th Chu: pht hin c du v kh trong cc m du kh: Bunga

Kekwa Ci Nc, Bung Ry, Bungga Seroja cng chng ln gia Vit Nam v Malay
ang khai thc.
Nhn chung, cc pht hin du kh thng mi thm lc a v t lin Vit
Nam cho n nay thng l cc m nhiu tng cha du, kh trong cc dng play c tui
khc nhau: mng nt n trc Tam, ct kt Oligocene, ct kt Miocen, carbonat
miocen v phun tro, trong play mng phong ha nt n trc Tam l i tng
cha du ch yu bn Cu Long vi cc m khng l.
c bit nhn mnh rng vic pht hin cc m du ln trong mng granitoit nt
n trc Tam, l thn du khng tin l v mt cu trc, v c trng thm cha, v
c ch hnh thnh, v mc v phn b to ra bc ngoc lch s v m ra hng
19

tm kim thm d du kh mi, v cng quan trng b Cu Long ni ring v thm lc

a Vit Nam ni chung, l ng lc hp dn cc cng ty du kh th gii t u t tr
li Vit Nam.
c trng ni bc ca Vit Nam l s hin din cc m du trong mng granittoit
nt n trc Tam, m tiu biu l mo Bch H c pht hin 1986 v a vo
khai thc t thng 9 nm 1988. Sau Bch H pht hin v da vo khai thc hng lot
m du khc trong mng b Cu Long nh ng Rng, ng Nam Rng, Nam Rngi Mi, Phng ng, m S T en, M Thng Long, M Hi S en, m H
Xm vi tr lng du khai thc, tnh n 01/01/2012, chim trn 80% tng lng
du xc nh v tng sn lng du khai thc ca Vit Nam.
Cc m du torng mng granitoit nt n trc Tam cng c pht hin
bn trng Nam Cn Sn (m i Hng, Thin ng, B Cu, Chim So), bn trng
Sng Hng (Hm Rng) v d on se pht hin cc m du kh tng t cc bn trng
khc na.
Nh vy s tn ti cc m du kh trong mng granitoit nt n trc Tam
mang tnh cht ph bin thm lc a Vit Nam.
Nu trc y, v cho rng tng nng trc Tam l khng c trin vng v
mt du kh, nn i tng tm kim thm d du kh chnh thm lc a Nam Vit
Nam l lp ph trm tch Tam v cc ging khoan tm kim du khi kt thc khi bt
gp tng mng, th khi sau pht hin du kh trong nng nt n vi sn lng ln, i
tng tm kim thm d chnh b Cu Long l granitoit trc Tam. Vy vic
pht hin cc thn du trong mng granitoit lm thay i quan im truyn thng,
m ra mt hng tm kim- thm d du kh mi Vit Nam.

20

II.2 Cc b trm tich in hnh Vit Nam

Hinh 2. Cac b trm tch Tam Vit Nam

21

II.2.1 B Sng Hng

II.2.1.1 Gii thiu
B Sng Hng nm trong khong 1050 30- 1100 30 kinh ng, 140 30- 210 00 vi
Bc.

22

Hinh 3. Vi tr v phn vng cu trc ia cht b Sng Hng (1) Vng Ty Bc; (2) Vng
Trung Tm ; (3) Vng Pha Nam.
y l mt b c lp ph trm tch Tam dy hn 14 km, c dng hnh thoi keo di t
min vong H Ni ra vnh Bc B v bin min Trung. Dc ra pha Ty b tri l cc
mng Paleozoi-Mesozoi. Pha ng Bc tip gip b Ty Li Chu (Weizou Basin), pha
ng l mng Paleozoi-Mesozoi o Hi Nam, ng Nam l b ng Nam Hi Nam v
b Hong Sa, pha Nam gip b trm tch Ph Khnh.
II.2.1.2 H thng du kh
B Sng Hng l b dng pull- apart keo tch c cu trc a cht phc tp, keo di t
min vong H Ni ra bin theo hng Ty Bc- ng Nam, chim phn ln vnh Bc B
n khu vc bin min trung tip gip vi b Ph Khnh. S hnh thnh v pht trin b
Sng Hng c lin quan trc tip n hot ng ca h thng t gy Sng Hng theo
hng TB- N v A Bc Nam thuc ra Ty Bc Bin ng. Chnh cc h thng t gy
ny phn chia v khng ch cc n v cu trc chnh ca b Sng Hng.
H thng du kh ti b Sng Hng c nghin cu v c cc c im sau:
sinh: c hai tng sinh chnh c tui Miocen v Oligocen:

Tng sinh Miocen gia c hm lng vt cht hu c trung bnh, ch yu loi

III, c kh nng sinh kh l chnh. phn trng su l trng thnh v mi bc vo

pha di c t cui Miocen.
+

Tng sinh Oligocen c hm lng VCHC trung bnh, tt hn pha Nam b,

nhng l dng VCHC loi III l chnh, mt s mi c gp VCHC loi II, I c kh nng
sinh du tt hn. Hu ht m Oligocen tri qua tt c cc pha to sn phm v di c
cch y 10-20 triu nm.
-

cha: trong phm vi b Sng Hng c hai loi cha chnh l cc thnh

to lc nguyn c tui Oligocen, Miocen, Pliocen di v carbonat c tui Miocen.

Trong cha carbonat phn b ch yu pha Nam ca b. Ngoi ra, cc mng
phong ha nt n trc Tam pht hin.
23

chn: c kh nng chn b Sng Hng l ht mn gm set kt, bt kt

tui Oligocen v Miocen xen ke vi cc cha l nhng tng cha mang tnh cht a
phng. Ngoi ra, tng set c tui Pliocen sm ph bin phn trung tm v pha Nam
b l tng chn khu vc.

Mt s c im v cc kiu by bn trng Sng Hng

Hinh 4. Mt ct ia cht bn trung Sng Hng

-

in hnh l thnh to carbonate c hnh thnh trong iu kin bin nng. By

dng vm c k tha trn khi nng mng v chu mc nen ep khc nhau gia nh
v cnh. Tng chn l set ph ln mt trt t gy. Cc khi carbonate m tiu Miocene
v Oligocene trong cc by pht trin k tha cc g nng hay cc vm nng v cc a
ly.

24

Hinh 5. H thng t gay chnh v cac i cu trc b Sng Hng

II.2.1.3 Tim nng du kh
B Sng Hng phn b vnh Bc B v 1 phn bin min Trung, phn Ty Bc ca b
thuc ng bng sng Hng gi l trng H Ni. Tng s ging thm d khoan trn 40
ging trong c 10 ging pht hin kh, 1ging pht hin du trong mng trc
Kainozoi. Vi ti liu hin c cho thy b sng Hng l b rt c lp y bi trm tch
Kainozoi vi b dy trung tm b t trn 10km bao gm cc thnh to cacbonat tui
Mioxen. Tr lng v tim nng thu hi d bo c th t 550 700 triu m3 quy du (
ch yu l kh ) chim khong 14% tng tim nng du kh Vit Nam. Trong tp trung
ch yu play 3 v 4 ( 80%). Tim nng d bo ca play cha c xc nh chim
khong 13% tim nng ca b. Tr lng pht hin khong 250 t m3 kh, trong
ch yu l kh c hm lng CO2 cao (60 90%) chim 30 35 % tng tim nng ca
b. M kh Tin Hi C c pht hin u nm 1975 v a vo khai thc t nm
25

1981 cho n nay khai thc khong 450 triu m3 kh phc v cng nghip a phng
tnh Thi Bnh. Dng tim nng cacbonat Paleozoi b nt n c pht hin m du trong
cc b sng Hng.
II.2.2 B Ph Knh
II.2.2.1 Gii Thiu
B Ph Khnh l b trm tch nc su thm lc a min Trung Vit Nam, gii hn
bi vi tuyn 14-110 Bc v kinh tuyn 109020 1110 ng hoc cng c th pht trin
hn v pha ng. V phng din a cht , b Ph Khnh gip vi b Cu Long pha
Nam, b Nam Cn Sn pha ng Nam, b Sng Hng pha Bc, b Hong Sa pha
ng Bc, thm Nng, thm Phan Rang pha Ty v pha ng ni cha c
nghin cu , c th tn ti 1 b khc nm gia b Ph Khnh v phn su nht ca bin
ng.

26

Hinh 6. Vi tr ia ly b trm tch Ph Khanh

II.2.2.2 H Thng du kh
Cc play c kh nng pht trin b Ph Khnh l cc thnh to lc nguyn tui
Oligocen, Miocen, carbonat Miocen v mng phong ha nt n, tuy nhin, do vng ny
cha c cc ging khoan thm d nn cc c im sinh, cha, chn ch c th d bo
da vo cc lin kt vi cc b ln cn v cc nghin cu im l du trn b.
-

sinh: b Ph Khnh c mt m tui Oligocen v Miocen sm.

cha: cc cha l ct kt tui Oligocen, Miocen v Pliocen. Ngoi ra, cc

thnh to carbonat tui Miocen v mng phong ha nt n cng l cha c tim nng.

27

 chn: cc thnh to set kt, set kt xen bt kt tui Oligocen v Miocen cng

nh Pliocen v cc mn chn quan trng cho cc by du kh.

Mt s c im v cc kiu by bn trng Ph Khnh

Hinh 7. Mt ct ia cht qua bn trung Ph Khanh

Trong bn trng Ph Khnh c cc dng by sau y:
+

Trong mng trc tam: gm nhng by cha trong mng b nt n, b nng

ln v tip xc ngang vi cc lot Eocene Oligocene, c ph bi cc lp trm tch

mn trn nc v bn sn, qu trnh hnh thnh by bt u t giai on u pht trin t
gy mng trong thi k Eocene, tip theo l b cc lot trm tch Eocene thng
Oligocene h ph ln bn trn v k p sn. Cc trm tch to nn tng chn ln trn
mt mng.
+

Trong Eocene thng Oligocene: gm cc by vm c dng khc nhau.

Chng l nhng np li do mng

nh cao c cc trm tch Eocene

thng -

Oligocene h ph ln, hoc nhng np li cun b chia ct do cc t gy thun ct cheo.

Cc by ny c chn bi cc lp set bin tin cc b, v chn theo phng ngang nh
cc t gy k st nhau.

28

Trong Oligocene thng: gm nhng khep kn a tng do nhng va ct kt vt

nhn a tng k p vo sn ca a ly khu vc, hoc k p vo nhng np li. Cc by

a tng ny ch yu trong cc lt ct ng to rift v c lien quan n cc h thng trm
tch Oligocene thng b bin dng yu.
+

Trong Miocene h: by cha hnh thnh trong pha nghch o v nng ln ca

khu vc thi im cui Miocene trung. Giai on nghch o v nng ln lm tng

tnh cu trc ca cc np li m c thnh to do cc lot trm tch Miocene h ph ln.
Cc np li pht trin trong cc t gy trt trng lc v cc np li pht trin trong cc
t gy c mt i xng hnh thnh nn by cha.
+

Trong Miocene trung - Miocene thng: by a tng cha san h m tiu, cc

vi m tiu san h pht trin trn cc cu trc dng c tui gi hn, cc m tiu ny
c chn bi cc lp set tui Pliocene, c ni tng cha ny b chn c bn phng.

29

Hinh 8. H thng t gay chnh v cac i cu trc b Ph Khanh (theo Nopec va

VPI)
II.2.2.3 Tim nng du kh
Nm dc theo b bin min trung, phn ln b c su nc bin trn 200m nn t
c nghin cu. Theo ti liu a chn khu vc, trm tch Kainozoi ph khng chnh
hp trn mng trc tam b bin cht v t gy chia ct thnh khi phc tp vi
chiu dy thay i t 500m dc theo cnh pha Ty n 7000 8000 m ti trung tm b,
bao gm ch yu cc thnh to lc nguyn, ngoi ra cn c kh nng gp cc thnh to
cacbonat tui Mioxen. Tim nng d bo ca b t 300 700 triu m3 quy du ( 10%
tng tim nng du kh Vit Nam ), trong play 2 v 3 ( Mioxen clastic) chim 60%,
play cacbonat chim 25 %. Tuy nhin cc play y cha c xc minh cha du kh,
ti liu b hn ch nn cc d bo ny cn nhiu yu t gi nh v ri ro.

30

II.2.3 Bn trng Cu Long

II.2.3.1 Gii thiu
B trm tch Cu Long nm ch yu trn thm pha Nam Vit Nam v mt phn dt lin
thuc ca sng Cu Long. B c hnh bu dc, vong ra v pha bin v nm dc theo b
bin Vng Tu- Bnh Thun. B Cu Long c xem l b trm tch khep kn in hnh
ca Vit Nam. Tuy nhin nu tnh theo ng ng dy trm tch 1000m th b c xu
hng m v ng Bc, ngn cch b Nam Cn Sn bi i nng Cn Sn, pha Ty
Nam l i Khorat- Natuna v pha ng Bc l i tch trt Tuy Ha, ngn cch vi
b Ph Khnh. B c din tch 36000 km2 , bao gm l: 9, 15, 16, 17 v 1 phn l: 1, 2,
25, 31. B c bi p bi trm tch lc nguyn Tam, chiu dy ln nht ti trung
tm t n 7,8 km.

31

Hinh 9. S vi tr bn Cu Long

32

Hinh 10. Bn Cu Long v cu trc a mong

n nay b Cu Long c coi l b cha du ln nht thm lc a Vit Nam vi cc
m ang c khai thc: Bch H, Rng, Rng ng, Hng Ngc,

33

c im trm tich va tng a

Hinh 11. Ct ia tng tng hp bn trung Cu Long

Ph bin cc l l trm tch tui Oligocen phn di cng l ct kt ht mn
ti th xen sn kt, cui kt. c mu xm, xm sng, i khi c cc lp phun tro
mng. Phn gia gm ht mn set kt, bt kt chim u th. set v bt set c mu xm
en, xm sm ti pht nu, c cu to khi hay phn lp dy. Phn trn ch yu l ct kt
ht mn xen set, bt kt c mu xm en ti xm xanh. Ti phn gp trng l, ngoi ra
34

cn c dng phn lp mng, gn sng th hin vo cui Oligocen c mt tng bin

ven bn.
II.2.3.2 H thng du kh
-

m: kt qu phn tch a ha cho thy cc tp trm tch ht mn trong

Oligocen trn l tng sinh chnh ti b ny. Hm lng VCHC trung bnh 0,9- 6,1%, ch
yu l Kerogen loi III, ngoi ra c c loi I v II nn sinh du l ch yu. Trong
Oligocen di vt liu hu c cng phong ph, Kerogen loi II l chnh, rt t loi III,
ch yu chng c tch ly vng h, m ly. Phn ln din tch ca trm tch ny
nm i sinh du. Ch c cc khi st ng v Ty cu to Bch H nm trong i sinh
kh. Ngoi ra, cc tp set Miocen di vi TOC trn di 1% l tng sinh du kh tim
nng, tuy nhin chng ch mi bc vo pha trng thnh nhng vng trng su ca
b. Cc nghin cu m phng qu trnh sinh du kh cho thy pha di c ca du kh t
m sm nht c th bt du cch y 22 triu nm.

Hinh 12. Phn vng kin to b Cu Long (theo VSP).

35

cha: trong khu vc nghin cu cha mng nt n trc Tam l i

tng rt quan trng v l cha ch yu b Cu Long. rng c th t ti 13% v

thm t ti hng nhn mD. ct kt Oligocen cng l i tng cha quan trng
vi rng thay i t 2- 22,4% thm c th t hn 200mD. Do s bin tng nhanh
v rng, thm khng n nh nn khai thc du kh t cc thn ct Oligocen thng
gp nhiu kh khn. ct kt Miocen h cng bt gp ti hu ht cc m ang khai
thc. Ngoi ra cn c th cha volcanic, tuy nhin b dy, rng v thm rt khng
n nh c ri ro rt cao.
-

chn: tng set rotalia Miocen sm vi lng set chim 90- 95% i ch 100%

ph bin rng khp ton b, c b dy n nh 180- 200m l tng chn khu vc rt tt.
Ngoi ra cn c cc tng chn mang tnh a phng l cc tp set Oligocen di,
Oligocen trn v Miocen di.
-

Cn c vo c tnh h thng du kh v c im chn cha ca cc pht hin

du kh, trong bn trng Cu Long c phn ra lm 5 i tng cha du kh (play):

mng nt n trc tam, phun tro Oligocene, ct kt Oligonene h, ct kt
Oligocene thng v ct kt Miocene h. Mi i tng cha du kh thng gn lin
vi mt vi kiu by cha khc nhau.

36

Hinh 13. Mt mt ct ia cht qua bn trung Cu Long

-

Mng trc tam gm magma xm nhp nh granitoid v mt phn khng

ng k bin cht. Mng granitoid l i tng cha du kh quan trng nht, lin
quan n nhng pht hin du kh ln trn m Bch H, Rng, Rng ng, S T en,
S T Vng, C Ng Vng, Ruby v hng lot cc cu to nh Tam o, u , Vi
Thiu, Diamond, Topaz, Emerald, Vng ng, Ba V, B en, Cam, Si, By thng
bt gp cc khi nng a phng thuc i nng trung tm v cc i phn d ven ra
ca b. y l cc khi mng nh dng a ly b chn vi, khep kn ba chiu bi cc tp
trm tch ht mn ph trn. By cha thuc dng by hn hp, c lien quan mt thit vi
t gy v ph hy kin to. Thn du dng khi, chiu cao thn du thng ln, c th
t ti khong 2000m, ty thuc vo mc chn v bin khep kn ca khi mng
nng cao. Ranh gii ca by c th l ranh gii du nc nh ng Nam Rng, Rng
ng, nhng a phn l i cht xt nm pha di nh mng Bch H, S T en,
S T Vng, ng Rng.

37

Hinh 14. M hinh minh ha hot ng kin to hinh thnh cac kiu by
-

Du kh cng c pht hin trong phun tro c cu trc ch yu l hang hc,

i khi nt n, nm trong lt ct trm tch tui Oligocene nh ng Bc Rng. Cc by

c pht hin thng nh, pht trin cc b, kiu a tng, b chn thch hc mi
pha.
-

Ct kt cha du tp Oligocene h cng l mt trong nhng i tng thm d,

khai thc chnh trn m Bch H v Rng. Ct kt thch anh, feldspar ht th mu xm,
nu xm, c ngun gc ng bng bi tch, sng ngi, pht trin cnh cu to, nm gn
vo mng bo mn. i ch ct kt cng vi mng hp thnh mt thn du thng
nht. Ct lng sng ct x vo nhau, xp chng ln nhau to thnh cc tp ct dy. Cc
38

thn ct ny b cc t gy t mng ct qua to thnh cc khi ring bit, by cha du

kiu a tng hay phi cu to, c ranh gii du nc ring, b chn thch hc v kin to.
-

Ct kt cha du Oligocene thng, l ct arkose xm sng, nu vng ht xen lp

mng vi set, bt kt, vi v than thnh to trong mi trng m h, ng bng, sng

ngi. Trn m Bch H lt ct c d thng p sut cao. Cc va du pht hin trn m
Bch H, Rng, S T en, Rng ng, S T Trng, thuc dng by a tng, b
chn thch hc mi pha.

Hinh 15. Mt ct ia cht qua i nng trung tm th hin mt s kiu by

-

Ct kt cha du Miocene h c ngun gc sng ngi, ng bng v bin nng

ven b. Ti mt s m nh Rng ng, Rng, S T en, Ruby tp trn l tp ct kt

arkose ht mn, th mng cha du xen lp mng vi set c in tr thp t 3.5 n 7
Ohm/m. phn di ca tp nh cc m Bch H, ng Bc Rng du c pht
hin trong cc va ct dy hn, ht trung bnh, c in tr t 7 20 Ohm/m. Cc by bt
gp ch yu l dng cu trc, dng vm, va, b chn thch hc v kin to.
39

Tm li, trong bn trng Cu Long cc tch t du kh gp trong tt c cc loi

by cha: cu to/ cu trc (Miocene h), phi cu to/ a tng (Oligocene) v loi by
hn hp (trong mng nt n v Miocene h).
II.2.3.3 Tim nng du kh
LSJOC 1/97
CLJOC

15-1

PETRONAS O (50%), PVEP

(50%),
LSJOC (0%)

PVEP (50%), CONOCO (23.25%), KNOC

(14.25%),
SK CORP (9%), GEOPET SA (3.5%)
JVPC Phuong Dong, Rang Dong

JVPC (46.5%), CONOCO GM

(36%),
PVEP (17.5%)

PETRONAS 1

PETRONAS V (85%),
PVEP (15%)
HLJOC

16-1
PETRONAS 2

PVEP (41%), SOCO (28.5%),

PTTEP HL (28.5%), OPECO
(2%),
HLJOC (0%)
CONOCO

PETRONAS V (85%), PVEP

(15%)
HVJOC 9-2

16-2
VIETSOV 9-1

CONOCO (40%),
KNOC (30%), PVEP
(30%)

VIETSOV

PVEP (50%), SOCO (25%),

PTTEP HV (25%), HVJOC
(0%)

VRJ Petroleum Corp

9-3

(VRJ = Vietnam,Russian,Japan)
ZARUBEZ N (50%), PVEP (35%), IDEMITSU (15%),

Hinh 16. S cac l thuc bn trung Cu Long v cac cng ty ang thm do khai thac
(ngun PVEP)
Tr lng v tim nng du kh ca b Cu Long c d bo khong 820 triu
m3 quy du (18% tng tim nng du kh Vit Nam) ch yu tp trung mng nt n.
Tr lng du kh pht hin mng ct kt tui Miocen v Oligocen khong hn 500
triu m3 quy du (chim 61% tim nng du kh ca b). Trong tng lai, mng vn tht
s l i tng tm kim thm d cn c quan tm hn na khng ch bn Cu Long
m cn cc b ln cn. Ngoi ra, b Cu Long cc dng by hn hp, phi cu to
40

trong trm tch Oligocen kh ph bin v huy vng c th pht hin cc m du kh mi

t cc dng by ny. Tim nng du kh ca phn t lin b Cu Long cha c nh
gi mt cch y do ti liu cn rt hn ch, tuy nhin c th d bo s tn ti cc
trng Mesozoi m tim nng du kh ca n c chng minh cc vng trng Bc Thi
Lan. Bi vy, trong thi gian ti cn phi u t nghin cu nh gi tim nng du kh
ca cc thnh to Mesozoi t lin thuc khu vc b Cu Long.

41

II.2.4 Bn Ma Lai Th Chu

II.2.4.1 Gii thiu
B Malay- Th Chu nm Vnh Thi Lan, pha ng l bin Ty Nam Vit Nam, pha
ng Bc l bin Campuchia, pha Ty Bc v Ty l vng bin Thi Lan, v Ty Nam
l bin Malay.
L b trm tch c tim nng du kh ln trong khu vc. T rt sm y c hot
ng tm kim thm d v khai thc du kh. Hin nay l vng kh hp dn nh u t
nc ngoi.

42

Hinh 17. B Ma Lai Th Chu

43

II.2.4.2 H thng du kh

Hinh 18. Phn vng kin to b Malay- Th Chu

-

m: kt qu phn tch a ha hco thy c hai tng m. Tng th nht l

cc tp set m h Oligocen dy, c hm lng VCHC cao, Kerogen loi I v II thun

li cho sinh du, tri qua hu ht cc pha to sn phm, qu trnh di c du kh bt du
cch y 26 triu nm. y l tng sinh du ch yu pha Nam, tuy nhin trung tm
pha Bc ca tng m ny b chn vi su nn ch yu sinh kh condensat v kh kh.
m Miocen di l cc tp set, set than cha VCHV loi II v III, sinh du v kh.
Phn di ca m Miocen di chn vi trng pattani v pha bc trng Malay trong
iu kin a nhit thun li, trng thnh v phn ln ang trong pha to du. Trm
tch tui Miocen di, Oligocen ti cc ging khoan thm d thm lc a Ty Nam
Vit Nam hu nh cha trng thnh.
44

 cha: ct kt Miocen gia, di v Oligocen l i tng cha ch yu b

Malay- Th Chu v c cht lng kh tt, tuy nhin cc khu vc khc nhau cht lng
v vai tr ca cc tng cha khc nhau. Cc trng ven ra v ra ng Bc thuc thm lc
a Vit Nam cc tp cha ny ng vai tr quan trng.
chn: cc thnh to ht mn tui Oligocen v cc tp set dy Miocen trn c

kh nng l mn chn khu vc, tuy nhin tp set Oligocen c xu th c im mi trng

lc a ro hn v pha bc. Cc tp set, set b trong Miocen c thnh to trong mi
trng m ly, ng bng ngp lt v bin ven b c kh nng l mn chn a phng
cho cc by du kh.
Mt s c im v cc kiu by bn trng Malay- Th Chu

Dng by ph bin nht l khi bm t gy dng cu to hnh hoa. Du cn

nm trong thn ct lng sng c.

+

Do by c hnh thnh vo pha u tin ca qu trnh tch gin bin ng vo

cui Oligocene mun, do s quay ca lc a Sunda, bn thuc dng rift ni lc, do c

im nh vy cho nn cu trc by ca bn b nh hng mnh ca cc yu t kin to
cu trc.

Hinh 19. Mt ct ia chn ct qua bn trung Malay Th Chu

45

II.2.4.3 Tim nng du kh

L b trm tch ln nm vnh Thi lan c lp y bi trm tch lc nguyn i ch
cha than trong Mioxen vi b dy t t 8 9 km vng trng su. Cc nh thu
khoan 24 ging, c 18 ging pht hin du trong Mioxen. Tr lng tim nng d bo c
th t 250 350 triu m3 quy du (5% tng tim nng du kh Vit Nam), ch yu tp
trung play 3a (77%), tr lng du kh pht hin chim khong 23%. Do vng
chng ln gia 3 nc Vit Nam Thi Lan Malaysia. M du kh Bunga Kekew c
a vo khai thc t thng 7/1997, tng sn lng du khai thc c n nay trn 1
triu tn.
II.2.5 B Nam Cn Sn
II.2.5.1 Gii thiu
B Nam Cn Sn c din tch gn 100000 km2, nm trong khong gia 6o00 n 9o45
vi Bc, 106o00 n 109o00 kinh ng. Ranh gii pha Bc ca b l i nng
Cn Sn, pha Ty v Nam l i nng Khorat - Natuna, cn pha ng l b T Chnh Vng My v pha ng Bc l b Ph Khnh. su nc bin trong phm vi ca b
thay i rt ln, t vi chc mt pha Ty n > 1000m pha ng.

46

Hinh 20. B Nam Cn Sn

II.2.5.2 H thng du kh
-

m: d set kt v bt kt tui Oligocen a phn c cu to phn lp dy hoc

dng khi rn chc, set b bin i kh mnh dn tr thnh argilit, thnh phn set ch yu
l tng sinh du kh chnh ca b . Tuy nhin, ti hai trng su thuc b Nam Cn Sn
ni chiu dy lp ph Tam >10km c kh nng c mt cc trm tch Eocen vi cc
tng m h.
-

cha: cha ch yu b Nam Cn Sn l ct kt c tui Oligocen, Miocen

v phn di Pliocen phn b rng khp trm ton b vi rng, thm tng i tt.
Cc trm tch carbonat tui Miocen pht trin ch yu pha ng ca b v l cc
cha tt vi rng , thm rt cao. ngoi ra, mng nt n, pht hin m i Hng,
cng l cha c tim nng.
47

chn: tng set tui Pliocen sm vi b dy ti vi chc met, pht trin tng

i rng c kh nng l tng chn khu vc. Cc loi set kt acgilit, d set xen bt kt tui
Oligocen, cc thnh to set xen ke bt v nhng lp ct kt mng trong Miocen ch yu
gi vai tr chn a phng

Hinh 21. Phn vng kin to b Nam Cn Sn

-

Mt s c im v cc kiu by bn Nam Cn Sn.

48

Hinh 22. Mt mt ct ia cht qua bn trung Nam Cn Sn

Cc dng by trong bn Nam Cn Sn gm nhng dng sau:
By cu trc gm nhng np on cun, nhng khi t gy nghing ko di.
By trong khi mng nh cao do b phong ha nt n.
By m tiu c hnh thnh trong cc thnh to carbonate, chng nm ch yu
tng Miocene trung v Miocene thng.
By a tng, c dng vt nhn trn cnh i nng. Cc cha ny gm ct kt
thch anh xen ln cc mnh vn calcite v chng nm trong tng trm tch lc nguyn
Oligocene v Miocene.
II.2.5.4 Tim nng du kh
Cho n nay tt c cc play b Nam Cn Sn c pht hin du kh: play mng (m
i Hng, cu to B Cu), play ct kt Oligocen (cu to Da, 12C, Thanh Long...),
play ct kt Miocen (m i Hng, Rng i - Rng i Ty, Hi Thch, Thanh
Long...) trong a vo khai thc cc m i Hng, Lan Ty-Lan v ang pht
49

trin cc m Rng i-Rng i Ty, Hi Thch a vo khai thc trong thi gian
ti.. Ngoi ra cn mt s pht hin ang c thm lng.
-

M i Hng: c XNLD Vietsovpetro pht hin trong ct kt Miocen nm

1988.
-

M kh Lan Ty - Lan : c ONGC pht hin vo nm 1992 v m kh Lan

Ty vo nm 1993 bi t hp cc cng ty du kh BP, ONGC v Statoil. M kh Lan Ty

c a vo khai thc t nm 2002 vi sn lng khai thc hin ti l 2,7 t m3/nm.
-

M Hi Thch: c pht hin vo nm 1995 bi t hp cng ty BP, Statoil. i

tng cha sn phm chnh ca m l cc c tui t Miocen sm n Miocen mun.

Kt qu thm d cho n nay cho thy b Nam Cn Sn c tim nng du kh
ng k vi tng tr lng v tim nng khong 900 triu tn quy du trong tim nng
kh chim u th (khong 60%). B Nam Cn Sn c hn 20 pht hin du kh vi
tng tr lng v tim nng pht hin khong 215 triu tn quy du (kh chim u
th), trong a 2 m vo khai thc (i Hng, Lan Ty - Lan ) vi tr lng
khong 65 triu tn quy du; tr lng 2 m ang pht trin (Hi Thch, Rng i Rng i Ty) khong 60 triu tn quy du. Tim nng cha pht hin ca b Nam Cn
Sn d bo khong 680 triu tn quy du (ch yu l kh).

50