Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and Tolerancing
By:
Mahender Kumar
ANSI Y14.5
Y14 5-1994
1994 Standard
Designer:
tight
i h tolerance
l is
i better
b
(less vibration, less wear, less noise)
Machinist:
large
g tolerances is better
(easier to machine, faster to produce,
easier to assemble)
Tolerancing application: an example
nominal dimension
1.00 +
- 0.05 means a range 0.95 - 1.05
tolerance
+ 0.10
0 10 + 0.00
0 00
unilateral 0.95 - 0.00 1.05 - 0.10
bilateral 1.00 +
- 0.05
Overview of Geometric
Tolerances
Basic Dimension
A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, profile, orientation, or
location of a feature or datum target. It is the basis from which permissible variations are
established by tolerances on other dimensions
dimensions, in notes
notes, or in feature control frames
frames.
Datum
A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a
specified datum feature. A datum is the origin from which the location or geometric
characteristics of features of a part are established.
Datum Target
A specific line, or area on a part used to establish a datum.
The boundary generated by the collective effects of the specified MMC limit of size of a feature and
any applicable geometric tolerances.
Profile of a Line
A uniform two dimensional zone limited by two parallel zone lines extending along the length of a feature.
Profile of a Surface
A uniform three dimensional zone contained between two envelope surfaces separated by the tolerance
zone across the entire length of a surface.
ORIENTATION TOLERANCES
Angularity
A l it
The distance between two parallel planes, inclined at a specified basic angle in which the surface, axis, or center plane
of the feature must lie.
Perpendicularity (squareness)
The condition of a surface
surface, axis
axis, median plane
plane, or line which is exactly at 90 degrees with respect to a datum plane or axis
axis.
Parallelism
The condition of a surface or axis which is equidistant at all points from a datum of reference.
LOCATIONAL TOLERANCES
True
Tr e Position
A zone within which the center, axis, or center plane of a feature of size is permitted to vary from its true
(theoretically exact) position.
Concentricity
A cylindrical tolerance zone whose axis coincides with the datum axis and within which all cross-sectional axes
of the feature being controlled must lie. (Note: Concentricity is very expensive and time-consuming to measure.
Recommended that you try position or runout as an alternative tolerance.)
RUNOUT TOLERANCES
Runout
A composite tolerance used to control the relationship of one or more features of a part to a datum axis
during a full 360 degree rotation about the datum axis.
Circular Runout
Each circular element of the feature/part must be within the runout tolerance.
Total Runout
All surface elements across the entire surface of the part must be within the runout tolerance.
FORM TOLERANCES
Flatness
A two dimensional tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes within which the entire surface must lie.
Straightness
A condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line.
Circularity
A condition on a surface of revolution ((cylinder,
y , cone,, sphere)
p ) where all points
p of the surface intersected
by any plane perpendicular to a common axis (cylinder, cone) or passing through a common center (sphere)
are equidistant from the axis of the center.
Cylindricity
A condition on a surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis.
Feature Control Frame
A geometric tolerance is prescribed using a feature control frame.
It has three components:
1. the tolerance symbol,
2. the tolerance value,
3. the datum labels for the reference frame.
Order of Precedence
The part is aligned with the datum planes of a reference frame
using 3-2-1 contact alignment.
• 1 point of contact aligns the part with the tertiary datum plane
Straightness of a shaft
Straightness of a Shaft
• A shaft has a size tolerance defined for its fit into a hole. A shaft meets this tolerance if at every point
along its length a diameter measurement fall within the specified values.
• This allows the shaft to be bent into any shape. A straightness tolerance on the shaft axis specifies the
amount of bend allowed.
• Add th
the straightness
t i ht tolerance
t l to
t ththe maximum
i shaft
h ft size
i (MMC) tto obtain
bt i a ““virtual
it l
condition” Vc, or virtual hole, that the shaft must fit to be acceptable.
Straightness of a Hole
• The size tolerance for a hole defines the range of sizes of its
diameter at each point along the centerline. This does not
eliminate a curve to the hole.
• The straightness tolerance specifies the allowable curve to the entire side.
• Add the straightness tolerance to the maximum size (MMC) to define a virtual condition Vc that
the part must fit into in order to meet the tolerance.
Flatness
Tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes.
0.0 01
p ar al l e l
p lanes
0.0 01
Flatness
Flatness, Circularity and
Cylindricity
Flatness Circularity Cylindricity
• The flatness tolerance defines a distance between parallel planes that must contain the
highest and lowest points on a face.
• The circularity tolerance defines a pair of concentric circles that must contain the
maximum and minimum radius points of a circle.
• The cylindricity tolerance defines a pair of concentric cylinders that much contain the
maximum and minimum radius points along a cylinder.
Circularity (Roundness)
CYLINDRICITY
Tolerance zone bounded by two concentric cylinders
within which the cylinder must lie.
0.01
0.01
R t t b
Rotate between
t points
i t
Parallelism
Parallelism Tolerance
A parallelism tolerance is measured relative to a datum specified in the control frame.
If there is no material condition (ie. regardless of feature size), then the tolerance defines parallel planes that
must contain the maximum and minimum p points on the face.
If MMC is specified for the tolerance value:
• If it is an external feature, then the tolerance is added to the maximum dimension to define a virtual
condition that the part must fit;
• If it is an internal feature, then the tolerance is subtracted to define the maximum dimension that must fit
into the part.
part
Perpendicularity
• A perpendicular tolerance is
measured relative to a datum plane.
plane
• Shaft: The maximum shaft size plus the tolerance defines the virtual hole.
hole
• Hole: The minimum hole size minus the tolerance defines the virtual shaft.
• Plane: The tolerance defines the variation of the location of the center plane.
Angularity
XX YY
1 .2 0
± 0 .0 1
1 .0 0
B
A 1.2 0
Position Tolerance for a Hole
• The position tolerance for a hole defines a zone that has a defined shape, size, location and orientation.
• It has the diameter specified by the tolerance and extends the length of the hole.
• Basic dimensions locate the theoretically exact center of the hole and the center of the tolerance zone.
• Basic dimensions are measured from the datum reference frame.
Position Tolerance on a Hole
Pattern
A composite control frame signals a tolerance
for a ppattern of features,, such as holes.
0.06
0 06 20.00
20 00
Maximum Maximum
Allowable Allowable
Curvature Diameter
PROFILE
A uniform boundary along the true profile within whcih
the elements of the surface must lie.
0 .0 05 A B
A 0.0 01
RUNOUT
A composite tolerance used to control the functional relationship
of one or more features of a part to a datum axis. Circular runout
controls the circular elements of a surface. As the part rotates
360° about the datum axis,, the error must be within the tolerance
limit.
A
1.500 " ±0.005
0 .0 0 5 A
0.361 " ±0.002
A
1.500 " ±0.005
0 .0 0 5 A
0 361 "
0.361 ±0 002
±0.002
Deviat
D i t ion
i on t he
h
t ot al swept when
t he part is rot at ing
Dat um
is less t han t he
ax is
t olerance.
Runout
Geometric Tolerancing -
Definitions
• Maximum Material Condition ((MMC)) – The condition in
which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of
material with the stated limits of size, - fore example,
minimum hole diameter and maximum shaft diameter
• Least Material Condition (LMC) – Opposite of MMC, the
feature contains the least material. For example,
maximum hole diameter and minimum shaft diameter
• Virtual Condition – The envelope or boundary that
describes the collective effects of all tolerance
requirements on a feature (See Figure 7 7-25
25 TG)
Material Condition Modifiers
If the tolerance zone is prescribed for the maximum
RFS material condition (smallest hole). Then the zone expands
by the same amount that the hole is larger in size.
size
Use MMC for holes used in clearance fits.
MMC
Given th
Gi the same peg (MMC peg), ) when
h ththe
produced hole size is greater than the MMC hole,
the hole axis true position tolerance zone can be
enlarged by the amount of difference between the
produced hole size and the MMC hole size.
TOLERANCE VALUE MODIFICATION
O 1 .0 0 ± 0 .0 2
O 0 .0 1 M A B