1

1.1 (DIRECT MEASUREMENT)

1.2 (INDIRECT MEASUREMENT)
1.3
1.4 1

1. (DIRECT MEASUREMENT)

2. (INDIRECT MEASUREMENT)

3. (Erecting perpendicular)
4.

()
1.
2.
3.
3.

 1.1
(DISTANCE MEASUREMENT)
(2525 : 1)

(Electromagnetic Distance Measurement=EDM)

(GPS
Satellite Method ) 1:1,000,000
10, 20, 25, 30, 50 100 .
20
50 - 80 N. (Invar
Tape) 35 % 65%

. (Lovar Tape)

2
1. (DIRECT MEASUREMENT)

1.1

1.2. PASSOMETER
1

 1.1 PASSOMETER
1.3. PEDOMETER PASSOMTER

1.2 PEDOMETER
1.4. ODOMETER SPEEDO METER

1.3 ODOMETER
1.5.
(Invar tape)

 1.4
1.6.
(Spring Balance)

1

1.5
2. (INDIRECT MEASUREMENT)

2.1. Range Finder Range Finder (Fixed

Base)

Distance (m.)
20
50
100
200
500
Mean error (m.) 0.02
0.05
0.20
0.80
5.00
1.1 Range Finder

1,000
20.00

2.2. Theodolite
2.2.1 Stadia Tacheometry
2.2.2 Tangential Tacheomtery
2.2.3 Wedge Attachment Theodolite
2.3. Tacheometer Self Reducing Tacheometry
Staff (Vertical Staff )
Staff
2.3.1 Staff (Horizontal Staff )
Tacheometey
2.3.2 Invar Subtense bar Invar bar bar
2 . cot ()

2.4. Invar Subtense bar Invar bar bar 2

. cot ()
2.5. Alidades
Stadia Tachometers
E.D.M.

2.6.

2.6.1 E.D.M.
(Electronic Distance Measurement)
(Optoelectronic), Laser, Infared
2.6.2
2.6.3 Interferrometry
VLBI. (Very Long Baseline Interferrometry)
2.6.4 (Satellite Measurement)

2.6.5 EDM.

-

(Global Position system = G.P.S.) (GIS)
3
SI 7
1

(metre)
(kilogram)
(second)
(ampere)
(Kelvin)
(Mole)
(Candla)

m
k
s
A
K
mol
cd

1.2

1
1
1
1

(100 )
(40 100 )

=
=
=
=
=

0.30479841
0.025
0.761996
131.23428
1.3123428


12
2
4
20
400

=
=
=
=
=

1
1
1
1
1

=
=
=
=
=
=

16
1
40
0.5
0.25
2.083

40
40
4
4

1
25
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

= 100 =
= 10 =
= 10 =
1 =

SI 1.3

min
hr
d

1 min = 60 sec
1 hr = 60 min = 3600 sec
1 d = 24 hr = 86400
sec
1 = 1/( / 180) rad
1 = (1/60) = 2.90910-4
rad
1 = (1/60) = 4.84810-5
rad

1.3

1.4 1

 1

1.
.
.
.
.
2. (EDM)
. Electromagnetic Distance Meter
. Electromagnetic Distance Measurement
. Electromagnetic Digital Meter
. Electromagnetic Digital Measurement
3. (Invar Tape)
.
.
.
.
4. (Invar Tape)
. 35 % 65%
. 65 % 35%
. 35 % 65%
. 65 % 35%
5.
.
. PEDOMETER
. SPEEDOMETER
.
6.
.

.
.
.
7
. X
. X
. X
. X
8.
. ODOMETER
. PEDOMETER
. SPEEDOMETER
. RANGE FINDER
9
.
. PEDOMETER
. SPEEDOMETER
.
10.
.
.
.
.
11.
. ODOMETER
. PEDOMETER
. SPEEDOMETER
. RANGE FINDER
12.

. ODOMETER
. PEDOMETER

. SPEEDOMETER
. RANGE FINDER
13. Invar bar Subtant bar bar
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
14. E.D.M. (Electronic Distance
Measurement)
. Laser, Infared
.
. (Satellite Measurement)
.
15.
.
.
.
.
16. 1
. 20
. 20
. 20
. 20
17. 4.5465
. 181.86
. 281.86
. 381.86
. 481.86
18. 40
. 131.23428

. 20
. 1
.
19. 1
. 10
. 15
. 20
. 25
20. 3 2 1
. 6.25
. 7.25
. 8.25
. 9.25

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